Debt Payoff Archives

Jan

2026

10 Surprising Credit Card Debt Facts

By SoFi Editors | Credit, Debt Payoff, personal_loan | No Comments

If you’re like most Americans, you love your plastic and swiping or tapping through your day. In fact, about 74% of Americans have at least one credit card, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, with the average wallet holding more than three, according to data from Experian®.

The national love affair with credit cards is built on their convenience, how they provide a line of credit to enable buying things we can’t quite afford to pay for with cash, and those enticing rewards that are often offered.

But the picture is not altogether rosy: As a nation, US citizens have more than $1.2 trillion in credit card debt. And with interest rates averaging over 20%, that debt can be hard to chip away at.

To help you better understand how credit cards work, how much credit card debt people typically have, and what are smart strategies for paying down credit card debt, keep reading. You’ll learn interesting facts as well as helpful hints.

Table of Contents

10 Facts About Credit Card Debt
Why Is Credit Card Debt So Common?
Tips on Avoiding Credit Card Debt
FAQ

Key Points

• 46% of Americans carry credit card debt: Almost half of active credit card accounts have an outstanding balance.

• Average credit card debt is $6,731: High interest rates make repayment difficult, with balances growing over time.

• 65% of college students have credit card debt, often due to nonessential spending.

• Research found that 33% of Americans have more credit card debt than emergency savings.

• As more Americans look for an exit strategy from credit card debt, personal loans offer a cheaper, more predictable alternative.

10 Facts About Credit Card Debt

Ready to learn more about credit card debt, a form of revolving debt? These 10 credit card facts will help you better understand who has how much debt and where difficulties paying the balance typically crop up.

1. Almost Half of Americans Have Outstanding Credit Card Debt

Recent research shows that 46% of Americans carry a credit card balance as of late 2025. This indicates that carrying a balance is a common situation for many Americans, even with the eye-wateringly high interest that’s charged.

2. People with Credit Card Debt Owe an Average of Almost $7,000

Americans had an average credit card balance of $6,731, according to TransUnion® data. Of those with a balance, most carried it for at least a year.

Just because this is the norm, it doesn’t mean that it’s ideal: The best-case scenario is to only charge as much as you can afford to pay off in full every month.

💡 Quick Tip: Credit card interest caps are a hot topic, as American credit card debt continues to rise. Balances on high-interest credit cards can be carried for years with no principal reduction. A SoFi personal loan for credit card debt may significantly reduce your timeline and could save you thousands in interest payments.

3. It Can Take More Than a Decade to Pay Off $7,951 in Debt

Racking up credit card debt takes much less time than getting rid of it. Say that, like the average American, you have $6,731 in credit card debt, as noted above.

At an interest rate of 20% on existing, with a $150 monthly payment, it would take you 84 months — or seven years — to pay that off. And you would pay $5,773 in interest, or almost as much as the original amount you charged!

But the more you can pay each month, the faster you’ll extinguish the debt. In this example, if you increase your monthly payment to $500, you’d pay off the debt in just 16 months and only spend $955 in interest. These scenarios are, however, assuming that you are not accruing new debt and therefore paying off larger credit card bills.

4. Gen Xers Have the Most Credit Card Debt

Ready for more credit card facts? Here is how age and debt intersect. Gen Xers, the generation that includes people born between 1965 and 1980, have the highest percentage who carry credit card debt at 55%. Next in line are Millennials, born between 1981 and 1996, with 49% carrying credit card debt.

5. Alaskans Have the Highest Credit Card Debt

In a state-by-state analysis of credit card debt, Alaska residents led the pack with $8,026 per person. Those who live in Iowa were found to have the lowest at $4,774.

6. 65% of College Students Have Credit Card Debt

The habit of carrying credit card debt unfortunately starts early, with more than six out of 10 college students carrying a balance on their credit cards. Some of this may well be due to nonessential purchases, such as impulse buys, Uber rides, or fancy coffees.

7. One in Three Americans Owes More On Credit Cards Than They Have Saved for Emergencies

This may be a scary fact about debt, but one in three US adults owes more on their credit card than they have saved for emergencies. In fact, 33% say this is the case. This shows a two-sided problem: too much spending and too little saving.

Recommended: Paying Off $10,000 in Credit Card Debt

8. Richer People Have Credit Card Debt Longer

More interesting credit card debt facts: According to recent data, 62% of those who earn $300,000 or more a year struggle with credit card debt. Perhaps this statistic suggests that high-earners feel they have the means to handle debt and therefore don’t rush to repay it.

9. Men Have More Debt Than Women

Men have an average of $6,357 in credit card debt, while women have an average of $6,232. Perhaps not a huge difference, but so much for the myth of women shopaholics using credit cards to fill an overflowing closet with shoes.

There are many potential reasons for this difference, but some studies have found that women are less comfortable with debt. Also, there is still a gender gap in earning, which could impact spending and debt.

10. There’s a Good Chance You’ll Die With Credit Card Debt

Here’s the last of these debt facts, and it can be a grim one: Nearly three-fourths of Americans are in debt when they die, according to one benchmark study.

And 73% die with credit credit card balances. That’s not exactly a desirable legacy. Although family members don’t generally become responsible for the debt, it may be taken out of the deceased person’s estate.

Why Is Credit Card Debt So Common?

There are many reasons that Americans have so much credit card debt, from rising healthcare and educational costs to lack of emergency savings to a cultural consumerism that encourages people to live beyond their means.

Regarding that last point, you may hear about the phenomenon referred to as Fear of Missing Out or FOMO spending, which is a modern version of “keeping up with the Joneses.” In other words, because your friends, coworkers, or influencers you follow on social media are buying something, you feel you should as well.

Or perhaps part of the problem can be explained by what is known as lifestyle creep. This situation occurs when you earn more money but your spending rises too, so your wealth doesn’t grow. For example, if you took a new, higher-paying job and decided to lease a luxury car or take a couple of lavish vacations, your wealth wouldn’t increase, though your credit card balance might.

Tips on Avoiding Credit Card Debt

Perhaps these facts about debt will motivate you to work on avoiding a credit card balance. If so, the following strategies could help.

• Review different budgeting methods, and find one that works for you. Many people use the popular 50/30/20 budget rule, for example. Also, see if your bank offers tracking and budgeting tools to help you rein in spending.

• Gamify savings. You might try sleeping on it rather than making impulse buys to see if the urge to spend passes; it often does. Or go on a spending freeze for a specific period of time or for a certain kind of purchase (say, no dining out in March; no clothing purchases in April).

• Try buying with cash or your debit card vs. plastic. That will help prevent your debt from snowballing.

• Consider trying a balance transfer card, which typically gives you a period of zero interest during which time you can pay down what you owe.

• Credit card interest rates average 20%-25%, versus 12% for a personal loan. And with personal loan repayment terms of 2 to 7 years, you’ll pay down your debt faster.

• Seek help if you are really struggling to get your debt under control. Nonprofit organizations can help you accomplish this.

The Takeaway

Now that you know some facts about credit card debt and ways to pay it off, you may be looking for a new card that better suits your financial and personal goals. Shopping around to compare features, such as interest rates and rewards, can be a wise move.

Whether or not you agree that credit card interest rates should be capped, one thing is undeniable: Credit cards are keeping people in debt because the math is stacked against you. If you’re carrying a balance of $5,000 or more on a high-interest credit card, consider a SoFi Personal Loan instead. SoFi offers lower fixed rates and same-day funding for qualified applicants. See your rate in minutes.

SoFi’s Personal Loan was named a NerdWallet 2026 winner for Best Personal Loan for Large Loan Amounts.

FAQ

What are the main causes of credit card debt?

Credit card debt can crop up in a variety of ways. Sometimes it’s because expenses get pricier, whether due to lifestyle creep or inflation. Other times, it’s not being mindful about daily spending and making impulse buys. Given how many Americans have more credit card debt than money saved, it’s a common but challenging issue.

How much does the average person have in credit card debt?

Credit card debt facts reveal different angles on this number. The average American household has $6,731 in credit card debt.

How serious is credit card debt?

Credit card debt can be very serious. It’s high-interest debt, and it can be difficult to pay off. It can make it hard for individuals to save for their future and can negatively impact their debt to income ratio, which can be an issue when applying for loans.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

SOCC-Q425-001

Jan

2026

A smiling young woman in a yellow sweater and jeans lies on a gray sofa, typing on a laptop.

How to Recertify Your Income Based Repayment for Student Loans

By Austin Kilham | Debt Payoff, Fresh Out of School, Student Loans, student_loan | Comments Off

If you have federal student loans, you can enroll in an Income-Driven Repayment (IDR) plan, which may make your monthly payments more affordable. That’s because the amount is calculated based on your discretionary income and family size.

Income-Driven Repayment is the umbrella term for several federal repayment programs. (Income-based repayment, on the other hand, refers to one specific IDR plan.) Once you are enrolled in an IDR plan, you will need to recertify annually, by providing updated information about your income and family size — essentially reapplying for the plan. The government uses this information to calculate your payment amount and adjust it if necessary.

You can easily recertify an IDR plan. Read on to find out when to recertify income-driven repayment, how to do it, and upcoming changes to IDR plans you should be aware of.

Table of Contents

What Is Income-Driven Repayment?
How Monthly Payments Are Calculated Under IDR Plans
The New RAP Plan
What Is Student Loan Recertification?
How to Recertify Income-Driven Repayments
When to Recertify Income-Driven Repayment Plans

Key Points

• Income-driven repayment plans require annual recertification to either reconfirm or update information on income and family size to adjust payment amounts if necessary.

• Recertifying ensures monthly student loan payments remain manageable by reflecting current income and family size.

• Failing to recertify by the annual deadline will likely result in higher monthly payments, reverting borrowers to the amount they would pay under the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan.

• Individuals can opt for automatic recertification by providing consent for the Education Department to access their tax information, or they can fill out a form manually.

• Required documents for recertification typically include proof of income, such as recent tax returns or current pay stubs, for verification purposes.

What Is Income-Driven Repayment?

Income-driven repayment currently encompasses three different repayment plans. These plans are available to federal student loan borrowers to help make their payments more manageable. It’s an option to keep in mind when choosing a loan or if your current federal loan payments are high relative to your income. The program is intended to make the amount you pay on your student loan each month more affordable.

Under the “One Big Beautiful Bill” signed into law by President Trump, the options for income-driven plans will be changing over the next few years. Currently, however, the three income-driven repayment programs offered for federal student loans are:

• Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Repayment Plan

• Income-Based Repayment (IBR) Plan

• Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) Plan

For all of these plans, your monthly payment amount is based on a percentage of your discretionary income and the size of your family.

An income-driven plan also extends your loan term to 20 or 25 years. On the IBR plan, borrowers are eligible to get any remaining balance on their loan forgiven after that time.

Recommended: Guide to Student Loan Forgiveness

Which Federal Loans Are Eligible for an Income-Driven Repayment Plan?

IDR plans are available for the following types of federal loans:

• Direct Subsidized Loans

• Direct Unsubsidized Loans

• Direct PLUS Loans made to graduate or professional students

• Direct Consolidation Loans that did not repay any PLUS loans made to parents

• Subsidized Federal Stafford Loans

• Unsubsidized Federal Stafford Loans

• FFEL PLUS Loans made to graduate or professional students

• FFEL Consolidation Loans that did not repay any PLUS loans made to parents

• Federal Perkins Loans, if these student loans are consolidated.

Private student loans are not eligible for IDR plans. For borrowers who are struggling to make their monthly payments on private loans, one option they may want to consider is student loan refinancing. With refinancing, you replace your old loans with one new loan. Ideally, the refinanced loan has a lower interest rate, which can lower monthly payments and save a borrower money.

Using a student loan refinancing calculator can be helpful to see how much refinancing might save you.

Take control of your student loans.

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How Monthly Payments Are Calculated Under IDR Plans

On an IDR plan, your monthly payment amount is generally based on a percentage of your discretionary income, which is defined by the Education Department as “the difference between your annual income and 150% of the poverty guideline for your family size and state of residence.”

Below is a look at how monthly payments are calculated under each plan. You can also use the office of Federal Student Aid’s Loan Simulator tool to see what your payments would be for each of the plans.

Also, it’s important to be aware that the PAYE and ICR plans are currently available to borrowers, but they are set to close to new enrollments on or after July 1, 2027. Borrowers already on these plans have until July 1, 2028, to switch to the IBR plan or the new Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP).

The IBR Plan

As noted above, while most of the other IDR plans will close in 2027, IBR will remain open to current borrowers.

On Income-Based Repayment, borrowers pay 10% of their discretionary income each month for a 20-year term if they first borrowed after July 1, 2014. (The monthly percentage is 15% with a 25-year repayment term for those who borrowed before that date.)

Any remaining balance owed at the end of the loan term will be forgiven on IBR. Although the PAYE and ICR plans no longer offer loan forgiveness, a borrower can get credit for their PAYE and ICR payments if they switch to IBR.

The PAYE Plan

To be eligible for PAYE, an individual must be a new borrower as of October 1, 2007, and have received a Direct loan disbursement on or after October 1, 2011. In addition, a borrower’s monthly payment on the plan must be less than what it would be on the Standard 10-year plan.

On PAYE, monthly payments are 10% of a borrower’s discretionary income, and the loan term is 20 years.

PAYE is currently open, but it’s closing down on July 1, 2027. Borrowers already on the plan will have until July 1, 2028 to switch to the IBR plan or the new plan, RAP.

The ICR Plan

The income-contingent repayment plan sets a borrower’s payments at 20% of their discretionary income and has a repayment term of 25 years. This is the only income-driven option for borrowers with Parent PLUS loans — and those loans must be consolidated first.

ICR closes to new enrollees on July 1, 2027, and those currently on the plan have until July 1, 2028 to switch to IBR or RAP. Otherwise, they will automatically be moved to RAP.

Recommended: Student Loan Repayment Calculator

Take control of your student loans.
Ditch student loan debt for good.

The New RAP Plan

The RAP program is scheduled to launch in the summer of 2026. Here are details on how the plan works.

How RAP Differs From Other IDR Plans

Unlike the existing IDR plans that use discretionary income, RAP will base a borrower’s payments on their adjusted gross income (AGI). Depending on their income, they’ll pay 1% to 10% of their AGI over a term of up to 30 years.

If they still owe money after 30 years, the rest will be forgiven. The federal government will cover unpaid interest and ensure that the loan’s principal goes down by at least $50 each month.

All borrowers are required to pay at least $10 per month on RAP. This plan may offer lower monthly payments than the current IDR options, but borrowers might also pay more interest over the life of the loan due to the longer repayment term.

Eligibility and Enrollment in the RAP Plan

To be eligible for RAP, you must have Federal Direct Loans, Federal Family Education Loans, or Grad PLUS loans (Parent PLUS borrowers are ineligible for RAP). Qualifying loans may be subsidized or unsubsidized.

As of July 1, 2026, new borrowers can enroll in RAP, if they choose. It will be the only income-driven plan available to them. Existing borrowers will be able to choose RAP or IBR.

Borrowers will enroll in RAP through StudentAid.gov. Details about the application process are not yet available; information is likely to be released closer to the July 1, 2026 launch date. Watch for updates from your loan servicer, and check the Student Aid website.

What Is Student Loan Recertification?

Since your current IDR plan is based on your income and the size of your family, you need to reconfirm or recertify these details every year.

When you apply for or recertify an income-driven repayment plan online, the Education Department will ask you for consent to access your tax information. If you give consent, they will automatically recertify your loan every year.

If you choose to recertify manually, you will need to fill out the online form and upload the requested documentation, or print out a PDF and mail it along with the documentation to your loan servicer.

If your financial situation changes ahead of your recertification date — for instance, if you lose your job — you can reach out to your loan servicer and ask them to immediately recalculate your payments.

Why Recertification Matters

Recertification is important because it ensures that your monthly student loan payments are based on your current income and family size, which may help keep your payments manageable. Also, if you fail to recertify, your payments will likely go up — see details about that below.

How to Recertify Income-Driven Repayments

You can apply for income-driven repayments and recertify your status by going online to StudentAid.gov. Filing your application online ensures that it is sent to each of your loan servicers if you have more than one. Alternatively, you may send paper applications to each of your loan servicers.

Steps for Online and Mail Recertification

To file online, go to StudentAid.gov and log in with your FSA ID. Click on “Manage Your Income-Driven Repayment Plan.”

Verify your family size, marital status, income, and spouse’s income, if applicable. If your income has changed since your last tax return, you can upload more recent pay stubs. You can also give consent for the Education Department to access your tax information, allowing automatic recertification in the future.

To recertify by mail, you can download the Income-Driven Repayment Plan Request form on the Student Aid website. Fill out the form and attach the required documents. You’ll send the request to the address provided by your loan servicer.

What Documents Are Required for Recertification

The documents required for recertification are proof of income, such as your most recent tax return or pay stubs. Unless you have chosen automatic recertification, you will need to manually upload these documents for your loan servicer.

When to Recertify Income-Driven Repayment Plans

Your IDR plan recertification deadline is the date one year after you start or renew an IDR plan. Your loan servicer will send you a notification of your upcoming recertification deadline along with the actions (if any) you need to take; you will also receive notices from StudentAid.gov.

If your income has decreased or your family status has changed, you may want to recertify before your annual deadline. You can fill out a recertification form at any time if you’re struggling to make your payments because your financial situation has changed.

What Happens If You Miss the Recertification Deadline?

If you fail to recertify your IBR plan by the annual deadline, you will remain on your current IDR plan, but your monthly payment will switch to the amount you would pay under the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan, which will likely increase your payments.

You’ll be able to make payments based on your income once again when you recertify and update your income information with your loan servicer.

The Takeaway

Income-Driven Repayment plans, which are available to many federal student loan borrowers, can be a way to help make student loan repayments work with a borrower’s budget. Recertification is a critical step borrowers need to take each year to either verify their information or inform the Education Department of changes to their situation that might affect their payment size.

Refinancing is another option some borrowers may want to consider to help manage their student loan debt, especially those with private student loans that don’t qualify for IDR plans or federal benefits and programs.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Can you recertify student loans early?

Federal student loan borrowers who are on an income-driven repayment plan can recertify early, which you may want to do if your family has grown or your income has decreased. Otherwise, you need to recertify your loans once a year.

How do I recertify my student loans?

You can recertify your student loans online at the Federal Student Aid website (studentaid.gov), or by downloading and mailing in the Income-Driven Repayment Plan Request form with any supporting documentation. If you mail in the request, you’ll need to send a copy to each of your loan servicers. You can also opt to have your recertification happen automatically every year by giving consent for the Education Department to access your tax information.

When should I recertify my student loans?

Your recertification date is the date one year after you started or renewed your IDR plan. Your loan servicers will send you a notice in advance that it’s time to recertify your loan. The Student Aid website should also send you notices about recertification.

What documents do I need to recertify my IDR plan?

Unless you’ve opted for automatic recertification, you will need to provide proof of income, such as your most recent tax return or pay stubs, when you recertify your IDR plan. You will need to manually upload these documents for your loan servicer.

What if my income has changed since my last recertification?

If your income has changed since your last recertification, you can submit updated information, along with supporting documents such as pay stubs, so that your payments can be recalculated. You can do this at any time through your account on StudentAid.gov or directly to your loan servicer.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

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Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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SOSLR-Q425-061

Jan

2026

An overhead shot of hands using a laptop next to a beverage and a phone, indicating that someone is figuring out how to pay back federal student loans.

Strategies to Pay Back Federal Student Loans

By Becca Stanek | Debt Payoff, Fresh Out of School, Student Loans, student_loan | No Comments

If you borrowed money from the government to help pay for college, the time will come when you need to pay your student loans back. That time typically arrives six months after you graduate or drop below half-time status.

While the prospect of paying student debt may seem daunting while you’re a student with little to no income, don’t stress. The U.S. Education Department offers a number of repayment options, including plans that require you to pay only a small percentage of your monthly salary. Plus, there are steps you can take to make it easier to repay your student loans and potentially save money on interest.

Read on to learn more on how to start paying back your federal student loans.

Table of Contents

Types of Federal Student Loans
When Do You Have to Pay Back Federal Student Loans?
How to Pay Federal Student Loans
The Takeaway

Key Points

• You typically begin repaying federal student loans six months after graduating or dropping below half-time enrollment, but interest may accrue during this grace period.

• There are several repayment plans for loans disbursed before July 1, 2026, including the standard 10-year fixed plan and income-driven repayment (IDR) options tied to your income.

• You can consolidate multiple federal loans into a single Direct Consolidation Loan to simplify payments, though it doesn’t lower your interest rate.

• Refinancing federal loans through a private lender might lower your monthly payments or interest rate, but you’ll give up federal protections and forgiveness benefits.

• Your repayment plan isn’t permanent — you can switch plans as your financial situation changes, and consider consolidating or refinancing later if needed.

Types of Federal Student Loans

To determine the right student loan repayment strategy, it’s important to know what type of student loans you have. Here’s a look at the main types of federal student loans.

Direct Subsidized Loans

Direct Subsidized Loans are a type of federal student loan only for undergraduates who have demonstrated financial need. With these loans, the government pays the interest on the loan while you are in school and during the grace period.

Direct Unsubsidized Loans

Direct Unsubsidized Loans are available to eligible undergraduate, graduate, and professional students, and eligibility is not based upon financial need. Borrowers are responsible for all interest that accrues on the loan.

Direct PLUS Loans

Direct PLUS Loans are federal loans that graduate or professional students and parents of dependent undergraduate students can use to help pay for education expenses. These loans are unsubsidized, meaning that interest accrues throughout the life of the loan, including while the student is enrolled in school.

Starting on July 1, 2026, though, Direct Grad PLUS Loans will no longer be available. Students will instead rely on Direct Unsubsidized Loans, which will have new annual and lifetime borrowing caps. Parent PLUS Loans will still be an option, but new limits will apply starting on July 1, 2026.

Direct Consolidation Loans

Direct Consolidation Loans allow borrowers to combine multiple existing federal loans into one new loan with a single monthly payment. This simplifies repayment and can extend the repayment term, potentially lowering monthly costs. However, it won’t reduce your interest rate, since the new rate is a weighted average of the original loans rounded up to the nearest eighth of a percent.

When Do You Have to Pay Back Federal Student Loans?

You need to begin paying back most federal student loans six months after you leave college or drop below half-time enrollment.

Direct PLUS Loans enter repayment once your loan is fully disbursed. However, graduate/professional students who take out PLUS loans get an automatic deferment, which means they don’t have to make payments while they are in school at least half time and for an additional six months after they graduate.

If you’re a Parent PLUS Loan borrower, though, payments are due upon disbursement. You can, however, request a deferment (it’s not automatic). This deferment means you won’t have to pay while your child is enrolled at least half time and for an additional six months after your child leaves school or drops below half-time status.

Grace Periods and Deferment Options

A grace period is the span of time after you graduate, leave school, or drop below half-time enrollment during which you are not required to make federal student loan payments. Most federal loans, including Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized Loans, offer a six-month grace period. Grace periods give borrowers time to find work, organize finances, and prepare for repayment.

Deferment allows borrowers to temporarily pause federal student loan payments due to qualifying circumstances such as economic hardship, unemployment, military service, or returning to school. During deferment, interest does not accrue on subsidized loans, though it typically continues to accumulate on unsubsidized loans.

Note that under the 2025 federal budget bill, loans made after July 1, 2027 are no longer eligible for deferments based on unemployment or economic hardship.

How to Pay Federal Student Loans

When you leave school, you’ll be required to complete exit counseling. This is an online program offered by the government that helps you prepare to repay your federal student loans. Once you’ve completed your exit counseling, here’s what you’ll need to do to start paying back your federal student loans.

1. Find Your Student Loan Servicer

You can find your federal student loan servicer by logging into your account at StudentAid.gov, where all federal loans and their assigned servicers are listed in your dashboard. This portal provides the servicer’s name, contact information, and details about each loan.

2. Review and Select a Repayment Plan

You’ll then have the option to pick a repayment plan. If you don’t choose a specific plan, you’ll automatically be placed on the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan. However, you can change plans at any time once you’ve begun paying down your loans.

Here’s a look at your repayment plan options, plus tips on why you might choose one plan over another.

Standard Repayment Plan

The Standard Repayment Plan is the default loan repayment plan for federal student loans. Under this plan, you pay a fixed amount every month for up to 10 years (for loans disbursed before July 1, 2026). For loans disbursed after this date, the repayment term will depend on your federal student loan balance. This can be a good option for borrowers who want to pay less interest over time.

Income-Driven Repayment Plans

With income-driven repayment plans (IDRs), the amount you pay each month on your student loans is tied to the amount of money you make, so you never need to pay more than you can reasonably afford. Generally, your payment amount under an IDR plan is a percentage of your discretionary income.

Graduated Repayment Plan

The Graduated Repayment Plan starts with lower payments that increase every two years. Payments are made for up to 10 years (between 10 and 30 years for consolidation loans). If your income is low now but you expect it to increase steadily over time, this plan might be right for you. Keep in mind that this plan is only available for loans disbursed before July 1, 2026.

Extended Repayment Plan

The Extended Repayment Plan, also only available for loans disbursed before July 1, 2026, is similar to the Standard Repayment Plan, but the term of the loan is longer. Extended Repayment Plans generally have terms of up to 25 years. The longer term allows for lower monthly payments, but you may end up paying more over the life of your loan thanks to additional interest charges.

3. Make a Payment

Once you know your servicer and your repayment plan, the next step is making your actual student loan payment. Most borrowers choose the most convenient method, but your servicer typically offers several options.

Online

Most servicers allow you to make payments directly through their online portal, where you can schedule one-time or recurring payments. Paying online is usually the fastest and most reliable method, making it easy to track your balance and payment history.

By Mail

You can also make payments by mailing a check or money order to your loan servicer. Be sure to include your account number and allow enough time for the payment to arrive and be processed before your due date.

4. Set Up Autopay and Payment Alerts

You might also consider signing up for autopay through your loan servicer. Since your payments will be automatically taken from your bank account, you won’t have to worry about missing a payment or getting hit with a late fee. Plus, you’ll receive a 0.25% interest rate deduction on your loan.

5. Explore Other Repayment Options

If your current repayment plan isn’t sustainable, there are several ways to adjust your monthly payments or overall loan strategy. You could consider loan forgiveness, refinancing to a private student loan, or student loan deferment or forbearance.

Loan Forgiveness

Federal student loan forgiveness programs can reduce or eliminate your remaining balance if you meet specific criteria, such as working in public service or teaching in underserved areas. Programs like Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) and Teacher Loan Forgiveness reward borrowers who make consistent payments while serving their communities. These options can significantly reduce long-term loan costs for eligible borrowers.

Refinancing to Private Student Loan

When you refinance your student loans, you combine your federal and/or private loans into one private loan with a single monthly payment. This can simplify repayment and might be a smart move if your credit score and income can qualify you for lower interest rates.

With a refinance, you can also choose a shorter repayment term to pay off your loan faster. Or, you can go with a longer repayment term to lower your monthly payments (note: you may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term).

If you’re considering a refinance, keep in mind that refinancing federal loans with a private lender disqualifies you from government benefits and protections, such as IDR plans and generous forbearance and deferment programs.

Deferment or Forbearance

Deferment or forbearance can temporarily pause your student loan payments during financial hardship, unemployment, health issues, or other qualifying situations. While these options offer short-term relief, interest may continue to accrue, depending on the loan type. They should be used sparingly and strategically to avoid increasing your overall loan balance.

Again, for loans made after July 1, 2027, borrowers are no longer eligible for deferments based on unemployment or economic hardship.

Recommended: Student Loan Consolidation vs Refinance

The Takeaway

If you have federal student loans, you generally don’t need to start paying them down until six months after you graduate. At that point, you’ll have the opportunity to choose a repayment plan that fits your financial situation and goals. Whatever plan you choose, you’re never locked in. As your finances and life circumstances change, you may decide to switch to a different payment plan, consolidate, or refinance your student loans.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Is there a way to get rid of federal student loans?

If you repay your loans under an income-driven repayment plan, any remaining balance on your student loans will be forgiven after you make a certain number of payments over 20 or 25 years. Other ways to pursue federal student loan forgiveness are through Public Service Loan Forgiveness and Teacher Loan Forgiveness.

What is the best option for repaying student loans?

The best federal student loan repayment plan for you will depend on your goals and financial situation. If you want to pay the least possible in interest, you might want to stick with the standard repayment plan. If, on the other hand, you want lower monthly payments and student loan forgiveness, you might be better off with an income-driven repayment plan.

What happens if you don’t pay federal student loans?

Typically, If you don’t make payments on your loan for 90 days, your loan servicer will report the delinquency to the three national credit bureaus. If you don’t make a payment for 270 days (roughly nine months), the loan will go into default. A default can cause long-term damage to your credit score. You may also see your federal tax refund withheld or some of your wages garnished.

Can you refinance federal student loans into private loans?

Yes, you can refinance federal student loans into private loans, but this means losing federal benefits like income-driven repayment plans and loan forgiveness options. Private lenders offer competitive rates, but eligibility depends on credit score and financial stability. Consider the pros and cons carefully.

How does income-driven repayment affect loan forgiveness?

For loans disbursed before July 1, 2026, income-driven repayment plans can lead to loan forgiveness after 20-25 years of on-time payments, depending on the plan. Payments are based on your income, making them more manageable. However, any forgiven balance may be taxable as income, and you must maintain eligibility throughout the repayment period.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

SOSLR-Q425-048

Jan

2026

Is It Possible to Pause Student Loan Payments?

By Casey Bond | Debt Payoff, Fresh Out of School, Student Loans, student_loan | No Comments

The average student loan borrower with federal loans graduates with $39,075 in debt. If you were to pay that amount on the Standard Repayment Plan at a rate of 5.50%, you’d have to shell out $424 per month for the next 10 years.

But depending on where life takes you after graduation, you may not be able to afford it. There are plenty of circumstances that may make repayment difficult, including going back to school, going into active military duty, and losing a job.

As such, it’s important to know how to pause student loan payments when you can’t afford them. Depending on who your lender is, though, the options can vary. Keep reading for our complete guide on pausing student loan payments.

Table of Contents

Two Ways You Can Pause Student Loan Payments
Federal Student Loans
Private Student Loans
How Deferment and Forbearance Can Affect You
What If You Don’t Qualify to Pause Student Loan Payments?
Determine If Pausing Student Loan Payments Is Right for You
The Takeaway

Key Points

• Borrowers can pause student loan payments through deferment and forbearance, though eligibility and terms vary depending on federal or private loans.

• Federal loan deferment allows borrowers to stop payments for up to three years, with interest accruing on unsubsidized loans but not on subsidized loans.

• Federal loan forbearance grants temporary payment relief but requires borrowers to pay all accrued interest, though interest does not capitalize for most loan types when forbearance ends.

• Private lenders set their own deferment and forbearance policies, meaning options may be limited and approvals are not guaranteed.

• Alternative options include enrolling in an income-driven repayment plan to lower monthly payments or refinancing to secure a lower interest rate or extended loan term.

Two Ways You Can Pause Student Loan Payments

Depending on your situation, you may be able to pause student loan payments through student loan deferment or forbearance. Each of these options has different requirements and outcomes, so it’s essential to understand how they work.

1. Student Loan Deferment

Note that under the ‘Big, Beautiful Bill,’ loans made after July 1, 2027 are no longer eligible for deferments based on unemployment or economic hardship.

Student loan deferment allows you to reduce or pause your payments for a set period of time. In the meantime, however, the deferred loan will continue to accrue interest, in most cases. For example, if you have an unsubsidized loan or a PLUS loan, you should consider making interest-only payments during the deferment, otherwise the interest will capitalize (be added to the loan balance) at the end of the deferment period.

This means that you’ll have a new, higher balance that includes the principal amount at the beginning of the deferment period plus the unpaid interest that accrued during deferment.

The exception is if you have subsidized federal loans or Perkins Loans, in which case you won’t be responsible for paying accrued interest.

2. Student Loan Forbearance

Another option is putting loans in forbearance. Like deferment, forbearance allows qualified applicants to delay payments for a set period of time.

The primary difference is that you’re responsible for paying any interest that accrues during the forbearance period, regardless of which type of loan you have.

Again, it is possible to make interest-only payments during the forbearance period. With most loans, interest will not capitalize at the end of the forbearance.

Key Differences Between Deferment and Forbearance

Student loan deferment and forbearance both pause payments, but they differ in how interest is handled and the conditions under which they’re granted.

• Interest accrual: During deferment, subsidized federal loans typically do not accrue interest, while all loans accrue interest during forbearance.

• Eligibility requirements: Deferment has more specific qualifications (such as unemployment, economic hardship, or returning to school), while forbearance is generally easier to qualify for.

• Length of relief: Deferment can last longer depending on the situation, while forbearance is often granted in shorter increments.

• Impact on total cost: Because interest usually pauses on subsidized loans during deferment, it is often less expensive long-term than forbearance.

• Types available: Forbearance includes both general and mandatory options, while deferment is only granted when specific criteria are met.

Federal Student Loans

The U.S. Department of Education offers both deferment and forbearance on all of its student loans. Note that depending on when your loans were disbursed, the terms may vary. For loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2027, unemployment and economic hardship deferments will no longer be available. Forbearances for loans disbursed on or after this date will be capped at nine months in a 24-month period as opposed to 12 months for loans disbursed before July 1, 2027.

Both deferment and forbearance need to be applied for through your student loan servicer. Here’s what you need to know about both options.

Qualifying for Federal Loan Deferment

If you have federal loans, you may be able to defer your student loan payments for up to three years. Here’s how to know if you may be eligible:

• You have any federal student loan, subsidized or unsubsidized.

• You’re enrolled at least half-time at an eligible school, and you received a Direct PLUS Loan or FFEL PLUS Loan as a graduate or professional student. In this case, your loans will be deferred while you’re in school at least half-time plus six months after you leave.

• You’re a parent who took out a Direct PLUS Loan or FFEL PLUS Loan on behalf of your child student, and they’re enrolled at least half-time at an eligible school. In this case, your loans will be deferred while your child remains in school plus six months after they leave.

• You’re enrolled in an approved graduate fellowship program.

• You’re enrolled in an approved rehabilitation training program for the disabled.

• You’re unemployed and unable to find employment (for loans disbursed prior to July 1, 2027).

• You’re experiencing economic hardship (for loans disbursed prior to July 1, 2027).

• You’re serving in the Peace Corps.

• You’re on active duty military service in connection with a war, military operation, or national emergency. In this case, your loans will be deferred while you’re on active duty plus 13 months afterward.

Qualifying for Federal Loan Forbearance

The federal government has two types of forbearance: general and mandatory. Both can last for up to 12 months at a time before July 1, 2027, but if you still qualify once that period is up, you can request a renewal. (After July 1, 2027, forbearance is capped at nine months in a 24-month period.)

General forbearance is also sometimes called discretionary forbearance because your loan servicer gets to choose whether or not to approve your request.

You can request general forbearance if you’re unable to make your monthly payments due to:

• Financial difficulties

• Medical expenses

• Change in employment

• Other reasons your loan servicer will accept

Mandatory forbearance is not at the discretion of your loan servicer, and can be granted if you meet any of the following requirements:

• You’re serving in a medical or dental internship or residency program and meet specific requirements.

• The total amount you owe on all of your loans is 20% or more of your gross monthly income.

• You’re serving in an AmeriCorps position for which you’ve received a national service award.

• You’re a teacher and qualify for teacher loan forgiveness.

• You qualify for partial payments on your loans through the U.S. Department of Defense Student Loan Repayment Program.

• You’re a member of the National Guard and have been activated by a governor, but don’t qualify for the military deferment.

How Interest Accrues During Payment Pauses

During a student loan deferment, interest continues to accrue on most federal loans, including Direct Unsubsidized Loans and PLUS Loans, even though payments are temporarily paused. Only certain loans — like Direct Subsidized Loans — avoid interest buildup during deferment. If unpaid, any accumulated interest may capitalize at the end of deferment, increasing your total loan balance.

If you enter forbearance, interest will continue to accrue even though payments are paused. Once the forbearance period ends, you’ll repay that accrued interest through your regular monthly payments. For most federal loan types, this interest does not capitalize when forbearance ends.

Private Student Loans

While the options and requirements for these programs are clear on federal student loans, they can be a little trickier with private student loans. That’s because there are so many different private student lenders, and each has its own policy and criteria for determining eligibility.

How to Request Deferment or Forbearance With a Private Lender

Requesting deferment or forbearance with a private lender typically involves contacting your lender directly to explain your situation and ask about available hardship options. Unlike federal loans, private lenders do not offer standardized programs, so the process may require submitting financial documents, proof of hardship, or a formal application.

Limitations and Varying Policies by Lender

Private student loan deferment and forbearance options vary widely by lender, and not all lenders offer both. Some may grant only short-term relief, limit the number of months you can pause payments, or require continued interest payments during the pause. Interest almost always continues to accrue on private loans, which can increase your total cost over time.

Because policies differ so much, borrowers should carefully review their loan agreement, ask the lender about specific terms, and compare options before committing to any repayment pause.

How Deferment and Forbearance Can Affect You

Both deferment and forbearance can offer temporary relief when you’re struggling to make payments, but they also come with trade-offs. Understanding their potential effects on your credit and long-term repayment goals can help you decide whether they’re the right option.

Impact on Credit Score and Loan Forgiveness

Deferment and forbearance typically do not hurt your credit score as long as your loans are in good standing when you request the pause. Payment activity during these periods is usually reported as current, which helps you avoid the negative credit impact of missed or late payments.

That said, if you miss a payment while you’re waiting for your deferment or forbearance request to get approved, it may hurt your credit. At 90 days overdue, your lender can report the missed payment(s) to the credit bureaus.

These pauses can also affect your progress toward loan forgiveness. With federal programs like Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), only months in active repayment count toward the required total, meaning time spent in deferment or forbearance generally doesn’t advance you toward forgiveness. This can extend the number of years you stay in repayment.

What If You Don’t Qualify to Pause Student Loan Payments?

Depending on your lender and situation, you may not be eligible for deferment or forbearance. If this happens, there are a couple of options to consider.

Income-Driven Repayment Plans

If you have federal student loans, it may be possible to reduce your monthly payment by enrolling an income-driven repayment plan.

If you qualify, you can decrease your monthly payment to a percentage of your discretionary income. It won’t stop your loan payments altogether, but it can help make them more affordable.

Refinancing Your Student Loans

Whether you have federal or private loans, you can opt to refinance your student loans. Refinancing could help you save money by reducing your monthly payment, either by securing a lower interest rate or lengthening the repayment term. Note that you may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.

You may also be able to switch to a different lender that offers hardship programs or other support if you’re having trouble making payments.

Keep in mind that refinancing federal loans with a private lender will cause you to lose certain benefits, including income-driven repayment options and access to federal loan forgiveness programs. Use a student loan refinancing calculator to see if a refinance could help you.

Budgeting and Financial Counseling Options

If you can’t pursue an income-driven repayment plan or student loan refinancing, take a closer look at your budget and seek financial counseling to help you stay on track. A detailed budget allows you to identify unnecessary spending, prioritize essential expenses, and free up money for loan payments.

Nonprofit credit counseling agencies can also provide personalized guidance, helping you create a manageable repayment strategy, negotiate lower interest rates on other debts, or explore hardship programs you may not know about.

Determine If Pausing Student Loan Payments Is Right for You

Before requesting a pause on your student loan payments, it’s important to evaluate whether this step supports your long-term financial goals.

• Can I afford my monthly payments without sacrificing essential expenses like housing, food, or healthcare?

• Am I facing a temporary financial hardship that will realistically improve in the near future?

• Will pausing payments cause interest to grow in a way that makes repayment more expensive later?

• Do I qualify for an income-driven repayment plan that could lower my payments without fully pausing them?

• How will postponing payments affect my progress toward loan forgiveness (if applicable)?

• Do I have other high-interest debts that should take priority right now?

• Will pausing payments help relieve financial stress, or will it delay necessary budgeting changes?

• Am I prepared for the payment amount I’ll owe when the pause ends?

Answering these questions can help you decide if pausing your student loan payments is right for you or if there’s a better alternative.

The Takeaway

Pausing student loan payments is possible through deferment and forbearance options, both for federal and private loans. While these can provide temporary relief, it’s important to understand the implications, such as the continued accrual of interest on unsubsidized federal and most private loans. As an alternative, explore income-driven repayment plans or refinancing your student loans.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Can pausing student loan payments hurt your credit?

Pausing student loan payments through deferment or forbearance typically doesn’t hurt your credit if you arrange it properly with your lender. However, if you pause without authorization or miss payments, it can negatively impact your credit score and lead to other financial consequences.

Do interest rates increase during deferment or forbearance?

Interest rates do not increase during deferment or forbearance, but interest may continue to accrue, depending on the type of loan. For subsidized federal loans, interest is paid by the government during deferment. For unsubsidized loans and private loans, interest accrues and can capitalize, increasing the total debt.

How long can you pause student loan payments?

You can pause student loan payments for up to three years through deferment, and forbearance typically allows pauses of up to 12 months at a time, with a maximum of three years. However, interest may continue to accrue during these periods. Also, starting July 1, 2027, forbearance limits will change to nine months at a time per 24-month period.

What are alternatives to pausing student loan payments?

Alternatives to pausing student loan payments include income-driven repayment plans, which adjust your monthly payment based on your income, and student loan refinancing. Refinancing with a private lender could allow you to reduce payments or interest, but you will lose access to federal protections and benefits.

Can you pause private student loans like federal loans?

Private student loans can be paused, but the terms are set by the lender and may differ from federal loans. Some lenders offer deferment or forbearance options, but interest typically continues to accrue, and the duration and eligibility criteria vary. Check with your lender to inquire.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

SOSLR-Q425-049

Jan

2026

How to Avoid Falling Victim To Predatory Loans

By Janet Schaaf | Debt Payoff, personal_loan | No Comments

The allure of a quick loan can be hard to resist when there is a pressing need for cash. The amount of money needed might not be a lot, but it’s needed quickly. Looking for that small loan, though, might lead to lenders who charge extremely high interest rates and offer loan terms that are difficult to meet.

This is called predatory lending, and it works in the best interests of the lender, not the borrower. When you know what to look for in a reputable lender, however, it becomes easier to avoid becoming a victim of predatory lending practices.

Table of Contents

Guide to Predatory Loans and Avoiding Them
What Is Predatory Lending?
How Predatory Lending Impacts Borrowers
Predatory Lending Tactics and Practices
Common Types of Predatory Loans
How to Spot a Predatory Lender
What Are Good Lending Practices?
What Can Be Done If You Are a Victim of a Predatory Loan?
Personal Loans as an Alternative to Predatory Loans
Are Smaller, Short-Term Loans the Same as Predatory Loans?
What Is the Smartest Way to Get a $5,000 Loan?
The Takeaway

Key Points

• Predatory lending involves lenders exploiting borrowers with high interest rates and unfavorable terms, prioritizing lender profit over borrower well-being.

• Common examples of predatory lending include payday loans, auto title loans, and subprime mortgages, which often feature exploitative terms.

• Warning signs of predatory lending include extremely high interest rates, excessive fees, balloon payments, frequent refinancing offers, and unfair collateral requirements.

• Always compare lenders and verify their licensing; reputable lenders uphold professional standards and offer loans with affordable annual percentage rates.

• If a predatory loan is suspected, gather documents, seek guidance from a lawyer or financial counselor, and file complaints with relevant government agencies.

Guide to Predatory Loans and Avoiding Them

Learning more about loans can help you avoid those with predatory rates and terms, ones that can trap you in a cycle of debt. Information and education are a consumer’s best friends when looking for any type of loan. For small loans that seem only to be available through lenders that seem less than reputable, those two things become even more important.

One piece of information that is important when looking for a loan is knowing what your credit report contains. Consumers can access their credit reports at no charge through AnnualCreditReport.com. Personal information, such as your name, current and previous addresses, and your Social Security number, are easy to verify.

Checking the accuracy of items on your credit report is also important because this information is used by lenders to assess your creditworthiness. Lenders want to know how many credit cards and loans you have, if you make your debt payments on time, and other factors.

Once you have a picture of your overall creditworthiness, it’s time to find a reputable lender to work with. It’s a good idea to compare several lenders to find one you feel comfortable working with and is a good match for your financial needs.

What Is Predatory Lending?

Predatory lending often targets consumers with poor credit, no credit, low incomes, lack of education, and/or for other unfair and discriminatory reasons.

Lenders who offer what are considered predatory loans do not have the best interests of their clients in mind — their goal is to make a profit at the expense of their client, even if that means engaging in misleading tactics. They may deceive borrowers into accepting three-digit interest rates or extreme prepayment penalties, for example. This can result in the loan holder struggling to repay what they owe and being caught in a debt cycle.

How Predatory Lending Impacts Borrowers

As mentioned above, predatory lending, with its high interest rates and unfavorable terms, can keep borrowers trapped in a cycle of debt. In other words, they can’t “get ahead” of what they owe, or make a dent in the loan principal. This can be, of course, extremely stressful.

Financial Consequences of Predatory Lending

Those who have predatory loans can face severe financial consequences. Due to the stratospheric interest rates, they may find the amount they owe rising quickly. They may have to refinance their loan multiple times since they can’t pay it off, and each time, new fees can be added. This can damage the borrower’s credit rating as their debt-to-income ratio rises.

Predatory lending can also lead to the loss of an asset, if one was used to secure the loan. For example, if a person used their home or car as collateral, the lender could seize that if the loan goes into default. (Many personal loans are, however, unsecured loans, meaning no collateral is required.)

Predatory Lending Tactics and Practices

Reputable lenders are likely to be transparent about their interest rates, loan terms, and any fees they might charge, such as a personal loan origination fee or prepayment penalties.

Those engaging in predatory lending, however, may not be as transparent. They may try to hide important details about a loan and steer an applicant toward a loan they may not be able to afford.

To make sure a lender is not engaging in predatory lending practices, here’s a look at some things to avoid.

• An unlicensed lender: A reputable lender will be licensed in the state they are doing business in and will be expected to uphold certain professional standards set by the Nationwide Multistate Licensing System (NMLS)®. Consumers can look up the license status of individual and institutional lenders through NMLS Consumer Access℠.

• Rushing during the loan process: If you feel like a lender is hurrying you along without addressing your questions or concerns, you might wonder if they’re trying to hide some details about the loan terms or trying to approve you for a loan you might not be able to afford. A reputable lender will take the time to make sure you understand the documents you’re signing at the loan closing and that the loan works for your financial needs.

• High interest rates and fees: A lender who offers only a high interest rate, one you don’t feel you can afford, probably doesn’t have your best interests in mind. Doing some research on typical interest rates available for your credit score and common fees charged — and comparing lenders who work within those parameters — is a good way to filter out predatory lenders.

• Overpromising: A lender who tells you they can approve you for a loan regardless of your credit history is likely promising something they won’t be able to deliver on. Lenders typically have thresholds at which they are willing to loan money, outside of which they may decline an applicant.

Recommended: What Is Considered a Bad Credit Score?

Common Types of Predatory Loans

Three common predatory lending examples are payday loans, auto (or title) loans, and subprime mortgages.

Payday loans may come to mind when thinking of predatory loan examples. These types of loans target those who are looking for quick cash and may not think they will qualify for anything else.

Often short-term loans for small amounts, typically $100 to $1,000, payday loans are generally meant to be repaid with the borrower’s next paycheck. They are typically unsecured loans and often have high interest rates. A payday lender may refer to a “fee per $100 loaned” instead of disclosing the annual percentage rate (APR). This tactic hides the extremely high APR that is typical for a payday loan — say, 400% APR.

Similar to payday loans, auto title loans are an example of a predatory loan that is often made to an applicant who cannot qualify for a more mainstream loan. The borrower’s vehicle is used as collateral against the loan, with the borrower signing the title over to the lender. If the loan is not repaid, the lender keeps the title and has ownership of the vehicle.

Subprime mortgages are another predatory lending example. This is a type of mortgage made to a borrower who may not be able to qualify for a conventional mortgage based on the prime rate. Because the lender may perceive this borrower as an increased lending risk, they may offer an interest rate higher than that of a prime mortgage to offset this risk.

How to Spot a Predatory Lender

There are some telltale signs of predatory lending that it’s wise to be aware of. These include high-pressure sales tactics, such as the lender saying you have to sign right away or the offer will expire. They may also say that you are guaranteed for approval, regardless of your credit rating; this could indicate a personal loan scam. Responsible lenders review your credit background and then offer you the appropriate rate and terms.

Red Flags in Loan Terms and Conditions

When considering loans, here are some warning signs that you may be dealing with a predatory lender:

• Extremely high interest rates. The rates are often significantly higher than average. They may be expressed in an unconventional way, such as not as an annual percentage rate, to make them appear lower.

• Excessive fees. Some lenders may have fees that are hard to discern. Make sure you check whether there is, say, a prepayment penalty for paying off your loan early, or origination and processing fees. All of these can drive up the overall cost of the lona.

• Balloon payments. Predatory lenders may entice you with low initial payments, but the amount you owe can then balloon, or grow steeply, as you move further into the repayment process.

• Frequent refinancing. Some lenders know that borrowers will struggle to make payments and offer the option of frequent refinancing (called loan flipping). This, however, can lead to more fees and interest piling up, creating a debt cycle.

• Collateral requirements. Some secured loans, which use assets to back the loan, are totally legitimate. But when lenders require collateral along with the other factors mentioned above, it can lead to a scenario where a loan goes into default and a home or car is seized.

What Are Good Lending Practices?

A reputable lender will work with you to find the loan option that best meets your financial needs. That’s not to say it won’t be beneficial to them, but it will be good for both lender and borrower. Just as there are some ways to identify predatory lending, there are ways to identify a lender that does business in an honest manner.

• Licensed lender. Reputable lenders typically display their lending license for potential clients to see. If you’re meeting with a lender in their office, you may see their license framed and displayed on a wall. If you’re working with an online lender, look for their license information on their website. It might be on their About page, Legal page, or FAQ page.

• Answering your questions. When you have questions about a lender’s personal loan options, terminology in the loan agreement, or general lending questions, a reputable lender will take the time to answer them and help you understand the process.

• Competitive interest rates. Generally, lenders offer a range of rates based on the creditworthiness of each applicant. But they will be competitive with other lenders making the same types of loans. You can use an online personal loan calculator to get an idea of how much you might qualify for.

• Realistic offers. A lender that has your best interests in mind will do what they can to approve you for a loan that you can afford, not one that you will be at risk of defaulting on. A happy client could mean referrals to other potential clients, and that is generally something a lender strives for.

What Can Be Done If You Are a Victim of a Predatory Loan?

One of the first things you can do if you believe you’re a victim of predatory lending is submit a complaint with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). The bureau will send the complaint to the lending company and work to resolve the issue. The lending company communicates with both the client and the CFPB about the complaint, generally within 15 days with a final response in 60 days.

All complaints submitted to the CFPB are logged in the public Consumer Complaint Database, which can be a good place to check when comparing lenders you’re considering doing business with.

Personal Loans as an Alternative to Predatory Loans

When you need to borrow money quickly, a predatory loan like a payday loan may not be your only option. Lenders offering personal loans are fairly easy to find in today’s marketplace, and many of them are online lenders, which can make the process more streamlined.

If you’re considering a loan as a method to build your credit, a payday loan may not be the right financial tool. Many payday lenders don’t check an applicant’s credit report when making the loan, nor do they report payments to the credit bureaus. Essentially, even if you make regular, on-time payments, your credit score will not benefit from your diligence.

A reputable personal loan lender, however, will check an applicant’s credit report during the loan approval process and report payments to the credit bureaus. In this case, making regular, timely payments can positively impact your credit profile — and not doing so can have a negative impact.

Are Smaller, Short-Term Loans the Same as Predatory Loans?

There are reputable lenders that offer short-term loans for small amounts of money. Predatory lenders will exploit a person’s need for quick cash by trying to trick them into an unfair loan agreement they can’t afford. A reputable lender, on the other hand, will work with you to get a loan for the amount of money you need and that you can afford.

Some lenders do have minimum amounts they will lend, sometimes $3,000, $4,000, or $5,000, just as they have maximums of, say, a $50,000 personal loan or even a $100,000 one. If you don’t need this much money, you’d be better off looking at other lenders. There are lenders that will lend smaller amounts, though — even less than $1,000.

What Is the Smartest Way to Get a $5,000 Loan?

A smart way to find a $5,000 unsecured personal loan is to compare interest rates and fees of lenders who loan small amounts. This is easily done through an online personal loan comparison site or by calling a few different lenders. It probably won’t be too difficult to find multiple lenders to compare, as $5,000 is a fairly common personal loan amount.

A good first place to consider is your current bank or credit union. They may offer rate or fee discounts for current customers.

Online lenders may have shorter loan processing times, so if you need the money quickly, that could be a good choice.

The Takeaway

There are times in life when a quick infusion of cash is needed to help deal with a financial emergency or other need. To avoid falling victim to predatory lending, it’s a good idea to step back and take some time to compare lenders. Getting a loan from the closest payday lender on the block will likely mean paying extremely high interest rates and fees, and difficulty paying off the loan. Comparing loan offers can be a smart move.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. See your rate in minutes.

SoFi’s Personal Loan was named a NerdWallet 2026 winner for Best Personal Loan for Large Loan Amounts.

FAQ

Is predatory lending a crime?

Many states have enacted anti-predatory lending laws. Some states have completely outlawed payday lending, while others have placed caps on the amount lenders can charge. However, many violations go unpunished because consumers aren’t aware of their rights.

What are the most common predatory loans?

The most common types of predatory loans include payday loans, car title loans, and subprime mortgages.

What APR is considered predatory?

Predatory loans generally have interest rates in the triple digits. Loans with annual percentage rates (APRs) no higher than 36% are considered affordable loans.

What should I do if I suspect I’ve taken out a predatory loan?

If you think you have taken out a predatory loan, collect your loan documents, get guidance from a consumer lawyer or a certified financial counselor, and file a complaint with government agencies. Also, be sure not to sign any more loan documents or refinance the debt with the lender without having received professional guidance.

How can I report a predatory lender?

There are several ways to report a predatory lender. You can file a complaint with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), Federal Trade Commission (FTC), your state’s attorney general, your state’s consumer protection agency, and/or the Internet Crime Complaint Center. After a bit of research, you may want to file complaints with multiple organizations.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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This article is not intended to be legal advice. Please consult an attorney for advice.

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