Budgeting for New Nurses

Budgeting as a New Nurse

Editor's Note: For the latest developments regarding federal student loan debt repayment, check out our student debt guide.

When Jennifer S. clocked in on her first day of work as a nurse at a major hospital, she remembers thinking, “I’ve got this.” And she did. Nursing school had prepared her well for working in the emergency room.

She felt less confident about navigating her finances, however. Jennifer had to balance her living expenses and long-term goals with $40,000 in student loans while earning $25 an hour.

She cooked meals at home and kept her expenses low. Jennifer also created a monthly nursing budget to help organize her finances. “I saw that I should start saving a little more during the second half of the month, when I usually had leftover money, in case I needed it for the next month’s bills,” she says.

In addition, Jennifer discovered ways she could make extra money. Consider this nursing budget example: She switched to overnight shifts making an additional $7,000 a year. When a hurricane hit her state, she worked around the clock at the hospital for a week — and earned roughly $6,000, which she put toward a down payment on a home. And she routinely picked up per diem and travel assignments.

Key Points

•   Nurses encounter financial challenges, such as repaying student loans, which require a well-structured budget to manage effectively.

•   Budgeting techniques like the 50/30/20 rule can help nurses manage their money, control spending, and save for financial goals.

•   Regularly reviewing and adjusting the budget is essential as financial circumstances evolve over time.

•   Saving strategies for nurses involve allocating 20% of income toward retirement and establishing an emergency fund for unforeseen expenses.

•   Student loan management can be aided by options like refinancing and forgiveness programs for nurses, helping to alleviate debt.

Why You Need a Nursing Budget

It’s an interesting time to be a nurse. On one hand, staffing shortages and burnout worsened during the pandemic, and the nursing shortage is expected to continue to grow until 2035. The rising cost of higher education, including how to pay for nursing school, has resulted in a growing number of students graduating with debt.

According to the latest figures from the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), roughly 70% of nurses take out nursing student loans to pay for school, and the median student loan debt is between $40,000 and $55,000.

On the plus side, nurses have some leverage. The profession is in such high demand right now that some hospitals are offering incentives like sign-on bonuses, shorter hours, and student loan repayment help.

And in general, nurses can earn a good salary. According to the latest data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median income for a registered nurse in 2023 was $86,070. The median income for a licensed practical nurse or licensed vocational nurse was $59,730. The median income for a nurse anesthetist, nurse midwife, or nurse practitioner — fields that typically require a master’s degree — was $129,480 per year. Nurses who are willing and able to take on additional shifts, work overnight, or accept lucrative travel assignments stand to make even more.

If you’re a new nurse who is figuring out your finances, a nursing budget is a good place to start.

How to Budget as a Nurse

With tens of thousands of dollars’ worth of student loans to repay, it’s helpful for nurses to create a budget to manage their money, cover their living expenses, pay down the debt they owe, and plan for their financial future. Here’s how to do it.

•   Set financial goals. Think about your short-term and long-term aspirations. These might be things like saving $2,000 in your bank account, paying off your student loans, or investing for retirement. Knowing what you’re working toward will help give you the motivation to get there.

•   Calculate your income. Look at your pay stubs to see how much you’re bringing home each month. That’s the amount you have to work with.

•   Determine your expenses. Pull out all your bills and add up how much you’re spending each month for rent, food, utilities, loan and credit card payments, and so on. Be sure to include “fun” expenses such as dining out, entertainment, and self-care costs.

•   Find a budgeting method that works for you. There are different types of techniques, such as the 50/30/20 rule that divides your budget into different categories: 50% for essential expenses like rent, utilities, food, car payments, and debt payments; 30% for discretionary expenditures such as eating out, travel, and shopping; and 20% for goals like saving for a home, your child’s education, and retirement. There’s also the envelope budgeting system, which has you put cash monthly into envelopes for each spending category like housing and food. Once the money in an envelope is gone, you’ll need to wait until the next month to spend in that category again or take money from another envelope. Explore the different methods and choose the one that works best for your lifestyle.

•   Review your nurse budget regularly and update it as needed. Make adjustments as your situation changes. For instance, maybe your car breaks down and you need extra money for emergency repairs. Or perhaps you get a raise that increases your income. Tweak your budget accordingly.

Common Financial Challenges for Nurses

As a nurse, you’ll face some unique money-related challenges. For example, you may have work expenses, such as purchasing a uniform, comfortable shoes, and certain tools to do your job. Many hospitals and clinics require you to buy your own stethoscope, for instance. And working long shifts or irregular hours may leave you with less time for cooking so that you end up spending more money on takeout.

In addition, as a nurse, you may decide to pursue an advanced degree like a master’s to move up the ladder and earn more money. That could mean taking out new student loans to cover the cost of your continuing education, in addition to the loans you already have.

These financial challenges are all things to factor into your nurse budget so that you have a plan for paying them off.

Watch Your Spending

Even when you’re on a budget, it can be easy to fall into the habit of overspending because there are different ways to supplement your income as a nurse. “When I was doing travel assignments, I just kept working,” Jennifer says. “At the time, I didn’t realize it would stop, so I didn’t think to save as much as I could have.”

In fact, lifestyle creep can be a common pitfall, especially when you start earning more money, says Brian Walsh, CFP, senior manager, financial planning for SoFi. Spending more on nonessentials as your income rises can potentially wreak havoc on your savings goals and financial health. That’s why budgeting for nurses is so important.

While you’re starting to establish your spending habits, Walsh recommends using cash or a debit card for purchases. Automate your finances whenever possible by doing things like pre-scheduling bill payments.

Develop Your Savings Strategy

A sound savings plan can help you make progress toward your short- and long-term goals and provide a sense of security. Walsh suggests nurses set aside 20% of their income for retirement and other savings, like building an emergency fund that can cover three to six months’ worth of your total living expenses. He recommends placing it in an easy-to-access vehicle, like money market funds, short-term bonds, CDs, or a high-yield savings account.

The remaining 80% of your income can go toward current living expenses, including monthly student loan payments.

Jennifer found success by adopting a set-it-and-forget-it approach to saving. “Whenever I worked a per diem shift, I got in the habit of putting $100 or $200 of every check into a savings account,” she says. Before long, she had a decent-sized nest egg and peace of mind.

Explore Different Investments

One simple way to build up savings is to contribute to your 401(k) or 403(b) retirement plan, if one is available to you, and tap into a matching funds program. There’s a limit to how much you can contribute annually to one of these plans. In 2024, the amount is $23,000; if you’re 50 or older, you can contribute up to an additional $7,500, for a total of $30,500. In 2025, you can contribute up to $23,500 to a 401(k), and if you’re 50 or older, you can contribute an extra $7,500, for a total contribution of $31,000.

If you don’t have access to an employer-sponsored retirement plan, there are other ways to save for the future. “Start by figuring out what your targeted savings goal is,” Walsh says. If you’re going to save a few thousand dollars, you can consider a traditional IRA or Roth IRA. Both can offer tax advantages.

Contributions made to a traditional IRA are tax-deductible, and no taxes are due until you withdraw the money. Contributions to a Roth IRA are made with after-tax dollars; your money grows tax-free and you don’t pay taxes when you withdraw the funds in retirement. However, there are limits on how much you can contribute each year and on your income. In 2024 and 2025, you can contribute up to $7,000 to an IRA annually with an additional $1,000 for individuals 50 and up.

Ideally, Walsh says, you’re saving more than a few thousand dollars for retirement. If that’s the case, then a Simplified Employee Pension IRA (SEP IRA) may be worth considering. “Depending on how your employment status is set up, a SEP IRA could be a very good vehicle because the total contributions can be just like they are with an employer-sponsored plan, but you control how much to contribute, up to a limit,” he says. What’s more, contributions are tax-deductible, and you won’t pay taxes on growth until you withdraw the money when you retire.

Another option is a health savings account (HSA), which may be available if you have a high deductible health plan. HSAs provide a triple tax benefit: Contributions reduce taxable income, earnings are tax-free, and money used for qualified medical expenses is also tax-free.

Depending on your financial goals, you may also want to consider after-tax brokerage accounts. They offer no tax benefits but give you the flexibility to withdraw money at any time without being taxed or penalized.

Take Control of Your Student Loans

You have different priorities competing for a piece of your paycheck, and nursing school loans are one of them. You may need to start repaying loans six months after graduation, and options vary based on the type of loan you have.

If you have federal loans and need extra help making payments, for example, you can look into a loan forgiveness program or an income-driven repayment (IDR) plan, which can lower monthly payments for eligible borrowers based on their income and household size.

If you’re struggling to make payments, you may qualify for a student loan deferment or forbearance. Both options temporarily suspend your payments, but interest will continue to accrue and add to your total balance.

You can also explore the option of student loan forgiveness. There are a number of student loan forgiveness programs for nurses, such as the NURSE Corps Loan Repayment Program. If you work for a government or nonprofit organization, you can look into the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program to see if you qualify.

Chipping away at a student loan debt can feel overwhelming. And while there’s no one-size-fits-all solution, there are a couple of different debt pay-off approaches you may want to consider. With the avalanche approach, you prioritize debt repayment based on interest rate, from highest to lowest. With the snowball approach, you pay off the smallest balance first and then work your way up to the highest balance.

While both have their benefits, Walsh says he often sees greater success with the snowball approach. “Most people should start with paying off the smallest balance first because then they’ll see progress, and progress leads to persistence,” he explains. But, he adds, the right approach is the one you can stick with.

Consider Whether Student Loan Refinancing Is Right For You

When you choose refinancing, including medical professional refinancing, a private lender pays off your existing loans and issues you a new loan. This combines all of your loans into a single monthly bill, potentially reduces your monthly payments, and may give you a chance to lock in a lower interest rate than you’re currently paying. A quarter of a percentage point difference in an interest rate could translate into meaningful savings if you have a big loan balance, Walsh points out.

A student loan refinancing calculator can help you determine how much refinancing might save you.

Still, refinancing your student loans may not be right for everyone. By choosing to refinance federal student loans, you could lose access to benefits and protections, like the current pause on payment and interest or federal loan forgiveness plans. Be sure to weigh all the options and decide what makes sense for you.

Recommended: Student Loan Refinancing Guide

The Takeaway

Nursing can be a rewarding career, with flexibility and opportunities to add to your income. However, as a new nurse, you are likely trying to stretch your paycheck to cover student loan debt and everyday expenses. Fortunately, by using a few smart strategies, such as budgeting and saving, and exploring options like refinancing, you can start to pay down your loans—and reach your financial goals.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.


Photo credit: iStock/FatCamera

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This content is provided for informational and educational purposes only and should not be construed as financial advice.

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Horse Loan: Understanding Equine Financing

Thinking about buying a horse? While it’s an exciting move, it’s also quite an investment. The average cost of a horse can range from a few hundred dollars to over $50,000, sometimes even more depending on the type of horse you’re buying. Using a horse loan, also called equine financing, can help make this purchase more manageable.

Read on to learn what you need to know about getting a horse loan so you can make an informed decision when welcoming a new horse into your family.

Key Points

•   Personal loans are a flexible option for financing horse purchases, offering secured or unsecured options with fixed or variable interest rates.

•   Borrowing amounts for horse loans typically range from $1,000 to $100,000, depending on credit score and lender requirements.

•   Repayment terms for horse loans generally vary between two to seven years.

•   Before committing to a loan, make sure you understand additional costs such as interest, and potential origination fees and late fees.

•   Alternative financing options include using savings, renting a horse, sharing ownership, or using a credit card with a 0% introductory APR.

Can You Get a Personal Loan for a Horse?

Personal loans offer a flexible way to borrow money for big ticket items, like paying off high-interest debt, completing a home renovation, or even buying a horse. You can find a personal loan through banks, credit unions, and online lenders.

When you get a personal loan, you receive a lump sum of money and then pay it back in monthly installments, which include interest. There are different types of personal loans. Here are some common ones:

•  Secured and unsecured loans: Secured loans are backed by something valuable, like your home or car, while unsecured loans aren’t tied to any assets.

•  Fixed-rate and variable-rate loans: Fixed-rate loans have an interest rate that stays the same, while variable-rate loans have an interest rate that can go up or down based on changes in the market.

•  Single borrower vs. cosigner loans: With some loans, just one person is responsible for payments. But others allow a cosigner, or someone who agrees to help with payments if needed.

Pros and Cons of a Personal Loan for a Horse

To help you decide if a personal loan is a good option to finance your horse, it’s helpful to look at both the pros and cons.

Pros:

•  Personal loans usually have lower interest rates than credit cards. For example, the average rate on a personal loan is around 12.40%, as of October 2024. Meanwhile, the average interest rate on credit cards is closer to 21.76%. This means that unless you qualify for a 0% introductory APR on a credit card, using a personal loan might save you money on interest in the long run.

•  You don’t have to touch your savings. A good rule of thumb is to keep three to six months of income saved for emergencies. If buying a horse empties your savings, you could be in a tough spot if an unexpected expense comes up. A personal loan lets you keep your savings safe while still making your purchase.

•  Wide range of lending requirements. Since each lender has its own criteria, some may approve a personal loan even if your credit score isn’t the best.

Cons:

•  Your debt-to-income ratio will likely go up. Taking on more debt changes the balance between your income and what you owe. Lenders use this debt-to-income ratio (DTI) to decide on your loan approval and interest rate. Most lenders look for a ratio under 36%, so if you make $5,000 a month, your monthly debt should be under $1,800. Some lenders are more flexible, but staying within this limit could improve your chances of getting a competitive rate and terms.

•  You’re taking on additional debt. Buying a horse is a major purchase, so make sure you’re able to repay any money you borrow.

•  Missing or late payments may harm your credit score. Lenders may report late or missing payments to credit bureaus, and this could make your credit score drop. You may also have to pay a late fee, which can add to your costs — especially if it happens more than once.

Recommended:Where to Get a Personal Loan

How to Qualify for a Horse Loan

Before applying for a personal loan, here are a few questions to ask yourself:

•  How much do you need to borrow?

•  What can you afford to pay each month? (A personal loan calculator can help you determine potential monthly payment amounts based on interest rates and terms.)

•  How long do you need to pay it back?

Once you have a good idea of what you’re looking for, it’s wise to check your credit score since lenders use it to decide if you qualify. You can get a free copy of your credit report once a week from the major credit bureaus — Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion — at AnnualCreditReport.com. Take a look to make sure everything is accurate, and address any errors you see.

Ready to apply for your equestrian loan? See which lenders offer prequalification, which will give you an idea of the rates and terms you could qualify for before applying. To prequalify, you’ll typically need to provide basic information like your ID, address, income, and employment status.

Each lender has different requirements, so prequalifying with a few different lenders could help you find the best rates and terms. Once you choose a lender, they’ll guide you through the application process. They’ll likely do a hard credit check at this point, which may lower your credit score slightly, but this is usually only temporary.

Once you’re approved, the lender will ask you to sign a loan agreement. If you have any questions, make sure to speak with your lender.

Recommended:How Hard is It to Get a Personal Loan?

Tips for Successfully Repaying Your Horse Loan

Bringing your new pony home is a great feeling, but it also means it’s time to start repaying your loan. To streamline the process, here are a few strategies to help you repay the amount you borrowed.

Make a Budget

Setting a budget helps you see where your money is going and how much you’ll have left after each loan payment. Budgeting apps can make this easier by tracking your spending, setting limits, and even creating savings goals.

Set Up Autopay

To ensure you never miss a payment, consider setting up autopay. This way, your loan payment is automatically taken out of your account each month without any extra effort. Some lenders even offer discounts for using autopay.

Combine Your Debts

If you have multiple loans or debts, you might consider combining them into a single loan. This is called debt consolidation, and it involves taking out a separate loan to pay off your debt balances. Consolidating your debt can make paying down debt more manageable.

Make Extra Payments

If you want to pay off your loan faster, you could try making extra payments or switching to biweekly payments. By paying off your loan early, you can potentially save money on interest. But check with your lender to see if there’s a fee for early payoff.

Alternative Financing Options

Horse loans aren’t the only way to finance your purchase. Here are a few other options to consider:

Savings

If you can wait a bit before buying a horse, saving up for this big purchase can be a smart move. First, decide how much you’ll need, then set a timeline for reaching that goal. You may also want to consider setting up automatic transfers, which can help you put your savings on autopilot.

Keeping your money in a separate account, like a high-yield savings account, can also help it grow over time. Just keep in mind that once you have the horse, you’ll still need a budget for ongoing care and maintenance.

Horse Rental

Buying a horse comes with extra costs for things like care, food, and shelter. If you’re not ready for these ongoing expenses, renting a horse could be a better option. This way, you can enjoy riding without the full commitment.

Sharing Ownership

You could also consider sharing ownership with someone you trust and splitting the cost of the purchase and ongoing care of the horse. However, keep in mind that if the co-owner decides to back out of the arrangement, you might be responsible for all the expenses yourself, which could be financially burdensome.

Credit Card

Using a credit card to buy a horse might work if you have a high enough credit limit. But keep in mind, credit cards usually come with high interest rates, so if you can’t pay off the full balance right away, you could end up paying more in interest than with other financing options.

However, if you have good credit, some credit cards offer a 0% introductory APR. This lets you avoid interest — provided you pay off the balance before the introductory period ends. If you can’t pay it off by then, you may face a higher interest rate.

Other Factors to Consider Prior to Buying a Horse

Buying a horse is only the beginning of the costs involved. Depending on where you live, your horse’s needs, and other factors, caring for a horse can average between $8,600 to $26,000 per year.

For starters, horses need regular vet visits, a place to live, food, and lots of daily care. So before buying a four-legged friend, make sure you know your horse’s health history, and you have a reasonable budget set aside for yearly expenses.

Here are a few other important things to keep in mind:

•  Lifespan: Horses usually live between 25 and 30 years. Owning one is a long-term commitment that should be carefully considered.

•  Time: Horses need plenty of attention each day. If you’re short on time, you might have to hire someone to help care for your horse.

•  Training and equipment: Horses need plenty of exercise, which requires pricey equipment like saddles, blankets, bridles, and lead lines.

•  Transportation: If you plan to show or travel with your pony, remember that you’ll need a way to transport them, which adds to your ownership costs.

The Takeaway

Taking out a horse loan can be a smart way to finance a new pony. But before signing a loan agreement, it’s important to understand how equine financing works and to compare your options. Also, keep in mind the ongoing costs of horse ownership.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.

SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Personal Loan overall.

FAQ

How much can I borrow with a personal loan for a horse?

The amount you can borrow for a horse loan depends on factors like your credit score, your lender, and other financial details like your income. Personal loan amounts usually range from $1,000 to $100,000. Before applying, figure out what you can afford and what you’re likely to qualify for.

What is the typical repayment period for a horse loan?

Repayment terms vary by lender, but you can generally find personal loans with terms between two and seven years. Keep in mind that while longer terms may make the monthly payment more affordable, you may end up paying more in interest than you would with a shorter loan term.

Are there any additional costs associated with a horse loan?

Besides interest, some lenders charge extra fees, like an origination fee, which is usually a percentage of your total loan amount. Lenders might also charge a late fee if you miss a payment, so check with your lender to understand all potential fees.


Photo credit: iStock/AzmanJaka
SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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How Long Does a Debit Card Refund Take?

While it only takes a moment to swipe or tap a debit card when making a purchase, debit card refunds are not as fast: They typically take between one and 10 business days or even longer.

Debit card refunds can be a common occurrence: Perhaps you used your card to buy laundry detergent but you bought the wrong variety. Or maybe you purchased an item online that arrived damaged.

There are a number of different factors that impact how debit card refunds work. Understanding the debit card refund process can help you know what to expect, and most importantly, when to expect the money to go back into your bank account.

Key Points

•  A refund on a debit card typically takes one to 10 business days, influenced by merchant and bank processing times.

•  Accurate information expedites refunds; incorrect details can cause delays or processing issues.

•  Delays can occur due to merchant processing, incorrect information, and technical difficulties.

•  Contact the merchant first if a refund is delayed, then check with your bank.

•  International debit card refunds can take longer due to multiple processing networks and potential fraud checks.

Understanding the Debit Card Refund Process

One important debit card fact is that refunds don’t usually go through instantly, despite how quick purchase transactions can be with these cards. If you expect the money to be credited to your account immediately (as it could be with a cash refund), you may be disappointed. And depending on how you are managing your cash flow, you could risk overdraft fees if you expect the funds to quickly land back in your bank account.

The most important thing to understand is that your financial institution (whether you do online banking or the traditional kind) cannot issue an immediate refund to your account. Instead, they must wait for the merchant to initiate the refund. Generally, once you request a refund, the merchant will approve it, and then they will alert their bank to issue a refund to your bank.

Each one of these steps can take a few business days, which is why the overall debit card refund process can take up to 10 business days or longer.

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Factors Affecting Refund Processing Time

There are several factors that can affect how long it takes for a refund on a debit card to arrive at your checking account.

•  Merchant delays: Depending on how you request your refund and which merchant is processing the refund, it may take a couple of business days for your refund to even be initiated. There may also be delays in the processing between the merchant’s bank and your bank.

•  Debit card processing: Your debit card processing network (such as Visa or Mastercard) will have its own schedule and system for refunds. This could potentially slow down your refund. There also could be a slowdown with the merchant’s network.

•  Incorrect information: One of the biggest factors that can delay your debit card refund is if you provide incorrect information to the merchant. Make sure that your refund request has your proper name and bank account details to facilitate a prompt refund.

•  Technical difficulties: There could be technical delays or difficulties. For instance, there might be an abnormally large number of refund requests at a given time. This can increase debit card refund processing time.

•  Payment authorization: It’s important to understand that when you make a purchase, it may take a few business days for the merchant to actually receive your money. If you make a refund request before the merchant has obtained your money, your refund will likely have to wait until after that initial charge has been posted.

•  Fraud checks: A refund request for an unusually large charge may be delayed while the bank checks to make sure that both the charge and the refund request are valid and not a kind of bank fraud. This process can also affect international debit card refund requests, which may take a bit longer than domestic refunds.

Understanding these forces can help explain how long a debit card refund takes to be completed.

Recommended: APY (Annual Percentage Yield) Calculator

Tips to Expedite Your Debit Card Refund

Here are a few ways you may be able to speed up a debit card refund:

•  Be accurate. One of the most important things that you can do to expedite your debit card refund is to provide accurate information to the merchant when you request the refund. This may include your name, address, contact information as well as your bank account routing and account information. If you provide incorrect information, that can delay your refund or even cause the merchant to not be able to process your refund.

•  Follow up. If several business days have passed and you have not received an expected refund, a good next step can be to check in with the merchant again and request information on where the transaction stands. You may be able to track the status of your refund request online, or you may have to call the merchant directly.

•  Check with your bank. If the merchant says that your refund has been processed but you still haven’t seen it post to your account, contact your financial institution to see if they can track the status of your refund. They may help move the transaction forward; they might contact the payment processor for details on the debit card refund’s status.

By following this sequence of steps, you may be able to speed up a debit card refund.

What to Do If Your Refund Is Delayed

As noted above, if your refund is delayed, the first step is to reach out to the merchant. They may be able to verify your refund information and update your refund status. You can also reach out to your bank to see if they can track your debit card refund.

It’s also good to understand that international debit card refunds can take longer still than domestic, due to cross-border processing times.

Though delays in debit card refunds can undoubtedly be frustrating, know that sometimes security measures are the root of the slowdown. The silver lining is that your personal finances are being protected as your refund makes its way back to you.

Recommended: 7 Tips to Managing Your Money Better

The Takeaway

The time frame for how long a debit card refund takes is usually anywhere from one to 10 business days, depending on a number of factors. These include the amount of time it takes for the merchant to process the refund and for both your bank and the merchant’s bank to move the money. There can also be delays due to technical issues and a high volume of transactions. If it’s been several business days and you haven’t seen an expected refund, first check with the merchant. If you don’t get a satisfactory response, check with your bank to see if they can track and expedite your debit card refund.

If you’re looking for a bank account with a debit card and loads of other great features, see what SoFi can offer.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.00% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

Do credit card refunds process faster than debit card refunds?

No, actually credit card refunds usually take longer to process than returns with cash or debit cards. They typically take between five and 14 business days, versus one to 10 for a debit card refund. However, purchases that you make with a credit card may afford you more protections (such as protection against unauthorized charges) than those made with debit cards.

Can I track my debit card refund status?

It can sometimes be difficult to accurately track the status of your debit card refund. You may be able to track your refund on the merchant’s website (if they provide that service). However, that may only show when the merchant authorized the return. Another option would be to look at your online banking account or talk to your bank’s customer service department. If your debit card refund is delayed, you might reach out to the merchant and then your bank for updates.

How do international refunds differ from domestic ones?

International debit card refunds work in a similar fashion to domestic debit card refunds and may take the same amount of time: up to 10 business days. However, they may take considerably longer; international banking transactions may have to route through multiple processing networks. Additionally, some banks may flag international debit card refunds as potentially fraudulent, leading to further delays as they ascertain if they are valid.


Photo credit: iStock/Hispanolistic

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2024 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.


SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.00% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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How to Read a Pay Stub or Paycheck

Thanks to the convenience of direct deposit, many people never even glance at — much less analyze — their pay stubs or paychecks anymore.

But reviewing the information on your pay slip, which serves as a receipt for the wages you receive each pay period, is more important than you might think. It can help you monitor your retirement savings, for example, and the other employee benefits you’re receiving. It also can allow you to track how much you’re paying in taxes. And if you know how to read a pay stub, you might even spot errors that could cost you money or cause some headaches if they aren’t fixed right away.

Knowing the details of where your wages can be an important part of successfully managing your money.

Key Points

•   Pay stubs include essential information like earnings, deductions, and employer contributions, all important for financial planning.

•   Regularly reviewing pay stubs can help you identify errors and track benefits and deductions.

•   Understanding payroll deductions, both pre- and post-tax, can aid in budgeting and tax planning.

•   Understanding employer contributions to benefits and taxes is crucial for evaluating compensation packages.

•   Pay stubs may provide additional information, such as paid leave time and loan repayment status.

The Basic Components of a Pay Stub

Federal law doesn’t require that pay stubs be distributed. State laws, however, require pay stubs in 41 states, with different guidelines for the contents. Not only can the details shared about one’s pay and how it’s organized can vary significantly from one state to the next, it may well shift from one employer to the next. Some pay stubs and paychecks have much more streamlined details than others. But some of the basic elements you can probably expect to find on your pay slip include:

•  Identifying information about your employer

•  Identifying information about you

•  The start and end dates of the current pay period

•  Information about your earnings

•  Information about taxes and deductions from your pay

•  Employer-paid taxes

•  Employer-paid benefits

This information is important for accurate recordkeeping for you and your employer.

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Get up to $300 when you bank with SoFi.

No account or overdraft fees. No minimum balance.

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Up to 2-day-early paycheck.

Up to $2M of additional
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Personal Information and Pay Period Details

The personal information and pay period details section of your pay stub is typically where the most basic intel can be found, including your Social Security number, tax-filing status, and federal, state, and local withholding allowances.

If you have direct deposit, you also might see the routing and account number for the checking and/or savings account you use for that.

Why It Matters: The top section of your pay stub is probably the easiest portion to skim through — but it’s also worth making sure the information is correct. If your name is misspelled or just one digit of your Social Security number is off, for example, it could cause you problems later. And the IRS recommends reviewing your income tax withholding choices at least once a year, early in the year, to help avoid any surprises when you prepare your income taxes.

Breaking Down Earnings

The earnings section is where many people quickly zoom in to see how much money is coming their way. But it’s not one single number you’ll find in this section. Here’s what the earnings on your pay stub or paycheck can tell you.

Gross Pay vs. Net Pay: What’s the Difference?

You’ll likely be interested in how much you received for a given pay period. When looking for that, keep the following in mind:

•  Your gross earnings equal the money you made before taxes and other deductions were subtracted.

•  Your net earnings indicate the amount you’re actually paid after those deductions are taken out. So the net figure is the amount of cash landing in your checking account if you have direct deposit and send all your wages there. (And if you don’t, this is the amount you’ll see on your paper paycheck.)

These two figures may appear in different areas on the pay slip, not necessarily at the top. They are important to track: Understanding the difference in your net vs. gross pay can be useful for budgeting, goal-setting, and deciding how much to save from each paycheck.

Regular Wages and Overtime Pay

The earnings section is typically broken down into a few different categories, which may vary depending on, say, whether you’re a salaried or hourly employee. It may include your regular pay rate and how many hours you worked, for example, plus overtime, holiday, and vacation pay rates and hours.

Bonuses, Commissions, and Other Compensation

Some people simply earn a straight salary. But others may have other forms of compensation, such as a commission on sales or a year-end bonus. These amounts and any other forms of compensation will be listed.

Year-to-Date (YTD) Earnings

You can gain further insight onto your earnings when you compare a given pay period’s numbers and YTD, or year-to-date, figures. The YTD figures show how your income is stacking up over the course of the year and can help you track where you are in terms of your expectations for this juncture.

Why It Matters: Checking payment details can help you be sure your hourly wages/salary and other compensation amounts are correct. What’s more, tracking how much you’re earning in other pay categories can be helpful for tax and other planning purposes.

Recommended: How to Calculate Gross Monthly Earnings From a Biweekly Pay Stub

Decoding Deductions and Withholdings

Here’s where you’ll see your gross earnings shrink down to your net pay, thanks to statutory (or obligatory) and voluntary deductions.

Required Payroll Deductions

The statutory deductions listed on your stub are taxes employers are required by law to withhold from an employee’s pay. These include:

•  Federal income tax withholding, which the government uses to pay for school, roads, national defense, and other government programs.

•  Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) taxes, which help fund Social Security and Medicare programs. (6.2% of your gross wages goes toward Social Security tax, and 1.45% of your gross wages goes to Medicare tax. Your employer matches these percentages for a total of 15.3%. These percentages can change, as determined by Congress.)

•  State income taxes, which will vary depending on where you live and work. Some states have no state income tax, while in other states, tax rates can range from typically higher (California) to lower (Arizona, North Dakota, and Oklahoma).

Elective Payroll Deductions

Other paycheck deductions you may see listed on your stub are for benefits you have a choice about, such as:

•  Health and dental insurance premiums

•  Life insurance premiums

•  Disability insurance premiums

•  401(k) or similar retirement plan contributions

•  Charitable giving

•  Union dues

Many of these costs may be pre-tax — deducted from your earnings before taxes are calculated — and others will be post-tax. If you aren’t sure whether certain of your benefits are pre- or post-tax and it isn’t clearly defined on your pay stub, you may want to ask someone in human resources, or HR, to break it down for you.

Why It Matters: It’s always a good idea to know what you’re paying for, so you can make choices that maximize your earnings. And understanding which payroll deductions are pre- or post-tax can help with budgeting and tax planning.

Employer Contributions

Knowing how to read this portion of your pay stub will help you see what your employer is paying for on your behalf, outside of your wages. This section may include a base amount paid by your employer for different types of insurance (which you can usually add to at your discretion), as well as any pension information, and the amount your employer is contributing to your retirement plan (based on an agreed-upon match based on your contribution amount).

The amounts your employer pays toward federal and state unemployment taxes may also be listed here with the acronyms FUTA (Federal Unemployment Tax Act) and SUTA (State Unemployment Tax Act).

Why It Matters: Workplace benefits can be a valuable addition to your regular compensation. If you’re thinking about shopping for a new employer — or a competitor has approached you with a job — it can be helpful to compare the salary and benefits package you’re getting from your current company vs. potential offers. Knowing how to read a pay stub or how to read a paycheck can help you evaluate where these aspects of compensation currently stand.

Interpreting Additional Information on Your Pay Stub

Some other types of information that may appear on your stub include:

•  Paid leave: The time off you’ve earned minus the time you’ve already taken may be listed under the employer benefits portion of your stub, or these hours (vacation, sick time, personal/flex time) may appear in their own section.

•  Loan repayment: If you borrowed money from your 401(k) and set up a repayment plan using payroll deductions, you can look for the current amount paid and year-to-date amount paid in the elective deductions section.

•  Wage garnishment: If your employer received a garnishment order (because you have unpaid child support or alimony, taxes, student loans, etc.), that amount may be listed under “deductions” or “other deductions.”

•  Notes: This section of your pay stub may contain updates from the company ranging from an upcoming increase in your wages to a heads-up about a coming charity drive.

Why It Matters: Keeping track of these pieces of information — which are often unique to you — can be useful, whether you’re budgeting for the month ahead or planning for a future goal.

Either way, understanding and checking the math that went into getting this final number can help you catch mistakes. And understanding the difference in your net vs. gross pay can be useful for budgeting, goal-setting, and deciding how much to save from each paycheck.

Recommended: 23 Ways to Make Quick Cash

The Takeaway

There’s a wealth of data on your pay slip that can help you understand and possibly optimize your earnings. You can see how much you’re contributing to your retirement plan and how much your employer might be matching. And you can keep tabs on the other types of employer-paid benefits you’re receiving that go beyond your wages. You also can check to see if you’re still happy with how much is being withheld each payday for federal and state taxes, and if you need to make adjustments so there aren’t any surprises come tax time.

Another way to make the most of your hard-earned money? Partner with the right bank.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.00% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

What should I do if I notice an error on my pay stub?

Comparing your newest pay stub to older slips can help you determine if there is, indeed, a discrepancy, and it’s one of the benefits of knowing how to read a paycheck. If you’ve spotted what you believe to be a mistake, it’s a good idea to take it immediately to your employer, such as someone in HR. Make sure the report is documented (you may have to put the issue in writing), and follow up as needed to make sure it’s explained and/or addressed.

How long should I keep my pay stubs?

It can make sense to hold onto pay stubs for at least a year. You may need them for tax preparation or for proof of income if you’re applying for a mortgage or other large purchase.

Can I get a copy of a lost pay stub?

If you’ve lost a pay stub and don’t know where to locate your earnings statements electronically, ask your manager or HR for help logging on to the company website and finding what you need. If you don’t have direct online access to your personal payroll records, you can contact HR or the payroll department for help getting a copy of your pay stub.


Photo credit: iStock/AndreyPopov

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2024 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.


SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.00% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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Conventional Loan Requirements

Conventional loans — mortgages that are not insured by the federal government — are the most popular type of mortgage and offer affordability to homebuyers.

Private mortgage lenders originate and fund conventional loans, which are then often bought by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, publicly traded companies that are run under a congressional charter.

By buying and selling these mortgages, Fannie and Freddie help to ensure a reliable flow of mortgage funding.

Key Points

•   Conventional loans in 2024 typically require a minimum FICO® score of 620, with better interest rates offered to those with higher scores.

•   A down payment of 20% is ideal to avoid PMI, but first-time homebuyers can qualify with as little as 3% down.

•   A borrower’s loan-to-value ratio and debt-to-income ratio are also important considerations for lenders.

•   Conventional loans above a certain amount set by the Federal Housing Finance Administration are considered nonconforming loans.

•   Conforming loan limits vary by location, with higher limits in high-cost areas.

Requirements for Conventional Loans

It can be confusing to know how to qualify for a mortgage.

Just realize, for one thing, that a higher credit score is usually required for a conventional home loan than an FHA loan backed by the Federal Housing Administration, a type popular among first-time buyers.

Here are factors a lender will consider when sizing you up for a conventional loan.

Your Credit Score

You’ll usually need a FICO credit score of at least 620 for a fixed-rate or adjustable-rate mortgage.

The FICO score range of 300 to 850 is carved into these categories:

•   Exceptional: 800 to 850

•   Very Good: 740 to 799

•   Good: 670 to 739

•   Fair: 580 to 669

•   Poor: 300 to 579

In general, the higher your credit score, the better the interest rates you’re offered.

Down Payment

Putting 20% down is desirable because it means you can avoid paying PMI, or private mortgage insurance, which covers the lender in case of loan default.

But many buyers don’t put 20% down. The median down payment on a home is 15%, according to a recent study by the National Association of Realtors®.

Conventional loans require as little as 3% down for first-time homebuyers, and the down payment can be funded by a gift from a close relative; a spouse, fiancé or domestic partner; a buyer’s employer or church; or a nonprofit or public agency. The gift may require a gift letter for the mortgage.

Just keep in mind that the smaller the down payment, the higher your monthly payments are likely to be, and PMI may come along for the ride until you reach 20% equity.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.


Debt-to-Income Ratio

Your debt-to-income ratio (DTI) helps a lender understand your ongoing monthly debt obligations relative to your gross monthly income.

To calculate back-end DTI:

1.    Add up your monthly bills (but do not include groceries, utilities, cellphone bill, car insurance, and health insurance).

2.    Divide the total by your pretax monthly income.

3.    Multiply by 100 to convert the number to a percentage.

In general, lenders like to see a DTI ratio of 36% but will accept 43%.

The Fannie Mae HomeReady® loan, for lower-income borrowers, may allow a DTI ratio of up to 50%.

In any case, the lower your DTI ratio, the more likely you are to qualify for a mortgage and possibly better terms.

Loan-to-Value Ratio

The loan-to-value ratio (LTV) is the amount of the mortgage you are applying for compared with the home value. The higher the down payment, the lower the LTV ratio.

Fannie Mae typically sets LTV limits at 97% for a fixed-rate mortgage for a principal residence (think: 3% down) and 85% for a fixed or adjustable loan for a one-unit investment property.

When LTV exceeds 80% on a conforming loan, PMI will likely apply, although some borrowers employ a piggyback loan to avoid mortgage insurance.

Conventional Conforming Loan Limits

Many loans are both conventional and conforming — meaning they meet the guidelines of secondary mortgage market powerhouses Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which buy such mortgages and often package them into securities for investors.

Conventional conforming loans fall below limits set by the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) every year.
Staying under a conforming loan limit often equates to a lower-cost mortgage because the loan can be acquired by Fannie and Freddie.

The conforming loan limits for 2025 in many counties in the contiguous states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico rose with market prices:

•   One unit: $806,500

•   Two units: $981,500

•   Three units: $1,186,350

•   Four units: $1,474,400

In high-cost areas like Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, the 2025 conforming loan limits are:

•   One unit: $1,209,750

•   Two units: $1,472,250

•   Three units: $1,779,525

•   Four units: $2,211,600

If you’re curious about your county’s specific conforming loan limits are, you can check out this FHFA guide.

Nonconforming Loans

Word games, anyone? Nonconforming loans are simply mortgages that do not meet Fannie and Freddie standards for purchase. They usually take the form of jumbo loans and government-backed loans.

A homebuyer or refinancer who needs a mortgage beyond the FHFA limits can seek a jumbo mortgage loan. A jumbo loan is still a conventional loan if it’s not backed by a government agency; it’s just considered a “nonconforming” loan.

FHA, VA, and USDA mortgages — those backed by the Federal Housing Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture — are also nonconforming loans.

Nonconforming mortgage rates for jumbo loans may be higher because the loans carry greater risk for lenders, but when the nonconforming loan is backed by the government, its rate might skew lower than conventional conforming rates.

The Takeaway

Conventional loan requirements are good to know when you’re looking at the most popular type of mortgage around. Would-be homebuyers will want to make sure their credit score, debt-to-income ratio, and down payment numbers are lined up as favorably as possible before pursuing their dream property.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

Are there any drawbacks to a conventional loan?

The main drawback to a conventional loan is that you will need to make some type of down payment on the property. It doesn’t need to be the 20% down payment that was common in decades past. But even a low down payment of, say, 3.5% could add up to tens of thousands of dollars given today’s home prices.

What’s the main reason I might not qualify for a conventional loan?

The most common reason someone might not qualify for a conventional home loan is usually related to credit — perhaps the applicant has a credit score below 620, or maybe there is some other significant warning sign on the credit report, such as a history of delinquencies or bankruptcy.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.


*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

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¹FHA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by FHA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. FHA loans require an Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP), which may be financed or paid at closing, in addition to monthly Mortgage Insurance Premiums (MIP). Maximum loan amounts vary by county. The minimum FHA mortgage down payment is 3.5% for those who qualify financially for a primary purchase. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.

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