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Rent prices are on the rise. According to the latest data from Rent.com, in August 2023, the national median rent ticked up to $2,052 per month. That has many people wondering, what is rent control, and can it help curb prices?

Rent control is a term used to describe price controls implemented by local governments on apartment units. Rent control limits the amount a property owner can increase rent prices during a certain period of time. It’s also usually accompanied by tenant protections allowing for lease renewals and protecting against unwarranted evictions. Rent control is more common in larger, expensive population centers like New York and San Francisco.

How does rent control work? Read on to find out.

What Is Rent Control?

Rent control is a government regulation that puts a ceiling on the amount of rent that can be charged to a tenant. This means landlords can’t charge the market rate for a rental in rent-controlled jurisdictions. Rent increases may be allowed, but they are limited and regulated by law.

How does rent control work in NYC? In New York, rent control can also refer to the Emergency Tenant Protection Act. This act was first enacted in the demilitarization period following World War II when housing shortages resulted from the large number of soldiers returning home from the war.


💡 Quick Tip: When house hunting, don’t forget to lock in your home mortgage loan rate so there are no surprises if your offer is accepted.

How Does Rent Control Work?

Your local government has the final say when it comes to rent control — unless they’re prohibited by law to enact price controls on housing units, as is the case in 33 states.

There’s often a rent board appointed, which is a mix of property owners, tenants, and other community members. The board has a say about rent adjustment amounts and other housing-related issues.

Rent control is usually applied to a specific area or building. For example, in New York, rent stabilization applies to buildings that were built between February 1, 1947 and December 31, 1973. (Pre-war, rent-controlled buildings revert to the newer rent stabilization program once a tenant moves out.)

The maximum price a landlord can charge can be set by the regulating agency. In New York City, rents are subject to the Maximum Base Rent Program, which is a formula for rents based on real estate taxes, utilities, operating and maintenance expenses, and vacancy allowances.

The economics of rent control can create a large demand. Because the supply of rent-controlled apartments is low, most tenants who want an apartment with rent control will wait on a list or enter a lottery system for many months or years.

History of Rent Control

New York City first enacted rent control when housing units were scarce following the end of World War II. It was called the War Emergency Tenant Protection Act and was later replaced by a different rent control method called rent stabilization. Rent stabilization has been in place since 1974 in New York City, and 1979 in San Francisco.

Rent Control vs Rent Stabilization

Discussions of rent control vs. rent stabilization are usually in reference to regulation in New York City.

In New York City, rent control generally applies to buildings constructed before 1947 with tenants in place prior to July 1, 1971. That date is important as it refers to a change in regulation laws where rent control gave way to rent stabilization.

Rent stabilization generally refers to price controls on buildings with six or more units constructed between 1947 and 1974. It can also include buildings removed from rent control that were constructed prior to 1947, as well as some other buildings that enjoy special tax advantages. Rent stabilization does not apply to co-ops or condos vs apartments. Tenants in rent-stabilized apartments have the right to renew their lease.

Today, the terms “rent control” and “rent stabilization” typically refer to the same thing: rent regulation.


💡 Quick Tip: Not to be confused with prequalification, preapproval involves a longer application, documentation, and hard credit pulls. Ideally, you want to keep your applications for preapproval to within the same 14- to 45-day period, since many hard credit pulls outside the given time period can adversely affect your credit score, which in turn affects the mortgage terms you’ll be offered.

Pros and Cons of Rent Control

While rent control can protect tenants from large rent increases, it also means property owners have little incentive to maintain the property or create more housing units for the rent-controlled area. Here are some of the pros and cons of rent control.

Pros:

•   Tenants have some stability in the cost of their housing unit over time

•   Tenants usually also have some eviction protections

Cons

•   Landlords don’t have incentive to re-invest in other apartments or upgrade their current rentals

•   Unit size is not always a match for a family’s size

•   May contribute to housing shortages

Example of Rent Control

Rent control is determined by the local rent board or commission. That includes price increases. For example, if you started renting an apartment for $2,000 last year, and the maximum allowable amount for a yearly rent increase is 7.5%, the most your yearly rent would increase would be $150. That would bring your new rent to $2,150.

How to Find a Rent-Controlled Apartment

If you’re looking for a rent-controlled or rent-stabilized apartment, your city’s rent regulation authority is usually one of the best places to find them.

New York City’s government website has a list of rent-stabilized buildings, as well as guidelines on how to know if an apartment is rent-controlled. It’s even possible to submit the building’s address in an online form to find out if rent is stabilized.

Recommended: 25 Things to Know When Renting Out an Airbnb

States With Rent Control

Only seven states have rent control laws in place. They are:

•   Oregon

•   California

•   New York

•   Maine

•   Maryland

•   Minnesota

•   New Jersey

•   District of Columbia

Thirty-three states have laws that preempt (or prevent) local governments from implementing some form of rent control.

One of the reasons states may outlaw rent control regulation has to do with housing supply. Economists note that while rent control affords price control and some protection for tenants, it also negatively affects the housing supply. That’s because limiting how much a property owner can make discourages housing investment, such as investing in duplexes, as well as housing development in areas where rent control exists.

If a property owner is limited on the money they can make on their unit, they will invest in other areas that do not have these restrictions and where they may even be able to rent out extra rooms. This, in turn, exacerbates housing affordability because there are fewer units with more people to compete for them.

The Takeaway

Rent control has benefits, especially in high-density areas where expansion is limited and long-term tenants need some affordability. However, it does come with downsides, including possibly limiting the housing supply.

In addition, rent-controlled properties can be difficult to come by because there aren’t a lot of them. In this case, or if you’re simply ready to move on from apartment life into something you own, you may want to look into buying a house, including checking out first time homebuyer programs.

Or, if you’re an investor, perhaps you’re thinking of investing in single family rental homes. Either way, whether you want to buy a house to live in, or buy it to rent it out, you can explore your mortgage options. There are many different types of mortgages available, so you’ll have plenty to choose from.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

Who benefits most from rent control?

Tenants already in place may benefit from living in an apartment where price increases are limited or controlled. Rent-controlled apartments are typically reserved for individuals and families that need affordable housing.

What is an example of rent control?

One example of rent control is this: If you signed a lease on a rent-controlled apartment for $1,700 per month and the maximum allowable rent increase is 3.5%, then the most your landlord could increase your rent would be by $59.50. That would bring your new monthly rent to $1,759.50.

What are the negative effects of rent control?

Economists say rent control creates housing shortages and doesn’t incentivize landlords to maintain or repair their rental units.

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Photo credit: iStock/gorodenkoff

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

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Are you sick of pouring money into summer rentals or booking vacation houses online, sight unseen? If you’re managing to make the mortgage payments on your primary residence without straining your budget, you could be ready to invest in a second home. Here are some ideas on how to get an additional mortgage loan to potentially purchase another home.

Consider All the Costs

If you already own a house, you understand that the costs of home ownership go beyond mortgage payments. Remember that you’ll now have a second set of costs, including property taxes, insurance, maintenance, utilities, and the cost of travel to the second location.

You may also face some expenses with a vacation property that you wouldn’t face with a primary residence. For example, a house on the beach might need flood insurance to protect it against hurricanes.

All of these costs factor in on top of a second mortgage payment. Before you dive into owning a second home, consider whether or not you can afford them.

💡 Quick Tip: You deserve a more zen mortgage. Look for a mortgage lender who’s dedicated to closing your loan on time.

Determine if You Want a Vacation Home or a Rental Property

Before beginning to shop for a mortgage, you’ll need to decide whether you want to potentially earn rental income on the property. The answer to this question will determine the type of mortgage you qualify for.

However, if you require rental income in order to qualify for the additional home purchase, you may need to document existing rental income derived from the property (if the seller will share that information) or the lender may require a rental appraisal from a local property manager or real estate agent specifying the likely rental income. Keep in mind that the lender may only use a certain percentage (likely 75%) of the lease amount as a credit toward your qualifying income.

To qualify for a loan on a rental property, you will likely need a higher down payment, typically at least 20% or more. Non-owner occupied loans allow you to use the home when it’s not rented. Investment property mortgage rates may be higher than those for a primary residence. Another factor to consider is that a rental property may affect your income tax deductions differently than a vacation home.

Factors to Qualify for a Mortgage

If you’re ready to buy a home, and you’ve decided whether you’re looking for a vacation home or a rental property, you’ll want to consider many of the same factors needed to secure a first mortgage. Utilizing a home affordability calculator can be important when understanding how much home you can afford.

Credit report and FICO® score: Your credit report is essentially a report card that shows lenders how responsible you are about managing your debt, including your existing mortgage. It shows whether you make payments on time and whether you’ve missed payments or defaulted on debt in the past.

Your FICO score is a number that reflects your consumer credit risk. Make sure that you keep your credit score healthy by making on-time payments. Also check your credit report to be sure everything has been reported correctly. Mistakes can drag your score down, so it’s important to alert the credit reporting bureaus immediately if you find incorrect information.

Debt-to-income ratio: Your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio is a measure of how much debt you carry each month compared to your monthly income. If you have $2,000 a month in debt payments and make $6,000 a month in income, your DTI is $2,000/$6,000, or 33%. If your DTI is too high, lenders are less likely to give you a mortgage, or you may not be able to secure a mortgage with favorable terms. The DTI required by your lender can vary based on factors such as your credit score, type of home, and the size of your down payment but most lenders like to see a DTI of no more than 43% for a second home purchase.

One way to get your DTI low is by paying off old debts and avoiding taking on new ones. “It’s important to cut spending as much as you can while you’re tackling your debts,” said Kendall Meade, a Certified Financial Planner at SoFi. You may also consider refinancing loans you already have, including the mortgage on your first house, if you can take advantage of potentially lower interest rates. A lower interest rate could mean paying less over the life of the loan, which could help you lower your DTI sooner than you thought.

If you are purchasing a rental property, and you can show an existing tenant’s fully executed lease agreement and other supporting documentation the lender may require, it is likely that the lender will calculate 75% of the monthly lease amount toward your qualifying income.

Down payment: Required down payments on second homes are typically higher than on primary residences. For a second home purchase, lenders may require a down payment of at least 10% or more. If you put less than 20% down, you may be required to have private mortgage insurance (PMI), which protects the lender if you stop making payments.

The more you can pay upfront with a down payment, the more favorable your mortgage terms are likely to be. Your interest rate and monthly payments may be lower, and if your DTI or credit score is less than ideal, a higher down payment could potentially help you compensate for these factors.

Though making a large down payment can be a financial boon, you may want to make sure that you don’t deplete your savings so much that you no longer have extra cash to cover other expenses like closing costs.

Income and assets: Your lender will typically want to see that you have two years worth of steady and ongoing income to qualify for a mortgage. They also may want to see recent statements from any monetary assets you have such as a checking account, savings account, CD, IRA, 401(k), etc. Lenders may also want to see reserve funds. The amount of required reserves will vary from lender to lender and loan program to loan program, but each month of reserves is equal to one month’s worth of payments on your first and additional mortgage. One month of mortgage payments is defined as principal, interest, taxes, insurance, and other miscellaneous costs (such as flood insurance or HOA dues).

💡 Quick Tip: To see a house in person, particularly in a tight or expensive market, you may need to show the real estate agent proof that you’re preapproved for a mortgage. SoFi’s online application makes the process simple.

Estimate How Much You Can Afford

This home affordability calculator helps estimate the cost of purchasing a home and what your monthly payment would be — including closing costs, insurance, and property tax.

The Takeaway

It’s usually a good idea to shop around. As you search for an additional mortgage, consider checking out multiple lenders to make sure you’re getting the best deal for you on interest rates, terms, and fees.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

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*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

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Perhaps the idea of home ownership sounds appealing, but the thought of all the maintenance involved — inside and out — doesn’t sound so great. Dealing with snow removal or tending to your lawn might be the last thing you want to add to your already full plate.

If that resonates, buying a home that has a homeowners association, or HOA, might be the right move. Whether you’re shopping for a condo or a 3-bedroom house in a new development, an HOA could be a valuable thing. These organizations, funded by dues, take care of many of those maintenance responsibilities, run shared facilities (like a pool), and create guidelines (and enforce them) for the community of homeowners.

That said, interacting with an HOA and following its guidelines may not be for everyone. Read on to learn:

•   What is an HOA, or homeowners association

•   How do HOAs work

•   How much are HOA dues

•   What are the pros and cons of HOAs

•   How will HOA fees impact your costs as a homeowner

What Is an HOA (Homeowners Association)?

An HOA is typically a non-profit volunteer group that manages aspects of homeownership in certain planned unit developments (PUDs), condos, and other housing communities. The HOA collects fees from each member of the community and uses them to handle maintenance duties and amenities. These may include:

•   Landscaping and maintenance of walkways and the like

•   Pest control

•   Maintenance and utilities of shared spaces, such as lounges and pool areas

•   Garbage pickup

•   Parking

•   Security

Another answer to “What is an HOA?” should mention that these associations typically make enforceable rules about the look and feel of the community. There may be guidelines about, say, the size of pets one may own, or the color schemes permissible for a townhome’s exterior. The existence of an HOA will be an important consideration when you are shopping for a place to live and HOA fees need to be built into a homebuyer’s financial plan, just like home loan payments.

Recommended: Condo vs. Townhouse: 9 Major Differences

How Does an HOA Work?

HOAs can be staffed in different ways. They can be run by people owning property within its boundaries, run by a board of directors, or through a similar arrangement, with board designees elected to oversee and enforce HOA rules.

Many HOAs are incorporated, which makes them subject to the laws of the state and may require them to file annual reports with the corporation commission, in order to remain in good standing.

People who purchase properties within an HOA jurisdiction become members of that organization, and they must abide by the rules contained within that organization’s bylaws and Declaration of Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions (CC&Rs).

HOA rules, fees and restrictions vary. Some bylaws and CC&Rs are strict, while others are looser, typically focusing on how residents must keep properties maintained according to stated specifications. In a planned unit subdivision of single-family homes, for example, rules may include what types of landscaping are permitted, or exterior colors of paint, what kinds of fencing is allowed, and more.

They can include usage rules for common property, such as a pool, and typically outline penalties for rule violations, ranging from forcing a homeowner to comply to fees and, sometimes, litigation.

How Common Are HOAs?

Here are some recent statistics that will help you get an idea of how common HOAs currently are in the U.S.:

•   Approximately 75.5 million Americans live in HOAs, cooperatives, or condominium units.

•   30% of all U.S. homeowners live in HOA communities.

•   28.2 million housing units in America are part of HOA communities.

As you see, HOAs are quite popular.

What Is an HOA Fee?

Now that you know a bit about what is a homeowners association, let’s look at those fees they charge. People who buy property in an HOA-governed condo or community usually must pay dues — also known as HOA fees — typically due monthly. These fees help to maintain common areas of buildings, such as lobbies and patios, and perhaps community clubhouses. These fees can cover maintenance on elevators or swimming pools, if applicable, or could be used for landscaping expenses, and so forth. Additional special assessments may be charged for major repairs, such as roof repairs.

Some studies suggest that average HOA fees range from $200 to $400 per month, although they can be as low as $50 and as high as $2,500 or more. It depends on the HOA complex, where it is, what amenities the project maintains, and sometimes on how the individual HOA is managed.

What’s most important when shopping for a new home is that you are clear about what fees would be assessed on your individual unit and whether that fits your budget.

When Considering an HOA Property

When considering whether or not to buy a property within a homeowners association, it makes sense to understand what you’d be committing to if you bought this property.

To get an understanding of how the organization operates, you can ask the board of directors if you could read minutes from meetings — if you have a real estate agent, they should be able to help you access records. This may give you a good overview of any challenges the organization is facing, and insights into how solutions are brainstormed and implemented.

Questions to investigate can include:

•   What are the HOA fees each month? What do they cover?

•   If the fees seem low, does it appear as though enough funds are collected to maintain general areas? What about meeting rooms, the gym, pool area, and so forth?

•   If the HOA fees are higher than expected, do they seem excessive for what you’d get in return?

•   Are homeowners also being charged special assessments to cover other costs? If so, how often and what are they?

•   How many units are not paying their HOA fees? What are the consequences for that? Are penalties being imposed?

•   If certain units don’t pay their HOA fees, can these unpaid costs be imposed upon other owners to make up the difference?

•   If desired, will you be allowed to sublet your unit? Over what term and with what restrictions?

•   Are you allowed to have a pet? If so, what restrictions exist? Ask to read a copy of the CC&Rs which is recorded public information.

•   Does pending litigation exist against the HOA? If so, of what type? Does it involve, say, damage to one unit, or does it affect the entire organization?

If you have friends or family members who are part of this HOA, consider asking them what they like about living there, and what they don’t. If you have a friend or family member who owns housing under a different HOA, chat with them as well. Their insights can be valuable in regards to what questions to ask and issues to explore before buying.

You can also review the bylaws, which usually share voting rights of members, budget and assessment rules, meeting requirements, and so forth. Check to see what actions can be taken without a member vote — if they include raising assessments or creating rules, this could have an impact on your buying decision.

Recommended: Mortgage Servicing: Everything You Need to Know

Pros vs Cons of HOAs

There are several benefits of buying a property that’s part of an HOA. Consider these upsides:

•   Guidelines to help maintain the look of the community, settle issues, and create harmony among residents.

•   Enhanced quality of life and property values.

•   Maintenance services so homeowners don’t need to do the work themselves or hire freelance help.

That said, there are also possible drawbacks to being part of an HOA. These can include:

•   The cost of the HOAs fees can be prohibitively expensive, and the possibility of assessments can be financially challenging.

•   Potentially restrictive guidelines that inhibit your freedom over your property (that is, you may not be allowed to have a certain kind of pet or put in solar panels).

•   Those who run the HOA may be volunteers vs. skilled real estate professionals, which could lead to inefficiencies.

Can You Afford to Buy into an HOA?

When shopping for a new home or condo, one key consideration is how much you can afford for a house — with the true cost being more than just principal, interest, and homeowners insurance. If you are considering properties that have HOA charges, it’s vital to factor those in to make sure your budget is manageable.

You’ll need a down payment on the home. There are also property taxes, insurance, closing costs (which can run from 3% to 5% of the home’s cost, paid by the buyer and/or seller according to the contract). And there are expenses other than closing costs such as moving expenses, furniture costs, and more that should be considered as you grapple with how much you can afford.

Plus, you might want to have an emergency fund established for unexpected expenses, whether unanticipated housing repairs, or medical expenses, or something else entirely.

To help you figure out that affordable house payment number, you could check out our mortgage calculator.

Recommended: What Credit Score Is Needed to Buy a House?

What to Know About Mortgages and HOAs

There’s one more wrinkle to the topic of what is a homeowners association and should you buy into one: the impact it may have on securing your mortgage.

When you buy a property that is part of an HOA, you may need additional documentation for your lender. If your bid is accepted, the lender will likely request a homeowners association certification, called an HOA cert for short. This document provides your lender with a snapshot of how the HOA is being run, and may provide information such as:

•   How old the project is

•   Whether a condominium development was converted from an apartment building or specifically built as condo units

•   How many units exist in the project

•   How many units are occupied

•   How many occupied units are owner occupied and how many are rented to someone else

•   How much HOA fees are

•   The amount of insurance on the project

If this information is requested, it will likely be reviewed to confirm that this property meets the lender’s loan eligibility guidelines. Because guidelines can vary from lender to lender and loan program to loan program, it makes sense to check with your lender of choice as soon as possible to determine if this financial institution considers your condo to be eligible for financing.

The HOA cert may also be obtained by the escrow/title company and provided to your lender, along with the relevant CC&Rs. This provides insight into any property restrictions and other aspects that may affect a home’s lendability and marketability.

Recommended: Home Loan vs. Mortgage: What You Should Know

The Takeaway

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

Why do HOAs exist?

Homeowners associations exist to manage and maintain common areas, to enforce community rules, and to collect and manage the finances used for community upkeep. Many people who participate in HOAs expect the association to help enhance their property values.

How much are HOA fees?

HOA fees vary widely based on the amenities offered by the development but most people can expect to pay at least $200 to $300 per month.

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SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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