How Long Do Collections Stay on Your Credit Report?

If you neglect to pay a bill for a significant period of time, your creditor may send your debt to a collection agency, which then seeks repayment from you. This can have serious — and lasting — repercussions for your credit score. Understanding how long collections stay on your credit report and how to manage them is essential for maintaining good financial health. Here’s a closer look at how debts end up in collections and how they impact on your credit.

Key Points

•   If you miss multiple payments on a loan, credit card, or other bill, your account may be sold to a collection agency.

•   A collection account can remain on your credit report for up to seven years.

•   Paying off a collection account won’t remove it from your report but can prevent further damage.

•   The negative impact of a collection on your credit score decreases over time.

•   Unpaid medical debt is treated differently from other types of debt.

What Are Collections?

Having a debt in collections typically means that the original creditor or lender has written your debt off as a loss and has sent it to a debt collector. The collector may be an internal team within the same company that goes after delinquent debts or a third party debt collection agency.

Most of your monthly bills (including credit cards, mortgage, auto loan, student loans, and utilities) can go to collections if you neglect to pay them for long enough. This means that bills that might not typically appear on your credit report (electric, phone, or cable, for example) could show up on your credit report as debts in collections.

There’s no set time frame as to when a lender or company will place a past-due account into collections. Generally speaking, however, creditors will wait until after 90 to 180 days of nonpayment before they will send your debt to collections.

What Happens if a Bill Goes to Collections?

Some creditors have in-house collection departments, but many will “charge off” your debt. This means the original creditor closes your account and sells your debt to a third-party collection agency. When your account is sent to collections, the balance on your original unpaid account goes to $0, and a new collections account will be added to your credit reports. Having a collection account on your credit report is one of the many things that can affect your credit score.

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How Long Will Collections Stay on Your Credit Report?

Like other negative information, a collection account can remain on your credit reports for up to seven years from the date you first miss a payment to the original lender or creditor. Even if you eventually pay what you owe or settle with the company that owns your debt, the collection will typically remain on your credit reports (though it will say “Paid Collection” in the account information).

Recommended: How Long Does It Take to Build Credit?

Medical Debt on Your Credit Report

Medical debt is not included in your credit reports, provided it stays with your health-care provider. If you have a medical bill that is several months overdue, the provider may sell it to a collections agency. But even if that happens, it won’t show up on your credit reports right away.

That’s because the three major credit bureaus (Equifax®, Experian®, and TransUnion®) give consumers a one-year grace period to clear up any medical debt that’s gone to collections before listing the account in your credit reports. This waiting period allows time for bills to make their way through the insurance approval and payment process. It also gives consumers a chance to report any billing errors to their insurance company and/or health care provider, perhaps negotiate a smaller bill amount, or get on a payment plan.

More good news: Medical debts under $500 will not appear on your credit reports. In addition, medical debts in collections that have been paid off are removed from your credit reports — they won’t stick around for seven years.

Managing and Preventing Collections Accounts

One of the best ways to protect your credit reports (and credit scores) is to avoid having a debt ever go to collections. Here are some tips that can help.

•  Stay organized: Keep track of payment due dates by setting reminders on your phone or switching to autopay. A budgeting and spending app can help ensure you aren’t short on cash when it comes time to make your payments.

•  Communicate with creditors: If you’re having trouble paying some of your bills on time, it’s a good idea to contact your creditors or service providers. They may be to offer a more manageable payment plan or offer temporary relief.

•  Monitor your credit report: It’s wise to regularly check your credit reports for any inaccuracies or any accounts labeled “delinquent” (a sign they may be headed to collections).

•   Establish an emergency fun: Having savings to cover unexpected expenses, like medical bills, can help prevent debt from going to collections.

If you already have an account in collections, you’ll want to make sure the debt and collection agency are legitimate and, if so, create a plan to resolve the unpaid balance. Generally, it’s a good idea to pay off the debt in collections, either as a lump sum or payment plan, so your debt can be marked “paid” and the collection agency stops contacting you.

How Collections Impact Your Credit Report and Credit Score

Collections fall under payment history, which is the biggest factor in your FICO® Score calculation (representing about 35% of your score). People with collections on their credit reports tend to have lower credit scores than those who have no collections.

How much damage a collection account will do to your credit will depend on the size of the debt, how recent the collection is, and the overall strength of your credit profile. A collection account tells future lenders that you’ve had trouble managing debt in the past, making them less likely to offer favorable loan terms or approve you for new credit.

In general, the more recent a collection, the bigger the impact. However, over time, the damage to your credit score diminishes, especially if you maintain good credit habits, like making on-time payments and keeping credit card balances low. Also keep in mind that paid collection accounts may not affect your credit scores in the same way that unpaid collection accounts can.

Recommended: How to Check Your Credit Score Without Paying

How to Find Out if You Have Accounts in Collections

There are a few different ways you may find out that you have an account in collections.

•   A debt collector must contact you about your debt before it sends information about the debt to a credit reporting company. If you receive a “validation notice” about a debt from a debt collector, it means they have satisfied their requirement to contact you and can begin to report the debt to credit reporting companies.

•   If you aren’t sure about the status of an unpaid bill, you may want to check your credit reports. You’re entitled to a free credit report from each of the three major credit bureaus once a week through AnnualCreditReport.com. On your report, collections accounts will appear as a separate section, listing the original creditor, the collection agency, and the outstanding balance.

•   You also can contact the original creditor to learn the status of your account. Just remember that if your debt has been sold, the original creditor is no longer able to collect your debt. You’ll have to deal with the debt buyer.

•   Some credit monitoring services will automatically alert you if a new collection account is added to your report, allowing you to address the issue as soon as possible.

How Do You Remove Collections From Your Credit Report?

You generally can’t remove a collection account from your credit report unless the account is listed in error or as a result of fraud.

If you see an error on your credit report, such as an account you don’t recognize or a paid account that shows as unpaid, you can file a dispute using the credit bureau’s online process by phone or by mail. The credit bureau is required to respond within 30 days.

If you think the error is on the part of the debt collector, you can contact the collection agency using the phone number listed on your credit report. They can confirm if the debt belongs to you and provide other relevant information about the account.

If the entry is legitimate, one way you might be able to get it removed from your credit reports is to write a “goodwill letter” to the creditor that explains your situation and why you would like the debt removed. It may not work, but there’s no downside in trying.

Recommended: Why Did My Cresit Score Drop After a Dispute?

When Will Credit Bureaus Remove Medical Collections?

In 2022, the three major credit bureaus agreed to remove medical collections from consumers’ credit reports once they were paid. They also decided to exclude unpaid medical collections under $500, and to extend the time before medical bills in collections can appear on credit reports from 180 days to one year. These changes provide some relief for consumers facing medical debt, giving more time to settle the bills before they affect credit.

Medical collections that meet these criteria should have automatically come off your reports, but if they are still listed on any of your credit reports, you can file a dispute with the credit bureau.

Will Making Payments Change the Timeline?

Making payments on a collection account does not restart the seven-year timeline for when the collection falls off your credit report. The original delinquency date remains the same, even if you make partial payments. However, paying off or settling a collection account can have positive effects. While it won’t immediately remove the collection from your credit report, a paid collection may be viewed more favorably by lenders than an unpaid one. It also stops the collection agency from continuing to pursue you for the debt.

But there is another timeline to keep in mind — the statute of limitations on the debt. The statute limits how long a creditor or debt collector can take legal action against you in pursuit of repayment. The time frame depends on the type of debt and where you live but is typically three to six years. Once the statute of limitations expires, the debt becomes “time-barred,” meaning that debt is no longer legally enforceable.

If you make a payment on a time-barred debt, it can restart the statute of limitations. This means the creditor can take you to court and, potentially, sue you for the full amount owed plus interest and fees.

The Takeaway

Collections can have a significant impact on your credit score, but they don’t last forever. Typically, collections remain on your credit report for seven years from the date of delinquency, but recent changes have provided some relief for medical debt.

The best way to protect your credit is to manage your accounts carefully and be sure to pay all of your bills in full and on time. If you do have accounts in collections, taking steps to resolve them — whether through payment, negotiation, or disputing inaccuracies — can help improve your financial health over time.

Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.


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FAQ

Should I pay off a three-year old collection?

Paying off a three-year-old collection can be beneficial, especially if you’re looking to build your credit or apply for new credit. While paying it off won’t remove it from your credit report, it can stop further damage and prevent additional actions like lawsuits or wage garnishments. Paid collections also tend to be viewed more favorably by lenders than unpaid ones. In fact, some credit scoring models don’t include paid collection accounts when calculating credit scores.

Can you have a 700 credit score with collections?

Yes, but it’s not common. Factors such as the size of the debt in collection, how old it is, and the overall makeup of your credit profile play significant roles in determining your score. If the collection is small, paid off, or several years old, and the rest of your credit history is strong, you may be able to achieve a 700 score. Larger or recent collections, on the other hand, typically have a more negative impact on your credit.

What happens if you never pay collections?

If you never pay collections, the debt will remain on your credit report as an unpaid collection account for up to seven years, significantly harming your credit score. Unpaid collections can also lead to lawsuits, judgments, and wage garnishments. On a positive note, many states have statute of limitations in place to prevent creditors and debt collectors from suing you to collect on an older debt.


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Return on Education for Bachelor’s Degrees

A college education is an investment in the future. But as with any investment, it’s important to consider what you’ll get in return — your ROI — to determine if the cost is worth it. And so college students and their parents are weighing the cost of college against future earning potential, as well as intangibles like friendships, network building, and soft skills.

This guide explores the “return on education” for bachelor’s degrees, and offers insights into how to maximize the value of your college education.

Key Points

•   Satisfactory Academic Progress (SAP) refers to the minimum academic requirements that must be met to maintain eligibility for financial aid in college.

•   Each institution establishes its own SAP policy, typically requiring a minimum GPA of 2.0 and completion of 67% of attempted credits.

•   Students who fail to meet SAP standards may face a financial aid warning, and continued non-compliance can lead to loss of federal assistance.

•   An appeal process exists for students who encounter extenuating circumstances affecting their academic performance, such as illness or family emergencies.

•   Maintaining SAP is crucial to avoid financial burdens, as students may need to pay tuition and expenses out-of-pocket without federal aid.

Average Cost of a Degree

Choosing the right college is a multifaceted decision. Considerations include where the school is located, whether it has programs that meet your interests, what student culture is like, and of course price.

The price tag for college can be jaw dropping. The average cost of college for an in-state student attending a four-year university is $27,146 per year (including living expenses). Students that attend private, nonprofit universities spend an average of $58,628 per year living on campus.

💡 Quick Tip: Fund your education with a low-rate, no-fee SoFi private student loan that covers all school-certified costs.

Return on Investment by Education Level

You can determine your ROI by education level by looking at the ratio of the cost of your degree to your expected income once you graduate. Your return on education is much like a traditional ROI calculation, which looks at the ratio between net profit and cost from investing resources.

In this case, time and money are the resources you’re investing, and your future income is the profit. The ROI for your education will depend largely on how much you spend on your schooling, what type of job you get after school, and to a certain extent what you major in.

Median 40-year ROI for a College Degree, per Education Data Initiative

Education Level

20-year ROI

40-year ROI

Associate Degree

363.5%

1,200.8%

Bachelor’s Degree

38.1%

287.7%

Master’s Degree

90.1%

433.5%

Doctoral Degree

84.0%

416.3%

Professional Degree

60.4%

350.1%

Associate Degree Return on Investment

Associate degrees can typically be completed in one to two years and often at a community college, which can make them more affordable than four-year degrees. According to data from the Education Data Initiative, the ROI for an associate degree is 363.5% after 20 years.

Bachelor’s Degree Return on Investment

Bachelor’s degrees typically take students four years to complete. According to Education Data Initiative, the ROI for a bachelor’s degree is 38.1% after 20 years. Keep in mind, though, that this estimated return on investment can vary greatly based on the major you pursue. For example, computer science degrees offer an ROI of 716.6%.

Master’s Degree Return on Investment

A master’s degree can be completed after a student receives their bachelor’s degree. This degree allows the student to specialize in a specific area of interest, such as those who pursue a Master in Business Administration, or MBA. The ROI for a master’s degree is 90.1% after 20 years, according to Education Data Initiative.

Doctoral Degree Return on Investment

A doctoral degree is generally the most advanced degree one can get in a particular field. Doctorates can take up to eight years to complete, though the exact timing will vary depending on factors like the program type, structure, and research being completed by the doctoral candidate. The estimated ROI for doctorate degrees is 84.0% after 20 years, according to Education Data Initiative.

Professional Degree Return on Investment

Professional degrees are advanced degrees that prepare a student to work in a particular field, such as law or pharmacy. After 20 years, the ROI for a professional degree is 60.4%, according to Education Data Initiative.

Highest Earning Degrees

The return on education will vary depending on the degree program you choose. For example, a student with a computer science degree may earn more than an English major. There are exceptions, but it’s a good idea to understand the norm for particular fields. These are some of the highest-earning degree programs.

Associate Degree

As mentioned, an associate degree takes about two years to complete and can often be finished at a community college for significantly less than it may cost to get a four-year degree. Associate degrees often allow students to specialize in a specific trade or field, and in some cases, this specialization can lead to a high-earning career.

One of the top-earning post-associate degrees is air traffic controllers. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), air traffic controllers earn a median income of $137,380.

Dental hygienists, MRI technicians, and funeral service managers all earn an average salary of $70,000 or higher, making them top associate degrees based on earning potential, as well.

Bachelor’s Degree

According to Best Colleges, some of the bachelor’s degrees with the highest earning potential include chemical engineering, computer engineering, computer science, finance, and business analytics.

For example, in 2023, chemical engineers earned a median salary of $112,100. Financial analysts earned a median salary of $99,890 per year, according to the BLS.

Certifications

Some people may consider adding a certification to their resume in order to boost their earning potential. Professional organizations often award certifications for specific skill sets. Some top earning and in-demand certifications include those for project management and data engineering.

Recommended: Guide to Student Loans for Certificate Programs

Bachelor’s Degree ROI by Major

The ROI can vary quite a bit based on the type of bachelor degree pursued. As mentioned, computer science degrees have some of the best ROI for bachelor’s degrees — about 716.6% over 40 years, according to Education Data Initiative. Take a look below at a list of majors and their estimated ROI after 40 years, according to Education Data Initiative:

•     Business finance — 710.2%

•     Business accounting — 547.2%

•     Electrical engineering — 517.8%

•     Biology — 225.0%

•     Communications — 209.3%

•     Architecture — 188.6%

•     Fine Art — 70.5%

Consider What Can’t Be Measured by Money

Yes, going to college or pursuing other higher education opportunities can be expensive. But in addition to the cost and potential boost in earning potential, there are a variety of intangible benefits that can’t be measured by a dollar. For example, college students living on campus are gaining a newfound independence and developing life skills they’ll carry with them.

Plus, many colleges have strong alumni networks that can help when a student is looking for a job post-grad. Students have the chance to not only get to know themselves better, but in the process they may make lifelong friends.

Recommended: How to Budget as a College Student

Controlling Costs

One way to improve ROI is to lower the amount of money you are paying for school. This could be particularly useful if you already know you want to pursue a career in a relatively low paying field.

Scholarships

You can help offset the cost of tuition by looking for scholarship programs that help pay your tuition and other college expenses. Many schools offer need-based financial aid to families who might otherwise struggle to pay tuition costs. In some cases, you could even get a full ride.

You can find scholarships by looking at your school’s financial aid website, connecting with your guidance counselor, or reviewing databases or online scholarship search tools.

In some cases, you may be able to apply for unclaimed scholarships to help supplement the aid you have already received.

Grants

Students may qualify for grants directly from their school or through federal financial aid. Grants typically do not require repayment, so they can be an incredibly helpful addition to a student’s financial toolkit when it comes to paying for college. Pell Grants are one type of grant awarded by the federal government to students who demonstrate exceptional financial need.

Pell Grants are available to undergraduate students. In order to maintain eligibility for a Pell Grant, undergrads will also be required to meet satisfactory academic progress requirements.

Student Loan Forgiveness Programs

If you need to take out student loans to help pay for college, keep an eye on your terms and interest rates to help keep costs down. If you take out federal loans and plan to work for certain non-profits or government organizations, you may be eligible for loan forgiveness under the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program. After making 10 years’ worth of qualifying monthly payments, the remaining balance of your loan may be forgiven through this program.

Private Student Loans

Private student loans don’t qualify for federal benefits like PSLF, but they can be helpful tools for students who have exhausted their federal financial aid.

If you are interested in paying for college or another higher education degree with a private student loan, take the time to shop around and review interest rates, terms, and other fees or benefits offered by lenders. 

Employer Support After Graduation

Finally, some employers may also help you pay back your student loans as part of a benefits package. Consider working for an employer who offers these benefits.

Recommended: Finding Jobs That Pay Off Student Loans

The Takeaway

College students can estimate the return on their educational investment by looking at how much they’ll pay for their degree and comparing it to their lifetime earnings. Though important, the money you’ll eventually earn isn’t the only thing you should consider when choosing a college. Getting a bachelor’s degree can help you acquire skills and expand your horizons in ways that aren’t directly related to your degree or job prospects.

When you decide on the right school for you, take the time to consider all your options — including scholarships, grants, federal and private student loans, post-graduation repayment programs, and other sources of public and private funding — to help you achieve your education and career goals.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

What is the average return on investment for a college degree?

The average return on investment (ROI) for a college degree varies by field, but generally, bachelor’s degree holders earn significantly more over their lifetime than those with only a high school diploma. On average, the ROI for a college degree ranges from 9% to 10%, but can be higher depending on the major and institution.

Which degree has the highest return on investment?

Degrees in fields like engineering, computer science, and technology typically have the highest return on investment (ROI). These degrees often lead to high-paying jobs with strong job security and growth prospects, resulting in a significant lifetime earning advantage compared to the cost of education, making them highly valuable investments.

Is a bachelor’s degree a good investment?

A bachelor’s degree is generally a good investment as it can lead to higher lifetime earnings, greater job stability, and more career opportunities compared to having only a high school diploma. However, the return on investment depends on the chosen field, the cost of education, and individual career goals and outcomes.


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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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A Beginner’s Guide to Investing in Your 20s

Deciding how to invest money in your 20s can seem overwhelming at first; many people have differing opinions or goals, and it’s hard to know where to start. But remember that you don’t need to have a lot of money upfront to be a successful and savvy investor.

Perhaps the most important thing is to start investing early, even if your initial investments are small. Here are a few different strategies for investing money in your 20s.

Think About Financial Goals

When determining your financial goals, you may want to break down short-, medium-, and long-term milestones. You want to ask yourself what you want from your money and figure out when you’ll need to use the money. For example, the money you save for a medium-term goal, like a down payment on your first home, should be treated differently than the retirement savings you won’t touch for 40 or more years.

So, you may want to start buying stocks right away, but you may also want to give some strategic thought as to how that may fit into your overall financial goals.

If you have not earmarked savings for a specific financial goal, take some time to think about what purpose you’d like to apply it to. A great first saving goal is to have three to six months of living expenses in an emergency fund. After that, it might be good to turn your attention toward savings and investing for longer-term goals, like retirement.

Decide Where to House Your Money

where to put your money in your 20s

When deciding how to invest money in your 20s, it can help to think about immediate, mid-term, and long-term financial needs. Once you have outlined some money goals, you could consider setting up your accounts. The type of account you open often depends on when you need the money.

Where to Put Immediate Money

Food, bills, rent, and everything else you must pay for on a month-to-month basis are immediate needs. Often people keep this money — along with a cushion so as not to overdraft their account — in an online bank account. These types of accounts allow you to withdraw money instantaneously, generally without penalties, making them ideal for your immediate financial needs.

Where to Put Mid-term Money

Mid-term money is any money you might need in the next couple of years, such as a travel fund, wedding fund, or home down payment savings. It might make sense to keep this money in a high-yield savings account, which provides a better return on your money than traditional savings accounts.

High-yield savings accounts, along with other cash equivalents like certificates of deposits (CDs) and money market accounts, are usually considered to be lower-risk investments (though CDs are not helpful for emergency funds because of the early termination penalties).

Where to Put Mid- to Long-term Money

For money you’ll use in five to 20 years, you may be prepared to take slightly more risk than a high-yield savings account. You might choose to keep the money in your high-yield savings account or in CDs, or a online brokerage account where you can invest that money in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or other asset classes. You can also do a combination of the different types of accounts.

Longer-term savings options, like a tax-advantage 529 plan, can also be appropriate if you’d like to start planning for higher education needs for current or future children.

Where to Put Long-Term Money

Think of long-term money as cash you won’t need for several decades. A retirement account is a great example of an appropriate place to hold long-term money. Retirement plans like a Traditional IRA, Roth IRA, or a 401(k) account can offer significant tax benefits.

💡 Ready to invest in your retirement? Consider opening a Traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi.

Potential Assets to Invest in During Your 20s

potential assets to invest in during your 20s

One important thing to understand about investing in your 20s is the tradeoff between risk and reward when implementing your investing strategy. You cannot have one without the other. With this risk and reward calculation in mind, you need to determine what asset classes you might consider when investing in your 20s.

Stocks

A stock is a tiny piece of ownership in a publicly-traded company. When you invest in a stock, you could earn money through capital appreciation, dividends, or a combination of the two.

Stocks can be volatile because prices fluctuate according to supply and demand forces as they trade on an open exchange. Even though stocks can be volatile and experience losses, they tend to provide positive returns over time. The S&P 500 index has had an average annual growth rate of 10.3% from 1957 through the end of 2023.

Bonds

Although not risk-free, experts generally consider bonds less risky (though not risk-free) than stocks because they are a contract that comes with a stated rate of return. Bonds backed by the U.S. government, called treasury bonds, are the safest within the category of bonds because it is unlikely that the U.S. government will go bankrupt.

Bonds are debt investments, meaning investors fund the debt of some entity. The money you earn on that investment is the interest they pay you for borrowing your money. In addition to treasuries and corporate bonds, there are municipal bonds, which state and local governments issue, and mortgage- and asset-backed bonds, which are bundles of mortgages or other financial assets that pass through the interest paid on mortgages or assets.

Mutual Funds and Exchange-Traded Funds

Some investors might want to utilize mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) to gain exposure to certain asset classes.

A fund is essentially a basket of investments — stocks, bonds, another investment type, or a combination thereof. Funds are helpful because they provide immediate diversification: safety against the risk of having too much money invested in one stock, sector, or any other single asset.

Funds are either actively or passively managed. A fund that is passively managed is attempting to track a specific index. An actively managed fund is maintained with a hands-on approach to determine investments in a portfolio. ETFs tend to be passively managed, but there are many actively managed ETFs funds on the market. Mutual funds can be either passively or actively managed.

Tips for Investing In Your 20s

Once you’ve become familiar with the basics of investing, it’s time to put that knowledge into action. These tips can help you shape a strategy for how to invest money in your 20s and beyond.

Gauge Your Personal Risk Tolerance

gauging your risk tolerance

One of the key things to remember about investing in your 20s is that time is on your side. You have a significant time horizon window to allow your portfolio to recover from bouts of inevitable stock market volatility. Because of this, you could take more risks with your investments to try and achieve higher rewards.

Getting to know your personal risk preferences can help you decide where and how to invest in your 20s to achieve your investment goals. It’s also important to understand how risk tolerance matches your risk capacity and appetite.

Risk tolerance means the level of risk you’re comfortable taking. Risk capacity is the level of risk you prefer to take to reach your investment goals, while risk appetite is the level of risk you need to hit those milestones. When you’re younger, playing it too safe with your portfolio might mean missing out on significant investment returns.

Know the Difference Between Asset Allocation and Asset Location

asset allocation when investing in your 20s

People often invest in a combination of stocks and bonds, which is easy to do using mutual funds and ETFs. One strategy for investing in your 20s is to invest a higher allocation of your long-term investments in stocks and less in bonds, slowly moving into more bond funds the closer you get to retirement. This big picture decision is called asset allocation.

But asset allocation is only part of the picture. One might also consider asset location: the types of accounts where you’re putting your money, like savings accounts, an online brokerage account, a 401k, or an IRA.

Asset location matters when it comes to investing money in your 20s because it can maximize tax advantages if you’re utilizing a 401k or IRA. But these retirement accounts also have restrictions and penalties for withdrawing money. So if you want to be able to access your investments quickly, an online brokerage may be a complimentary investing account.

Take Advantage of Free Money

One of the simplest ways to start investing in your 20s is to enroll in your workplace retirement plan like a 401k.

Once you’ve enrolled in a plan, consider contributing at least enough to get the full company match if your employer offers one. If you don’t, you could be leaving money on the table.

And if you can’t make the full contribution to get the match right away, you can still work your way up to it by gradually increasing your salary deferral percentage. For example, you could raise your contribution rate by 1% each year until you reach the maximum deferral amount.

Don’t Be Afraid of Investment Alternatives

Stocks, bonds, and mutual funds can all be good places to start investing in your 20s. But don’t count out other alternative investments outside these markets.

Real estate is one example of an alternative investment that can be attractive to some investors. Investing in real estate in your 20s doesn’t necessarily mean you have to own a rental property, though that’s one option. You could also invest in fix-and-flip properties, real estate investment trusts (REITs), or crowdfunded real estate investments.

Adding alternative investments such as real estate, cryptocurrency, and commodities to your portfolio may improve diversification and could create some insulation against risk.

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The Takeaway

Learning how to invest money in your 20s doesn’t happen overnight. And you may still be fuzzy on how certain parts of the market work as you enter your 30s or 40s. But by continually educating yourself about different investments and investing strategies, you can gain the knowledge needed to guide your portfolio toward your financial goals.

One thing to know about investing in your 20s is that consistency can pay off in the long run. Even if you’re only able to invest a little money at a time through 401k contributions or by purchasing partial or fractional shares of stock, those amounts can add up as the years and decades pass.

If you’re ready to start saving and investing for your financial goals, the SoFi investment app can help. With SoFi Invest®, you can begin building a portfolio of stocks, and ETFs for as little as $5 to meet all the critical financial goals and milestones in your life.

Find out how SoFi Invest® can help you take a big step towards reaching your financial goals.


INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

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What Is a Tradeline on a Credit Report?

What Is a Tradeline on a Credit Report?

A tradeline is the term used by the three major credit reporting bureaus — Equifax®, Experian®, and TransUnion® — to describe any one of the accounts listed on your credit report. Each account has its own tradeline, and each tradeline contains information about the creditor, your account, and your debt.

Tradelines make up a good portion of your credit report, which means the information within them plays a big role in determining your credit score. And, as you probably know, your credit score is an important number that can prove your creditworthiness and help you snag lower rates on loans, among other benefits.

The more you understand about what a tradeline is and what creditors see when they read your credit report, the better equipped you’ll be to use that information to maintain the best credit score possible.

What Is a Credit Tradeline?

A tradeline in a credit report is a record for each of the credit accounts that you have. This includes revolving credit accounts, such as credit cards, and installments loans, such as student loans, auto loans, mortgages, and personal loans.

Each tradeline may contain a host of information reported by the creditor about themselves and your debt.

Recommended: Tips for Using a Credit Card Responsibly

What Information Is Reported by a Creditor?

When it comes to knowing what a tradeline is on a credit report, you may be surprised by just how much intel is shared. Quite a lot of information is reported about a creditor and your debt. The list includes:

•   Creditor’s name and address

•   Type of account

•   Partial account number

•   Date the account was opened

•   The account’s current status

•   Date of latest activity

•   Original loan amount

•   Credit limit

•   Current or recent balance

•   Monthly payment

•   Payment history

•   Date the account was closed, if this situation applies

By looking at a tradeline, you can view all of the most recent information reported by your creditors to the three credit reporting bureaus, all in one place. This is the information that will have an impact on your credit score.

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Recommended: When Are Credit Card Payments Due?

What Other Information Is Gathered by the Credit Bureaus?

In addition to the information listed above, the credit reporting bureaus will also gather:

•   Personal information, including your name, date of birth, Social Security number, home address, phone number and employer

•   Information from the public record, including bankruptcies

•   Who has made recent inquiries about your credit and when (for example, if you’ve applied for new credit and a hard inquiry has been made)

The credit bureaus don’t know everything about you, however. They don’t have access to information such as your income, bank account balances, or marital status, though the report could include a spouse’s name if a creditor reports it.

How a Credit Tradeline Works

Tradelines are like the heartbeat of your credit report. Without them, you can’t have a score. If you are keeping your credit utilization low (that is, keeping your balance low vs. your limit on credit cards), paying your bills on time, and showing that you are a dependable borrower, your tradelines will be positive. Your three-digit credit score number should be in good shape.

If, on the other hand, you pay your bills late, skip payments, and rack up loads of debt, your tradelines will reveal negative information. Your score is likely to be low or decline.

What Are Tradelines for Credit Used for?

Creditors use your score to help them determine whether or not to extend credit to you and what terms and interest rates they’re willing to offer. Good credit is important. For example, if you have a good credit score, your lender may see you as less of a risk and offer a lower interest rate on a loan.

Higher-risk loan applicants with lower scores may be offered much higher rates. In other words, buying a car or home will be that much more expensive if your score is low.

While your credit score gives lenders an overall sense of the shape of your personal finances and credit history, it doesn’t give them any details. For those, they may look at individual tradelines contained within your credit report.

How Tradelines May Affect Your Credit and Banking

Your tradelines have a direct impact on your credit, since activity within the account is used to calculate your credit score.

Here’s a closer look at the five factors used to generate your FICO® score, and the weightings used for each.

•   Payment history: 35%

•   Amounts owed: 30%

•   Length of credit history: 15%

•   New credit: 10%

•   Credit mix: 10%.

Any credit activity that pertains to one of those categories can have an impact on your score when reported in your tradeline. For example, delinquent payments could damage your credit history. Or closing an account may have an impact on your length of credit history.

When Are Credit Tradelines Removed?

From time to time, a tradeline can be removed from your credit report. For example, if you’re an authorized user of a credit card and you are removed from the account, the tradeline will be dropped from your credit report in about two months.

When you close an account, the tradeline isn’t removed immediately. In fact, if that account has a positive impact on your credit score, the tradeline may stay on your report for as long as 10 years. Nice!

Worth noting: If a tradeline was opened fraudulently — someone opened a credit line or took on a loan in your name without your knowledge — you may ask to have the tradeline removed. In fact, it can be a very good idea to do so. It can help build your credit score since many fraudulent accounts contain negative credit information.

What Happens to Your Banking When a Tradeline Is Removed?

Removing a tradeline can be a positive or negative thing for your credit. If the tradeline was associated with positive information, removing it can hurt your credit. Luckily, a positive closed account stays on your report for a decade.

Closing an account with negative information can be a plus for your credit score. If an account is delinquent when it’s closed, the entire account will be removed after seven years.

How Is This Information Collected?

Creditors report the information collected in the tradelines to the credit reporting bureaus. They do so voluntarily, at their discretion, and on their own timeline, though the credit bureaus prefer that credit information is updated every month.

Each credit bureau may use different sourcing for the information they gather. What’s more, while some creditors will report to all three bureaus, some may only report to two, one, or even none of them.

Why You Should Check for Errors

As we’ve mentioned above, your tradelines are the source of information that determines your credit score. So it’s important to check your credit report regularly to make sure that there are no errors negatively impacting your score. Inaccurate information could also be a sign of identity theft.

You can request one free credit report from each of the three major credit reporting bureaus each year, according to the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act. Since you can get three reports each year, you could even request one report every four months, to help ensure your finances are as up-to-date as possible. A popular site to check your credit report is Annualcreditreport.com .

You may also consider signing up with a credit score monitoring service.

Can You Buy New Tradelines?

Some companies will offer the opportunity to buy tradelines to help build your score. It’s not necessarily advisable to purchase from these third-party services.

First, a little background info: When you’re trying to build credit, one common strategy is to become an authorized user on an already existing account. For example, your parents might make you a user on their credit card. Good credit history and maintaining a low balance on this account could help you build credit.

When you purchase a tradeline, you enter into a similar agreement with a stranger. You’ll pay a third-party service to set up the transaction. You won’t know the person whose account you’re joining, and you will not be able to use the account. The account will usually remain open to you for a short period of time only.

You are paying for the privilege of being on this account, which will supposedly help positively impact your credit rating.

Is Buying Tradelines Legal?

Technically speaking, buying tradelines through a reliable tradeline service is legal. Congress has said that under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, authorized users cannot be denied on existing credit accounts, even if the person being authorized is a stranger.

That said, there are times when working with a tradeline service can lead to serious issues:

•   A company may say you can hide bad credit or a bankruptcy using a credit privacy number. In reality, this might be someone else’s Social Security number, landing you in the middle of an identity theft scam.

•   You might also find yourself buying into an account that’s gone into default. You could end up as the primary owner of the account, which could hurt your credit.

•   Also, watch out for companies that use a process called address merging in which the company claims the authorized user (that would be you) lives at the same address as the account holder. This is fraudulent, and it indicates that you are not working with a reliable company.

Risks of Buying Credit Tradelines

Whenever you give out your personal information, including to a tradeline supplier, you are putting yourself at risk of identity theft.

By attempting to take a shortcut to build credit, you also won’t be doing yourself any favors. Beyond the risk of identity theft and other entanglements, you’ll be robbing yourself of the chance to build good financial habits. And this could come back to bite you in the end if you never learn to manage debt responsibly on your own.

How Banking Can Improve Your Credit Report

If you’re looking to positively impact your credit score, there are a number of alternatives to buying tradelines that you can pursue.

•   Always pay your bills on time. Your payment history makes up the bulk of your credit score. Pay close attention to your checking account and bills; make sure you can and do make regular debt payments on time and in full. Consider automated bill pay to help ensure you never miss a payment.

•   Pay down debts. Your available credit plays a large role in the calculation of your credit score. Your credit card utilization ratio, as we mentioned above, shows how much or your available credit you’re using. You can calculate your ratio by dividing credit card balance by loan limit. If your utilization rate is over 30%, build your credit score by paying down your balance. If possible, aim to keep your score at under 10%.

•   Check your credit reports regularly. Learn to read your credit report. Alert the credit bureaus to any inaccuracies. Your credit score should change for the better shortly after a mistake is corrected.

Alternatives to Credit Tradelines

If you’re trying to build credit over time, there are also alternatives to tradelines.

•   Become an authorized user. You may wonder, “Isn’t this what purchasing a tradeline is?” The answer is yes, but it’s far better to become an authorized user on the account of someone you know well or are related to. You’ll have the opportunity to use the account and learn healthy credit habits. Just don’t abuse this privilege.

•   Apply for a secured credit card. Secured credit cards require you to make a security deposit to receive a line of credit. This deposit often becomes your credit limit. These cards are easier for people with no credit history to qualify for, and they help you build credit.

•   Get credit for paying bills. You might look into services that allow you to get credit for on-time payment of bills that usually don’t count towards your credit score. This may include bills for everything from your utilities to your streaming service.

The Takeaway

The tradeline for each of your revolving credit or installment accounts contains all the information necessary to generate your credit score. Understanding your tradelines can help you understand the ways in which you can build your score. Manage those tradelines well, and you may unlock lower interest rates on loans and other elements of financial health.

Here’s another way to boost your financial health: Find the right banking partner.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy 3.30% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings with eligible direct deposit.

FAQ

Are tradelines good for credit?

The information contained with your tradelines is used to generate your credit score. It reflects how well you manage credit and can therefore be either good or bad, depending on such factors as whether you have been paying back debt on time and how much debt you are carrying.

How much will a tradeline build my credit?

Adding a tradeline can actually lower your credit in the short-term. For example, it will lower the average age of your accounts, which can have a negative impact on your length of credit history. However, if you can maintain the account over the long-term and keep up with payments, the new account may help build your credit score.

How do I get tradelines on my credit?

Tradelines are added to your credit report when you open new lines of credit or take out new loans. A tradeline is also added when you become an authorized user on another person’s account.


Photo credit: iStock/miniseries

SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

SoFi Relay offers users the ability to connect both SoFi accounts and external accounts using Plaid, Inc.’s service. When you use the service to connect an account, you authorize SoFi to obtain account information from any external accounts as set forth in SoFi’s Terms of Use. Based on your consent SoFi will also automatically provide some financial data received from the credit bureau for your visibility, without the need of you connecting additional accounts. SoFi assumes no responsibility for the timeliness, accuracy, deletion, non-delivery or failure to store any user data, loss of user data, communications, or personalization settings. You shall confirm the accuracy of Plaid data through sources independent of SoFi. The credit score is a VantageScore® based on TransUnion® (the “Processing Agent”) data.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

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What Is a Debt Validation Letter?

A debt validation letter is a document — typically from a collections company — that shares the recorded details of an outstanding debt. This letter contains the amount you owe, the name of the original creditor, the date by which you’re required to pay the collections company, and the instructions for how to dispute it. It should also advise you that, if you plan to dispute the debt, the dispute must be filed within 30 days.

Obtaining a debt validation letter is an important step toward disputing a fraudulent debt or repaying a legitimate one. Read on to learn more about how a debt validation letter works and what to do if you receive one.

Defining a Debt Validation Letter

If a debt collector contacts you by phone, you should ask them to contact you in writing instead. That way, you will have an easy-to-reference document in hand, and you may be able to protect yourself from too frequent debt collection calls as well as from scammers.

Once you make your request, the collections agency is required to send you a debt validation letter, which lists the following information:

•   Debt collections agency’s information

•   Original creditor’s information (for example, a credit card company)

•   Account number associated with the debt

•   Amount owed

•   Information about how to file a dispute, including a tear-off form to make taking the next step easier

Once you have a debt validation letter, you can take a closer look to ensure you recognize the original debt. Then you can make a plan to repay it if it’s legitimate — or begin the dispute process if you have any doubts.

Purpose and Legal Basis

No matter what type of debt they’re seeking repayment for, collections agencies are legally required to offer debt validation letters. These ensure they’re seeking remuneration for legitimate debts only.

There are laws governing how often a debt collections agency can contact you. According to the Debt Collection Rule, which is part of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, it’s a violation of the law for debt collectors to call you more than seven times within a seven-day period or within seven days after getting you on the phone about a specific debt.

However, these restrictions do not apply to text messages, emails, or even contact via social media. Fortunately, though, such messages are required to offer a simple opt-out option.

When to Request Debt Validation

If you receive a validation of debt letter and you’d like to file a dispute, you can send a letter requesting proof that you owe the debt in the first place. The collections agency must be able to provide this proof, which is called debt verification, in order to continue to pursue your payment or report the debt to credit bureaus. You can also use this moment to formally ask the creditor not to contact you in any way other than written letters.

However, again, it’s critical that you ask for debt verification in a timely manner — as soon as possible after receiving the original debt validation letter. Debts that are not disputed within 30 days are presumed to be valid by the collector, so be sure to take care of the matter as quickly as possible.

Recommended: How to Pay Off Debt in 9 Steps

Debt Validation Process

Once you request debt verification, the collector must provide proof that you owe the original debt. This may include documentation from the original creditor. Some key next steps to know:

•   If the debt collections agency cannot provide this proof, they are legally required to stop pursuing your payment.

•   If they continue to do so, or report an invalid, fraudulent debt to the credit bureaus, damaging your credit history and score, you can sue them.

Benefits of Debt Validation Letters

If funds you legitimately owe have gone to collections, paying the debt off as quickly as possible is usually the best policy. Having a debt in collections can be very bad for your credit score, and collections agencies may be able to charge additional interest or even take you to court.

If you do need to pay off the debt, you can explore your options, such as finding a budgeting method that suits your needs or taking out a personal loan.

However, if the debt is not legitimate or the collections agency can’t definitively prove you owe the debt, requesting validation and verification can help you successfully file a dispute. This can also help you avoid paying money you don’t owe (as well as ongoing negative impacts to your credit history).

Recommended: Becoming Debt-Free

Drafting an Effective Debt Dispute Letter

A properly executed debt dispute letter should make it clear that you do not recognize the debt and believe it is not yours in the first place. You should also request documentation that proves you incurred the debt. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau offers a letter template that you can use in this scenario, which makes the process as simple as personalizing the letter, printing it out, and sending it to the agency.

The Takeaway

A debt validation letter is a document that lists how much you owe, to whom you owe it, and who is trying to collect it. It also informs you about your right to dispute the debt. Once you receive a validation of debt letter, you can begin the dispute process by requesting debt verification. In addition, a debt validation letter can help you move forward if you are dealing with too frequent contact from a creditor or believe a scam may be involved.

Becoming debt free can be challenging — but it’s possible. One helpful tool could be a personal loan.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. See your rate in minutes.


SoFi’s Personal Loan was named a NerdWallet 2026 winner for Best Personal Loan for Large Loan Amounts.

FAQ

Do I have to pay a debt if validation is not provided?

If a collections agency contacts you, you should request a debt validation letter — because the agency is required by law to produce validation and verification if they are to continue to pursue your repayment. Additionally, having a debt validation letter in hand is the first step toward filing a dispute if it turns out the debt is illegitimate.

What happens if the creditor doesn’t respond to the validation letter?

If a collections agency does not respond to your request for a debt validation letter, it may be a scam — as all legitimate collections agencies are legally required to validate debts. If the organization continues to harass you, you may want to seek legal counsel in order to ask them to cease and desist.

How long does a creditor have to respond to a debt validation request?

First things first: As the consumer receiving a debt validation letter or notice of collections attempts, you must request debt verification or dispute the debt within 30 days. While there’s not a specific set timeline in which a collector must respond to your debt validation request, if they can prove the debt, their motivation for repayment means you’ll probably hear from them sooner than later.


Photo credit: iStock/sturti

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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