SoFi

It may be tempting to tap your 401(k) retirement savings when you have pressing bills, such as high-interest credit card debt or multiple student loans. But while doing so can take care of current charges, you may well be short-changing your future. Early withdrawal of funds can involve fees and penalties, plus you are eating away at your nest egg.

Learning about the rules for withdrawing money from your 401(k) and the costs associated with deducting money in this way can help you make the right decision. Also valuable: Knowing some alternatives to 401(k) loans to pay off debt.

What Are the Rules for 401(k) Withdrawal?

Tax-deferred retirement accounts, such as 401(k) plans and 403(b) plans, were designed to encourage workers to save for retirement. So the rules aren’t super friendly when it comes to withdrawals before age 59 ½.

When you make a 401(k) withdrawal, it removes money from your account permanently — you don’t pay the money back. You should expect to pay taxes on the amount you withdraw. Depending on your age, you may have to pay an early withdrawal penalty as well. (You’ll learn more about these costs below.)

Depending on your financial situation, however, you may be able to request what the IRS calls a hardship distribution. Employer retirement plans aren’t required to provide hardship distribution options to employees, but many do. Check with your HR department or plan administrator for details on what your plan allows.

According to the IRS, to qualify as a hardship, a 401(k) distribution must be made because of an “immediate and heavy financial need,” and the amount must be only what is necessary to satisfy this financial need. Expenses the IRS will automatically accept include:

•   Certain medical costs

•   Costs related to buying a principal residence

•   Tuition and related educational fees and expenses

•   Payments necessary to avoid eviction or foreclosure

•   Burial or funeral expenses

•   Certain expenses to repair casualty losses to a principal residence (such as losses from a fire, earthquake, or flood)

You still may not qualify for a hardship withdrawal, however, if you have other assets to draw on or insurance that could cover your needs. And your employer may require documentation to back up your request.

You probably noticed that credit card and auto loan payments aren’t included on the IRS list. And even the tuition requirements can be tricky. You can ask for a hardship distribution to pay for tuition, related educational fees, and room and board expenses “for up to the next 12 months of post-secondary education.” The student can be yourself, your spouse, your child, or another dependent. But you can’t use a hardship distribution to repay a student loan from when you attended college.

💡 Quick Tip: Before choosing a personal loan, ask about the lender’s fees: origination, prepayment, late fees, etc. SoFi personal loans come with no-fee options, and no surprises.

Understanding 401(k) Withdrawal Taxes and Penalties

Even if you can qualify for a hardship distribution, plan on paying taxes on the distribution (which is generally treated as ordinary income). Unless you meet specific criteria to qualify for a waiver, you’ll also pay a 10% early withdrawal penalty if you’re younger than 59 ½.

Example: If you’re 33 years old, and you have enough in your 401(k) to withdraw the $20,000 you need to pay off an urgent credit card bill.

•   Unless you qualify for a waiver, you can expect to pay a $2,000 early withdrawal penalty.

•   Then, when you file your income tax return, that 401(k) distribution will most likely be counted as ordinary income, so it will cost you another 25% or so in taxes.

•   If the added income bumps you into another tax bracket, your tax bill could be higher.

But taxes and penalties aren’t the only costs to consider when you’re deciding whether to go the distribution route.

Taking a Loan from Your 401(k)

You may be able to avoid paying an early withdrawal penalty and taxes if you borrow from your 401(k) instead of taking the money as a distribution.

A loan lets you borrow money from your 401(k) account and then pay it back to yourself over time. You’ll pay interest, but the interest and payments you make will go back into your retirement account.

But 401(k) loans have their own set of rules and costs, so you should be sure you know what you’re getting into. Also, depending on your employer, you could take out as much as half of your vested account balance or $50,000, whichever is less.
​​

Pros:

•   There are some appealing advantages to borrowing from a 401(k). For starters, if your plan offers loans (not all do), you might qualify based only on your participation in the plan. There won’t be a credit check or any impact to your credit score — even if you miss a payment. And borrowers generally have five years to pay back a 401(k) loan.

•   Another plus: Although you’ll have to pay interest (usually one or two points above the prime rate), the interest will go back into your own 401(k) account — not to a lender as it would with a typical loan.

Cons:

•   You may have to pay an application fee and/or maintenance fee, however, which will reduce your account balance.

•   A potentially more impactful cost to consider is how borrowing a large sum from your 401(k) now could affect your lifestyle in retirement. Even though your outstanding balance will be earning interest, you’ll be the one paying that interest.

•   Until you pay the money back, you’ll lose out on any market gains you might have had — and you’ll miss out on increasing your savings with the power of compound interest. If you reduce your 401(k) contributions while you’re making loan payments, you’ll further diminish your account’s potential growth.

•   Another risk to consider is that you might decide to leave your job before the loan is repaid. According to IRS regulations, you must repay whatever you still owe on your 401(k) loan within 60 days of leaving your employer. If you fail to pay off the outstanding balance in that time, it will be considered a distribution from your plan. And when tax time rolls around, you’ll have to include that amount on your federal and state tax returns, where it will be considered ordinary income.

If you’re under age 59 ½ and the loan balance becomes a distribution, you may also have to pay a 10% early withdrawal penalty. There may be similar consequences if you default on a 401(k) loan.

Recommended: Pros & Cons of Using Retirement Funds to Pay for College

How Early 401(k) Withdrawals Can Impact Your Financial Future

Now that you know more about cashing out a 401(k) plan or taking a loan from your retirement account, also take a big picture view of what early withdrawals can mean.

•   On the plus side, you can potentially pay off a loan and escape the monthly payments that are costing you. For instance, the money could go toward a high-interest credit card debt, which could be a big relief and lower your money stress. It could take those monthly payments off the table and free up cash in your monthly budget.

•   However, on the downside, there’s more to consider other than the penalties and taxes. By taking money out of your retirement fund, you are losing the chance for this money to grow and provide for you in your later years. Compound interest creates the potential for your initial investment to increase significantly over time. So every dollar you take out now could mean several dollars less in retirement.

•   Essentially, withdrawing from your 401(k) now is like borrowing money from your future self, because you’re losing long-term growth. Even if you put back in the initial funds you had invested, you won’t have that long runway, time-wise, to recoup the growth.

Recommended: Using a Personal Loan to Pay Off Credit Card Debt

Alternatives to Cashing Out a 401(k) to Pay Off Debt

When it comes to paying down debt, your 401(k) isn’t the first or only place you can look for relief. There are some solid alternatives.

•   Refinancing your student loan or auto loan can mean getting a lower interest rate than you’re currently paying. This can lower your monthly payments. Or you might extend the term of the loan, which is another way to lower the monthly payments.

However, if you have federal student loans, keep in mind that refinancing will mean you forfeit some benefits and protections, such as forbearance or deferment. Plus, if you refinance for a longer term, you are likely paying more in interest over the life of the loan.

•   If you have credit card debt or other high-interest debt, you could look into a credit card consolidation loan. Debt consolidation loans are personal loans that are designed to pay off your current loans or credit cards, ideally with lower monthly payments.

You can get these loans from a bank, credit union, or online lender, often by filling out a quick form and sending a few scanned documents. But it’s important to remember that this is still taking on debt, even if it’s debt with different terms. While extending your loan term means you’ll likely pay more in interest over the life of your loan, it might be a worthwhile move to ensure you can cover your debt payments.

What Are Some Ways of Minimizing Risks to Your Retirement?

If you decide using a 401(k) to pay off debt is your best (or only) option, here are a few things that could help you lower your financial risk.

•   Stop using your high-interest credit cards. If you continue to use your credit cards, and then have credit cards and the 401(k) loan payments to make every month, you could end up in even more financial trouble.

•   Continue to make contributions to your 401(k) while you’re repaying the loan — at least enough to get your employer’s match.

•   Don’t overborrow. Creating a budget could help you determine how much you can comfortably pay each quarter while staying on track with other goals. And try to stick to taking only the amount you really need to dump your debt and no more.

The Takeaway

While using your 401(k) to pay down debt is possible, it’s often not the best financial move you can make. That’s because 401(k) withdrawals often come with taxes and penalties that can eat up a third of your loan amount. Taking a loan from your 401(k) has its own disadvantages, including interest charges and strict repayment rules if you leave your job. But the most compelling reason is the effect that withdrawing retirement savings will have on your future lifestyle: Because of compounding interest, every dollar you withdraw results in several dollars of lost investment gains.

Before you use your 401(k) to pay off debt, consider other available alternatives, such as a personal loan.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.

FAQ

How much is the penalty for an early 401(k) withdrawal?

If you withdraw funds from your 401(k) before age 59 ½, you will likely be assessed a 10% penalty, plus there may be fees involved and income tax due.

Can you take a loan from your 401(k)?

Your 401(k) plan may allow you to take a loan. This can be subject to fees and taxes, and, if you change jobs while you have the loan, the whole amount could become due.

What are alternatives to a 401(k) withdrawal to pay off credit card debt?

You might consider a personal loan (aka a debt consolidation loan) to help pay off the loan. You would look for a loan that offers for favorable terms than your card does to help you lower your monthly payment and get out of debt.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

SOPL-Q224-1940017-V1

Should I save or pay off debt? It’s a tough financial choice. Prioritizing debt repayment can help you pay off what you owe faster, freeing up more money in your budget for saving. It can also help you spend less on interest charges. But that approach can also backfire. If you delay saving and get hit with an unplanned expense, you can end up with even more high-interest debt.

Whether it makes sense to pay off debt or save depends largely on the specifics of your financial situation. The right decision might actually be to try to do both.

When You Should Consider Paying Down Debt First

In certain situations, it makes sense to prioritize paying off debt over putting money into savings. This could be the best path forward if:

•   You have high-interest debts. High-interest debt, such as credit card debt, can quickly accumulate and become overwhelming. The longer it takes to pay off, the more interest you’ll accrue, making it harder to escape the debt cycle.

•   Your debt is causing you significant stress or anxiety. If having debt hanging over you keeps you up at night and you want to clear your balances as quickly as possible, putting debt repayment ahead of saving might make sense, provided you have at least some money in the bank for emergencies.

•   A large portion of your income is going toward monthly debt payments. Having a high debt-to-income ratio (DTI) not only limits your financial flexibility, but can also negatively impact your credit score. A lower score could make it hard to secure loans at low interest rates or even rent an apartment in the future.

Strategies to Pay Down Debt

Once you commit to paying down your debt, you’ll want to come up with a plan for how to do it. Here are some strategies to consider.

•   Avalanche method: With this approach, you list your debts in order of interest rate. You then funnel any extra money toward the balance with the highest rate, while paying the minimums on the other debts. Once the highest-interest debt is paid off, you move to the next highest, and so on. This strategy minimizes the amount of interest you pay over time.

•   Snowball method: With the snowball method, you list your debts in order of size, ignoring the interest rate. You then funnel extra money towards the smallest debt, while paying the minimum on the rest. When the smallest balance is paid off, you move on the next-smallest debt, and so on. This can provide psychological benefits by giving you quick wins and motivating you to continue.

•   Debt consolidation loan: A debt consolidation loan is a type of unsecured personal loan with fixed interest rates and repayment terms. If you have multiple debts, consolidating them into a single loan with a lower interest rate can simplify payments and reduce the total interest paid.

•   Balance transfer: For credit card debt, a balance transfer to a card with a low or 0% introductory rate can help you save money on interest and pay off your debt faster. Just be sure that you’ll be able to pay off the balance before the promotional rate ends. If not, you could end up paying more in interest than you are now. Also be aware of transfer fees.

•   Automate your debt payments: Setting up automatic payments ensures you never miss a payment, which helps avoid late fees and keeps you on track with your debt repayment plan.

When You Should Consider Saving First

Aggressively paying off debt isn’t always the best first choice, however. You may want to prioritize saving money over paying down debt if:

•   You have little to no emergency savings. Without a cushion of savings in the bank, an unplanned expense or loss of income could result in racking up even more debt, putting you further in the hole.

•   You have low-interest debts. If you have debts with relatively low annual percentage rates (APRs) and don’t feel unduly burdened by them, it’s fine to focus on saving, while paying off your loans according to schedule.

•   Your employer offers a 401(k) match. If your employer offers a retirement savings plan along with a company match, it’s a good idea to try to contribute at least enough to get the maximum employer match. This is essentially free money you could be missing out on.

Recommended: 10 Ways to Save Money Fast

Determining How Much to Save

How much you should be saving will depend on your age and situation, but here are some general guidelines to keep in mind.

•   Emergency fund: Experts recommend building an emergency fund of three to six months’ worth of expenses and stashing it in a high-yield savings account. If you’re self-employed or work seasonally, you may want to aim closer to eight or even 12 months’ worth of expenses.

•   Retirement savings: If your employer offers a 401(k) match, you’ll want to contribute at least enough to get the full match, then build from there. One rule of thumb is to work up to saving at least 15% of your pretax income each year, including employer contributions.

•   Other savings goals: For other savings goals, such as a vacation, large purchase, or down payment for a house, you’ll want to set a timeline and break down the total amount into manageable monthly savings targets. For savings goals that are five-plus years away, like paying for a child’s education, consider contributing to investment accounts that can potentially yield higher returns over time.

Recommended: How to Set and Reach Your Savings Goals

Tips on Balancing Paying Debt and Saving

If you have high-interest debt under control and already have some cash in the bank to cover a minor emergency (like a car or home repair), consider saving and paying down debt at the same time. Here are some tips to help you manage both.

•   Create a budget: A basic budget can help you track your income, expenses, and savings. The key is to allocate specific amounts for debt repayment and savings to ensure both are addressed every month.

•   Automate saving: Once you have target monthly savings amounts, it’s a good idea to set up automatic transfers to your savings accounts. This ensures consistent saving without the temptation to spend the money.

•   Increase income: You might want to explore ways to boost your income, such as taking on a side gig, freelancing, or asking for a raise. You can then use the additional income to pay down debt faster and/or boost your savings.

•   Cut unnecessary expenses: Review your expenses and identify areas where you can cut back. Redirect these funds toward debt repayment and saving.

•   Use windfalls wisely: If you receive a bonus, tax refund, or any unexpected sum of money, consider using it to pay down debt or boost your savings rather than going on a shopping spree.

The Takeaway

Saving and paying down debt is a balancing act. Which is more important? There’s no one-size-fits all answer. Generally speaking, you’ll want to fund your emergency savings account and take advantage of an employer match on retirement savings before you aggressively focus on debt payoff. After that, you can focus on saving and knocking down debt at the same time.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

Is it better to pay off debt or have money saved?

You may want to prioritize saving over debt payoff if you don’t have an emergency fund, aren’t taking advantage of an employer’s 401(k) match, and/or have low-interest debts. If, on the other hand, you have a solid emergency savings fund, high-interest debts (like credit card debt), and no employer retirement match, you may be better off focusing your efforts on paying down debt over saving.

How much money should I save before paying down debt?

Before aggressively paying down debt, it’s a good idea to save three to six months’ worth of living expenses in an emergency fund in a high-yield savings account. If you don’t have any savings to draw on to cover an unexpected expense or event, you may have to rely on high-interest credit cards to get by, which would compound your debt.

What bills should I pay down first?

You generally want to prioritize paying down high-interest debt first, such as credit card balances and payday loans, as they accrue interest rapidly. Next, focus on any other unsecured debts, like personal loans, followed by secured debts (like car loans and mortgages), which tend to have lower interest rates.

Photo credit: iStock/malerapaso

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.00% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2024 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.