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USDA loans are available for certain properties with no down payment required and possibly a lower interest rate than conventional loans. However, eligibility for USDA loans largely depends on borrower income and home location.

While those four letters, namely USDA, may conjure up images of prime beef or grain crops, this particular usage refers to a program that can encourage homeownership for those with lower incomes in rural and some suburban areas. These mortgages may also help people buy and repair homes in need of updating.

Here, you’ll learn more about what these loans offer, how they work, and who qualifies for them.

What Is a USDA Loan?

USDA loans offer a loan option with no down payment for certain qualifying buyers who plan to purchase property in rural or some suburban areas. These mortgages are guaranteed by a division of the USDA known as the USDA Rural Development Guaranteed Housing Loan Program.

While partner lenders typically issue the loans themselves, the fact that the government is taking on some of the risk of lending funds has a big benefit. It allows these loans to often offer a considerably lower rate than you’d find at a commercial lender.

To qualify for a USDA loan, you may have to earn below a specific income limit and buy in certain areas. You may also purchase a property in need of repair.

If you are eligible, another perk of these mortgages is that private mortgage insurance (PMI) is not required, which is another way they present an affordable option for some buyers.

How USDA Loan Programs Work

USDA Rural Development’s housing programs give individuals and families the opportunity to buy or build a rural single-family home with no money down, repair their existing home, or refinance their mortgage under certain circumstances.

The USDA promotes homeownership for low-income households and economic development in rural areas.

USDA loans are available to eligible first-time homebuyers and repeat buyers for primary residences.

USDA Loan Requirements

Here are more details on who qualifies for a USDA loan.

Single Family Housing Guaranteed Loan Program

This program is the one that most people think of when they hear about USDA loans.

The USDA guarantees 30-year fixed-rate loans originated by approved lenders so that people in households with low to moderate incomes can buy homes in eligible rural areas. (You’ll need to search with an exact address.)

The income threshold is defined as no more than 115% of area median household income. In other words, your household income can’t exceed the area median income by more than 15%.

Buyers can finance 100% of a home purchase, get access to better-than-average mortgage rates, and pay a lower mortgage insurance rate.

That means no down payment, but borrowers still might want to look into down-payment assistance programs that also may help with closing costs.

A USDA loan can be used to purchase, renovate, or build a primary single-family home (no duplexes).

Single Family Housing Direct Home Loans

These subsidized loans, issued directly by the USDA, are available for homes in certain rural areas and for applicants with low and very low incomes.

The amount of the subsidy depends on the adjusted income of the family, and it reduces the family’s mortgage payment for a certain amount of time.

Adjusted income must be at or below what’s required for the geographical area where the house is located, and applicants must currently be without housing that’s considered safe, sanitary, and decent.

In addition, they must be unable to qualify for loans elsewhere; meet citizenship requirements (or eligible noncitizen ones); legally be allowed to take on a loan; and not be suspended from participating in federal programs.

The home itself must meet certain requirements for USDA loan eligibility. It must:

•   Typically have no more than 2,000 square feet

•   Not have an in-ground swimming pool

•   Not have a market value that exceeds the loan limit for the area

•   Not be used to earn income from the home.

Typically no down payment is required, although borrowers who have more assets than are allowed may need to use part of them toward the purchase. The rate is fixed and, when taking payment assistance into account, could be as low as 1%. The repayment term can be up to 33 years, or 38 years for applicants with very low income.

Funds can be used to purchase, build, repair, or renovate a single-family home. Once the title is out of the borrowers’ names or they no longer live in the house, they must repay part or all of the subsidies received.

Apply directly with your state Rural Development office .

This online eligibility tool can help potential borrowers see if they might qualify.

Single Family Housing Repair Loans and Grants

This program, also called the Section 504 Home Repair Program, is for homeowners with very low incomes who need a loan to improve, repair, or modernize their homes.

The program also offers grants if the applicants are 62 or older with very low incomes, and the money will be used to remove hazards to health and safety. The borrower must own the home and live in it. Prospective homeowners must not be able to find affordable credit through other venues.

Current limits on both the loans and the grants are as follows:

•   Maximum loan amount: $40,000

•   Maximum grant amount: $10,000

•   Maximum per person: $50,000, if they qualify for both the loan and grant.

Loan terms can be up to 20 years, with a fixed 1% interest rate.

For details about how to apply, applicants may contact their state Rural Development office.

Homeowners of higher income levels who need to finance home repairs may want to look into home improvement loans.

Note: SoFi does not offer USDA loans at this time. However, SoFi does offer FHA, VA, and conventional loan options.

What Is the Minimum Credit Score for a USDA Loan?

The USDA does not set a firm credit score requirement. However, you are most likely to be approved if your score is in the 640 and higher range.

Even with a lower score, however, you may qualify for a loan.

Recommended: Learn the Cost of Living by State

Pros and Cons of USDA Loans

This section will focus on the USDA guaranteed loan program.

USDA Loans Pros

•   Typically no down payment is required.

•   Lower rates than FHA and conventional loans on average.

•   There isn’t a minimum FICO® score to qualify, so a less-than-ideal credit history may not prevent the loan from going through, though lenders like to see a credit score of at least 640.

•   Lenders may also require a debt-to-income ratio (DTI) of 41% or under. Depending on other factors, a slightly higher DTI might be possible.

•   No private mortgage insurance (PMI).

USDA Loans Cons

•   Homes must be in eligible rural areas.

•   Applicants must meet income limits.

•   Only certain lenders offer the program.

•   USDA loans require a 1% upfront guarantee fee and a 0.35% annual guarantee fee, based on the remaining principal balance each year.

Other Types of Mortgage Loans

In general, if your household income is more than 115% of the area median income, you can’t qualify for a USDA loan. The income of the entire household is considered, even if someone isn’t going to be on the mortgage note. That’s just one reason you might need to seek another type of mortgage.

Three broad types are:

Conventional loans: These are provided by banks and other private lenders and are not government-backed loans. This is the most common type of mortgage today. Borrowers typically need to have a down payment of 3% to 20%, and the lender will look at the debt-to-income ratio and credit scores when deciding whether to grant the mortgage loan.

FHA loans: Lenders that issue these loans are insured by the Federal Housing Administration, and it can be easier to qualify for this type of loan than a conventional mortgage. Lending standards can be more flexible and, with a credit score of 580 or higher, the borrower might qualify for a down payment of 3.5%. Note that mortgage insurance for an FHA loan can be high.

VA loans: Veterans, active military members, and some surviving spouses may receive VA loans provided by banks and other lenders but guaranteed by the VA. Eligible borrowers can benefit from a loan with no down payment and no monthly mortgage insurance. Most borrowers will pay a one-time funding fee, though.

Different types of mortgage loans have benefits and disadvantages. As a homebuyer, it is beneficial to understand what is applicable to your situation.

First-Time Homebuyer Programs

Borrowers who qualify as first-time homebuyers can receive benefits. Loan programs include:

•   Freddie Mac’s Home Possible® program and Fannie Mae’s 97% LTV. The programs offer down payments as low as 3% for buyers who have low to moderate incomes.

•   The Fannie Mae HomeReady® mortgage program. Borrowers who undergo educational counseling can get help with closing costs.

•   Mortgages for qualifying first-time buyers, who can put as little as 3% down.

It can make sense for low- and moderate-income borrowers to contact their state housing agency to see what programs are available for first-time homebuyers.

Recommended: Find First Time Home Buyer Programs in Your State

The Takeaway

USDA loans support rural homebuyers and homeowners who meet income limits and whose properties qualify. Others shopping for a mortgage will need to research home loans and find a choice that suits them.

FAQ

What are the basics of how a USDA loan works?

USDA loans are available with no down payment and potentially a lower interest rate to borrowers who are buying certain properties in qualifying rural areas and who meet income limits.

What’s the difference between an FHA loan and a USDA loan?

These loans address different types of properties and have different qualifying requirements. With a USDA loan, there is no down payment requirement, there is no PMI, but borrowers must meet income guidelines and be purchasing properties in a rural or suburban area. With an FHA loan, there is a 3.5% down payment and a DTI requirement, but there is not the regional guideline for the property. However, PMI is assessed.

Is FHA better than USDA?

When comparing FHA vs. USDA loans, it’s not really a matter of one being better than another but of which one suits your needs and which one you qualify for. An example: If you are buying in a rural area, you might get a USDA loan requiring no down payment. If you are buying in a metropolitan area, you might instead qualify for an FHA loan with 3.5% down.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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Modular homes are increasingly capturing interest as a fast and affordable housing option. The global market for modular homes is forecast to grow from $82 billion in 2022 to $139 billion in 2029. These houses are built from factory-made components and are then constructed on a permanent foundation on a building site. They must meet the Department of Housing and Urban Development standards, as well as local guidelines.

Not to be confused with manufactured homes (previously called mobile homes), which can be moved from location to location, a modular home can be a good option to what are known as stick-built or traditionally constructed homes.

Could one be right for you? Here are the pros and cons of these structures, to help you decide if this might be your next home sweet home.

What Are Modular Homes?

Modular homes are constructed in a way that differs from a traditionally built home. Many of the components are made in a factory and then shipped to the property, where they are assembled on a permanent foundation.

The process is typically less expensive and faster than a stick-built home (meaning ones that are assembled piece by piece at the site).

As briefly noted above, modular homes are permanent structures and are subject to local and federal standards.

Recommended: Mobile vs. Modular vs. Manufactured Homes

How Are Modular Homes Constructed?

One of the biggest differences from a traditional home is the way modular homes are constructed. The house’s components are assembled in a factory and delivered to the homesite in one or more trips. The modules may be akin to three-dimensional boxes that are connected to one another and the foundation at the job site.

The benefit of constructing modular home components in a factory is the controlled environment. Because the parts are assembled under ideal conditions (perfect temperature, humidity, etc.), buyers can usually expect a consistent, high-quality build.

In addition, the actual build can move more quickly. Estimates of the time to build a modular home range from 16 to 32 weeks, depending on how customized the plans are and other variables.


💡 Quick Tip: Don’t overpay for your mortgage. Get your dream home or investment property and a great rate with SoFi Mortgage Loans.

The Pros and Cons of Modular Homes

As with most things in life, there are pluses and minuses to modular homes. Consider these points to decide if one could be right for you. First, the upsides:

•  Modular homes are typically 10% to 20% less expensive than traditionally built homes.

•  They can be built up to 30% to 60% faster than stick-built homes.

•  Depending on the builder, they may be customized to suit your needs, both in terms of layout/square footage and finishes. You can get a very basic home or a truly luxe, mansion-like one.

•  They can be more energy-efficient than traditionally built houses, and the materials and building process may be more environmentally friendly as well.

•  They are considered better able to withstand environmental threats (flooding, hurricanes) than traditionally built homes.

That said, there are some disadvantages to modular homes to consider:

•  You need to add in some costs to your home-buying budget: the cost of the land, the foundation, and other related expenses. Yes, you are paying for those things when you buy a stick-built house, but it’s already rolled into the price.

•  You will need to investigate how to finance your home. If it’s an already built home, then a home loan will work. But if you are building from the ground up? Rather than getting a mortgage (since you aren’t buying an existing home from a seller), you may want to look into construction loans. Some modular home companies offer their own financing and lending programs.

•  Depending on the modular home company, you may not be able to get every last detail you want. Shopping around can help you find the top features you want in your home.

Modular Home Risks

There are a couple of considerations prospective modular homeowners should be aware of:

•  Finding land can be difficult in some areas. If you love modular homes but want to live in a suburb that has a hot housing market, you may be hard pressed to find a lot that works for you.
(You also may need a land loan to purchase your property if you do find a lot you love.)

•  It may be difficult to make changes once construction has started because so much of the home is pre-built.

•  Bias exists. Some people confuse modular homes with manufactured or mobile homes, which don’t have a foundation, and may therefore avoid them. This could mean a real estate agent might not show buyers a modular home that’s for sale, for example, due to this misperception.

How to Find Modular Homes for Sale

You can shop for pre-existing modular homes on major real estate websites like Realtor.com and also on specialized sites that list this type of home.

To construct a modular home, you can look at such sites as modularhome.org and modularhomeowners.com. Also, with the growing popularity of modular homes, you may well be able to get a word-of-mouth referral from someone in your circle.

How to Choose a Modular Home

When considering a modular home builder, much will depend on the following factors:

•  Do you like the style of the houses they build? The floorplans?

•  Are their prices lining up with your budget? Do they offer financing, if you need it?

•  Where are they located? If their factory is somewhat close to you, which can help reduce transportation expenses?

•  Are you impressed with the quality of their work? Their customer service?

•  Which brands do they partner with? Many manufacturers work with certain vendors for windows, doors, appliances, etc.

💡 Quick Tip: A home equity line of credit brokered by SoFi gives you the flexibility to spend what you need when you need it — you only pay interest on the amount that you spend. And the interest rate is lower than most credit cards.²

How to Finance a Modular Home

Financing a modular home will take different paths depending on whether the house is already constructed or you’re building it.

•  For already built homes, you may look into conventional mortgage loans, FHA, USDA, and VA loans, just as you would for any other property you are interested in.

•  If you are building your own modular home, then you will probably need to apply for a construction loan to have the funds to get your house over the finish line.

•  Some modular home companies offer financing options.

•  You might also see if a personal loan could help you afford a modular home. Some lenders will allow you to buy a property with the funds; check with your lender, and understand the interest rate you will be charged.

Are Modular Homes Worth It?

Whether a modular home is worth it is a very personal decision.

For some people, there may be no greater satisfaction than working with a modular builder to specify their dream home and seeing their home come together, usually more quickly and less expensively than other building methods. They can collaborate with their builder and find a house plan that checks off all (or most) of the items on their home wish list.

Many people are thrilled with the eco-friendly aspects of these homes as well.

However, there are also people who find a vintage home more appealing or who would rather walk through an already built home and know exactly what they are buying.

Recommended: How Much Does It Cost to Build a House?

Modular Home Tips

If you’re set on buying a modular home, here are things to consider:

•  Style of home. Modular homes come in various styles, from contemporary to log cabins. It can be wise for buyers to shop around and work with a modular home manufacturer that suits their taste.

•  Manufacturer location. The cost of transporting a modular home can be high. It may be essential for the budget-conscious modular homebuyer to work with a manufacturer close to the home’s final destination.

•  Custom builds. Some modular home manufacturers may offer more customizable options, from floor plans and finishes. Do your research, and find a builder who can check off most of the priorities on your wish list.

•  Timeline. Some modular homes go up relatively quickly, while other manufacturers could be dealing with back orders. If time is of the essence, choose your builder carefully.

The Takeaway

Modular homes are growing in popularity. Components (modules) are factory-built and then assembled on a foundation; this process can be faster and more affordable than buying a traditionally built home. They also often have environmental benefits.

However, they aren’t for everyone: Building your own home is very different than hitting the open houses, and financing a modular home likely takes you on a path that involves a construction loan. If, however, you fall in love with an already built modular home, then you can usually apply for a mortgage from a number of lenders.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

Is a modular home a good investment?

A modular home can be a good investment. They often offer energy efficiency which is a selling point. However, a modular home’s value will be dependent on the housing market in your area, just as it would be with any other kind of home.

Are modular homes dangerous?

The dangers of modular homes are minimal. As long as the assembly of the modular home complies with local building codes, modular homes are as safe as a traditionally built home.

Is the value of modular homes decreasing?

Modular homes appreciate and depreciate in a way that’s similar to traditional builds.

Where can you get financing for modular homes?

Among the possibilities from various lenders are a construction loan, financing from your builder, or a personal loan.

How long will a modular home last?

With proper maintenance and high-quality materials, a modular home should last as long as, or longer than, any traditionally built home. Some of the first modular homes, built in the early 1900s, are still standing today.

Photo credit: iStock/turk_stock_photographer

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Mortgage rates have risen considerably recently, from an average of 2.96% for a 30-year fixed-rate loan at the end of 2021 to around 6% to 7% at the midpoint of 2023. But despite it being more expensive to borrow money for a home, refinancing is still an attractive option for many homeowners. It allows you to replace your current mortgage with a new, potentially more advantageous one.

Perhaps you decided that you’d like to change your loan term, or you received a windfall you’d like to put toward lowering your mortgage ASAP. Another possibility is that you’ve built up equity and would like to tap it in a cash-out refinance.

Whatever your situation may be, here’s what you need to know about refinancing a home mortgage loan, from whether it’s right for you to what steps are involved to how much it will cost.

What Is Mortgage Refinancing?

Mortgage refinancing occurs when you replace one home loan with a new one. You might do so for such reasons as:

•  To get a different loan term (say, 15 years instead of 30, or vice versa)

•  To get a better interest rate

•  To tap your home equity

•  To make a switch between a fixed- and adjustable-rate loan

•  To get rid of mortgage insurance on an FHA loan.

You need to go through the loan application process, underwriting, and closing again and pay the related costs. The new loan will pay off the old one. Then, going forward, you pay the new lender every month instead of your previous one.

Mortgage Refinancing Costs

Refinancing will generally cost from 2% to 5% of your loan’s principal value in closing costs. That’s a significant range, so it can be wise to shop around to make sure you’re getting the best deal.

Since you’re essentially applying for a new loan, you will likely need a chunk of cash at the ready if you choose to refinance. For this reason, it’s important to consider those refinancing costs compared to the potential savings. A good rule of thumb is to be certain you can recoup the cost of the refinance in two to three years — which means you shouldn’t have immediate plans to move.

There are helpful online calculators for determining approximate costs for a mortgage refinance. Of course, this will only be an estimate, and each lender will be different. As you do your research, lenders can provide final closing cost information alongside a quote for your new mortgage rate.

When you refinance, you also have to consider closing costs. Some lenders may not have origination fees, but instead charge the borrower a higher interest rate.

If you have a history of managing credit well and a strong financial position, there are some mortgage refinancing lenders that will probably reward you by offering a better rate than they would charge those with lesser credentials.

Recommended: Home Affordability Calculator

How Long Does a Mortgage Refinance Take?

The process can take anywhere from 30 to 45 days or longer to complete. Factors that impact timing include the complexity of the loan, your ability to submit materials in a timely fashion, and the efficiency of the lender and/or broker.

If you want the process to move quickly, you may want to look for mortgage lenders who offer more streamlined service and a better customer experience. This may mean working with an online lender versus, say, a brick-and-mortar bank.

How to Refinance a Home Mortgage Loan

When you refinance a home mortgage, you are essentially repeating the same process as when you originally bought your property. This time, however, instead of the loan going to the homeowner you are buying a house from, funds will first go to the financial institution that holds your current mortgage. Once that loan is paid off, your newly refinanced loan kicks in. You start making payments to the new lender.

Because you are replacing one mortgage with another, you can expect the steps to be similar as they were when you got your original loan, from shopping around for the best loan for your situation to providing the necessary documentation to closing.

Steps in the Mortgage Refinancing Process

Here’s a closer look at the process:

1.   Determine your goal. The first (and arguably most important) step is to determine what you want to get out of your mortgage loan refinance. There are several mortgage refinance types, but “rate and term” and “cash-out” are the two most common.

Just as the name implies, a “rate and term” refinance updates the interest rate, the term (or duration) of the loan, or both. You can also switch between an adjustable- vs. a fixed-rate loan.

It is important to understand that not every refinance will save you money on interest. For example, if you extend the loan term from 15 to 30 years, you may lower your monthly payment, but you could end up paying more money in interest over the course of your loan.

Once you determine your goal, your primary focus will be determining whether the fees are worth what you’ll gain.

With a cash-out refinance, you are using increased equity in your home to take out additional money on your mortgage.

This is usually done to fund common home repairs or pay off other, higher-interest debt. While this kind of loan can be an excellent tool if you use it wisely, as with all loans, it’s rarely advisable to take out more than you absolutely need.

2.   Check your credit score and credit history for errors. Your credit score is an important factor in determining whether you get a better rate. Make sure you take time to clear up anything that’s been reported erroneously on your credit report. You might also want to remedy, say, an unpaid bill that was forwarded to a collection agency. These are factors that can lower your score.

3.   Research your home’s approximate value. Check comparable sale prices — not just listing prices — in your neighborhood to get an idea of what your house is worth. If the value of your home has gone up significantly and improves your loan-to-value ratio (LTV), this will be helpful in securing the best refinancing rate.

4.   Compare refinance rates online. It’s wise to shop around and see what at least a few lenders offer. Don’t forget to ask about all costs involved. Most financial institutions should be able to give you an estimate, but the accuracy can depend on how well you know your credit score and LTV ratio.

5.   Get your paperwork together. The process will move faster if you have your pay stubs, bank statements, tax filings, and other pertinent financial information ready to go.

6.   Have cash on hand. Refinancing brings charges, and at closing, such items as overdue property taxes can need to be paid, too. Make sure you can cover these costs.

7.   Track the lender’s progress. Once the process is underway, keep an eye on how well things are moving ahead. What typically happens: The lender will likely send an appraiser for a home inspection. After the loan documentation and appraisal are submitted, loan officers determine the interest rate and create the loan closing documents. The closing is then scheduled with the refinancing company, mortgage broker, and your attorney.

Reasons to Refinance

As mentioned above, there are several typical reasons to refinance:

•  Reducing your monthly payment

•  Paying off your loan sooner

•  Changing the loan terms or type (fixed- vs. adjustable-rate)

•  Tapping your home equity

•  Eliminating mortgage insurance on an FHA loan.

Benefits of Refinancing

By refinancing your home loan, your monthly mortgage payments might be reduced. This in turn could free up money in your budget to go toward other goals, like paying down credit card debt or pumping up your emergency fund.

In addition, you might pay off your loan sooner, which could save you a considerable amount in interest over the life of the loan.

Refinancing your mortgage might also allow you to tap equity in your home. This could be useful if, say, you need those funds for educational or other expenses coming your way.

Also, some people who switch from an adjustable- to a fixed-rate loan may feel more secure with a set, unwavering payment schedule.

Recommended: First-Time Homebuyer Programs

Tips to Refinance a Mortgage

Beyond the tips mentioned above, you may also benefit from keeping these points in mind:

•  Think carefully about no-closing-cost loans. Yes, not paying closing costs can sound appealing, but there’s a good chance you will wind up with a higher interest rate and paying more over the life of the loan.

•  Make your appraisal a success. It can be distressing to have an appraisal come in low and throw a wrench into the works as you try to refinance. If there’s a glaring issue (rotting porch posts, for instance), it might be wise to fix it before the appraiser visits.

•  Prioritize requests for paperwork and documentation when your file is moving through underwriting. Not doing so can cause the process to drag on for longer than anyone might want.

The Takeaway

Depending on your financial situation and goals, refinancing your home loan can be a wise move. You may be able to lower your monthly payments, or you might shorten your loan term, thereby saving a considerable amount in interest. Another reason to refinance: To tap the equity you have built up in your home and use that cash elsewhere. The process is very similar to shopping for, applying for, and closing on your current mortgage. It will involve doing your research, providing documentation, and paying closing costs.

If refinancing is right for you, see what SoFi offers. With a SoFi Mortgage Refinance, you’ll find competitive rates, flexible terms, and a streamlined process, all of which can help you find just the right loan for your life.

FAQ

What is the average refinance fee?

Typically, you can expect to pay between 2% to 5% of the loan’s principal in closing costs when refinancing a mortgage.

Is it expensive to refinance?

The cost of refinancing will typically vary with the amount of the loan you are seeking. If closing costs are, say, 3.5% of the loan principal, that will be $3,500 on a $100K loan and $35,000 on a $1 million loan. It can also be helpful to compare these closing costs to the benefits of refinancing. For instance, you might free up more money every month to pay down pricey credit card debt, or you might shorten your loan term and pay less interest over the life of the loan when refinancing.

Why is it so expensive to refinance a mortgage?

When you refinance a loan, you are replacing your current loan with a new one. Closing costs are assessed to cover the expenses involved, including appraisal fees and other charges.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

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Buying a new home requires managing a lot of moving parts, from mortgage preapproval to closing. Even after an offer is accepted, buyers and sellers are still at the negotiating table. If closing costs or surprise expenses become too much for the buyer, a seller concession could help seal the deal.

Although seller concessions can work to a buyer’s advantage, they are neither a guaranteed outcome nor a one-size-fits-all solution for every real estate transaction.

To determine if seller concessions are the right move from a buyer’s perspective, here are some key things to know, including what costs they can cover and when to consider asking for them.

Recommended: How Much Are Closing Costs on a New Home?

What Are Seller Concessions?

Seller concessions represent a seller’s contribution toward the buyer’s closing costs, which include certain prepaid expenses and discount points. A seller concession is not the equivalent of a price reduction; nor is it received as cash or a loan discount.

Closing costs usually range from 3% to 6% of the loan principal on your mortgage. When combined with a down payment, the upfront expense of buying a home can be burdensome, especially for first-time homebuyers.

Buyers can ask for concessions on the initial purchase offer or later if the home inspection reveals problems that require repairs.

Although this can be a helpful tool to negotiate a house price, there are rules for eligible costs and limits to how much buyers can ask for.

Recommended: Home Buyer’s Guide

What Costs Can Seller Concessions Cover?

A buyer’s closing costs can vary case by case. Generally, buyers incur fees related to the mortgage loan and other expenses to complete the real estate transaction.

There are also types of prepaid expenses and home repairs that can be requested as a seller concession.

Some common examples of eligible costs include the following:

•   Property taxes: If the sellers have paid their taxes for the year, the buyer may be required to reimburse the sellers for their prorated share.

•   Appraisal fees: Determining the estimated home value may be required by a lender to obtain a mortgage. Appraisal costs can vary by geography and home size but generally run between $300 and $500.

•   Loan origination fees: Money paid to a lender to process a mortgage, origination fees, can be bundled into seller concessions.

•   Homeowners insurance costs: Prepaid components of closing costs like homeowners insurance premiums can be included in seller concessions.

•   Title insurance costs: A title insurance company will search if there are any liens or claims against the property. This verification, which averages $1,000 but varies widely, protects both the homeowner and lender.

•   Funding fees: One-time funding fees for federally guaranteed mortgages, such as FHA and VA loans, can be paid through seller contributions. Rates vary based on down payment and loan type.

•   Attorney fees: Many states require a lawyer to handle real estate closings. Associated fees can run $500 to $1,500 or more, based on location.

•   Recording fees: Some local governments may charge a fee to document the purchase of a home.

•   HOA fees: If a home is in a neighborhood with a homeowners association, there will likely be monthly dues to pay for maintenance and services. A portion of these fees may be covered by the seller.

•   Discount points: Buyers may pay an upfront fee, known as discount points, to lower the interest rate they pay over the life of the mortgage loan. (The cost of one point is 1% of the loan amount.)

•   Home repairs: If any issues emerge during a home inspection, the repair costs can be requested as a seller concession.

Closing costs can also be influenced by the mortgage lender. When shopping for a mortgage, evaluating expected fees and closing costs is a useful way to compare lenders. Factoring in these costs early on can give buyers a more accurate idea of what they can afford and better inform their negotiations with a seller.

Recommended: Home Improvement Calculator

Rules and Limits for Seller Concessions

Determining how much to ask for in seller concessions isn’t just about negotiating power. For starters, the seller’s contributions can’t exceed the buyer’s closing costs.

Other factors can affect the allowable amount of seller concessions, including the type of mortgage loan and whether the home will serve as a primary residence, vacation home, or investment property.

Here’s a breakdown of how concessions work for common types of loans.

Conventional Loans

Guidance on seller concessions for conventional loans is set by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. These federally sponsored enterprises buy and guarantee mortgages issued through lenders in the secondary mortgage market.

With conventional loans, the limit on seller concessions is calculated as a percentage of the home sale price based on the down payment and occupancy type.

If it’s an investment property, buyers can only request up to 2% of the sale price in seller concessions.

For a primary or secondary residence, seller concessions can add up to the following percentages of the home sale price:

•   Up to 3% when the down payment is less than 10%
•   Up to 6% when the down payment is 10-25%
•   Up to 9% when the down payment is greater than 25%

FHA Loans

FHA loans, which are insured by the Federal Housing Administration, are a popular financing choice because down payments may be as low as 3.5%, depending on a borrower’s credit score.

For this type of mortgage, seller concessions are limited to 6% of the home sale price.

VA Loans

Active service members, veterans, and surviving spouses may qualify for a mortgage loan guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs. For buyers with this type of mortgage, seller concessions are capped at 4% of the home sale price.

VA loans also dictate what types of costs may qualify as a seller concession. Some eligible examples: paying property taxes and VA loan fees or gifting home furnishings, such as a television.

Seller Concession Advantages

There are a few key ways seller concessions can benefit a homebuyer. For starters, they can reduce the amount paid out of pocket for closing costs. This can make the upfront costs of a home purchase more affordable and avoid depleting savings.

Reducing closing costs could help a buyer make a higher offer on a home, too. If it’s a seller’s market, this could be an option to be a more competitive buyer.

Buyers planning significant home remodeling may want to request seller concessions to keep more cash on hand for their projects.

Seller Concession Disadvantages

Seller concessions can also come with some drawbacks. If sellers are looking for a quick deal, they may view concessions as time-consuming and decline an offer.

When sellers agree to contribute to a buyer’s closing costs, the purchase price can go up accordingly. The deal could go awry if the home is appraised at a value less than the agreed-upon sale price. Unless the seller agrees to lower the asking price to align with the appraised value, the buyer may have to increase their down payment to qualify for their original financing.

Another potential downside is that buyers could ultimately pay more over the loan’s term if they receive seller concessions than they would otherwise. If a buyer offers, say, $350,000 and requests $3,000 in concessions, the seller may counteroffer with a purchase price of $353,000, with $3,000 in concessions.

Recommended: Guide to Buying, Selling, and Updating Your Home

The Takeaway

Seller concessions can make a home purchase more affordable for buyers by reducing closing costs and expenses, but whether it’s a buyer’s or seller’s market will affect a buyer’s potential to negotiate. A real estate agent can offer guidance on asking for seller concessions.

The vast majority of homebuyers finance their purchase. So for most buyers, finding the right mortgage is an important step in landing their dream home.

SoFi offers home mortgages with competitive rates and down payments as low as 5%. And prequalifying takes just a few minutes.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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Those who find that they can no longer make their mortgage payments have options to explore, including a short sale, which is when a home is sold for less than the borrower owes.

A short sale is a way to avoid foreclosure. It works much like a traditional home sale, except that the lender must approve the offer.

The Short Sale, in Short

If the borrower is able to negotiate a short sale, the lender agrees to take the money from the sale proceeds — even though that sum is lower than the balance of the loan — in lieu of foreclosing on the home.

Short sales were common a decade or so ago, when the housing crisis and Great Recession left many homeowners underwater on their mortgages. Since then, the percentage of short sales has dropped significantly, as housing values and employment have risen.

During a mortgage foreclosure, a lender repossesses and sells a property to satisfy outstanding debt.

In a short sale, the lender agrees to allow the borrower to sell the property for less than the mortgage balance and costs of the sale.

How Does a Short Sale Work?

A short sale is a viable option if the remaining balance on a home loan is greater than the amount the property can fetch on the open market. Otherwise, a borrower could repay the full amount of the mortgage by selling the home.

Here’s how the short sale process generally goes:

1.   Borrowers typically send their lender a hardship letter, proving that they are facing a long-term financial challenge.

2.   The lender decides whether to approve the sale or work out a plan, like extending the loan term or allowing the borrower to make interest-only payments for a set amount of time.

3.   If a short sale plan is accepted, the homeowner works with the lender to determine the schedule for the sale. If the lender is already on the path to foreclosure, a short sale will typically need to happen rather quickly.

4.   The sellers and their real estate agent will review the number of liens (such as a home equity line of credit or second mortgage) against the property. Having several of these can sometimes get in the way of a short sale, since all lenders must approve the sale. Buyers should be sure to ask about liens, as well.

5.   The owner puts the home up for sale and selects among competing offers. Once an offer is chosen, the lender must approve the sale and agree to accept the sale price in lieu of full payment of the loan.

Who Benefits from a Short Sale?

For the buyer, a short sale can be an opportunity to get a home at a fair market price or lower.

And because the lender has an incentive to sell the property quickly and prevent further costs, the lender might offer attractive financing to the buyer, such as a lower interest rate or credit toward closing costs.

For the seller, a successful short sale can mean avoiding foreclosure and the challenges that come with it.

Are There Drawbacks to a Short Sale?

Mortgagors may want to look at a short sale as a last resort. Short sales still have a significant negative effect on an individual’s credit, affecting the ability to take out a home loan or other forms of credit in the short term.

A short sale may show up on your credit reports as “not paid as agreed.” As both short sales and foreclosures fall under that category, most lenders won’t distinguish between them, according to Equifax, and both stay on your credit reports for seven years.

Short sellers may want to get written confirmation of the sale from their lender, along with a copy of the final settlement statement, in case future lenders have trouble distinguishing a short sale from foreclosure or have questions about amounts or dates.

Someone with a foreclosure on their record generally needs to wait two to eight years before qualifying for a new mortgage.

Is the Deficiency Completely Forgiven?

After a short sale, in some states, the lender can seek a personal judgment against the borrower to recover the deficiency amount. If a lender agrees to waive the deficiency, that provision must be included in the short sale agreement.

How a Short Sale Affects Buyers

A short sale can be risky for buyers as well. Home sales are usually closed “as is.” If a property inspection did not catch a needed repair, that can lead to unpleasant surprises.

Buyers may also be responsible for fees they wouldn’t pay during a typical sale. For example, if the seller employs a short sale negotiator to reach a deal with the lender, the buyer may be asked to pay this charge.

How Long Does a Short Sale Take?

Short sales can be time-consuming transactions, taking anywhere from a few weeks to a few months or more.
It can take a while for lenders to review a buyer’s short sale application for approval, especially if multiple lienholders are involved.

How Often Do Short Sales Fall Through?

Because short sales are often slow and complicated, with many steps before a house can be sold, they fall through fairly frequently.

For example, a lender may reject a borrower’s qualifications or the price offered by a buyer. Foreclosure proceedings or a declaration of bankruptcy could throw a wrench into a short sale. Or sellers could get their finances in order and decide they want to keep their house and continue paying their mortgage.

The sale can also fall apart if the seller declines to pay certain fees in order for the lender to approve the transaction.

Both sellers and buyers in a short sale may want to practice patience when entering into this kind of transaction and know that all their hard work could come to naught.

The Takeaway

If a mortgage becomes too heavy a burden, a short sale can be a lifeline. Still, leaving a lender short will hurt a borrower’s credit and can be a drawn-out process. Savvy buyers may find a short sale a way to get a deal.

An option short of a short sale could be refinancing your mortgage. With SoFi, refinancing may result in a more favorable interest rate or loan terms.

Refinancing may result in a more favorable interest rate or loan terms.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

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