The Department of Education announced that federal student loan interest rates are increasing to 6.53% for the 2024-25 school year on undergraduate loans, up from 5.50% from the previous year.
Here, we’ll discuss how federal student loan interest rates are determined, how they have changed over the years, and when they may be higher than private lender rates.
Overview of Federal Student Loan Interest Rates
The 2024-25 interest rate on Direct Subsidized loans for undergraduates is now 6.53% — the highest it’s been in history.
Below is an overview of how rates have increased over the last four years:
School Year 2021 – 2022
School Year 2022 – 2023
School Year 2023 – 2024
School Year 2024 – 2025
Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized Loans for Undergrads
3.73%
4.99%
5.50%
6.53%
Direct Unsubsidized Loans for Graduate or Professional Students
5.28%
6.54%
7.05%
8.08%
Direct PLUS Loans for Graduate or Professional Students or Parents of Undergrads
Why Federal Student Loan Interest Rates Can Vary From Year to Year
The reason that federal student loan interest rates fluctuates has to do with how and when federal student loan rates are set. By federal statute, they are determined once a year and are based on the high yield of the 10-year Treasury note last auctioned in May (for the upcoming school year).
That yield is then added to a required percentage to get the federal interest rate for loans disbursed on or after July of that year.
So in May 2020, when businesses were in lockdown due to Covid-19, the high yield of the 10-year Treasury note was less than 1%. In May 2022, as the Federal Reserve began to try to curb inflation by raising its rate, the high yield or index rate on the 10-year Treasury note was 2.94%, and in May 2023, as the economy was looking up in terms of inflation, the index rate was 3.448%.
💡 Quick Tip: Need a private student loan to cover your school bills? Because approval for a private student loan is based on creditworthiness, a cosigner may help a student get loan approval and a lower rate.
Required Markups to the 10-Year Treasury Index Rate to Determine Federal Student Loan Interest Rates
The required percentage added to the high yield of the 10-year Treasury note last auctioned in May 2023 depends on the type of loan and borrower. The added percentages follow this schedule:
• For Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans for undergraduate students, the added percentage is 2.05%.
• For Direct Unsubsidized loans for graduate and professional students, the added percentage is 3.60%.
• For Direct PLUS loans for parents of undergraduate students and for graduate or professional students, the added percentage is 4.60%.
How Federal Student Loan Interest Rates Have Been Set Over the Years
The federal student loan program began in the 1960s. Over time, the way rates are set has changed due to legislative action. Here’s a general timeline of how federal student loan interest loans have been set:
From the 1960s to 1992
Originally, Congress set the interest rates for student loans. The rates were fixed and ranged from 6% in the beginning to 10% for the years 1988 to 1992.
From 1993 to 2003
Congress amended the law so that rates were variable rather than fixed and reset annually. The formula for federal student loan interest rates was the interest rate on short-term Treasury securities at a set time plus 3.1%. The rate was capped at 9.0%. Over the next six years, Congress lowered the added percentage and the cap.
Soon after switching to variable rates, Congress passed the Student Loan Reform Act, which authorized the Direct Loan program. The law changed the formula for calculating interest rates so that they were pegged to 10-year Treasurys, which aligned with the term or length of student loans. The markup was lowered to 1.0%, and the new formula was to be used starting in five years.
But in 1998, because the Direct Loan program was taking longer than expected to replace the old loan program, where banks provided the loans instead of the government, Congress postponed when the new formula would be used until 2003. In the meantime, the old formula was used but with a 2.3% add-on (instead of 3.1%).
From 2003 to Present
Several bills have been passed trying to make student loans more affordable, including a bill that fixed the rate at 6.8% starting in 2006. For Direct Unsubsidized loans for undergraduate students and Direct Unsubsidized loans for graduate and professional students, the federal student loan interest rate stayed at 6.8% through 2013.
In 2013, a law enacted the current formula used to calculate federal student loan interest rates.
How Private Student Loan Interest Rates Differ From Federal Loan Rates
Of course, private student loan rates will fluctuate with market trends and from lender to lender. That said, private student loan rates for 10-year loans are generally higher than the federal interest rate when you are comparing rates concurrently on offer.
However, this isn’t always the case when it comes to student loans for parents or graduate/professional students. For the 2024-25 school year, the interest rate on Direct PLUS loans is 9.08%. But in June 2024, some private student loan rates are actually lower.
Also, private student loan rates (and refinance rates) can be lower for a loan that has a shorter term length than the standard 10 years of federal loans.
What’s more, private student loan rates and student loan refinance rates that are currently on offer can very well be lower than the federal interest rate you received at the time of getting your loan.
What Private Lenders Consider When Determining Your Interest Rate
As mentioned earlier, private lenders will look at your creditworthiness when determining your interest rate. This involves considering such factors as:
• Credit History – When entering college, most students have little to no credit history. That means the lender could be unsure of their ability to repay the loan since students don’t typically have a history of paying any loans. This can lead to a higher interest rate.
• Your School – Most four-year schools are eligible for private loans, but some two-year colleges aren’t. Additionally, applicants typically have to be enrolled at least half-time to qualify for private student loans.
• Your Cosigner’s Finances – Since many private student loan applicants are relatively new to debt and have no credit history, they might be required to provide a cosigner. A cosigner shares the burden of debt with you, meaning they’re also on the hook to pay it back if you can’t. A cosigner with a strong credit history can potentially help secure a lower interest rate on private student loans.
The Takeaway
Federal student loan interest rates have fluctuated over the years. Currently, they are higher for 2024-25 than they were for 2023-24.
Typically, federal interest rates are lower than private student loans rates offered in the same year. But they can also be higher, particularly for parents borrowing to pay their children’s tuition and for graduate or professional students.
Also, private student loan rates (and refinance rates) on offer at the present time can be lower than federal interest rates from previous years or they can be lower on loans for term lengths shorter than the standard 10 years.
If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.
Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.
SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.
SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.
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A statute of limitations is a state law that limits the period during which a creditor or debt collector can bring action in court to enforce a contract, such as a loan agreement or note. This means a creditor may not be allowed to sue a borrower in court to force them to pay a debt after the period has expired.
However, the statute of limitations on debt isn’t a wait-it-out solution that simply erases debt once it’s been owed for a few years. There may still be consequences to failing to pay back debts once the statute of limitations for debts has expired — and statutes of limitations don’t apply to some debts, including federal student loans. Here’s what you should know about statutes of limitations on debt.
What Is The Statute of Limitations on Debt?
Essentially, a statute of limitations on debt puts a time restriction on how long a creditor or debt collector is able to sue a borrower in state court to enforce the loan agreement and force them to repay the outstanding debts. In practice, this means that if a borrower chooses not to pay a debt, after the statute of limitation runs out, the creditor or debt collector doesn’t have a legal remedy to force them to pay.
To be clear, just because the statute of limitations has expired, it doesn’t mean that the borrower no longer owes the money, even though it does mean that the lender may not be able to take them to court for non-payment. The borrower will continue to owe the money borrowed, and their non-payment could be reported to the credit bureaus, which would then remain on the report for as long as allowed under the applicable credit reporting time limit. (For further evidence of how long debt can stick around, you might consider what happens to credit card debt when you die.)
Statutes of limitations don’t apply to all debts. They don’t, for example, apply to federal student loans. Federal student loans that are in default may be collected through wage or tax refund garnishment without a court order.
How Long Until a Debt Expires?
The length of the statute of limitations is determined by state law. State statutes of limitations on debt typically vary from three years to more than 10 years, depending on the type of debt and when the contract was entered into.
Figuring out exactly which state’s laws your debt falls under isn’t always as simple as you might imagine. The applicable statute of limitations may be determined by the state you live in, the state you lived in when you first took on the debt, or even the state where the lender or debt collector is located. The lender may even have included a clause in the contract you signed mandating that the debt is governed by a specific state’s laws.
One commonality in every state’s statutes of limitations on debt is that the “clock” does not start ticking until the borrower’s last activity on the relevant account. Say, for example, that you made a payment on a credit card two years ago and then entered into a payment plan with the debt collector last year but never made any subsequent payments. In that case, the statute of limitations clock would start on the date that you entered into the payment plan.
In this example, simply entering into a payment plan counts as “activity” on the account. This can make it confusing to determine if the statute of limitations has expired on your old debts, especially if you haven’t made a payment in a long time.
It may be possible to find out what the statute of limitations is by contacting the lender or debt collector and asking for verification of the debt. Remember that agreeing to make a payment, entering a payment plan, or otherwise taking any action on the account — including simply acknowledging the debt — may restart the statute of limitations.
After the statute of limitations on the debt has expired, the debt is considered time-barred.
Types of Debt
As mentioned, the length of the statute of limitations on debt can vary depending on the type of debt it is. To know which timeline applies, it helps to understand the different types of debt.
Written Contract
A written contract is an agreement that is signed in writing by both you and the creditor. This contract must include the terms of the loan, such as how much the loan is for and how much monthly payments are.
Oral Contract
An oral contract is bound by verbal agreement — there is no written contract involved. In other words, you said you would pay back the money, but did not sign any paperwork.
Promissory Notes
Promissory notes are written agreements in which you agree to pay back the amount of money by a certain date, in agreed upon installments and at a set interest rate. Examples of promissory notes are student loan agreements and mortgages.
Open-Ended Accounts
Open-ended accounts include credit cards and lines of credit. With an open-ended account, you can repeatedly borrow funds up to the agreed upon credit limit. Upon repayment, you can then borrow money again.
Statute of Limitations on Debt Collection
Each state has its own statute of limitations on debt collection. Here’s a breakdown of the varying timelines by state:
Statute of Limitations For Debts By State and Type of Debt
State
Written Contract
Oral Contract
Promissory Note
Open-Ended Account
Alabama
6
6
6
3
Alaska
3
3
3
3
Arizona
6
3
6
3
Arkansas
5
3
5
5
California
4
2
4
4
Colorado
3
3
3
3
Connecticut
6
3
6
3
Delaware
3
3
3
3
District of Columbia
3
3
3
3
Florida
5
5
4
4
Georgia
6
4
4
4
Hawaii
6
6
6
6
Idaho
5
4
5
4
Illinois
10
5
10
5
Indiana
6
6
6
6
Iowa
10
5
10
5
Kansas
5
3
6
3
Kentucky
15
5
10
5
Louisiana
10
10
10
3
Maine
6
6
6
6
Maryland
3
3
6
3
Massachusetts
6
6
6
6
Michigan
6
6
6
6
Minnesota
6
6
6
6
Mississippi
3
3
3
3
Missouri
10
6
10
5
Montana
8
5
5
5
Nebraska
5
4
5
4
Nevada
6
4
3
4
New Hampshire
3
3
6
3
New Jersey
6
6
6
6
New Mexico
6
4
6
4
New York
6
6
6
6
North Carolina
3
3
3
3
North Dakota
6
6
6
6
Ohio
8
6
6
6
Oklahoma
5
3
5
3
Oregon
6
6
6
6
Pennsylvania
4
4
4
4
Rhode Island
10
10
10
10
South Carolina
3
3
3
3
South Dakota
6
6
6
6
Tennessee
6
6
6
6
Texas
4
4
4
4
Utah
6
4
4
4
Vermont
6
6
14
3
Virginia
5
3
6
3
Washington
6
3
6
6
West Virginia
10
5
6
5
Wisconsin
6
6
10
6
Wyoming
10
8
10
6
Statutes of limitations on certain old debts may prevent creditors or debt collectors from suing you to recover what you owe. However, it’s important to realize that debt statutes of limitations don’t protect you from creditors or debt collectors continuing to attempt to collect payments on the time-barred debt, such as in the case of credit card default. Remember, you still owe that money, whether or not the debt is time-barred. The statute of limitations merely prevents a lender or debt collector from pursuing legal action against you indefinitely.
Debt collectors may continue to contact you about your debt. But under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, debt collectors cannot sue or threaten to sue you for a time-barred debt. (Note that this act applies only to debt collectors and not to the original lenders.)
Some debt collectors, however, may still try to take you to court on a time-barred debt. If you receive notice of a lawsuit about a debt you believe is time-barred, you may wish to consult an attorney about your legal rights and resolution strategies.
Disputing Time-Barred Debt With Debt Collectors
If a debt collector is contacting you to attempt to collect on a debt that you know is time-barred and you don’t intend to pay the debt, you can request that the debt collector stop contacting you.
One option is to write a letter stating that the debt is time-barred and you no longer wish to be contacted about the money owed. If you’re unsure, it may be possible to state that you would like to dispute the debt and want verification that the debt is not time-barred. If the debt is sold to another debt collector, it may be necessary to repeat this process with the new collection agency.
Remember, even though a collector can’t force you to pay the debt once the statute of limitations expires, there may still be consequences for non-payment. For one, your original creditor may continue to contact you through the mail and by phone.
Additionally, most unpaid debts can be listed on your credit report for seven years, which may negatively affect your credit score. That means that failing to pay a debt may impact your ability to buy a car, rent a house, or take out new credit cards, even if that debt is time-barred.
Statute of Limitations on Student Loan Debt
Statutes of limitations don’t apply to federal student loan debt. If you default on your federal student loan, your wages or tax refunds may be garnished.
If you have federal student loan debt, you may consider managing your student loans through consolidating or refinancing. This can help you decrease your loan term or secure a lower interest rate.
Borrowers who hold only federal student loans may be able to consolidate their student loans with the federal government to simplify their payments.
Those with a combination of both private and federal student loans might consider student loan refinancing to get a new interest rate and/or loan term. Depending on an individual’s financial circumstances, refinancing can potentially result in a lower monthly payment (though it may also mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan).
All borrowers with federal loans should keep in mind that refinancing federal loans can mean relinquishing certain benefits, like forbearance and income-based repayment options.
Statute of Limitations on Credit Card Debt
The statute of limitations on credit card debts can generally range anywhere from three years to 10 years, depending on the state. However, the laws in the state in which you live aren’t necessarily what dictates your credit card statute of limitations. Many of the top credit issuers name a specific state whose laws apply in the credit card agreement.
How Long Does the Statute of Limitations on Credit Card Debt Last?
Here’s a look at how long can credit card debt be collected through court proceedings for each state in the U.S.:
Statute of Limitations on Credit Card Debt By State
State
Number of years
Alabama
3
Alaska
3
Arizona
6
Arkansas
5
California
4
Colorado
6
Connecticut
6
Delaware
3
District of Columbia
3
Florida
5
Georgia
6
Hawaii
6
Idaho
5
Illinois
5
Indiana
6
Iowa
5
Kansas
3
Kentucky
5 or 15
Louisiana
3
Maine
6
Maryland
3
Massachusetts
6
Michigan
6
Minnesota
6
Mississippi
3
Missouri
5
Montana
8
Nebraska
4
Nevada
4
New Hampshire
6
New Jersey
6
New Mexico
4
New York
6
North Carolina
3
North Dakota
6
Ohio
6
Oklahoma
5
Oregon
6
Pennsylvania
4
Rhode Island
10
South Carolina
3
South Dakota
6
Tennessee
6
Texas
4
Utah
6
Vermont
6
Virginia
3
Washington
6
West Virginia
10
Wisconsin
6
Wyoming
8
Effects of the Statute of Limitations on Your Credit Report
The statute of limitations on credit card debt doesn’t have an impact on what appears on your credit report. Even if the credit card statute of limitations has passed, your debt can still appear on your credit report, underscoring the importance of using a credit card responsibly.
Unpaid debts typically remain on your credit report for seven years, during which time they’ll negatively impact your credit (though its effect can wane over time). So, for instance, if the state laws of Delaware apply to your credit card debt, your statute of limitations would be four years. Your unpaid debt would remain on your credit report for another three years after that period elapsed.
This is why it’s important to consider solutions, such as negotiating credit card debt settlement or credit card debt forgiveness, rather than just waiting for the clock to run out.
How to Know If a Debt Is Time-Barred
To determine if a debt is time-barred — meaning the statute of limitations has passed — the first step is figuring out the last date of activity on the account. This generally means your last payment on the account, though in some cases it can even include a promise to make a payment, such as saying you’d soon work on paying off $10,000 in credit card debt.
You can find out when you made your last payment on the account by pulling your credit report, which you can access at no cost once per year at AnnualCreditReport.com.
Once you have that information in hand, you can take a look at state statutes of limitation laws. Keep in mind that it might not be your state’s laws that apply. If you’re looking for the statute of limitations for credit card debt, for instance, check your credit card’s terms and conditions to see which state’s laws apply.
Figuring out all of the relevant information isn’t always easy. If you’re unsure or have any questions, consider contacting a debt collections lawyer, who should be able to assist with answers to all your credit card debt questions.
What to Do If You Are Sued Over a Time-Barred Debt
Even if you know a debt is time-barred, it’s important to take action if you’re sued over it. You’ll need to verify that the statute of limitations has indeed passed, and you’ll need to come forward with that information. It may be helpful to work with an attorney to help you respond appropriately and avoid any missteps.
If you do end up going to court, it’s critical to show up. The judge will dismiss your case as long as you can prove that the debt is indeed time-barred. However, if you don’t show up, you will lose the case.
How to Verify Whether You Owe the Debt
If you’re not sure whether a debt you’ve been contacted about is yours, you can ask the debt collector for verification. Request the debt collector’s name, the company’s name, address and phone number, and a professional license number. Also ask that the company mail you a validation notice, which will include the name of the creditor seeking payment and the amount you owe. This notice must be sent within five days of when the debt collector contacted you.
If, upon receiving the validation notice, you do not recognize the debt is yours, you can send the debt collector a letter of dispute. You must do so within 30 days.
The Takeaway
Statutes of limitations on debt create limits for how long debt collectors are able to sue borrowers in a court of law. These limits vary by state but are often between three to 10 or more years. Once the statute of limitations on a debt has expired, the debt is considered time-barred. However, any action the borrower takes on the account has the potential to restart the statute of limitations clock.
While borrowing money can leave you in a stressful situation where you’re waiting for the clock to run out, it can also help you build your credit profile and access new financial opportunities.
Whether you're looking to build credit, apply for a new credit card, or save money with the cards you have, it's important to understand the options that are best for you. Learn more about credit cards by exploring this credit card guide.
FAQ
Do I still owe a debt after the statute of limitations has passed?
Yes. The statute of limitations passing simply means that the creditor cannot take legal action to recoup the debt. Your debt will still remain, and it can continue to affect your credit.
Can a debt collector contact me after the statute of limitations has passed?
Yes, a debt collector can still contact you after the statute of limitations on debt passes as there isn’t a statute of limitations on debt collection. However, you do have the right to request that they stop contacting you. You can make this request by sending a cease communications letter.
Additionally, if you believe the contact is in violation of provisions in the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act — such as if they are harassing or threatening you — then you can file a complaint by contacting your local attorney general’s office, the Federal Trade Commission, or the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
When does the statute of limitations commence?
The clock starts ticking on the statute of limitations on the last date of activity on the account. This generally means your last payment on the account, but it also could be when you last used the account, entered into a payment agreement, or made a promise to make a payment.
After the statute of limitations has passed, how do I remove debt from my credit report?
Even if the statute of limitations has already passed, debt will remain on your credit report for seven years. At this point, it should automatically drop off your report. If, for some reason, it does not, then you can dispute the information with the credit bureau.
What state’s laws on statute of limitations apply if I incur credit card debt in one state, then move to another state?
If you’re unsure of what the statute of limitations on credit card debt is, the first thing to do is to check your credit card agreement. Which state you live in may not have an impact, as many credit card companies dictate in the credit card agreement which state court will preside.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
This article is not intended to be legal advice. Please consult an attorney for advice.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.
External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.
Spending is on the rise — and so is consumer debt. Americans carry, on average, three credit cards and have $6,501 in credit card debt. Overall, U.S. credit card debt is $129 billion higher than it was one year ago.
That amount of debt can be a challenge to pay down along with regular monthly household expenses. Some people may choose to refinance their high-interest credit card debt in an effort to secure a lower interest rate or a lower monthly payment. Refinancing credit card debt can be one way to make progress toward eliminating it completely.
What Is Credit Card Debt?
If you’re putting more purchases on credit cards than you can pay off in a monthly billing cycle, you have credit card debt.
Interest will accrue on the balance that carries over to the next billing cycle. If you don’t pay at least the minimum amount due, you’ll likely also be charged a late fee. Since credit cards use compound interest, you’ll be charged interest on accrued interest and fees. That can add up quickly and make it more difficult to get out of debt.
Carrying a balance on more than one credit card can make the debt even more difficult to manage. If your goal is to be free of credit card debt, refinancing can be one way to achieve that.
What Are Some Benefits of Refinancing Credit Card Debt?
Credit cards are revolving debt and typically have variable annual percentage rates (APRs).
Refinancing credit card debt with an installment loan that has a fixed interest rate, such as a personal loan, will mean you’ll have a fixed end date to your debt and will have the same APR for the entire term of the loan.
If you’re refinancing multiple credit card balances into one new loan or line of credit, you’ll have fewer bills to pay each month. That could potentially make monthly budgeting a simpler task.
Consolidate your credit card
debt with a personal loan from SoFi.
How Might Debt Refinancing Affect Your Credit Score?
Something to keep in mind when your goal is to pay down debt is that it’s a long game.
That being said, in the short term your credit score can decrease slightly when you apply for new credit and the lender looks at your credit report. During the formal application process, the lender will perform a hard inquiry into your credit report, which may result in a slight temporary drop of your credit score.
If you’re comparing multiple lenders, and they offer prequalification, they’ll do a soft inquiry into your credit report, which won’t affect your credit score.
Building your credit — or rebuilding it — through refinancing credit card debt can be possible if you make on-time, regular payments on the new loan. Reducing your credit utilization can be another positive result of refinancing credit card debt. Both of these can potentially increase your credit score.
It’s important not to overuse the credit cards you refinanced into a new loan, however, or you might accumulate even more debt than you started with.
Will Canceling My Unused Credit Cards Affect my Credit Score?
After you’ve refinanced your existing credit card debt into a new loan, you might be tempted to cancel those credit cards. But that strategy could negatively affect your credit score.
Whether it’s a good idea to cancel a credit card really depends on the card. If you’ve had the credit card for a long time, closing it would shorten your credit history, which could result in a credit score drop. But if it’s a card you genuinely don’t have a reason to keep, such as a retail card for a store you no longer shop at or a card that has a high annual fee that can’t be justified with your current spending habits, closing the account might be the right step for you.
If you plan to keep a credit card open, it may be a good idea to use it for a small, recurring charge so the card issuer doesn’t close it for inactivity. Setting up autopay can make this a convenient way to ensure the card stays open but is paid in full each month.
What Are Some Options for Refinancing Credit Card Debt?
Your overall creditworthiness will be a determining factor in finding available refinancing options. Lenders will look at your credit report and credit score, paying attention to how you’ve handled credit in the past and how much total debt you have in relation to your income.
Balance Transfer Credit Card
If you can qualify for a low- or no-interest credit card, you could use it to transfer a balance from another credit card. You’ll typically be charged a balance transfer fee equal to a percentage of the balance you’re transferring. The promotional rate on these types of cards is temporary, sometimes lasting up to 18 months or so, but can be as short as 6 months.
If you pay the transferred balance in full within the promotional period, you may not pay any interest at all, or a minimal amount. However, if you still have an outstanding balance on the card when the promotional period is over, the APR will revert to the card’s standard rate for balance transfers.
Home Equity Loan
A potential source of refinancing funds might be your home, if you have equity in it. Funds from a home equity loan can be used for just about anything, even things unrelated to your home. You can calculate how much equity you have in your home by subtracting the amount you owe on your mortgage from the current market value of your home.
In addition to the amount of equity you have in your home, lenders will typically also look at your income and your credit history to determine how much you might qualify for. It’s common for lenders to limit a home equity loan to no more than 80% to 85% of the equity you have in your home. There are typically closing costs with a home equity loan including appraisal fee, title search, origination fee, or other fees, and can be between 2% and 5% of the loan amount.
A home equity loan is a second mortgage secured by your home. If you fail to repay the loan, the lender can foreclose on your home.
Debt Consolidation Loan
Some lenders offer loans specifically for debt consolidation. These are actually personal loans, the funds from which can be used to pay off your existing credit card debt. Then, you’ll be responsible for repaying the debt consolidation loan. There may be fees charged on this type of loan, so be sure to look over the loan agreement carefully before signing it.
For a credit card consolidation loan to be as effective as possible at reducing your debt, it will ideally have a lower APR than you’re paying on your credit cards. In this way, you would be paying less in interest over the life of the loan. If a lower monthly payment is your goal, you may opt for a longer-term loan, but may pay a higher interest rate.
If your credit card debt is piling up and you’re finding it challenging to pay it down, you may be considering refinancing. Some credit card refinancing options include balance transfer credit cards with a promotional APR, a home equity loan, or a debt consolidation loan.
Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.
SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Personal Loan overall.
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A personal loan can be a helpful financial tool when someone needs to borrow money to pay for things like home repairs, a wedding, or medical expenses, for example. The principal amount of a loan refers to how much money is borrowed and has to be paid back, aside from interest.
Keep reading for more insight into what the principal of a loan is and how it affects repayment.
Loan Principal Meaning
What is the principal of a loan? When someone takes out a loan, they are borrowing an amount of money, which is called “principal.” The principal on a loan represents the amount of money they borrowed and agreed to pay back. The interest on the loan is what they’ll pay in exchange for borrowing that money.
Does a Personal Loan Have a Principal Amount?
Yes, a personal loan does come with a principal amount. Whenever a borrower makes a personal loan payment, the loan’s principal decreases incrementally until it is fully paid off.
The loan principal is different from interest. The principal represents the amount of money that was borrowed and must be paid back. The lender will charge interest in exchange for lending the borrower money. Payments made by the borrower are applied to both the principal and interest.
Along with the interest rate, a lender may also disclose the annual percentage rate (APR) charged on the loan, which includes any fees the lender might charge, such as an origination fee, and the interest. As the borrower makes more payments and makes progress paying off their loan principal amount, less of their payments will go towards interest and more will apply to the principal balance. This principal is referred to as amortization.
Loan Principal and Taxes
Personal loans aren’t considered to be a form of income so the amount borrowed is not subject to taxes like investment earnings or wages are. The borrower won’t be required to report a personal loan on their income tax return, no matter who lent the money to them (bank, credit card, peer-to-peer lender, etc.).
As tempting as it can be to pay off a loan as quickly as possible to save money on interest payments, some lenders charge borrowers a prepayment penalty if they pay their personal loan off early. Not all charge a prepayment penalty. When shopping for a personal loan, it’s important to inquire about extra fees like this to have a true idea of what borrowing that money may cost.
The borrower’s personal loan agreement will state if they will need to pay a prepayment penalty for paying off their loan early. If a borrower finds that they are subject to a prepayment penalty, it can help to calculate if paying that fee would cost less than continuing to pay interest for the personal loan’s originally planned term.
How Can You Pay Down the Loan Principal Faster?
It’s understandable why some borrowers may want to pay down their loan principal faster than originally planned as it can save the borrower money on interest and lighten their monthly budget. Here are a few ways borrowers can pay down their loan principal faster.
Interest Payments
When a borrower pays down the principal on a loan, they reduce how much interest they need to pay. That means that each month as they make a new payment, they reduce their principal and the interest they’ll owe in the future. As previously noted, paying down the principal faster can help the borrower pay less interest.
Personal loan lenders allow borrowers to make extra payments or to make a larger monthly payment than planned. When doing this, it’s important that borrowers confirm that their extra payments are going towards the principal balance and not the interest. That way, their extra payments work towards paying down the principal and lowering the amount of interest they owe.
Shorten Loan Term
Refinancing a loan and choosing a shorter loan time can also make it easier to pay down a personal loan faster. Not to mention, if the borrower has a better credit score than when they applied for the original personal loan, they may be able to qualify for a lower interest rate, which can make it easier to pay down their debt faster. Having a shorter loan term typically increases the monthly payment amount but can result in paying less interest over the life of the loan and paying off the debt faster.
Cheaper Payments
Refinancing to a new loan with a lower interest rate may reduce monthly loan payments, depending on the term of the new loan. With lower monthly scheduled payments, they may opt to pay extra toward the principal and possibly pay the loan in full before the end of the term.
Other Important Information on the Personal Loan Agreement
A personal loan agreement includes a lot of helpful information about the loan, such as the principal amount and how long the borrower has to pay their debt. The more information the borrower has about the loan, the more strategically they can plan to pay it off. Here’s a closer look at the information typically included in a personal loan agreement.
Loan Amount
An important thing to note on a personal loan agreement is the total amount the borrower is responsible for repaying.
Loan Maturity Date
A personal loan’s maturity date is the day the final loan payment is due.
The monthly loan payment amount will be listed on the personal loan agreement. Knowing how much they need to pay each month can make it easier for the borrower to budget accordingly.
The Takeaway
Understanding how a personal loan works can make it easier to pay one-off. To recap: What is the principal amount of a loan? The principal on a loan is the amount the consumer borrowed and needs to pay back.
Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.
SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Personal Loan overall.
FAQ
What is the principal balance of a loan?
The principal balance of a loan is the amount originally borrowed that the borrower agrees to pay back.
Does the principal of the loan change?
The original loan principal does not change. The principal amount included in each monthly payment will change as the amortization period progresses. On an amortized loan, less principal than interest is paid in each monthly payment at the beginning of the loan and incrementally increases over the life of the loan.
How does loan principal work?
The loan principal represents the amount borrowed. Usually, this is done in monthly payments until the loan principal is fully repaid.
Photo credit: iStock/cagkansayin
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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.
Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Many people aspire to live a “debt-free” life. And for good reason: Getting out of debt means that your take-home pay is completely your own (since you won’t be sharing any of it with creditors). Having more money to work with can help you achieve your goals, whether it’s building an emergency fund, sending your kids to college, or being able to retire some day. Knocking down debt can also improve your day-to-day life by relieving stress and boosting your mental health.
The question is, how do you get there? If you’re currently living under a mountain of student loans, credit card debt, medical debt, and/or other types of debt, it can be hard to see a way out or, frankly, even a ray of sunlight. But don’t give up. We’ve got six ideas that can help you whittle down your debt and get on the road to financial independence and freedom.
Key Points
• Living debt-free enhances financial stability and mental health by freeing up income and reducing stress.
• A realistic budget is crucial for managing expenses and allocating funds towards debt repayment.
• Extra income should be directed towards paying off debts, accelerating financial freedom.
• Debt repayment strategies like the snowball or avalanche methods help focus efforts and clear debts efficiently.
• Consolidating debts can simplify payments and potentially reduce interest rates, aiding quicker debt resolution.
What Does It Mean to Live a Debt-Free Life?
Living “debt-free” can mean different things to different people. In the purest sense, being debt-free means having absolutely zero debt — including no credit card debt, no car or student loans, and no mortgage.
However, some people subscribe to a looser definition of “debt-free,” where you’re free of so-called “bad debt,” such as high-interest credit cards and payday loans, but recognize that some debt is “good.”
A low-interest mortgage or student loan, for example, can be considered good debt, since it can help you increase your net worth or generate future income. This looser definition may work to your advantage because it allows you to achieve milestone goals like owning a home without high-interest debt burdening your monthly finances.
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Benefits of Living Debt-Free
However you define debt-free living, knocking down your debt comes with a wide range of benefits — some expected and some, perhaps, surprising.
• More money to spend: Interest charges eat away at your income, giving you less money for other things. Once you pay off your debts (particularly those with high interest rates), you’ll have a lot more money in your pocket.
• Financial stability: By freeing up cash, you’ll have money available to build your emergency fund (your best defense against running up costly debt in the future). You’ll also be able to put money towards other goals and investments.
• Less stress and anxiety: Dealing with debt isn’t just a financial challenge — it also impacts mental health. In a recent Forbes Advisor survey, 54% of adults said they often or always feel stressed by their debt circumstances; another 32% said they sometimes feel stressed because of their debt.
• A happier marriage: In the Forbes survey, 60% of respondents said financial stress has led to disagreements in their relationships. Money fights are a common cause of divorce.
• Increased self-esteem: Eliminating debt isn’t easy — it takes hard work, discipline, and determination. Reaching your debt payoff goals can give you a huge sense of accomplishment that leads to greater self-confidence.
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6 Ways to Climb Out of Debt
Having a lot of debt can feel overwhelming. The key to gaining control over the situation is to approach it one step at a time. Here are six strategies that can help.
1. Creating a Workable Budget
A smart debt-payoff plan begins with a realistic budget. Having a basic budget will help you live within your means (so you don’t get into more debt) and free up extra cash to put towards your debts each month.
The first step in creating a budget is understanding your monthly expenses. This includes everything from rent or mortgage payments, utility bills, groceries, and transportation costs to smaller expenses like subscriptions, leisure activities, and dining out. By assessing your expenses over the last several months, you may be surprised by how much you are spending in certain categories. You may also immediately find some places to cut back, such as canceling membership to a gym you rarely use and/or giving up streaming services you rarely watch.
If the idea of tracking every penny has been a barrier to budgeting, or if you’ve tried and failed in the past, try keeping things simple. The 50/30/20 rule is a simplified budgeting strategy that’s gained traction because it limits the number of spending categories you need to establish and track.
With this approach, you divide your take-home pay (what’s left after paying taxes) into three buckets:
• 50% goes to needs, including minimum debt payments
• 30% goes to wants
• 20% goes to savings and debt payments beyond the minimum
Keep in mind that these percentages are just a guideline, and can be tweaked to fit your situation. The key to becoming debt-free is to make a budget that’s strict but still doable.
2. Making More Money
Yes, this is easier said than done. But before rolling your eyes and moving on, consider the possibilities. Is it time for a pay raise? If a bump is overdue, it might be time to have a talk with the boss.
Consider any potential ways to make extra income from home. Do you always have nights or weekends off? Maybe a friend does catering, landscaping, house painting, or some other work and could use an extra hand from time to time.
If you have a marketable skill, like website design or creating social media content, you may be able to pick up freelance work. If you’re crafty, you might look into selling your wares online or at craft fairs and flea markets. If you love animals, you might want to offer dog walking or cat sitting services.
If you could earn an extra $500 per month, in 12 months, you’d be able to pay off an additional $6,000 of debt.
Even selling things you no longer need can bring in a nice lump sum of cash that you can use to knock down debt.
3. Applying Extra Money Towards Debt
If you get an unexpected windfall (such as a bonus at work, cash gift, tax refund, or inheritance), instead of living it up while the money lasts, consider using it to pay down some debt.
You might not think a few hundred dollars will make much of a dent, but every dollar you pay over the minimum can help reduce the interest you owe on a credit card or loan.
To get some idea of how paying even a little extra toward a bill can help, consider playing around with the numbers using a credit card interest calculator. It can be scary to see how much money you’ll pay in interest if you continue to pay only the monthly minimum, but it can also motivate you to divert as much extra money as you can toward getting that debt paid off once and for all.
4. Focusing on One Debt at a Time
Seeing progress can be inspiring. Think about how good you feel when you lose a little weight from changing your diet or gain some muscle from working out. Even small wins can be motivating.
How does that apply to downsizing your debt?
Two of the commonly recommended approaches to debt repayment are the snowball and avalanche methods. These strategies focus on making extra payments towards one balance at a time instead of trying to put a little extra money toward all your balances at once.
The Snowball Debt Payoff Method
The snowball method directs any excess free cash you might have to the debt with the smallest outstanding balance. Here’s how it works:
• List all of your outstanding debts based on how much you owe, from the smallest balance to the largest. (Disregard interest rates.)
• Pay as much as possible toward the debt with the smallest balance, while making the minimum payment on all other debts.
• After you pay off the smallest debt, turn your attention to the next-lowest balance. Keep going until you are debt-free.
The Avalanche Debt Payoff Method
The avalanche method focuses on paying off debts based on interest rate. It can take longer to get a win with this approach but, ultimately, it will save you more money than the snowball method. How it works:
• List your debts in order of interest rate, from highest to lowest. (Disregard balance amounts.)
• Pay as much as you can each month towards the debt with the highest interest rate, making the minimum payments on all other debts.
• Once you’ve paid off the highest-interest debt, focus on the debt with the next-highest rate, and so on, until you’re debt free.
Though the methods are different, both plans provide focus, and as each balance disappears, momentum grows.
A newer approach, the fireball method, may be a better fit for modern-day debt, which could include a large amount of low-interest student loan debt.
The Fireball Debt Payoff Method
The fireball method takes a hybrid approach to the traditional snowball and avalanche strategies. It’s called “fireball” because it can help blaze through bad debt faster by making it a priority. How it works:
• Categorize all debts as either “good” or “bad.” “Good” debt generally refers to things that can increase your net worth, such as student loans or mortgages. (Interest rates under 6% could be considered good debt.)
• List “bad” debts from smallest to largest based on each bill’s outstanding balance.
• Funnel any extra cash each month toward the smallest balance on the “bad” debt list, while making the minimum monthly payment on all other debts. Once that balance is paid in full, move on to the next-smallest balance on that list. Keep blazing until all “bad” debt is repaid.
• Pay off “good” debt on the normal schedule while investing for the future. Apply everything you were paying toward “bad” debt to investing in a financial goal.
The fireball approach can help you save money because it gets rid of your more expensive debt first, but it also provides motivation by giving you wins early in the process. These combined elements could provide an extra boost to your efforts.
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5. Consolidating Debts
If your credit is strong, a debt consolidation loan could potentially help you repay your debts at a lower interest rate, saving you money over time. It also simplifies repayment by merging multiple payments into one. With this approach, you take out a personal loan and use it to pay off multiple high-interest debts. The key is to find a lender that is willing to give you a lower annual percentage rate (APR) than what you’re currently paying. Keep in mind that the shorter your loan term, the lower your APR may be.
Another way to consolidate credit card debt is to move it to a balance transfer credit card. This can be a smart move if you can qualify for a 0% intro credit card. This way, you can avoid paying interest for the first several months and all the money you pay towards the card goes to knocking down debt. Keep in mind, though, that you may have to pay a fee when utilizing a balance transfer credit card. And, once the 0% intro period is over, you’ll have to start paying interest on the remaining balance.
6. Negotiating With Your Creditors
If your debt has become too much to handle and you’re delinquent on payments, you may want to reach out to your creditors, explain your financial situation, and see if they may be able to work with you. They might be willing to set you up on a payment plan, reduce your monthly payments, or settle your debt for less than what’s owed.
If you go this route, be sure to take notes on your conversation with the customer service rep (including the name of the person you spoke with, when you called, and what they said) and get the proposed repayment or debt settlement plan in writing before you make any payments.
Also keep in mind that debt settlement can negatively impact your credit, so this option is generally considered a last resort.
When it comes to debt, the deeper the hole you’re in, the longer it may take to climb out. But having the right plan in place before can help stick to a budget and methodically reduce your debt in a way that keeps you motivated and saves you money.
Becoming entirely (or nearly) debt-free comes with a substantial payoff: The money you were once spending on debt repayment each month can now go towards savings — and an opportunity to earn, rather than pay, interest.
Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.
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Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/31/2024. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
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