Mortgage Backed Securities, Explained

Mortgage-Backed Securities, Explained

Mortgage-backed securities are bond-like investments made up of a pool of mortgages. When you purchase a mortgage-backed security, you’re buying a small portion of a collection of loans that a government-sponsored entity or a financial institution has packaged together for sale.

Investors may refer to these loans as MBS, which stands for mortgage-backed securities. Investing in mortgage-backed securities allows investors to get exposure to the real estate market without taking direct ownership of properties or making direct loans to borrowers. Mortgage-backed securities offer benefits to other stakeholders as well, namely loan-issuing banks, private lenders, and investment banks who issue them.

Mortgage-backed securities have a stained reputation due to their role in the housing market collapse in 2008. However, that crisis led to increased regulation, and depending on your investment goals, there may be a case for including mortgage-backed securities in a diversified portfolio.

What Is a Mortgage-Backed Security?

Mortgage-backed securities are asset-backed investments, in which the underlying assets are mortgages.

Government entities and some financial institutions issue mortgage-backed securities by purchasing mortgages from banks, mortgage companies, and other loan originators and combining them into pools, which they sell to investors.

The financial institution then securitizes the pool, by selling shares to investors who then receive a monthly distribution of income and principal payments, similar to bond coupon payments, as the mortgage borrowers pay off their loans.


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How a Mortgage-Backed Security Works

When dealing with mortgage-backed securities, banks essentially become middlemen between the homebuyer and the investment industry.

The process works as follows:

1.    A bank or mortgage company originates a home loan.

2.    The bank or mortgage company sells that new loan to an investment bank or government-sponsored entity, and uses the sale money to create new loans.

3.    The investment bank or government-sponsored entity combines the newly purchased loan into a bundle of mortgages with similar interest rates.

4.    This investment bank assigns the loan bundle to a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) or Special Investment Vehicle (SIV) which securitizes the bundles of loans. This creates a separation between the mortgage-backed securities and the investment bank’s primary services.

5.    Credit rating agencies review the security and rate its riskiness for investors. The SPV or SIV then issues the mortgage-backed securities on the trading markets.

When the process operates as intended, the bank that creates the loan maintains reasonable credit standards and makes a profit by selling the loan. They also have more liquidity to make additional loans to others. The homeowner pays their mortgage on time and the mortgage-backed securities holders receive their portion of the principal and interest payments.

Recommended: Investing 101 Guide

Who Sells Mortgage-Backed Securities?

While some private financial institutions issue mortgage-backed securities, the majority come from government-sponsored entities. Those include Ginnie Mae, the Government National Mortgage Association; Fannie Mae, the Federal National Mortgage Association; and Freddie Mac, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.

The U.S. government backs and secures Ginnie Mae’s mortgage-backed securities, guaranteeing that investors will receive timely payments. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac do not have the same guaranteed backing, but they can borrow directly from the Treasury when needed.

What Are the Risks of Investing in Mortgage-Backed Securities?

Like all alternative investments, mortgage-backed securities carry some risks that investors must understand. One such risk is prepayment risk, in which mortgage borrowers pay off their mortgages (often because they move or refinances), reducing the yield for the holder of the MBS. Mortgage defaults could further decrease the value of mortgage-backed securities.

Other risks include housing market fluctuations and liquidity risk.

Recommended: Opportunity Cost and Investments

Types of Mortgage-Backed Securities

There are several different types of mortgage-backed securities.

Pass-Through

A Pass-Through Participation Certificate or Pass-Through is the simplest type of MBS. They are structured as trusts, in which a servicer collects mortgage payments for the underlying loans and distributes them to investors.

Pass-through mortgage-backed securities typically have stated maturities of five, 15, or 30 years, though the term of a pass-through may be lower. With pass-throughs, holders receive a pro-rata share of both principal and interest payments earned on the mortgage pool.

Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS)

Residential mortgage-backed securities are mortgage-backed securities based on loans for residential homes.

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS)

Commercial mortgage-backed securities are mortgage-backed securities based on loans for commercial properties, such as apartment buildings, offices, or retail spaces or industrial properties.

Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs)

These securities are similar to mortgage-backed securities in that CDOs are also asset-backed and may contain mortgages, but they may also include other types of debt, such as business, student, and personal loans.

Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMO)

CMOs or Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (REMICs) is a more complex form of mortgage-backed securities. A CMO is a pool of mortgages with similar risk categories known as tranches. Tranches are unique and can have different principal balances, coupon rates, prepayment risks, and maturity rates.

Less-risky tranches tend to have more reliable cash flows and a lower probability of being exposed to default risk and thus are considered a safer investment. Conversely, higher-risk tranches have more uncertain cash flows and a higher risk of default. However, higher-risk tranches are compensated with higher interest rates, which can be attractive to some investors with higher risk tolerance.

Recommended: Exploring Different Types of Investments

Mortgage-Backed Securities and the 2008 Financial Crisis

Mortgage-backed securities played a large role in the financial crisis and housing market collapse that began in 2008. By 2008, trillions of dollars in wealth evaporated, prominent companies like Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns went bankrupt, and the global financial markets crashed.

At the time, banks had gotten increasingly lenient in their credit standards making risky loans to borrowers. One reason that they became more lenient was because they were able to sell the loans to be packaged into mortgage-backed securities, meaning that the banks faced fewer financial consequences if borrowers defaulted.

When home values fell and millions of homes went into foreclosure, the value of all those mortgage-backed securities and CDOs plummeted, indicating that they had been riskier assets than their ratings indicated. Many investors lost money; many homeowners foreclosed on their homes.

An important lesson from that time is that mortgage-backed securities have risks associated with the underlying mortgage borrower’s ability to pay their mortgage.


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MBS Today

Residential mortgage-backed securities now face far more government scrutiny than they did prior to the financial crisis. MBS mortgages must now come from a regulated and authorized financial institution and receive an investment-grade rating from an accredited rating agency. Issuers must also provide investors with disclosures including sharing information about their risks.

Investors who want exposure to mortgage-backed securities but don’t want to do the research or purchases themselves might consider buying an exchange-traded fund (ETF) that focuses on mortgage-backed securities.

The Takeaway

Mortgage-backed securities are complex investment products, but they have benefits for investors looking for exposure to the real estate debt without making direct loans. While they do have risks, they may have a place as part of a diversified portfolio for some investors.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.


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INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
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Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Tips for Teaching Your Kids About Investing

Many parents are thinking about financial literacy in a new light. Money has always been complicated, but the world of digital transactions and ready credit has made it even more so. But because there are few required personal finance classes in schools, it’s largely up to parents to help their kids become money savvy.

Policymakers and educators talk about improving financial literacy for kids, but so far few states seem ready to do much about it. According to the Council for Economic Education’s 2022 “Survey of States,” only 23 states require high school students to take a personal finance class — an increase of just 2 states since 2020.

So parents, it’s up to you. You can set your kids on the right path by teaching them the investment basics you wish you’d learned when you were young. Here are some actionable, age-appropriate tips for teaching your kids about investing.

Set the Stage: From Saving to Investing

If your children have their own savings accounts, or even a piggy bank, you’re off to a good start. But at some point, you can start introducing more advanced financial topics (with examples whenever possible). Every kid is different, so you’ll have to gauge your children’s interest and comprehension. These are some concepts to discuss.


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Risk vs Reward

Conventional wisdom says that the riskier the investment, the higher the payout. But the opposite is also true. The riskier the investment, the more you can lose.

Explain to kids that unlike a savings account, which is safe but grows money slowly, an investment account usually carries more risk, so it may grow faster but it also may lose money.

Diversifying Investments

Even a young child should be able to understand diversification by the phrase “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” When talking to older kids, you can give examples of different types of investments — stocks, bonds, mutual funds, real estate and other investments — and explain the role each might play in a portfolio.

Supply and Demand

The stock market is generally driven by supply and demand. If more investors demand to own stocks, the market rises. If there are more sellers than buyers, the market falls. As an example, you might be able to talk about how the price of a hard-to get toy drops over time, or how clothes get cheaper when they’re out of season.

Researching Investments

If you have children who love to look up things online, why not make the most of that interest and skill set? Ask them about the companies they think might be a good investment, and then check out the reality. (Some of their favorite brands may be privately traded, so that’s another conversation you can have.)

Older kids can look for news stories that summarize analysts’ reports on Google Finance, Yahoo Finance, or MarketWatch, where the writers typically decipher analysts’ jargon.

Gaming & the Market

Another way to get older kids interested in investing? Let them learn and practice trading with an online game or app. There are many options out there, including animated games that give kids a goal and ask them to make investment choices about getting there.

Play Follow the Market

Once your kids understand a little bit about how the stock market works, you can begin following the markets together and track how they’d do if they were actually invested in a particular stock, for example. Older kids might like to create an online watch list of their favorites on finance sites where they can watch market movements without risking actual cash.

Go Buy the Book

It might sound like a pretty old-school way to explain investing to kids, but there are books out there that include plenty of illustrations, fun language, and important lessons, including these:

What All Kids (and Adults Too) Should Know About … Savings and Investing, by Rob Pivnick, covers saving, budgeting and investing.

Go! Stock! Go!: A Stock Market Guide for Enterprising Children and Their Curious Parents, by Bennett Zimmerman, follows the Johnson family as they learn the fundamentals of stocks and bonds, the mechanics of investing, and the ups and downs of risk and reward.

I’m a Shareholder Kit: The Basics About Stocks — For Kids/Teens, by Rick Roman, is a spiral-bound book that was last updated in May 2018 and is designed to appeal to kids who want to know about investing and managing their money.

Make It Real with a Custodial Account

If you want to give kids a taste of what investing is like, you can open a custodial account and either make some picks yourself or let your children do the choosing.

Custodial accounts give kids financial visibility but limited responsibility because they are not allowed access to the account’s money or assets. In almost all cases, the parent is responsible for managing the money until their child reaches adulthood.

Many discount brokers offer investment accounts for kids online. Some brokers have also introduced hybrid products for teens that allow them to save money, spend, and invest all in one place with the supervision of their parents.


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What to Invest in

One way to make the lesson more meaningful might be to think about the things that are important to the kids at each stage of life and pick a stock that represents it. (The company that makes their favorite snacks, for example, a top toy brand, or a clothing label.)

As your children get older, they can have more input, and you can talk about how dividends work, the power of compounding returns, and what it means to buy and hold. If your kiddos can’t decide between two companies, they can work together to research the better choice.

Recommended: What Does Buy & Hold Mean?

It’s important to note that there are pros and cons to creating investing portfolios for minors, so you’ll likely want to check out any consequences related to future taxes and when the child applies for financial aid for college.

Grow Their Interest with Compound Interest

Want to show your kids the magic of compounding interest? The Compound Interest Calculator on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Investor.gov website is easy to use and understand. Just plug in an initial amount, how much you expect to add each month, and the interest rate you expect to earn. The calculator will chart out an estimate of how much your child’s initial deposit would grow over time.

To take it a step further, you can teach your children to use the “Rule of 72” to compare different types of investments. According to this rule, money doubles at a rate where 72 is divided by the percentage gain. So, if your child is looking at an investment that makes 4% annually, it will double in 18 years, or 72 divided by 4.

Share Your Own Family’s Adventures in Investing

Whether it’s a success story or a cautionary tale, kids can learn a lot from their family history.

For example, in a conversation about the value of investing and goal-setting, you could talk about how your parents and grandparents made and saved their money vs. how it’s done today.

Focus on storytelling instead of lecturing, and encourage questions to keep kids involved.

The Takeaway

There are many ways to introduce kids of all ages to the concept of investing. The simplest one is to share with them your own investing history and perspectives. Beyond that, use websites, videos, books and other tools — including a custodial account, if you want — to illustrate the how-tos, dos, and don’ts of investing.

Keep it fun, and don’t forget to share some of your own goals and financial plans with your kids. Kids learn by participating in real life. Someday your adult children might be telling tales around the dinner table about how your lessons helped advance their financial savvy.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.


SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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7 Ways To Simplify Your Finances

It may feel like there’s nothing easy about money. The older you get, the more obligations you may have. Between checking, savings, IRAs, 401(k)s, bills, loans, mortgages, and more — it can be a lot to keep track of and manage.

If thinking about your finances causes you to feel stressed and/or you find yourself putting off important financial decisions, it may be time to simplify. While streamlining your personal finances can take a little bit of time and effort in the short term, it can end up saving you time, effort, as well as money, over the long haul.

Here are seven simple moves that can help you manage your money more efficiently — and more effectively.

1. Automating Your Bills

One of the easiest ways to simplify your finances is to set up auto payment whenever possible. Putting all of your bills — including credit cards, utilities, insurance, loans, mortgage, and even rent — on autopilot can save you significant time and hassle each month. Plus, you won’t have to worry about late payments — or late fees.

You can often set up automatic payments for your bills by going to the website of the service provider and inputting your bank account information.

If a business doesn’t offer an automatic payment program, you may be able to set up a recurring payment through your bank by logging on to your checking account or using your bank’s mobile app.


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2. Going Paperless

A major culprit of personal finance-related headaches is paperwork. Keeping track of the many documents — all those receipts, investment reports, bank statements, tax returns — can be a struggle.

Many services allow you to opt-in to a paperless experience instead. You’ll typically have access to all of the documents when you log into your account. And, with everything just a click away, you won’t have to worry about finding misplaced paper documents.

If you’re interested in leveling up your organization, you could even set up a digitized archive of your important information and files on your computer or an external hard drive, so you never have to spend hours searching through file cabinets and miscellaneous envelopes.

You can also reduce physical — and mental — clutter by taking advantage of the many retailers and service providers that offer email, rather than paper, receipts. Or, you may want to consider getting an app that scans, organizes, and stores receipts, such as Smart Receipts .

You can also get an app for filing and organizing your paperless statements. Some not only capture receipts, but will also seek out your online statements and bills and automatically download and file them to the cloud.

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3. Consolidating Accounts

Whether you’re married with three kids or single with two Labradoodles, there’s a good chance that you have more financial accounts than you need. Consolidating multiple bank accounts into just a few can help simplify your financial life. In some cases, it can also help you save you money.

If you’ve done a lot of job hopping in your career, for example, you could have multiple 401(k)s floating around. When you leave a company but don’t roll over your 401(k), you’re often subject to fees that your employer may have been covering while you were employed.

By rolling your 401(k) into an IRA, you may be able to minimize fees. Another plus is that you’ll also have all of your funds in one spot. And, you may be able to select from a wider selection of funds and investments than the ones selected by your previous employer.

If you have more than one checking or savings account, you may want to see if you can pare it down to one of each, ideally under the same roof. Or, you might want to consider switching to a checking and savings account, which functions as both a spending and saving account in one product.

You may also want to look at bundling your insurance policies. Many companies offer substantial discounts if they write both your auto and homeowner’s policies.

4. Using One Credit Card

If you signed up for a variety of credit cards, chasing the promised rewards they offered, you may have racked up more than a few credit accounts.

To make it easier to keep track of your spending, you may want to pick the card that offers you the most in return, whether that’s cash back, travel rewards, or other perks, and focus on using only that credit card.

By putting everything on one card, you’ll only have one credit card bill to pay each month, a single statement to monitor for errors and fraud, and one rewards program to track. Plus, you won’t have to think about which card to pull out whenever you’re making a purchase.

Rather than canceling your other cards (which could negatively impact your credit score), you may want to just store them away in a secure place.

5. Knocking Down Debt

One of the most effective ways to reduce financial stress is to get rid of high interest debts.

Paying off even one sizable credit card or loan can not only ease worry, but can also reduce the number of financial obligations you have to deal with each month. It can also free up money that you can then put towards something else, whether that’s getting rid of other debts or something fun like a vacation.

Two common strategies for paying off debt are the debt snowball and debt avalanche method.

With the debt snowball method, you list your debts in order of size, then put any extra money you have towards the debt with the smallest balance, while paying the minimum on the others. When that debt is paid off, you tackle the next-smallest debt, and so on. Paying off debts in full can help you feel accomplished, simplify your life, and inspire you to continue crushing your debt.

With the debt avalanche method of paying off debt, you list your debts in order of interest rate, then focus on putting extra money towards the debt with the highest interest rate first, while paying the minimum on the rest. When that debt is paid off, you put extra money towards the debt with the next-highest interest rate. While it may take you longer to see progress on your loans, you’ll likely pay less money in interest over time using this method.

6. Putting Saving on Autopilot

The set-it-and-forget-it approach can be highly effective when it comes to saving money. For one reason, you don’t have to remember to transfer money from your checking to your savings each month. For another, the money will get whisked out of your checking account before you ever have a chance to spend it.

You can automate savings in just a few minutes by setting up a recurring transfer from your checking to your savings account for a set amount of money on the same day each month (perhaps the day after you paycheck clears).

Even if you can only afford to transfer a small amount each month, it can be worth automating this task. Since the savings will happen every month no matter what, your savings will gradually build over time.


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7. Focusing on Fewer Goals

It can be great to have financial goals. Many of us have plans to buy a home, put kids through college, and pay for our retirement. But if you set too many goals at one time, you can end up losing focus, and not making any progress on any of them.

A better approach can be to set just one or two goals to fully focus on at one time. Ideally, one should be saving for retirement, since the earlier you start saving for retirement, generally the easier it is to reach your goal.

The other goal might be paying off your credit card debt or student loans, saving for a down payment on a home, or putting money aside to help pay for your kids’ college education.

By focusing your energy on just one or two specific goals, you may be able to make real headway. Once you start seeing progress — or actually achieve the goal — you’ll likely be inspired to set, and accomplish, other goals.

The Takeaway

Simplifying your financial life may take a bit of legwork up front but, in the long run, it can help alleviate stress and also help you better plan for your financial future.

Strategies that can help you simplify your finances include paring down the number of accounts you have, crossing off debts, automating monthly tasks like paying bills and transferring money to savings, and focusing your efforts on just one or two financial goals at a time.

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As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/31/2024. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Investing in Small Cap Stocks

Investing in Small Cap Stocks

Small cap stocks are stocks in smaller companies, typically those worth between $250 million and $2 billion. Small cap stocks often have high growth potential, which makes them a potentially attractive investment. However, while investors may see higher returns with these stocks, they may also mean higher volatility and risk levels.

For investors considering adding small cap stocks to their portfolios, it’s essential to understand how these stocks work and the advantages and disadvantages that come with this type of investment.

What Are Small Cap Stocks?

With a market cap between $250 million and $2 billion, small cap companies are usually moderately young companies. Small cap stocks typically have some growth potential, but they may not have a longstanding market history. Therefore, these stocks are considered to be riskier than mid-cap stocks or large cap stocks.


💡 Quick Tip: Before opening any investment account, consider what level of risk you are comfortable with. If you’re not sure, start with more conservative investments, and then adjust your portfolio as you learn more.

Understanding Market Capitalization

Market capitalization, or market cap, is a measure of an individual company’s value. The market cap represents the value of total outstanding shares. Investors can use this value to compare similar companies as well as consider future growth predictions.

To calculate a company’s market cap, multiply the total number of outstanding shares by the current share price. For example, let’s say a company has 15 million outstanding shares at a share price of $25 per share. Using this calculation, the company’s market cap would be $375 million.

Due to share price fluctuations, the market cap fluctuates over time. To find the number of outstanding shares, investors can review the “capital stock” numbers on a company’s balance sheet. This information is updated during the quarterly filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Are Small Cap Stocks a Good Investment?

Small cap stocks may be a good investment as part of a diversified portfolio, but there are risks. The market cap of a company can give investors an idea of the risk and reward of purchasing individual stocks. Purchasing small cap stocks may be riskier than buying stocks of larger companies because the companies are often still in growth mode. In addition, small cap companies often have fewer resources than large-cap companies, and may have less access to liquidity.

Due to these factors, any market dip can negatively impact small cap stocks. Conversely, smaller companies often have higher upside potential, and small cap growth stocks may deliver higher returns than their peers. Still, investors who choose these investments may have to weather market volatility along the way to growth.

Pros of Investing in Small Cap Stocks

There are several benefits to allocating some of your portfolio into small cap stocks.

Growth Potential

When comparing large cap stocks to small cap stocks, small cap stocks tend to have a higher growth potential over the long-term. For much of the stock market’s history, small cap stocks had higher returns than large-cap stocks, and other asset classes.

This growth potential makes small cap stocks an attractive investment choice for investors. They tend to perform particularly well after recessions, during economic expansion.

They’re Often Undervalued

Analysts usually spend less time analyzing small cap stocks, so they get less attention from investors which can lead to lower demand — and lower prices. Therefore, investors may be able to leverage the inefficiencies of the market for potentially better returns.

Financial Institutions Don’t Increase Stock Prices

Specific regulations may not allow financial institutions such as hedge funds and mutual funds to heavily invest in small cap stocks. Therefore, it’s unlikely that large investments from financial institutions will artificially increase the stock price.

Cons of Investing in Small Cap Stocks

While small cap stocks have their benefits, there are also several drawbacks that investors should consider.

High Risk

Investing in small cap stocks tends to have significant risk for investors. Since they’re often younger companies, small cap companies do not always have a time-tested business model. If the company’s management can not make appropriate adjustments to the business model, it may yield poor financial or operational results.

Also, because small cap companies may lack the resources such as capital or access to financing that larger companies have, they may struggle to expand the business or fill in cash flow gaps, especially if the economy hits hard times.

Research May Be Time-Consuming

Due to the limited availability of research and analysis done on small cap stocks, investors may have to spend a significant amount of time researching each investment option.

Minimal Liquidity

Small cap stocks tend to have less liquidity than large cap company stocks. Since there are fewer shares available, investors may not be able to purchase the stock. Conversely, investors may not be able to sell their shares at a reasonable price. The liquidity of small cap stocks adds to the risk of investing in this type of stock.

How to Invest in Small Cap Stocks

Investors can purchase small cap stocks through a brokerage firm or an individual investment account. Since there’s often less public information available about small cap stocks, investors must do their own due diligence in researching companies to understand their potential risks and returns.

Investors who don’t have the time or expertise to determine which individual small cap stocks to buy can invest in small cap companies by purchasing mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that track a broader range of small cap indexes. Some funds may also have unique characteristics within them, such as growth- or value-oriented stocks.

Buying mutual funds and ETFs allow investors to pool funds with other investors to sell and buy buckets of market securities. This type of investing aims to mitigate risks by diversifying investments. Instead of investing in a single company, fund investors are purchasing shares in dozens or hundreds of companies. Investing in mutual funds and ETFs is more of a passive investment strategy that doesn’t require investors to make trades actively.


đź’ˇ Quick Tip: Are self directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).

Diversifying With Small Cap Stocks

Even though small cap mutual funds and ETFs provide diversification within a specific asset class, investors can further reduce their risk exposure by expanding portfolio diversification into a broader mix of assets.

Depending on market conditions, different types of stocks may perform differently. The concept can apply to stocks of companies that vary in sizes. Depending on what the market is doing, small, medium, and large companies may either beat the market returns or underperform.

When diversifying a portfolio, investors may start by determining their investment goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon. Then, by assessing these factors, they can decide an appropriate asset allocation to determine the portfolio’s percentage that may include stocks. A typical example is a portfolio composed of 60% stocks and 40% bonds.

Investors use the same factors (time horizon, goals, and risk tolerance) to decide the mix of stocks that will go into the portfolio’s stock percentage portion. Then, as market fluctuations happen, allocations of the portfolio will perform inversely.

For instance, as small cap stocks are rising, mid cap stocks may fall. In this case, small cap stock prices’ upward movement can offset the decrease in mid cap stock prices, thus mitigating losses.

The Takeaway

Small cap stocks are shares of companies with market caps ranging from $250 million to $2 billion. Although small cap stocks have the potential for long-term growth, they tend to come with more risk. With this in mind, building a diversified portfolio with a broader range of investments can help minimize your risk exposure.

But, attempting to build an entire portfolio from scratch and keep it balanced can be time-consuming and a risky venture if you’re an average investor. Instead, many investors choose to get small cap exposure by purchasing mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), which mimic the returns of indices that track stocks meeting certain criteria.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.


Photo credit: iStock/Erikona

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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Tips on How to Choose The Right ETF

ETFs are tradable funds that investors can buy and sell on stock exchanges all day. They typically hold a basket of assets, such as stocks or bonds, and mirror the moves of another underlying index. Since its start almost three decades ago, the ETF industry has taken the financial world by storm, and there are thousands of different ETFs on the market that investors can choose from.

But each investor is different, and some ETFs likely won’t be a good fit for their portfolio or strategy. Learning to choose or pick ETFs that do fit your strategy can take some practice, but it’s good to have some guidelines in mind.

How Do I Pick an ETF?

There’s no right or wrong way to pick an exchange-traded fund (ETF), but you can follow a process to help you determine which securities may be the best fit for you. It starts with picking an asset class.

Step 1: Pick the Asset Class

Because the performance of an ETF is so closely tied to an underlying index, investors need to first decide which underlying asset class they want exposure to. The main asset classes are stocks, bonds, currencies, and commodities.

Risk is generally inversely correlated to return. So riskier assets have the potential to deliver greater returns, while safer assets tend to deliver reliable, albeit smaller, returns. Stocks are considered to be a riskier, more volatile asset class. Commodities even more so. Meanwhile, bonds tend to be safer but also deliver more muted returns.

Keep in mind, just because an investor buys an ETF that gives them exposure to one asset class, that doesn’t preclude them from buying another that invests in another market. In fact, it’s a healthy portfolio diversification strategy to allocate one’s money into different asset classes, a practice known as asset allocation.

Step 2: Narrow the Focus

Once an investor has chosen their asset class, they can dive deeper within that market. When it comes to stock ETFs, this usually involves picking an industry – like technology or financial – that they’d like to get greater exposure to. Equity ETFs may also focus on a specific attribute a stock can have. Or dividend ETFs, which hold shares of companies with regular payouts.

For bond ETFs, investors can decide between funds that invest in U.S. government-bond versus bonds issued by countries abroad, as well as investment-grade (higher quality) company debt versus high-yield (junk) bonds.

More recently, thematic ETFs have taken off. These are stock funds that tend to be much narrower than the traditional sector ETF. They can focus on a niche subsector, like robotics, electric cars or blockchain, or even modern trends, like the gig economy or working from home.

There are pros and cons to thematic ETFs: while they’re often marketed as a convenient way to wager on an investment story, they also tend to underperform the broader market. Thematic ETFs have also been criticized for being too narrow and not offering the wide breadth that ETFs were originally designed to offer.

Step 3: Explore Different ETF Strategies

ETFs began as a way to provide investors access to broad markets with a single investment. Since then however, the popularity of the industry has led to the creation of numerous different kinds of ETFs, some of which employ complex strategies.

Here are some of the different ETF types:

•   Leveraged ETFs allow investors to make magnified bets on different assets or markets. So instead of replicating the move of the underlying index exactly, leveraged ETFs will produce a move that’s 2x or 3x.

•   Inverse ETFs let investors wager against an asset, so shorting or betting that the price of a market will go down. So if on a given day, the underlying market goes down, the inverse ETF’s price will go up.

•   Actively Managed ETFs invest in assets without following an index. While ETFs are usually a form of passive investing–the strategy of tracking another index–actively managed ETFs are like stock-picking strategies packaged into a tradable fund.

•   Smart-Beta & Factor ETFs use a rules-based system — such as stock weightings, valuations, or volatility trends — to choose the investments in a fund. These funds are often considered a hybrid between passive and actively managed ETFs.

•   Currency-Hedged ETFs are funds that let investors wager on a basket of overseas stocks, while mitigating the risk that stems from currency fluctuations.

Step 4: Look at ETF Costs

A fundamental reason why ETFs have become so influential is their low cost. Low ETF fees have compressed costs across the board in asset management. The average expense ratio of most ETFs has fallen over time. Expense ratios are a percentage of assets subtracted each year. So, an expense ratio of 0.45% means that the charge is $4.50 for every $1,000 invested each year.

Because the vast majority of ETFs tend to be passive, they tend to be much cheaper than mutual funds, many of which are still actively managed. More complex ETFs like leveraged funds, or actively managed ones, tend to have higher expense ratios. But some passive ETF fees have hit rock-bottom levels.

Step 5: Other Ways to Analyze ETFs

What about how well an ETF has done? Should that matter? While profitability can make an investment look more attractive, it shouldn’t be the only factor investors use when determining which ETF to buy. That’s because in investing, past performance is not indicative of future results.

For ETFs, another key measure of performance is how well it tracks the underlying index. Tracking errors, when a move in the ETF veers from one by the market it’s designed to track, can come up from time to time, particularly in leveraged funds or ones that invest in stocks overseas.

Looking at the assets under management (AUM) can be a helpful way to pick an ETF. A larger AUM can signal an ETF’s popularity, which in turn makes it more likely that it’s liquid, or easy to trade without impacting prices.


💡 Quick Tip: If you’re opening a brokerage account for the first time, consider starting with an amount of money you’re prepared to lose. Investing always includes the risk of loss, and until you’ve gained some experience, it’s probably wise to start small.

How to Find an ETF’s Holdings, Prospectus, and Fact Sheet

Another touted perk of ETFs is their transparency. Investors can look up what’s exactly in a fund by going to the ETF provider’s website and searching for the fund. Contacting the ETF provider directly for this information is also possible. ETF providers are required to update this information regularly.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulation also requires that ETF providers make easily available an ETF’s prospectus. The prospectus has information about the ETF including its investment objective, the risks, fees, as well as expenses. For investors interested in an ETF, one of the most important things they can do is research the fund by carefully reading the prospectus.

Similarly, ETF fact sheets act like quick summaries of the fund, giving key information like performance, the top holdings, and other portfolio characteristics. ETF providers typically produce fact sheets every quarter and make them available on their website.

The Takeaway

Choosing an ETF from the thousands out there can seem daunting, but taking a step-by-step approach can help individuals sort through the multitude of options. A key step investors can take in researching ETFs is reading the fund’s prospectus, where they’ll find vital information on the investment objectives as well as potential risks.

Considerations include which asset class an investor wants to invest in; how broad or narrow of an exposure they want; costs — which are usually shown as expense ratios; and lastly, an ETF’s size can give clues on the popularity and liquidity of the fund. One ETF, on its own, can provide some diversification. However, some people choose to use a number of ETFs as building blocks to assembling a well-balanced portfolio.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.


SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by email customer service at https://sofi.app.link/investchat. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.
Shares of ETFs must be bought and sold at market price, which can vary significantly from the Fund’s net asset value (NAV). Investment returns are subject to market volatility and shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of an ETF will not protect against loss. An ETF may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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