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Q: What is a Limit Order?

A limit order allows investors to buy or sell securities at a price they specify or better, providing some price protection on trades.

Dec

2023

What Is a Limit Order?

By Rebecca Lake | Growing Wealth, Investing, Terminology | No Comments

Table of Contents

What Is a Limit Order?
How Do Limit Orders Work?
Types of Limit Orders
How to Set a Limit Order
When a Trader Might Use a Limit Order
Pros and Cons of Using Limit Orders
Limit Orders vs Market Orders
Limit Orders vs Stop Orders
FAQ

What Is a Limit Order?

A limit order allows investors to buy or sell securities at a price they specify or better, providing some price protection on trades.

When you set a buy limit order, for example, the trade will only be executed at that price or lower. For sell limit orders, the order will be executed at the price you set or higher. By using certain types of orders, traders can potentially reduce their risk of losses and avoid unpredictable swings in the market.

How Do Limit Orders Work?

In the simplest terms, limit orders work as a sort of restriction that an investor can choose (to either buy or sell) with “limits” on a minimum or maximum price. An investor places an order to buy a stock at a minimum price, for instance, or places an order to sell at a maximum price, in an effort to maximize their returns.

There are two types of limit orders investors can execute: buy limit orders and limit sell orders. An important thing to know is that while a limit order specifies a desired price, it doesn’t guarantee the trade will occur at that price — or at all.

When you set a limit order, the trade will only be executed if and when the security meets the terms of the order — which may or may not happen, depending on the overall market conditions. So, when an investor sets a limit order, it’s possible to miss out on other investing opportunities.

Types of Limit Orders

As mentioned, there are two types of limit orders investors can execute: buy limit orders and limit sell orders.

What is a Buy Limit Order?

For buy limit orders, you’re essentially setting a ceiling for the trade — i.e. the highest price you’d be willing to pay for each share.If a trader places a buy limit order, the intention is to buy shares of stock. The order will be triggered when the stock hits the limit price or lower.

For example, you may want to buy shares of XYZ stock at $15 each. You could place a buy limit order that would allow the trade to be carried out automatically if the stock reaches that purchase price or better.

What is a Sell Limit Order?

For sell limit orders, you’re setting a price floor — i.e. the lowest amount you’d be willing to accept per share. If a trader places a limit order to sell, the order will be triggered when the stock hits the limit price or higher. So you could set a sell limit order to sell XYZ stock once its share price hits $20 or higher.

What is a Stop-Limit Order?

A stop-limit order is a combination of a stop order and a limit order. Stop-limit orders involve setting two prices. For example: A stock is currently priced at $30 and a trader believes it’s going to go up in value, so they set a buy stop order of $33.

When the stock hits $33, a market order to buy will be triggered. But with a stop-limit order, the trader can also set a limit price, meaning the highest price they’re willing to pay per share — say, $35 per share. Using a stop-limit order gives traders an additional level of control.

Stop-limit orders can also help traders make sure they sell stocks before they go down significantly in value. Let’s say a trader purchased stock XYZ at $40 per share, and now anticipates the price will drop. The trader doesn’t want to lose more than $5 per share, so they set a stop order for $35.

If the stock hits $35 — the stop price — the stock will be triggered to sell. However, the price could continue to drop before the trade is fully executed. To prevent selling at a much lower price than $35, the trader can set a limit order to only sell between $32 and $35.

How to Set a Limit Order

When placing a limit order with your brokerage firm, the broker or trading platform might ask for the following information:

• The stock or security

• Is it a buy or sell order

• Number of shares to buy or sell

• Stock order type (limit order, market order, or another type of order)

• Price

When setting up a limit order, the trader can set it to remain open indefinitely, (until the stock reaches the limit price), or they can set an expiration date.

Limit Order Example

Say a trader would like to purchase 100 shares of stock XYZ. The highest price they want to pay per share is $26.75. They would set up a limit buy order like this:

Buy 100 shares XYZ limit 26.75.

As noted above, the main upside of using limit orders is that traders get to name a desired price; they generally end up paying a price they expect; and they can set an order to execute a trade that can be executed even if they are doing other things.

In this way, setting limit orders can help traders seize opportunities they might otherwise miss because limit orders can stay open for months or in some cases indefinitely (the industry term is “good ‘til canceled,’ or GTC). The limit order will still execute the trade once the terms are met.

When a Trader Might Use a Limit Order

There are several reasons why you might want to use a limit order.

• Price protection. When a stock is experiencing volatility, you may not want to risk placing a market order and getting a bad price. Although it’s unlikely that the price will change drastically within a few seconds or minutes after placing an order, it can happen, and setting a limit order can set a floor or a ceiling for the price you want.

• Convenience. Another occasion to use a limit order might be when you’re interested in buying or selling a stock but you don’t want to keep a constant eye on the price. By setting a limit order, you can walk away and wait for it to be executed. This might also be a good choice for longer-term positions, since in some cases traders can place a limit order with no expiration date.

• Volatility. Third, an investor may choose to set a limit order if they are buying or selling at the end of the market day or after the stock market has closed. Company or world news could be announced while the market is closed, which could affect the stock’s price when the market reopens. If the investor isn’t able to cancel a market order while the market is still closed, they may not be happy with the results of the trade. A limit order can help prevent that.

Limit orders can also be useful when the stock being traded doesn’t have a lot of liquidity. If there aren’t many people trading the stock, one order could affect the price. When entering a market order, that trade could cause the price to go up or down significantly, and a trader could end up with a different price than intended.

Pros and Cons of Using Limit Orders

Each type of order has pros and cons depending on the particular situation.

Pros of Limit Orders:

• The trader gets to name their price. One of the chief reasons traders rely on limit orders is to set baselines for profits and losses. They won’t end up paying a price they didn’t expect when they buy or get a price below their target when it’s time to sell.

• The trader can set the order and walk away. Day trading can be time consuming and it requires a significant amount of knowledge. Investors who use limit orders don’t have to continuously watch the market to get the price they want.

• Traders may pay less in fees. Commissions can take a bite out of your profits, something many investors would prefer to keep to a minimum. When trading illiquid stocks, sometimes the bid-ask spread is enough to cover broker fees.

• Insulate against volatility. Volatility can cause you to make emotional decisions. Limit orders can give traders more control over their portfolio and ward off panic-buying or selling.

• Ride the gaps. Stock prices can fluctuate overnight due to after hours trading. It’s possible to benefit from price differences from one day to another when using limit orders.

For example, if a trader places a buy limit order for a stock at $3.50, but the order doesn’t get triggered while the market is open, the price could change overnight. If the market opens at $3.30 the next morning, they’ll get a better price, since the buy limit order gets triggered if the stock is at or below the specified price.

Cons of Limit Orders:

• The order may never be executed. There may not be enough supply or demand to fulfill the order even if it reaches the limit price, since there could be hundreds or even thousands of other traders wanting to buy or sell at the specified price.

• The stock may never reach the limit price. For example, if a stock is currently priced at $20, a trader might set a limit order to buy at $15. If the stock goes down to $16 and then back up to $20, the order won’t execute. In this case, they would miss out on potential gains.

• The market can change significantly. If a trader sets a shorter-term limit order they might miss out on a better price. For example, if a stock a trader owns is currently priced at $150, the trader may choose to set a sell limit order at $154 within four weeks. If the company then makes a big announcement about a new product after that period, and the stock’s price spikes to $170, the trader would miss out on selling at that higher price.

• It takes experience to understand the market and set limit orders. New investors can miss out on opportunities and experience unwanted losses, as with any type of investment.

Limit Order vs Market Order

Limit orders differ from market orders, which are, essentially, orders to buy a security immediately at its given price. These are the most common types of orders. So, while a market order is executed immediately regardless of terms, limit orders only execute under certain circumstances.

Limit orders can also be set for pre-market and after-hours trading sessions. Market orders, by contrast, are limited to standard trading hours (9:30am to 4pm ET).

Remember: Even though limit orders are geared to a specific price, that price isn’t guaranteed. First, limit orders are generally executed on a first-come-first-served basis. So there may be orders ahead of yours that eliminate the availability of shares at your limit price.

And it bears repeating again: There is also the potential for missed opportunities: The limit order you set could trigger a trade. But then the stock or other security might hit an even better price.

In other words, time is a factor. In today’s market, computer algorithms execute the majority of stock market trades. In this high-tech trading environment, it can be hard as an individual trader to know when to buy and sell. By using certain types of orders, like limit orders, traders can potentially limit their losses, lock in gains, and avoid swings in the market.

Though limit orders are commonly used as a part of day trading strategies, they can be useful for any investor who wants some price protection around their trades. For example, if you think a stock is currently undervalued, you could purchase it at the current market price, then set a sell limit order to automatically sell it when the price goes up. Again, the limit order can stay open until the security meets your desired price — or you cancel the order.

However, speculating in the market can be risky and having experience can be helpful when deciding how and when to set limit orders.

Limit Orders vs Stop Orders

There is another type of order that can come into play when you’re trying to control the price of a trade: a stop order. A stop order is similar to a limit order in that you set your desired price for a stock, say, and once the stock hits that price or goes past it, a market order is triggered to execute the purchase or sale.

The terms of a limit order are different in that a trade will be executed if the stock hits the specified price or better. So if you want to sell XYZ stock for $50 a share, a sell limit order will be triggered once the stock hits $50 or higher.

A stop order triggers a market order once XYZ stock hits $50, period. By the time the order is executed, the actual stock price could be higher or lower.

Thus with a stop order there’s also no guarantee that you’ll get the specified price. A market order is submitted once the stop price is hit, but in fast-moving markets the actual price you pay might end up being higher or lower.

Stop orders are generally used to exit a position and to minimize losses, whereas limit orders are used to capture gains. But two can also be used in conjunction with each other with something called a stop-limit order.

When to Consider a Market Order vs a Limit Order

If you’re trying to parse out when a market order or a limit order is the best tool to use, consider the following.

A trader might want to use a market order if:

• Executing the trade immediately is a priority

• The stock is highly liquid

• They’re only trading a small number of shares

• The stock has a narrow bid-ask spread (about a penny)

A trader might want to use a limit order if:

• They want to specify their price

• They are trading an illiquid stock

• They want to set a long-term trade (or even walk away for their lunch break and still have the trade execute)

• They feel a stock is currently over- or undervalued

• The stock has a large bid-ask spread

• They are trading a larger number of shares

Is a Limit Order Bad?

Limit orders are not necessarily good or bad. As mentioned, they can offer advantages to investors who understand how to use them.

For example, limit orders can offer more control and flexibility than using market orders. And they can work well in a number of different trading situations. If the stock being traded is highly volatile, for instance, a limit order can help traders retain control and avoid paying an unexpected price.

Each time a trader does research on a stock and decides to buy or sell shares, they also consider their goals and the current market conditions to decide whether to place a market or a limit order.

What Happens If a Limit Order Is Not Filled?

A limit order can only be filled if the stock’s price reaches the limit price or better. If this doesn’t happen, then the order is not executed and it expires according to the terms of the contract. An order can be good just for a single trading day, for a certain period of time, or in some cases it’s possible to leave the limit order open-ended using a GTC (good ‘til canceled) provision.

So if you placed a buy limit order, but the stock does not reach the specified price or lower, the purchase would not be completed and the order would expire within the specified time frame.

And if you’re using a sell limit order, but the security never reaches the specified sell price or higher, the shares would remain in your trading account and the order would expire.

Limit Orders and Price Gaps

Price gaps can occur when stocks close at one price then open at a different price on the next trading day. This can be attributed to after-market or pre-market trading that occurs after the regular market hours have ended. After-hours trading can impact stock price minimally or more substantially, depending on what’s spurring trades.

For example, say news of a large tech company’s planned merger with another tech giant leaks after hours. That could send the aftermarket trading markets into a frenzy, resulting in a radically different price for both company’s stocks when the market reopens. Pricing gaps don’t necessarily have to be wide but large pricing swings are possible with overnight trading.

Limit orders can help to downplay the potential for losses associated with pricing gaps. Placing a buy limit order or limit sell order may not close the gap entirely. But it could help to mitigate the losses you may experience when gaps in pricing exist. Whether the gap is moving up or down can determine what type of limit order to place and where to cap your limit price.

The Takeaway

Limit orders can be an effective and efficient way for investors to set price caps on their trades, and also give them some protection against market swings. Limit orders offer other advantages as well, including giving traders the ability to place longer- or shorter-term trades that will be executed even if they’re not continuously watching the market. This can potentially protect investors against losses and potentially lock in gains.

That said, limit orders are complicated because they don’t guarantee that the trade will be executed at the set price. The stock (or other security) could hit the limit price — and there might not be enough supply or demand to complete the trade. There is also the potential for some missed opportunities, if the price you set triggers a trade, and subsequently the stock or other security hits an even better price.

Investors can also consider combining a limit order with a stop order. A stop-limit order can provide even more protection against potential losses.

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FAQ

Can I specify the price for a limit order?

Yes, investors can specify the price for a limit order. In fact, the price typically is the limit in a limit order, representing either a price ceiling or a price floor.

How long does a limit order stay active?

Generally, a limit order will stay active indefinitely, unless an investor cancels it or specifies otherwise. That means that if the limit is never reached, the order will not execute, and the limit order will remain active until the limit is reached.

Can I cancel a limit order once it’s placed?

Investors can cancel standing limit orders as long as conditions haven’t arrived that’s led to the order being actively executed. The cancelation process will depend on the specific exchange an investor is using, however.

What happens if the market price doesn’t reach my limit price?

If the market price of a stock does not reach the limit price — either a price floor or price ceiling — then the limit order will not execute, and the limit order will remain active until it does.

Can I place a limit order outside of regular trading hours?

It’s possible to place limit orders outside of regular trading hours, depending on the rules of a given exchange, and market conditions dictate. The order itself, of course, won’t execute until the market opens, assuming that the limit is reached.

Are there any fees associated with limit orders?

There may or may not be fees associated with limit orders, and it’ll depend on the specific exchange or brokerage an investor is using. Note that some brokerages may charge higher fees for limit orders than market orders — but some may charge no fees at all.

Are limit orders guaranteed to be executed?

No, there is no guarantee that a limit order will be executed, as it will only execute if the limit price is reached. If the limit is not reached, the order will remain active but not execute.

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Dec

2023

Understanding the Coupon Rate of a Bond

By Rebecca Lake | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

A bond’s coupon rate represents the annual interest rate paid by the issuer, as determined by current market interest rates and based on the bond’s face value. Bond issuers typically pay coupon rates on a semiannual basis.

The coupon rate of a bond can tell an investor how much interest they can expect to collect on a yearly basis. The bond coupon rate is not the same as the bond yield, which investors who buy bonds on the secondary market use to estimate the total rate of return at maturity.

Investment-quality bonds can help with diversification in a portfolio while providing a consistent stream of interest income. Understanding the coupon rate and what it means is important when choosing bonds for your portfolio.

What Is the Coupon Rate?

Bonds represent a debt where the bond issuer borrows money from investors and agrees to pay interest at regular intervals in exchange for the use of their capital. Both governments and non-government entities, like corporations, may issue bonds to raise capital to fund various endeavors.

The coupon rate of a bond is usually a fixed interest rate, typically paid out twice per year. That said, there are some variable-rate bonds, as well as zero-coupon bonds (more on those below). Investors often use the term “coupon rate” when discussing fixed-income securities, including bonds and notes.

Recommended: How Does the Bond Market Work

The Role of Coupon Rates in Bond Investments

Investors can buy individual bonds, bond funds, or bond options, which are derivatives similar to stock options.

The coupon interest rate tells you what percentage of the bond’s face value, or par value, you’ll receive yearly. The rate won’t change during the life of the bond, which is why some bonds are worth more than others on the secondary market.

Coupon rates are typically lower for investment-grade bonds and higher for junk bonds, due to their higher risk.

Example of a Bond’s Coupon Rate

Assume you purchase a bond with a face value of $1,000. The bond has a coupon rate of 4%. This means that for each year you hold the bond until maturity, you’d receive $40, regardless of what you paid for the bond.

If you buy a bond on the secondary market, the story changes somewhat. That’s because bonds trade either at a premium to the par value (higher than the face value), or at a discount to par (lower than the face value). Because the coupon rate of the bond stays the same until maturity, it may represent a higher or lower percentage of the par value — this is called the yield.

History of the Term Coupon

Bond holders used to get literal coupons as a way of collecting their interest payments. This is no longer the case, as interest is paid on a set schedule to the investor directly.

💡 Quick Tip: How do you decide if a certain trading platform or app is right for you? Ideally, the investment platform you choose offers the features that you need for your investment goals or strategy, e.g., an easy-to-use interface, data analysis, educational tools.

Calculating the Coupon Rate

The bond coupon rate formula is fairly simple:

Bond coupon rate = Total annual coupon payment/Face or par value of the bond x 100

To apply the coupon rate formula you’d need to know the face or par value of the bond and the annual interest or coupon payment. To find this payment, you’d multiply the amount of interest paid by the number of periodic payments made for the year. You’d then divide that by the par value and divide the result by 100.

Recommended: How to Buy Bonds: A Guide for Beginners

Step-by-Step Calculation of the Coupon Rate

Say you have a bond with a face value of $1,000, which pays $25 in interest to you twice per year.

• To find the annual coupon payment you’d multiply $25 by two to get $50.

• You’d then divide the $50 annual coupon payment by the $1,000 par value of the bond. 50 / 1000 = 0.05

• Then multiply the result by 100 (0.05 x 100) to find that your bond has a coupon rate of 5%.

The Impact of Market Interest Rates on Coupon Rates

How is the coupon rate determined? This is where current market interest rates come into play.

How Interest Rate Fluctuations Affect Bonds

Interest rates can influence coupon rates. An interest rate is the rate a lender charges a borrower. Individual lenders determine interest rates, often based on movements in an underlying benchmark rate. When discussing bond coupon rates and interest rates, it’s typically in the context of changes to the federal funds rate. This is the rate at which commercial banks lend to one another overnight.

Movements in the federal funds rate directly influence other types of interest rates, including coupon rates and bond prices on the secondary market.

When interest rates rise, based on changes to the federal funds rate, that can cause bond prices to fall. When interest rates decline, bond prices typically rise. When bond prices change that doesn’t impact the coupon rate, which stays the same. But a bond’s price is an important consideration for investors who trade on the secondary market because it impacts the yield to maturity.

Strategies for Investors in a Changing Rate Environment

Bond prices can move up or down based on the coupon rate, relative to movements in interest rates.

When interest rates are higher than the bond’s coupon rate, that bond’s price may fall in order to offset a less attractive yield. If interest rates drop below the bond’s coupon rate, the bond’s price may rise if it becomes a more attractive investment opportunity.

When comparing coupon rates and bond prices, it’s important to understand the relationship between the bond’s face value and what it trades for on the secondary market. If a bond is trading at a price above its face value, that means it’s trading at a premium to par. Conversely, if a bond is trading at a price below its face value, that means it’s trading at a discount to par.

An investor who purchases a bond with the intent to hold it until it reaches maturity does not need to worry about bond price movements. Their end goal is to collect the annual interest payments and recover their principal on the assigned maturity date, making it a relatively safe investment as long as the issuer fulfills their obligation.

Investors looking to buy bonds and resell them before they mature, however, may pay attention to which way bond prices are moving relative to the coupon rate to determine whether selling would yield a profit or loss.

Understanding Coupon Rate vs. Yield

Coupon rate tells investors how much interest a bond will pay yearly until maturity. But there are other metrics for evaluating bonds, including yield to maturity and interest rates. Understanding the differences in what they measure matters when determining whether bond investments are a good fit and what rate of return to expect.

Coupon Rate vs. Yield to Maturity

A bond’s yield to maturity or current yield reflects the interest rate earned by an investor who purchases a bond at market price and holds on to it until it reaches maturity. A bond’s maturity date represents the date at which the bond issuer agrees to repay the investor’s principal investment. Longer maturity dates may present greater risk, as they leave more room for the bond issuer to run into complications that could make it difficult to repay the principal.

When evaluating yield to maturity of a bond, you’re looking at the discount rate at which the sum of all future cash flows is equal to the price of the bond. Yield to maturity can be quoted as an annual rate that’s different from the bond coupon rate. In figuring yield to maturity, there’s an assumption that the bond issuer will make coupon and principal payments to investors on time.

The coupon rate is the annual interest earned while yield to maturity reflects the total rate of return produced by the bond when all interest and principal payments are made.

Coupon Rate vs Interest Rate

While coupon rate and interest rate seem similar, they are distinct. The coupon rate is set by the issuer of the bond, and the amount paid to the bondholder is tied to the face value.

But the prevailing interest rate set by the government is what determines the coupon rate. If the central bank, i.e. the Federal Reserve, sets the interest rate at 6%, that will influence what lenders are willing to accept in the form of the coupon rate.

Also, the price of a bond on the secondary market hinges on the coupon rate. A higher-coupon bond is more desirable than a lower-coupon bond, so its price will be higher.

💡 Quick Tip: It’s smart to invest in a range of assets so that you’re not overly reliant on any one company or market to do well. For example, by investing in different sectors you can add diversification to your portfolio, which may help mitigate some risk factors over time.

Variable-Rate and Zero-Coupon Bonds

Not all coupon rates are fixed. Investors can also consider whether buying variable-rate bonds or zero-coupon bonds might make sense.

Fixed vs. Variable Coupon Rates and Investment Impact

Although bonds typically offer fixed-income payments, some bonds do offer coupon rates that adjust periodically. For that reason these bonds are sometimes called floating-rate or adjustable-rate bonds.

In these cases, the coupon rate adjusts according to a formula that’s linked to an interest rate index such as the SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate), the new benchmark in the U.S. that has largely replaced the LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate).

Although these are income-producing bonds, and there is always the possibility that they could offer a higher yield under the right conditions, they are not technically fixed-income instruments, which is something for investors to bear in mind. In addition they come with the risk of default.

Zero-Coupon Bonds Explained

Some bonds, called zero-coupon bonds, don’t pay interest at all during the life of the bond. The upside of choosing zero bonds is that by forgoing annual interest payments, it’s possible to purchase the bonds at a deep discount to par value. This means that when the bond matures, the issuer pays the investor more than the purchase price.

Zero-coupon bonds typically have longer maturity dates, which may make them suitable when investing for long-term goals. This type of bond may experience more price fluctuations compared to other types of bonds sold on the secondary market. Investors may still have to pay taxes on the imputed interest generated by the bond, though it’s possible to avoid that by investing in zero-coupon municipal bonds or other tax-exempt zero-coupon bond options.

The Takeaway

Investing in bonds can help you create a well-rounded portfolio alongside stocks, and other securities, which is why knowing the coupon rate of a bond is important. The coupon rate is the interest rate paid by the issuer, and it’s fixed for the life of the bond — which makes it possible to create a predictable income stream, whether you buy the bond at issuance or on the secondary market.

As you get closer to retirement, bonds can be an important part of your income and risk management strategy, whether you’re investing through an IRA, a 401(k), or a brokerage account.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

Photo credit: iStock/Inside Creative House

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INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

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Dec

2023

What Is a Red Herring in Investing & How Does It Work?

By Brian O'Connell | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

What Is a Red Herring?

A red herring is a preliminary prospectus filed by a company that’s planning an initial public offering, or IPO. While a red herring prospectus includes coverage of the company’s operations, total estimated IPO amount, management and competitive market standing, it doesn’t reveal the share price or number of shares to be issued.

The SEC reviews the red herring prospectus, and all subsequent iterations, to make sure that all information is accurate before allowing the company to transition to the final investment prospectus phase.

A red herring prospectus has both investment and regulatory implications for companies heading toward an IPO, and any investors who may be interested in obtaining IPO stock.

Key Points

• A red herring in an IPO is a preliminary prospectus filed by a company that provides information on operations, estimated IPO amount, management, and market standing.

• A red herring is not final, and investors must take into considerations that the filing doesn’t include the share price for the IPO or the number of shares to be issued.

• The SEC reviews a red herring prospectus to make sure that all information is accurate before allowing the company to transition to the final investment prospectus phase.

• Red herrings offer investors some insight into the pros and cons potentially associated with trading IPO shares of the company in question.

IPOs, Explained

An initial public offering is the process through which a private company goes public, with shares of the company’s stock available to the investing public. The term “initial public offering” simply refers to a new stock issuance on a public exchange, which allows corporations to raise money through the sale of company stock.

Red Herring Prospectus

When a company transitions from a private company to public stock issuance, they must file a prospectus, a formal document sharing the new company’s structure, the purpose of the issue, underwriting, board of directors, and other relevant details with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

That prospectus, while not final, may help potential investors make investment decisions based on the information included in the prospectus. A prospectus doesn’t just cover stocks — it’s also required for bonds and mutual funds.

While all stocks include some degree of risk, IPO shares are particularly high-risk investments. Despite the media hype around many IPOs, which often focuses on big wins, the history of IPOs shows plenty of losses as well, owing to the volatility of these shares.

The risks associated with IPO stock is a significant reason why investors are typically asked to meet certain requirements in order to trade IPO shares through a brokerage.

💡 Quick Tip: Before opening any investment account, consider what level of risk you are comfortable with. If you’re not sure, start with more conservative investments, and then adjust your portfolio as you learn more.

How a Red Herring Works

Prospectuses are dynamic and change regularly, as new information about a company comes forth. So, an investment prospectus will likely have multiple drafts before a final draft is released after SEC review.

In a red herring document, the prospectus is incomplete and noted as such, with the word “Red Herring” included on the prospectus cover. That disclaimer lets readers know not only that the prospectus is incomplete, but also that the company has filed for an upcoming IPO. The term “red herring” refers to both the initial prospectus and the subsequent drafts.

Additionally, a stock cannot complete its IPO until it fulfills the S-1 registration statement process, which is a primary reason why a red herring prospectus doesn’t include a stock price or the number of shares traded.

The SEC will review a red herring prospectus prior to its release to ensure that all information is accurate and that the document does not include any intentional discrepancies, falsehoods, or misleading information.

Recommended: A Guide to Tech IPOs

Once regulators clear the registration statement, the company can go ahead and transition out of the red herring IPO phase and enter into the final investment prospectus phase. The time between the approval of the registration process and the time that it reaches its “effective date” (which clears the stock for public trading) is 15 days.

In clearing the IPO for stock market trading, the SEC confirms the necessary information is included in the final prospectus, and that the information is accurate and compliant, based on U.S. securities law. Once the company gets through that hurdle they can continue moving through the IPO process.

💡 Quick Tip: Access to IPO shares before they trade on public exchanges has usually been available only to large institutional investors. That’s changing now, and some brokerages offer pre-listing IPO investing to qualified investors.

Red Herring Pros and Cons

Any investor looking to invest in an IPO stock should understand the benefits and investment risks when it comes to red herrings and in investing in IPOs.

Red Herring Advantages

• Useful overall information on the company. While investors won’t find any information on pricing or share amounts, they can review company history, operational strategies, management team, potential IPO amount, and market performance, among other company particulars.

• Some financial data points. Red herring IPOs may provide valuable information about how a company plans to use proceeds from an IPO stock offering. Knowing, for example, that a company plans to use stock proceeds to grow the company or to pay down debts gives investors a better indication of company direction, which they can use to make more informed investment decisions.

• Risk factors. Under a section known as “Risk Factors”, a soon-to-be publicly-traded company lists any potential risk factors that could curb performance and growth. Legal or compliance problems, abundant market competition, and frequent management turnover are just some of the potential risks included in a red herring IPO prospectus – and investors should factor those risks into any potential investment decision.

Red Herring Disadvantages

• No pricing data. The biggest drawback of red herring IPO prospectus is the fact that the documents don’t provide any guidance on IPO stock pricing or number of shares available. These are obviously critical components of any investment decision, but investors must wait until the registration statement process is fully complete before that data is available.

• Shifting information. IPO company information can and does change from document version to version. Investors need to be diligent and stay apprised of all information on red herring prospectuses, from version to version, if they’re interested in an IPO stock.

• Uncertainty. If government regulators cite deficiencies in a red herring prospectus they may half the IPO process until they’re addressed.

Red Herring Example

A red herring prospectus when filed with the SEC may have the words “Red Herring” stamped on the document as a reminder to prospective investors that the information in the document is subject to change, and that the securities (i.e. shares of stock, or bonds) are not available for sale until the SEC has approved the final prospectus.

The statement typically included in a new company’s prospectus may say:

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any state or other jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

The Takeaway

The red herring prospectus is the first version of a new IPO company S-1 prospectus, and may be the first detailed impression that institutional investors and the investing public gets of an initial public offering.

By providing all the necessary information on a new publicly traded company (minus the opening share price and the number of shares available), a red herring prospectus can introduce investors to a new stock, which can provide much of the information necessary for investors to decide whether they’re interested in the company, and willing to assume the risks involved in trading IPO shares (if eligible).

Whether you’re curious about exploring IPOs, or interested in traditional stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), you can get started by opening an account on the SoFi Invest® brokerage platform. On SoFi Invest, eligible SoFi members have the opportunity to trade IPO shares, and there are no account minimums for those with an Active Investing account. As with any investment, it's wise to consider your overall portfolio goals in order to assess whether IPO investing is right for you, given the risks of volatility and loss.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

How does a red herring document differ from the final prospectus?

The red herring document is usually shorter than the final filing with the SEC. In addition the final document contains the number of shares in the IPO, as well as the IPO price.

Are there any legal or regulatory requirements associated with red herring documents?

Yes. The SEC must validate all claims and data included in the red herring to ensure that it does not include any false information, or anything that might violate existing laws and regulations. Once the red herring passes muster,

Can investors rely on the information provided in a red herring document when making investment decisions?

Investors may use the red herring document to inform their basic understanding of the company that is seeking an IPO, but it may not be enough to guide an actual decision to buy shares.

Are there any risks or limitations associated with red herring documents that investors should be aware of?

Red herring documents are an important part of a new company’s IPO process, and as such they contain key information about the company, but investors need to be aware that the details are not finalized, and the terms may change before the final prospectus is filed.

Photo credit: iStock/Riska

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

Dec

2023

Target Funds vs Index Funds: Key Differences

By Austin Kilham | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Target-date funds and index funds are two common investment vehicles for individuals investing for retirement. Investors may see one or both of these types of investment as options in their 401(k) or other workplace retirement fund. Target-date funds offer a sort of set-it-and-forget-it approach to investing typically tied to an investor’s timeline, while index funds include a basket of investments corresponding to an underlying index.

Understanding the key differences between target date funds and index funds to help investors understand which is right for their portfolio.

Target-Date Funds vs Index Funds: A Comparison

Target-date funds and index funds are both common ways for investors to save for future goals, especially retirement. Target-date funds offer what can feel like a hands-off approach to saving for retirement. In a way, they’re like a retirement plan inside a single investment vehicle. Investors do not have to choose the funds held by target date funds or reallocate the fund as it nears its target date.

Target-date funds may include index funds. Index funds track specific indices and typically perform in line with the broader market.

Here’s a quick look at the main differences between these two types of funds.

Target Date Funds	Index Funds
• Reallocated automatically. Portfolios typically become more conservative as a target date approaches. • A fund of funds that provides investors with diversification and a single set-it-and-forget-it solution to retirement savings.	• Passive management translates into lower fees. • Designed to track an index, such as the S&P 500, and provide returns similar to the movements of the index. • Allows investors more flexibility in choosing the funds in their portfolios.

Target Date Funds

Index Funds

• Reallocated automatically. Portfolios typically become more conservative as a target date approaches.

• A fund of funds that provides investors with diversification and a single set-it-and-forget-it solution to retirement savings.

• Passive management translates into lower fees.

• Designed to track an index, such as the S&P 500, and provide returns similar to the movements of the index.

• Allows investors more flexibility in choosing the funds in their portfolios.

Target-Date Funds

A target date fund is a type of investment that holds a mix of different mutual funds, usually including stock and bond funds. When choosing a target date fund, investors must decide on a target date, often offered in five-year intervals and included in the name of the fund and corresponding with the year in which they want to retire. For example, someone in their early 30s might choose a target date of 2055 with a goal of retiring around age 65.

You could, in theory, use target date funds to save for any point in the future. However, they’re a popular type of financial security for saving for retirement and often appear on the menu of investments available to employees through their 401(k)s.

As an individual nears their target date, the fund automatically rebalances from high-risk, high-reward investments into low-risk, low-reward investments. For example, the rebalancing might include shifting a greater proportion of its holdings into bonds to help preserve accrued increases in a portfolio’s value.

Pros of Target-Date Funds

There are several reasons investors might choose a target date fund.

First, they essentially provide a ready-made portfolio of diversified stock and bond funds, making it easy to save for retirement. This may appeal to beginner investors or those who don’t want to design their own portfolios or those who find a hand-on approach to researching and choosing investments difficult.

Additionally, target-date funds provide automatic rebalancing. As the market shifts up and down, different investments may move off track from their initial allocations. When that happens, the fund will rebalance itself so that the allocation remains in line with its original allocation plan. The target date fund also automatically shifts its allocation to more conservative investments as the target date approaches.

Cons of Target-Date Funds

Investors who want more control over their portfolios may not like target-date funds, which don’t allow investors any control over their mix of investments or when and how rebalancing takes place.

Target-date funds build portfolios using a variety of investments. Some may use index mutual funds that come with relatively low fees. Others might use managed mutual funds, which may come with higher fees. It’s important to look closely at target-date fund holdings to understand what types of fees they might charge.

Here are the pros and cons of target date funds at a glance.

Pros	Cons
• Ready-made portfolio. • Diversification through a basket of mutual funds. • Automatic rebalancing, including a shift to more conservative assets over time.	• Lack of control over investments and when portfolio is rebalanced. • Potentially higher fees for funds that hold managed mutual funds.

Pros

Cons

• Ready-made portfolio.

• Diversification through a basket of mutual funds.

• Automatic rebalancing, including a shift to more conservative assets over time.

• Lack of control over investments and when portfolio is rebalanced.

• Potentially higher fees for funds that hold managed mutual funds.

💡 Quick Tip: How do you decide if a certain trading platform or app is right for you? Ideally, the investment platform you choose offers the features that you need for your investment goals or strategy, e.g., an easy-to-use interface, data analysis, educational tools.

Index Funds

An index fund is a type of mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF). It’s built to follow the returns of a market index, of which there are many.

These indexes track a basket of securities meant to represent the market as a whole or certain sectors. For example, the S&P 500 is a market capitalization weighted index that tracks the top 500 U.S. stocks.

An index fund may follow a market index using several strategies. Some index funds may hold all of the securities included in the index. Others may include only a portion of the securities held by an index, and they may have the leeway to include some investments not tracked by the index.

Because index funds are attempting to follow an index rather than beat it, they don’t require as much active management as fully managed funds. As a result, they may charge lower fees, making them a low-cost option for investors.

Index funds are popular choices for retirement savings accounts. They offer diversification through exposure to a wide range of securities, they’re easy to manage, and they offer the potential for steady long-term growth.

Pros of Index Funds

Low fees and full transparency are among the benefits of holding index funds. Investors can review all of the securities held by the fund, which can help them identify and weigh risk. Also, because they track an index, which updates its numbers constantly, it is unlikely fund managers will be blindsided by something they were unable to anticipate.

Index funds also potentially offer better returns than their actively managed counterparts, especially after factoring in fees.

Cons of Index Funds

Some of the drawbacks to index funds include the fact that they are often fairly inflexible. If they follow an index that requires them to hold a certain mix of stocks, fund managers will hang on to them even if they are performing poorly. In actively managed funds, fund managers can swap out slumping securities in favor of those that are outperforming. In fact, by design, index funds rarely beat the market.

Here’s a look at the pros and cons of index funds at a glance.

Pros	Cons
• Diversification through a basket of securities that tracks an index. • Transparency. • Lower fees. Passive management makes it cheaper to operate funds, which results in lower management fees passed on to investors. • Steady gains and potentially better returns than actively managed funds.	• Lack of flexibility. Index fund managers follow stricture mandates about what can and can’t be included in the fund. • Index funds do not typically outperform the market.

Pros

Cons

• Diversification through a basket of securities that tracks an index.

• Transparency.

• Lower fees. Passive management makes it cheaper to operate funds, which results in lower management fees passed on to investors.

• Steady gains and potentially better returns than actively managed funds.

• Lack of flexibility. Index fund managers follow stricture mandates about what can and can’t be included in the fund.

• Index funds do not typically outperform the market.

Index Funds for Retirement

You can use index funds to build a retirement portfolio as well as to save for other goals. If you’re using them for retirement, you may want a mix of index funds covering a range of asset classes that can provide some diversity within your overall portfolio. Unlike a target-date fund, if that allocation strays from your goals, you’ll need to handle the rebalancing on your own.

Recommended: Are Mutual Funds Good for Retirement?

The Takeaway

Index funds and target-date funds are funds used by retail investors for different purposes. Investors choosing between the two will need to consider their personal financial circumstance and needs. Index funds may be an option for investors looking for passive, long-term investments that they can choose based on their own goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon. They may also be right for beginners who are looking for simple, low-cost investment options.

Target date funds, on the other hand, may be another option for long-term investors who do not want to have to rethink their portfolio allocations on a regular basis. These investors may not want to or know how to pick funds themselves.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

Photo credit: iStock/Ridofranz

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SOIN1023178

Dec

2023

Investing vs. Speculation: Understanding the Core Differences

By SoFi Editors | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

All investments carry some risk, but the difference between speculating and investing is the amount of risk involved. Speculative investments are typically short-term, and far riskier than traditional investing products and strategies, and may involve the risk of total loss.

Investing typically indicates a more long-term approach to making a profit, with an eye toward managing risk.

Defining Investing and Speculation

Speculating often describes scenarios when there’s a high chance the investment will deliver losses, but also when the investment could result in a high profit. High-risk, high-reward investments include commodities, crypto, derivatives, futures, and more.

In contrast, investing generally refers to transactions where an individual has researched an asset, and puts money into it with the hope that prices will rise over time. There are no guarantees, of course, and all types of investing include some form of risk.

Examples of Investments and Speculative Investments

Assets that are thought of as more traditional types of investments include publicly traded stocks, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), bonds (e.g. U.S. Treasury bonds, municipal bonds, high-grade corporate bonds), and real estate.

Even some so-called alternative investments would be considered more long-term and less speculative: e.g., jewelry, art, collectibles.

Assets that are almost always considered speculative are junk bonds, options, futures, cryptocurrency, forex and foreign currencies, and investments in startup companies.

Sometimes it isn’t as simple as saying that all investments in the stock market or in exchange-traded funds or in mutual funds hold the same amount of risk, or are “definitely” classified as investments. Even within certain asset classes, there can be large variations across the speculation spectrum.

💡 Quick Tip: Before opening an investment account, know your investment objectives, time horizon, and risk tolerance. These fundamentals will help keep your strategy on track and with the aim of meeting your goals.

The Traditional Approach to Investing

When it comes to the more traditional approach to investing, individuals typically buy and hold assets in their investment portfolios or retirement accounts, with the aim of seeing reasonable, long-term gains.

Traditional forms of investing focus on the performance of the underlying business or organization, not on the day-to-day or hour-by-hour price movements of an asset.

For this reason, more traditional investors tend to rely on various forms of analysis (e.g. fundamental analysis of stocks) and analytical tools and metrics to gauge the health of a company, asset, or market sector.

Speculation: A High-Risk, High-Reward Game

The difference between speculating and investing can be nuanced and a matter of opinion. (After all, some investors view the stock market as a form of gambling.) But when traders are speculating, they are typically seeking super-high gains in a relatively short period of time: e.g., hours, days, or weeks.

In the case of commodities or futures trading, the time horizon might be longer, but the aim of making a big profit fairly quickly is at the heart of most speculation.

Speculators may also use leverage, a.k.a. margin trading, to boost their buying power and amplify gains where possible (although using leverage can also lead to steep losses).

The Psychology of Investing vs. Speculating

The psychology of a typical investor is quite different from that of a speculative investor, and again revolves around the higher tolerance for risk in pursuit of a potentially bigger reward in a very short time frame.

Long-Term Investing	Speculating
Taking calculated or minimal risks	Willing to take on high-risk endeavors
Pursuit of reasonable gains	Pursuit of abnormally high returns
Willing to invest for the long term	Willing to invest only for the short term
Uses a mix of traditional investments and strategies (e.g. stocks, bonds, funds)	Uses single strategies and alternative investments
Infrequent use of leverage/margin	Frequent use of leverage/margin

Historical Perspectives on Investing and Speculation

The history of investing and speculating has long been entwined. In the earliest days of trading thousands of years ago, most markets were focused on the exchange of tangible commodities like livestock, grain, etc. Wealthy investors might put their money into global voyages or even wars. Thus many early investors could be described as speculators.

But investing in forms of debt as a way to make money was also common, eventually leading to the bond market as we know it today.

The concept of investing in companies and focusing on longer-term gains took hold gradually. As markets became more sophisticated over the centuries, and a wider range of technologies, strategies, and financial products came into use, the division between investing and speculating became more distinct.

Recommended: What Causes a Stock Market Bubble?

Speculation History: Notable Market Bubbles and Crashes

The history of investing is rife with market bubbles, manias, and crashes. While the speculative market around tulip bulbs in 17th-century Holland is well known, as is the Great Financial Crisis here in the U.S. in 2008-09, there have been many similar financial events throughout the world — most of them driven by speculation.

What marks a bubble is a well-established series of stages driven by investor emotions like exuberance (i.e., greed) followed by panic and loss. That’s because many investors tend to be irrational, especially when in pursuit of a quick profit that seems like “a sure thing.”

Some classic examples of financial bubbles that changed the course of history:

• The South Sea Bubble (U.K., 1711 to 1720) — The South Sea company was created in 1711 to help reduce national war debt. The company stock peaked in 1720 and then crashed, taking with it the fortunes of many.

• The Roaring Twenties (U.S., 1924 to 1929) — The 1920s saw a rapid expansion of the U.S. economy, thanks to both corporations’ and consumers’ growing use of credit. Stock market speculation reached a peak in 1929, followed by the infamous crash, and the Great Depression.

• Japanese Bubble Economy (1984 to 1989) — The Japanese economy experienced a historic two-decade period of growth beginning in the 1960s, that was further fueled by financial deregulation and widespread speculation that artificially inflated the worth of many corporations and land values. By late 1989, as the government raised interest rates, the economy fell into a prolonged slowdown that took years to recover from.

• Dot-Com Bubble (1995 to 2002) — Sparked by rapid internet adoption, the dot-com boom saw the rapid growth of tech companies in the late 1990s, when the Nasdaq rose 800%. But by October 2002 it had fallen 78% from that high mark.

Key Differences Between Investing and Speculating

What can be confusing for some investors is that there is an overlap between investing in the traditional sense, and speculative investing in higher risk instruments.

And some types of investing fall into the gray area between the two. For example, options trading, commodities trading, or buying IPO stock are considered high-risk endeavors that should be reserved for more experienced investors. What makes these types of investments more speculative, again, is the shorter time frame and the overall risk level.

Time Horizon: Long-term Goals vs. Quick Gains

As noted above, investors typically take a longer view and invest for a longer time frame; speculators seek quick-turn profits within a shorter period.

That’s because more traditional investors are inclined to seek profits over time, based on the quality of their investments. This strategy at its core is a way of managing risk in order to maximize potential gains.

Speculators are more aggressive: They’re geared toward quick profits, using a single strategy or asset to deliver an outsized gain — with a willingness to accept a much higher risk factor, and the potential for steep losses.

Fundamental Analysis vs. Market Timing

As a result of these two different mindsets, investors and speculators utilize different means of achieving their ends.

Investors focused on more traditional strategies might use tools like fundamental analysis to gauge the worthiness of an investment.

Speculators don’t necessarily base their choices on the quality of a certain asset. They’re more interested in the technical analysis of securities that will help them predict and, ideally, profit from short-term price movements.
While buy-and-hold investors focus on time in the market, speculators are looking to time the market.

💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

Real-World Implications of Investment vs. Speculation

To better understand the respective value and impact of investing vs. speculating, it helps to consider the real-world implications of each strategy.

The Impact of Speculation on Markets

It’s important to remember that speculation occurs in many if not all market sectors. So speculation isn’t bad, nor does it always add to volatility — although in certain circumstances it can.

For example, some point to IPO shares as an example of how speculative investors, who are looking for quick profits, may help fuel the volatility of IPO stock.

Speculation does add liquidity to the markets, though, which facilitates trading. And speculative investors often inject cash into companies that need it, which provides a vital function in the economy.

Strategic Approaches to Investment

Whether an investor chooses a more traditional route or a more speculative one, or a combination of these strategies, comes down to that person’s skill, goals, and ability to tolerate risk.

Diversification and Asset Allocation

For more traditional, longer-term investors, there are two main tools in their toolkit that help manage risk over time.

• Diversification is the practice of investing in more than one asset class, and also diversifying within that asset class. Studies have shown that by diversifying the assets in your portfolio, you may offset a certain amount of investment risk and thereby improve returns.

• Asset allocation is the practice of balancing a portfolio between more aggressive and more conservative holdings, also with the aim of growth while managing risk.

When Does Speculation Make Sense?

Speculation makes sense for a certain type of investor, with a certain level of experience and risk profile. It’s not so much that speculative investing always makes sense in Cases A, B, or C. It’s more about an investor mastering certain speculative strategies to the degree that they feel comfortable with the level of risk they’re taking on.

The Takeaway

One way to differentiate between investment and speculation is through the lens of probability. If an asset is purchased that carries a reasonable probability of profit over time, it’s an investment. If an asset carries a higher likelihood of significant fluctuation and volatility, it is speculation.

A long-term commitment to a broad stock market investment, like an equity-based index fund, is generally considered an investment. Historical data shows us that the likelihood of seeing gains over long periods, like 20 years or more, is high.

Compare that with a trader who purchases a single stock with the expectation that the price will surge that very day (or even that year!) — which is far more difficult to predict and has a much lower probability of success.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Investing in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) involves substantial risk, including the risk of loss. Further, there are a variety of risk factors to consider when investing in an IPO, including but not limited to, unproven management, significant debt, and lack of operating history. For a comprehensive discussion of these risks please refer to SoFi Securities’ IPO Risk Disclosure Statement. IPOs offered through SoFi Securities are not a recommendation and investors should carefully read the offering prospectus to determine whether an offering is consistent with their investment objectives, risk tolerance, and financial situation.

New offerings generally have high demand and there are a limited number of shares available for distribution to participants. Many customers may not be allocated shares and share allocations may be significantly smaller than the shares requested in the customer’s initial offer (Indication of Interest). For SoFi’s allocation procedures please refer to IPO Allocation Procedures.

Crypto: Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies aren’t endorsed or guaranteed by any government, are volatile, and involve a high degree of risk. Consumer protection and securities laws don’t regulate cryptocurrencies to the same degree as traditional brokerage and investment products. Research and knowledge are essential prerequisites before engaging with any cryptocurrency. US regulators, including FINRA , the SEC , and the CFPB , have issued public advisories concerning digital asset risk. Cryptocurrency purchases should not be made with funds drawn from financial products including student loans, personal loans, mortgage refinancing, savings, retirement funds or traditional investments. Limitations apply to trading certain crypto assets and may not be available to residents of all states.

*Borrow at 11%. Utilizing a margin loan is generally considered more appropriate for experienced investors as there are additional costs and risks associated. It is possible to lose more than your initial investment when using margin. Please see SoFi.com/wealth/assets/documents/brokerage-margin-disclosure-statement.pdf for detailed disclosure information.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOIN1023133

What Is a Limit Order?

What Is a Limit Order?

How Do Limit Orders Work?

Types of Limit Orders

What is a Buy Limit Order?

What is a Sell Limit Order?

What is a Stop-Limit Order?

How to Set a Limit Order

Limit Order Example

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When a Trader Might Use a Limit Order

Pros and Cons of Using Limit Orders

Pros of Limit Orders:

Cons of Limit Orders:

Limit Order vs Market Order

Limit Orders vs Stop Orders

When to Consider a Market Order vs a Limit Order

Is a Limit Order Bad?

What Happens If a Limit Order Is Not Filled?

Limit Orders and Price Gaps

The Takeaway

FAQ

Can I specify the price for a limit order?

How long does a limit order stay active?

Can I cancel a limit order once it’s placed?

What happens if the market price doesn’t reach my limit price?

Can I place a limit order outside of regular trading hours?

Are there any fees associated with limit orders?

Are limit orders guaranteed to be executed?

Understanding the Coupon Rate of a Bond

What Is the Coupon Rate?

The Role of Coupon Rates in Bond Investments

Example of a Bond’s Coupon Rate

History of the Term Coupon

Calculating the Coupon Rate

Step-by-Step Calculation of the Coupon Rate

The Impact of Market Interest Rates on Coupon Rates

How Interest Rate Fluctuations Affect Bonds

Strategies for Investors in a Changing Rate Environment

Understanding Coupon Rate vs. Yield

Coupon Rate vs. Yield to Maturity

Coupon Rate vs Interest Rate

Variable-Rate and Zero-Coupon Bonds

Fixed vs. Variable Coupon Rates and Investment Impact

Zero-Coupon Bonds Explained

The Takeaway

What Is a Red Herring in Investing & How Does It Work?

What Is a Red Herring?

IPOs, Explained

Red Herring Prospectus

How a Red Herring Works

Red Herring Pros and Cons

Red Herring Advantages

Red Herring Disadvantages

Red Herring Example

The Takeaway

FAQ

How does a red herring document differ from the final prospectus?

Are there any legal or regulatory requirements associated with red herring documents?

Can investors rely on the information provided in a red herring document when making investment decisions?

Are there any risks or limitations associated with red herring documents that investors should be aware of?

Target Funds vs Index Funds: Key Differences

Target-Date Funds vs Index Funds: A Comparison

Target-Date Funds

Pros of Target-Date Funds

Cons of Target-Date Funds

Index Funds

Pros of Index Funds

Cons of Index Funds

Index Funds for Retirement

The Takeaway

Investing vs. Speculation: Understanding the Core Differences

Defining Investing and Speculation

Examples of Investments and Speculative Investments

The Traditional Approach to Investing

Speculation: A High-Risk, High-Reward Game

The Psychology of Investing vs. Speculating

Historical Perspectives on Investing and Speculation

Speculation History: Notable Market Bubbles and Crashes

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