A 401(k) loan allows you to borrow money from your retirement savings and pay it back to yourself over time, with interest. While this type of loan can provide quick access to cash at a relatively low cost, it comes with some downsides.
Read on to learn about borrowing against a 401(k), how 401(k) loans work, when it may be appropriate to borrow from your 401(k) — and when you might want to consider an alternative source of funding.
Key Points
• 401(k) loans typically allow borrowing of up to 50% of vested account balance or $50,000, whichever is less.
• The loan must be repaid with interest over five years.
• No credit check is required for a 401(k) loan, the fees for these loans are typically low, and a borrower pays back the loan with interest to themselves rather than a lender.
• It’s generally wise not to touch retirement funds unless necessary. Borrowing from a 401(k) can lead to potential missed investment growth opportunities.
• Immediate repayment of a 401(k) loan might be required upon leaving employment or penalties may apply.
Can I Borrow From My 401(k)?
Borrowing from a 401(k) is possible under many 401(k) plans. In general, it’s wise to let your retirement savings stay invested so you’ll have that money for the future, but in some circumstances, borrowing against a 401(k) could make sense. For instance, if you find yourself in a situation where you need money immediately and have no other options, you may want to consider a 401(k) loan.
A 401(k) loan lets you borrow money from your retirement savings account and pay it back over time with interest. You’re essentially paying back yourself — the money you borrow against your 401(k) goes back into your 401(k) account with interest.
Not all 401(k) plans offer loans, so check with your plan administrator to find out if yours does.
What Is a 401(k) Loan & How Does It Work?
A 401(k) loan is a provision that allows participants in a 401(k) plan to borrow money from their own retirement savings. Here are some key points to understand about 401(k) loans.
Limits on How Much You Can Borrow
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) sets limits on the maximum amount that can be borrowed from a 401(k) plan. Typically, you can borrow up to 50% of your account balance or $50,000, whichever is less, within a 12-month period.
Spousal Permission
Some plans may require borrowers to get the signed consent of their spouse before a 401(k) loan can be approved.
You Repay the Loan With Interest
Unlike a withdrawal, a 401(k) loan requires repayment. You typically repay the loan (plus interest) via regular payroll deductions, over a specified period, usually five years. These payments go into your own 401(k) account.
401(k) Loans vs. Early Withdrawals
When you withdraw money from your 401(k), these distributions generally count as taxable income. And, if you’re under the age of 59½, you typically also have to pay a 10% penalty on the amount withdrawn.
You may be able to avoid a withdrawal penalty, if you have a heavy and immediate financial need, such as:
• Medical care expenses for you, your spouse, or children
• Costs directly related to the purchase of your principal residence (excluding mortgage payments).
• College tuition and related educational fees for the next 12 months for you, your spouse, or children.
• Payments necessary to prevent eviction from your home or foreclosure
• Funeral expenses
• Certain expenses to repair damage to your principal residence
While the above scenarios can help you avoid a penalty, income taxes will still be due on the withdrawal. Also keep in mind that an early withdrawal involves permanently taking funds out of your retirement account, depleting your nest egg.
With a 401(k) loan, on the other hand, you borrow money from your retirement account and are obligated to repay it over a specified period. The loan, plus interest, is returned to your 401(k) account. But during the term of the loan the money you borrow won’t enjoy any potential growth.
Recommended: Can I Use My 401(k) to Buy a House?
Should You Borrow from Your 401(k)?
It depends. In some cases, borrowing against a 401(k) can make sense, while in others, it may not. Here’s a closer look.
When to Consider a 401(k) Loan
• You’re in an emergency situation. If you’re facing a genuine financial emergency, such as medical expenses or imminent foreclosure, a 401(k) loan may provide a timely solution. It can help you address immediate needs without relying on more expensive forms of borrowing.
• You have expensive debt. If you have high-interest credit card debt, borrowing from your 401(k) at a lower interest rate can potentially save you money and help you pay off your debt more efficiently.
When to Avoid a 401(k) Loan
• You want to preserve your long-term financial health. Depending on the plan, you may not be able to contribute to your 401(k) for the duration of your loan. This can take away from your future financial security (you may also miss out on employer matches). In addition, money removed from your 401(k) will not be able to potentially grow or benefit from the effects of compound returns.
• You may change jobs in the next several years. If you anticipate leaving your current employer in the near future, taking a 401(k) loan can have adverse consequences. Unpaid loan balances may become due upon separation, leading to potential tax implications and penalties.
Pros and Cons of Borrowing From Your 401(k)
Given the potential long-term cost of borrowing money from a bank — or taking out a high-interest payday loan or credit card advance — borrowing from your 401(k) can offer some real advantages. Just be sure to weigh the pros against the cons.
Pros
• Efficiency: You can often obtain the funds you need more quickly when you borrow from your 401(k) versus other types of loans.
• No credit check: There is no credit check or other underwriting process to qualify you as a borrower because you’re withdrawing your own money. Also, the loan is not listed on your credit report, so your credit won’t take a hit if you default.
• Low fees: Typically, the cost to borrow money from your 401(k) is limited to a small loan origination fee. There are no early repayment penalties if you pay off the loan early.
• You pay interest to yourself: With a 401(k) loan, you repay yourself, so interest is not lost to a lender.
Cons
• Borrowing limits: Generally, you are only able to borrow up to 50% of your vested account balance or $50,000 — whichever is less.
• Loss of potential growth: When you borrow from your 401(k), you specify the investment account(s) from which you want to borrow money, and those investments are liquidated for the duration of the loan. Therefore, you lose any positive earnings that would have been produced by those investments for the duration of the loan.
• Default penalties: If you don’t or can’t repay the money you borrowed on time, the remaining balance would be treated as a 401(k) disbursement under IRS rules. This means you’ll owe taxes on the balance. And if you’re younger than 59 ½, you will likely also have to pay a 10% penalty.
• Leaving your job: If you leave your current job, you may have to repay your loan in full in a very short time frame. If you’re unable to do that, you will face the default penalties outlined above.
Alternatives to Borrowing From Your 401(k)
Because borrowing from your 401(k) comes with some drawbacks, here’s a look at some other ways to access cash for a large or emergency expense.
Emergency fund: Establishing and maintaining an emergency fund (ideally, with at least three to six months’ worth of living expenses) can provide a financial safety net for unexpected expenses. Having a dedicated fund can reduce the need to tap into your retirement savings.
Home equity loans or lines of credit: If you own a home, leveraging the equity through a home equity loan or line of credit can provide a cost-effective method of accessing extra cash. Just keep in mind that these loans are secured by your home — should you run into trouble repaying the loan, you could potentially lose your house.
Negotiating with creditors: In cases of financial hardship, it can be worth reaching out to your creditors and explaining your situation. They might be willing to reduce your interest rates, offer a payment plan, or find another way to make your debt more manageable.
Personal Loans: Personal loans are available from online lenders, local banks, and credit unions and can be used for virtually any purpose. These loans are typically unsecured (meaning no collateral is required) and come with fixed interest rates and set terms. Depending on your lender, you may be able to get funding within a day or so.
The Takeaway
Borrowing against your 401(k) can provide short-term financial relief but there are some downsides to consider, such as borrowing limits, potential loss of growth, and penalties for defaulting.
It’s a good idea to carefully weigh the pros and cons before you take out a 401(k) loan. You may also want to consider alternatives, such as using non-retirement savings like an emergency fund or taking out a personal loan or a home equity loan or line of credit.
Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. See your rate in minutes.
FAQ
What is a 401(k) loan?
A 401(k) loan allows you to borrow money up to a certain amount from your retirement savings account and pay it back over time with interest. The money you repay goes back into your 401(k) account.
How do 401(k) loans work?
A 401(k) loan allows you to borrow money from your 401(k) account. Not every plan allows 401(k) loans, but many do. There are limits on how much you can borrow — generally up to 50% of your account balance or $50,000, whichever is less, within a 12-month period. In addition, you may have to get your spouse’s permission to take out a 401(k) loan, and you need to repay the amount you borrowed with interest typically within five years.
When should I consider taking a 401(k) loan?
It’s generally best not to touch money in a retirement savings account if possible so it can potentially keep growing for your future. However, in some situations it may make sense to take out a 401(k) loan — for instance, if you’re facing an immediate medical emergency or you’re trying to pay off extensive high-interest debt, such as credit card debt. If you have no other financial options, a 401(k) loan might be something to consider.
How do 401(k) loans differ from early 401(k) withdrawals?
With a 401(k) loan, you borrow money from your retirement account and must repay it over a specified period, typically within five years. The loan, plus interest, is repaid to your 401(k) account. An early 401(k) withdrawal, on the other hand, is when you withdraw money from your 401(k) before age 59½. These distributions generally count as taxable income. And because you’re under the age the IRS specifies for qualified retirement withdrawals, you typically will also have to pay a 10% penalty on the amount you took out.
There are some possible exceptions to the early withdrawal penalty. If you have a heavy and immediate financial need, such as medical expenses, for example, you may be able to avoid the 10% penalty on an early 401(k) withdrawal.
What are some alternatives to borrowing from my 401(k)?
Alternatives to borrowing from your 401(k) include taking the money from an emergency savings fund, taking out a home equity loan if you have equity in your house, taking out a personal loan, or negotiating with your creditors to see if they might be willing to put you on a payment plan.
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