Dec
11
2024
Guide to Reopening a Closed Bank Account

Guide to Reopening a Closed Bank Account

By | Budgeting & Goals, Financial Independence, money | Comments Off on Guide to Reopening a Closed Bank Account

You can sometimes reopen a closed bank account depending on the bank’s policies and the reasons for the closure. Accounts that you closed or that were closed due to inactive status tend to be easier to reopen than those that were terminated due to problems like frequent overdrafts. This guide will help you navigate having a closed bank account that you’d like to reopen.

Key Points

•   Bank accounts can be closed by the owner or the bank for various reasons, including dissatisfaction, relocation, or financial issues.

•   Closed accounts might be reopened depending on the bank’s policies and the reasons for closure.

•   Dormant accounts require reactivation, which can often be resolved by making a transaction.

•   Accounts closed due to excessive overdrafts may be reopened after settling outstanding balances.

•   Fraudulent activities leading to account closure generally prevent reopening with the same bank.

Why Might You Need to Close a Bank Account?

Account holders may decide to close a bank account for a variety of reasons, including the following:

•   No longer needing the account

•   Moving to a new location

•   Lack of convenience

•   Dissatisfaction with the account

•   Issues meeting minimum requirements

Here’s more about each.

No Longer Needing the Account

Sometimes, you simply might not need a bank account anymore. For example, if you’d set up a separate savings account to save enough money for a down payment on a house or for a vacation, after you’ve accomplished those goals, you might decide that you don’t need multiple bank accounts anymore.

Moving to a New Location

If you’re moving to a new community that doesn’t have a branch of your financial institution nearby, you may decide to close your bank account and open a new one that’s more readily accessible in your new town. Moving doesn’t create a problem when someone banks solely online, but it can lead someone to switch banks if they prefer in-person options.

Lack of Convenience

Another potential reason someone might switch banks is due to a lack of convenience, such as a bank’s hours being incompatible with their schedule or the bank not having a widespread enough network of ATMs so they wind up paying many ATM fees. When banking becomes inconvenient through a certain financial institution, that could spur someone to seek a more practical solution.

Dissatisfaction With the Account

Whether it’s poor customer service, a lack of desired services, or fees that are too high, customers sometimes close their accounts and go elsewhere because they aren’t satisfied with their current financial institution. If, for instance, you see an offer for a savings account that earns more interest and charges lower fees, you might decide to make a switch.

Issues Meeting Minimum Requirements

If a bank requires you to maintain a certain balance to keep the account open or to avoid hefty fees, an account holder may opt to close the account if they’re struggling to meet those requirements. By closing a savings account with a minimum balance that’s just out of reach, for instance, someone could avoid incurring fees each month when they don’t make the minimum balance requirement.

Is It Bad When a Bank Closes Your Account?

Whether it’s bad when a bank closes your account depends on why the bank closed it — and situations can vary. According to the governmental agency, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency , banks typically can close accounts for nearly any reason without providing notice.

That being said, common reasons why a bank may close an account can include:

•   Low or no activity: Banks may place an account in a dormant status after a certain period elapses with no transactions. With a dormant account, it’s not technically closed, but the account owner is no longer able to make transactions. How long it might take for an account to go dormant depends on both state laws and a particular bank’s policies.

   After an account has been dormant for a period of time, a traditional or online bank may close the account and, if you can’t be reached, forward the funds to the proper state government, labeling them as “unclaimed property.” At this point, you’d need to submit a claim to your state’s treasury office to obtain that money.

   Recommended: How to Find a Lost Bank Account

•   Suspicious activity: A bank will close an account if it has proven the account to be involved in fraudulent activity. When the bank initially suspects fraudulent behavior (whether the account holder was the perpetrator or the victim), the bank will likely freeze the account to investigate. Red flags can include large transactions, frequent account activity (especially if that activity is new or different), and transfers to overseas accounts.

•   Excessive overdrafts: If an account holder regularly spends more from an account than what’s available, this leads to negative balances and bounced checks. A bank can charge overdraft fees and require that the account holder bring in sufficient funds to return the account back to the minimum balance required. If that happens frequently or if funds are not restored, however, the bank may close the account.

Worth noting: If your bank account is closed due to a negative balance or suspicion of fraudulent activity, this may make it difficult for you to open a new bank account. Those issues will be on your record with ChexSystems, an industry reporting agency. You might need to explore what are known as second chance checking accounts in order to open a bank account again.

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Do You Get Your Money If a Bank Closes Your Account?

By law, a bank must refund to you any money in a closed account after subtracting fees that are due. Typically, a check will be sent to the account holder. There is a possibility that the bank might move the money into a different type of account.

If the bank cannot reach you about this matter, your funds could be sent to the state as unclaimed money.

How Long Do Banks Keep Closed Accounts?

For deposit accounts of $100 or more, a bank must retain records for at least five years. However, this doesn’t necessarily mean that you can reopen the account within that time frame.

You’ll learn more about how you might reopen a closed account below.

Can You Reopen a Closed Bank Account?

There isn’t a simple yes/no answer to “Can a closed bank account be reopened?” You may be able to reopen a closed bank account in some situations. It will depend, however, on why the account was closed and your financial institution’s policies.

Usually, it’s a wise move to contact the bank, find out why your account has been closed, and see if it’s possible to use it again. You might be able to reactivate a dormant account simply by making a withdrawal or depositing funds (see below for more details). But if a bank account has been closed due to, say, suspicions of fraud, you may not be able to reinstate it.

Next, you’ll learn the steps involved if you do try to reopen a closed bank account.

How Do You Reopen a Closed Bank Account?

If you’ve closed your account (rather than a bank doing so), you can typically submit a request to reopen, say, your checking account. This can be done online, over the phone, or by visiting a branch in person, with the exact process varying depending on the specific financial institution.

Another option you have in this situation is to simply open a new bank account, whether at your previous financial institution or at another one of your choice. When choosing your account, it’s worth exploring the different types of savings accounts you might consider.

On the other hand, if your bank account gets closed by a bank, whether or not you can reopen it largely depends on the reason for the closure as well as your bank’s policies.

In general, the first step in reinstating a troubled account is to talk to your financial institution about why your account was frozen, put into dormant status, or closed. Ask what you need to do to address the issues. You can also review your account agreement. If you believe that a bank wrongfully closed your account, you can file a written complaint .

Here’s guidance on how to reopen a closed bank account in three scenarios.

Reopening a Dormant/Inactive Account

This is one of the simplest issues to address. If you receive a notification that your account is considered inactive or dormant, contact your bank to find out how to make it active again. The bank may allow you to make a deposit to the old account, or they may have you open a new bank account.

💡 Recommended: What Do You Need to Open a Bank Account?

Reopening an Account After Closure Due to Excessive Overdraft

Financial institutions need to monitor their levels of risk. If they close a bank account for excessive overdrafts, the account holder would likely need to talk to the bank to see if they are willing to reopen the old account or if they’d allow them to open a new one. Different banks will have different policies. You may be required to pay off your negative balance, sometimes within a specified timeframe, before you can reopen your account.

Reopening an Account Closed for Suspicious or Fraudulent Activities

If a bank believes that a customer is engaged in fraudulent behavior (rather than being a victim of it), then it may be difficult to reopen an account or to open a new one with the institution. Contact the financial institution, and be prepared to demonstrate how any activity in your account that appeared suspicious was, in fact, not fraudulent or not your fault.

How to Prevent Bank Account Closures

In order to avoid your bank account being closed, it’s a good idea to:

•   Use it regularly so it doesn’t go dormant.

•   Set up alerts for a low balance. That way, you can remedy a situation which could lead to closure due to your overdrafting.

•   Review communication from your bank. You might get a notice that your account has issues, but if you don’t read it, you can’t take steps to prevent closure.

Recommended: APY Calculator

The Takeaway

Whether or not you can reopen a closed bank account largely depends on why it was closed in the first place. Sometimes, an account holder in good standing decides to close a bank account and later changes their mind. In that case, the financial institution will almost certainly allow them to have an account there again. Other times, the bank closed the account, perhaps because of excessive overdrafts, suspicious activity, or lack of use. In those instances, talk to the financial institution to see what steps you need to take.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

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FAQ

Can a bank close your account?

Yes, it can. According to a governmental agency that oversees financial transactions, banks can close accounts for virtually any reason without notice.

Is it bad when a bank closes your account?

Whether it’s bad depends upon the reason why the bank closes your account. Sometimes, a bank account is closed because of inactivity. Other times, it can be a more concerning situation, one that can make it harder to open an account in the future. For instance, the bank may have flagged the account for suspicious or fraudulent activity. Another reason why a bank may close an account is excessive overdrafts.

Can you reopen a closed account?

Whether you can reopen a closed account depends on who closed the account (you or the bank), the reasons why the account was closed, and the bank’s policies. Talk to your financial institution to find out what steps you would need to take in order to reopen your account.

How do I prevent my bank account from being closed?

To prevent your bank account from getting closed, use the account regularly and set up low balance alerts so you can avoid overdrafting. If your account is troubled, talk to your financial institution. Explore what solutions might exist to keep your account open and return it to good standing. It might also be beneficial to brush up on your financial habits and the basics, such as how savings accounts work.

Will a direct deposit reopen a closed account?

No. If an account is closed, the direct deposit funds will have nowhere to be deposited and so the transaction will not go through. To address this situation, talk to your bank about reopening the account and let the payer know that there is an issue with the account tied to your direct deposit.

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SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

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Dec
10
2024

Swing Trading: What It Is and How It Works

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Swing Trading: What It Is and How It Works

Swing trading is a form of investing in the stock market where investors look to maximize short-term gains by using technical analysis to identify a stock’s short or medium-term direction. Swing trading shares some similarities to day trading, but there are key differences as well.

Swing traders may also sometimes incorporate fundamental analysis of the stock itself as part of their trading strategy. And swing traders will usually hold their positions longer than day traders, who usually look to liquidate their positions within the same trading day. It is common in swing trading to hold positions for a few days to a few weeks.

Key Points

•   Swing trading uses technical and fundamental analysis for short-term stock movements.

•   Positions tend to last several days to weeks, unlike day trading.

•   While longer holding periods may offer the potential to see higher returns over time, they could also leave the door open for stocks to move in an adverse direction.

•   It also may involve overnight market risks due to longer holding periods.

•   Swing trading also involves less time commitment than day trading, but like day trading, still involves market volatility.

What Is Swing Trading?

Swing trading is a way to invest in the stock market using both technical analysis as well as fundamental analysis of individual stocks. A swing trader will look both at how a stock’s price has moved recently as well as the underlying business of the company whose stock it is. Using both, a swing trader will determine what stock to trade, and when.

Swing trading may involve holding a position for several days to weeks. Unlike day trading, where an investor usually looks to buy and sell multiple times within one trading day, swing traders have a slightly longer time horizon.

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How Swing Trading Works

If you’re looking to start swing trading, you’ll want to first do some fundamental analysis of different companies, and find one where you have a bullish (or bearish) outlook. You might look at stochastic indicators, moving averages, or just wait for a down day in the market for a buy signal.

Example of Swing Trading

Here’s one look at an example of swing trading.

Suppose that a stock with ticker symbol XYZ has regularly oscillated in price between 40 and 50 over the course of the past few months. If you are generally bullish on XYZ, when the price drops back down to 40, that might be an indicator to buy. Then you can put a stop loss order near the resistance level of 50.

Benefits and Risks of Swing Trading

As with any trading or investment strategy, there are benefits and risks.

Benefits

•   Incorporates both technical and fundamental analysis in determining your investing.
Less of a daily time commitment may be required to monitor stock movements and trade as compared to

•   day trading.

•   Potential for higher returns on any given trade.

Risks

•   Compared to day trading, holding a trade for a longer period of time exposes you to overnight market risk

•   Actively trading stocks can subject you to volatile swings in the market

•   When focusing on short-term swings, you may miss out on larger market trends

Swing Trading Comparisons

Swing trading is also similar – but different – from different types of trading, such as day trading, scalping, and trend trading.

Day Trading vs Swing Trading

Day trading and swing trading share many similarities, but there are some key differences that you’ll want to be aware of. Both day trading and swing trading look for commodities that have high liquidity and high volatility.

The main difference between day trading and swing trading is the length of time that you hold any one investment. Day traders usually look to close their positions before the end of a trading day, while swing traders might hold positions for several days or weeks.

Scalping vs Swing Trading

One particular day trading strategy is scalp trading. In scalp trading, traders look to make many small trades throughout the day.

With each trade, the trader would look at the risk to reward ratio with the goal of being profitable on at least 50% of trades. Again, there are a lot of similarities between swing trading and scalping, but one big difference is that swing traders usually hold on to their position for several days or weeks.

Trend Trading vs Swing Trading

Trend trading is another way to invest in the stock market – you can review stock market basics to get a better idea of how the two may differ. But for now, trend traders look for overarching market trends, and tend to have a longer-term focus than swing traders. A good rule of thumb is that trend traders trade less often and hold their positions longer, while swing traders trade more frequently and hold their positions for a shorter period of time.

Swing Trading Tactics

If you’re interested in swing trading, there are several different swing trading strategies you can take advantage of. One popular way to swing trade is by trading stocks within the channel between a stock’s support price and resistance price, based on its historical movement. You can also use the MACD (Moving Average Convergence / Divergence) indicator as another way to find opportunities for swing trading.

The Takeaway

Swing trading is similar to day trading, in that you trade stocks based on technical indicators and hold your investments for a short period of time. Unlike day trading, swing traders will often hold their investments for longer than a day, and many swing traders will also use fundamental analysis in addition to looking at a stock’s chart information.

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For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

Is swing trading good for beginners?

Swing trading is considered more of an advanced concept, so beginners may want to take caution before trying swing trading. One option to consider would be doing “paper trading.” This is where you make simulated trades on paper without risking actual money. This may give you an idea of the risks, rewards, and volatility of swing trading.

Can you get rich swing trading?

It’s possible to get rich through swing trading, but the odds are against you. If you have the skill to identify good trading opportunities, the capital to back it up, and the stomach to handle volatile swings up and down, you can potentially make money with swing trading. If that combination doesn’t sound like you, you might want to consider other forms of investing.

How are swing traders taxed?

Unless you hold your investments for longer than one year, swing trading is taxed as ordinary income. So any net income from swing trading is taxed depending on your ordinary income tax rate, which goes from 10% to as high as 37%. You’ll want to make sure that you account for the taxes you’ll need to pay when you’re deciding if swing trading is right for you.

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Dec
10
2024

What Does DD Mean in Stocks?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off on What Does DD Mean in Stocks?

DD is a term in stock investing that stands for “due diligence.” It’s the process of researching and evaluating stocks before deciding to buy or sell. Due diligence gives investors a comprehensive understanding of a stock so they can make an informed decision about a trade. Although due diligence is not required, it is highly recommended.

Key Points

•   “DD” means “due diligence,” which is to conduct thorough research on a company’s fundamentals, including market cap, revenue, profit, and industry position, to make informed investment decisions.

•   Due diligence means to analyze financial statements to understand a company’s financial health, profitability, and stability, identifying potential risks and opportunities.

•   Due diligence includes following company news to stay updated on developments, management decisions, and industry trends, aiding in risk assessment and decision-making.

•   Investors conducting due diligence may use analyst reports for insights into complex financial data and market trends, enhancing understanding and investment decisions.

•   It can also include evaluating management and ownership to assess leadership stability and commitment, crucial for long-term investment success.

DD Stock Meaning

Due diligence includes looking at a company’s financial records, comparing it to competitors, considering broader market conditions, and may include factoring in ESG metrics and more. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis is used to evaluate stocks.

Most of the information used for due diligence can be found on company websites, quarterly and annual reports, financial statements, and even on stock brokerage sites and trading apps.

To “DD” a stock means to do research and analysis on the company’s fundamentals before deciding whether to buy stocks. Due diligence can be carried out by individuals, companies, and institutional investors. If an investor buys a stock without doing any research into it, they put themselves at much greater risk of losses.

The process of due diligence has been around for ages, but the term DD has become particularly popular since the rise of meme stocks and trading lingo conceived in forums like the WallStreetBets subreddit.

Even if someone on social media or a professional trader is hyping up a stock and showing their huge profits, that doesn’t mean it’s a good idea to listen to their advice. As such, it may be a good idea to review stock market basics to get a sense of whether the hype is justified.

Some traders have put their entire life savings into trades without doing DD, just based on someone’s advice, and lost money as a result. Hence the term DD stock became commonly used – though it’s important to remember that losses can occur even when due diligence is done.

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Items to Review When Conducting Due Diligence

There are many different measures used to evaluate stocks, and it’s up to each investor to decide how in-depth they want to go in their analysis. Every investor has different goals and risk tolerance, so it’s important to find the stocks that fit one’s particular criteria. For instance, one investor might be looking for stable, relatively low-risk, long-term growth while another might want to go for the potentially highest returns with a higher degree of risk.

Some of the most common items to review when conducting due diligence are:

Market Cap

One of the key factors to look at for due diligence is a company’s market cap. This is the total market value of the company’s shares. It’s also useful to look at how a company’s market cap has changed over time and consider how it might change in the future. For instance, an investor can look at stock price movements, ownership makeup of the company, and the market caps of competitors.

Researching market cap may indicate, for an investor, how volatile a stock might be, how many shareholders might own stock, and how big the end market is.

Large-cap and mega-cap companies tend to have more stable revenue streams and market caps since they are serving larger and broader markets, while mid-cap and small-cap companies may come with more risk and have the potential to see higher returns since they may only be serving a small segment of the market.

Revenue, Profit, and Margin Trends

Analyzing stock trends involves looking at the movement of metrics over time. These metrics include profits, revenue expenditures, profit margin trends, and return on equity. Trends can be monitored over weeks, months, and years.

A good way to start is to find the revenue and net income trends for the past two years, and looking at profit and loss statements. Those can be found on financial news sites and some trading apps that allow investors to search for stocks by name or ticker symbol. These documents may also help you get a sense of which way a stock’s profit margin is trending, if at all.

Investors can see whether trends are consistent or choppy, and if there are major price swings one way or the other. One can also see whether profits are rising, falling, or remaining about the same over time.

Competition

Due diligence also involves looking at a company’s competitors to understand whether the company one is considering investing in is performing better or worse. Competitors are companies in the same industry that are around the same size. In addition to competitors, investors can look at how the industry is performing compared to the overall market, and consider whether any external factors might affect industry performance in the near or long-term future.

Valuation Multiples

Other things to look at in the due diligence process are a company’s price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio, price-to-sales (P/S) ratio, price/earnings-to-growth (PEG) ratio, and overall valuation. Investors can compare the ratios of the company they are researching with those of its competitors.

This step helps figure out whether a company is a value stock or a growth stock, and gain an understanding of its profitability.

Management

The makeup and performance of a company’s management can have a huge effect on its performance. Investors can look at who is on the board of directors, whether the founders are still involved in the company, how long the company has been around, what proportion of shares are owned by managers, and whether major shareholders have been selling off shares.

If the founders and managers don’t own a lot of stock, or are selling it off at high rates, that may be a red flag.

Balance Sheet

A company’s balance sheet shows all of its assets, liabilities, and expenditures. Investors can look at how much debt a company has as well as its available cash balance.

Stock History

Another key part of due diligence is to look at how a stock has changed over time, including its price, liquidity, and dilution. Both short and long-term stock history may provide valuable insights.

Professional Reports

Professional analysts write reports about individual companies, industries, and the overall market. These can provide information that regular or inexperienced investors wouldn’t know.

Expectations and Risks

This step of due diligence involves looking at long-term profit estimates and industry trends. Investors can also look into joint development plans, intellectual property, and roadmaps to try and understand where a company is headed.

It’s critical for investors to also look at the industry and company risks involved with purchasing a stock. These include legal matters, global events, ESG factors, and more.

Ten Steps of Due Diligence

Below are ten steps investors may take when doing due diligence. Each step adds new information that builds upon the previous steps. By the end of the ten steps, an investor should have a solid understanding of the stock and be able to make an informed decision about whether to buy.

1.    Market Cap

2.    Revenue, Profit, and Margin Trends

3.    Industry and Competitors

4.    Valuation

5.    Management and Ownership

6.    Balance Sheet

7.    Stock Price History

8.    Stock Options and Dilution

9.    Expectations

10.    Risks

In the first steps, one simply gathers information without coming to any conclusions about the stock. As more information is gathered, it should start to become more clear what the pros and cons are of buying the stock. Investors can then make their decision accordingly.

The Takeaway

Doing due diligence research is a critical part of investing. Before purchasing any stock or asset, investors should have enough information to make an informed decision. Each of the steps of due diligence helps build a comprehensive picture of a stock’s past and potential future performance.

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Understanding the Environmental Services Industry

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Understanding the Environmental Services Industry

The environmental services sector is a multi-billion-dollar industry, which includes companies that collect and dispose of hazardous and non-hazardous types of waste and pollutants. Waste can include toxic waste in soil and water, as well as medical waste, trash, and sewage.

Companies in the environmental services industry include waste treatment plants, landfills, sewage systems, incinerator operators, testing and analysis services, and companies that provide technologies to deal with radioactive waste and other specialized areas.

The environmental services sector may offer a wide array of potential investment opportunities, thanks to an active regulatory climate, as well as growing corporate and consumer commitment to sustainability goals in the U.S. and abroad.

Key Points

•   Environmental services is a multi-billion-dollar industry; it includes companies that collect and dispose of hazardous and non-hazardous waste.

•   Waste can include consumer refuse, toxic waste in soil and water, as well as medical waste, sewage, and more.

•   Environmental services also encompass a number of subsectors that range from testing to engineering, consulting, development, and more.

•   Owing to the rising concern about environmental impacts, there is a robust regulatory climate that has helped shape and spur the growth of this sector.

•   Given that continued population growth and urbanization are adding to the increase in waste and pollution, environmental services may see commensurate demand over time.

What Is the Environmental Services Sector?

Environmental services generally encompass infrastructure-based organizations and public utilities, such as sanitation and sewage processing, as well as water and wastewater treatment, and recycling.

Environmental services can also include non-infrastructure services that deal with air, water, ground, and noise pollution, as well as contaminated site remediation.

The removal and treatment of medical and hospital waste is another important environmental services function.

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Subsectors of Environmental Services

While environmental services are often couched as waste management, it’s important to remember that environmental services encompass a number of subsectors that range from testing to engineering, consulting, development, and more. These companies prevent and reduce pollution to the air, land, cities, and waterways.

Environmental services subsectors include:

•   Testing and analysis for pollutants and chemical contaminants, which is an important part of regulatory compliance, as well as ensuring baseline environmental protections.

•   Environmental engineering and project management services, which support sustainable infrastructure development, public services, and sustainable project management.

•   Environmental assessment and permitting to ensure legally compliant project management and infrastructure development.

•   Environmental services processing, which includes the facilities that handle recycling, smelting, incineration, and more.

•   Environmental consulting, which includes companies that help organizations meet local and governmental sustainability standards, or improve their visibility as an environmental steward.

Recommended: Beginner’s Guide to Sustainable Investing

6 Biggest Companies Within Environmental Services

Environmental services is a $35 billion global sector, which is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 6.3%, and reach some $50 billion by 2028.

Some of the biggest companies by revenue, according to CSIMarket, include:

Company

 Ticker

 Market capitalization (in billions)
Waste Management, Inc. WM $87.69
Republic Services, Inc. RSG $65.16
Waste Connections, Inc. WCN $46.29
GFL Environmental, Inc. GFL $17.15
Clean Harbors, Inc. CLH $14.00
Casella Waste Systems CWST $6.77

Source: CSIMarket; data from Yahoo Finance, as of Nov. 7, 2024.

Investing in Environmental Services Stocks

Several factors are contributing to the growth of the environmental services sector. These include population growth, urbanization, industrialization, increased government regulations, and rising concern among consumers and investors about environmental, social, and governmental (ESG) factors.

Growth of Waste and Pollution

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, municipal solid waste (MSW) amounts alone have increased 93% from 1980 to 2018, the last year for which data is available. MSW refers to consumer waste or garbage (e.g., everything from food waste to packaging to durable goods refuse like furniture). MSW does not include industrial or hazardous waste.

On the whole, the world population is getting richer, and with that comes more consumption and more waste creation. Many people move into cities as income increases, resulting in the need for more urban waste management.

On the plus side, technology is improving within collection, recycling, and waste processing. More waste is being converted into energy, and advanced technology systems help with processing, remediation, and more.

Benefits of Investing in Environmental Services

There are several reasons why investing in environmental services and green stocks may offer investors certain opportunities. For instance:

•   Environmental services are frequently needed and demand is projected to increase.

•   There is a growing body of governmental regulations in this sector that require companies to rely on a range of environmental services.

•   Environmental and waste management technology (e.g., water treatment, air pollution abatement) is improving and investments are being made into new systems.

•   More product packaging is now recyclable.

•   As more people move to cities it is easier to collect their waste and economies of scale become relevant.

Disadvantages of Investing in Environmental Services

However, there are some downsides and things to keep in mind when considering investing in environmental services stocks and ETFs. Like stocks in any sector, it’s important to do research and consider what might happen in the future. Some things to keep in mind are:

•   Consumption and waste generation are closely tied to economic cycles. If there is a recession or economic downturn, people consume less, which can affect the revenue of waste management companies.

•   Inflation and currency fluctuations can affect the waste management sector as well, especially in emerging markets.

•   There are efforts being made by governments, NGOs, and others to educate people and encourage them to consume and waste less. While this is great news for the environment and global health, it may not be great news for waste management companies.

•   Environmental services companies are increasingly involved in energy and materials sectors, making them vulnerable to fluctuations in commodities pricing and supply chain changes.

The Takeaway

Environmental services are an essential part of hazardous and non-hazardous waste management, processing, remediation, and more. And as consumption and urbanization increase, the sector is projected to grow as well. Robust environmental services systems are crucial to sustainability efforts, and interested investors may find investment opportunities in the environmental services sector, but it’s important to weigh the risks in this field as well.

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FAQ

What are examples of environmental services?

Examples of environmental services include hazardous and non-hazardous waste collection and disposal, sewage treatment, recycling, landfill management, composting, toxic waste removal and remediation, and medical waste management. Environmental services can also include engineering and consulting for legal and regulatory compliance, and more.

What’s the meaning of environmental services?

Environmental services are companies and organizations whose aim is to help corporations and municipalities manage the constant generation of waste products and pollutants that are a natural but potentially hazardous aspect of modern life.

Why do we need environmental services?

As the world’s population grows and urban areas expand, there is a commensurate increase in environmental waste products and pollutants. Environmental services companies clean up, manage, and process waste and meet certain regulatory standards. This is essential to keep land, cities, air, and water clean and unpolluted.

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Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.
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Value-Weighted Index: Explanation and How to Calculate

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Value-Weighted Index: Explanation and How to Calculate

Value weighted indexes, also called cap-weighted indexes, may be used by investors to gauge the performance of various sectors of the stock market. Indexes effectively measure a specific portion or subset of the market, which can help investors get a sense of the market’s performance.

Some of the most commonly known and used value weighted indexes include the S&P 500, Nasdaq Composite, or Wilshire 5000. While these indexes can help investors get an idea of the market’s performance, they do have flaws, which investors would do well to keep in mind.

Key Points

•   Value weighted indexes aggregate stock performance using market capitalization.

•   These indexes serve as benchmarks for evaluating performance in financial markets.

•   Calculation involves multiplying stock price by shares outstanding, normalized by a divisor.

•   Other index types include price weighted and fundamentally weighted indexes, each distinct.

•   Value weighted indexes reflect market trends but can be skewed by large companies.

Value Weighted Index Explained

Value weighted indexes are often used in the investment world as a stock market evaluation tool. A value weighted index is a tool used to aggregate the performance of multiple stocks into a cohesive whole represented by a single number. In other words, it’s a way to simplify a subset of the market’s performance, and make it relatively easy to get an idea of what’s happening in the market.

Value weighted indexes multiply current share prices by the number of shares outstanding to get the market cap for each component, or asset, of the index. These individual market caps are then totaled to get the overall value of the index.

When value weighted cap indexes began, the typical method of combining these values was by using a weighted average. For instance, if a stock’s market cap represented 10% of the overall market it would be weighted at 10%.

However, that method quickly becomes complicated as stocks are removed and added from the index, and some companies may be acquired or merged. Because of this, almost all indexes calculate a divisor to normalize the business decisions made at each company so that the index represents performance as accurately as possible without being affected by individual company decisions.

Let’s examine how different constituencies use the indexes for their particular needs, including traders, investors, and fund managers.

How Traders Use Indexes

Traders may differ from “investors” in that they’re characterized by short-term decision making. Traders use indexes as a benchmark to judge performance. They try to use indexes that match with their market moves.

For example, a technology focused investor might use the Nasdaq Composite to measure how well they are meeting their investment goals. They might also use the market index to determine when to enter or exit trades by gleaning any information they can about how the overall market is moving.

How Investors Use Indexes

Investors may differ from “traders” in that they have long-term horizons or investment goals, and thus, may be a bit more conservative in their investing approach. But similar to traders, investors also use indexes as a benchmark to compare how they’re doing in comparison. But investors may also be looking for less-risky investments with broad diversification.

Exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, may align with their goals, and ETFs often seek to replicate the various indexes by holding shares in proportions to match the index. Index investing can be a relatively simple way to start investing for beginners, as it allows for a degree of built-in diversification, tends to align with market performance, and typically comes with the benefit of low transaction fees.

But further research is always required to ensure that a specific ETF aligns with an investor’s strategy. With that in mind, it may be worthwhile to review available resources to help you learn more about investing in ETFs.

How Mutual Fund Managers Use Indexes

Mutual funds pool investment resources from a number of investors to try and provide diversification across sectors, and often pursue more conservative investments. Mutual fund managers may, again, use value weighted indexes as a north star, and try to match a market index’s performance, or beat it with the goal of generating returns for investors. However, keep in mind that investors can always lose money, too.

Mutual funds are also generally aligned with an index that parallels the investment philosophy of the fund, be that stocks, bonds, commodities, etc. So, there may be mutual funds that specialize or focus on investing in certain market segments, and use those as indexes to try and match.

How Hedge Funds Use Indexes

Hedge funds pool investment resources in a similar way to mutual funds, but typically follow a far more aggressive investment strategy and managers stick to an active investing style. Though they may be a bit more aggressive and less risk-averse, like other types of funds, hedge fund managers may use indexes as a benchmark to meet or beat in an attempt to generate returns for investors. Remember: There’s a potential for losses, too.

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Pros and Cons of Value Weighted Indexes

Value weighted indexes have their pros and cons, of course. Here’s a quick rundown of what the advantages and disadvantages of using value weighted indexes may be for investors.

thumb_up

Pros:

•   Tend to offer a comprehensive market perspective

•   Are often comprised of less volatile, more mature companies

•   Often include a broad-based, well-diversified list of companies and have low transaction costs

thumb_down

Cons:

•   The largest companies in the index may overwhelm performance

•   May help generate market bubbles, with overpriced assets

•   May encourage buying-high, selling-low investor behavior

How Market Value Weighted Index Is Calculated

Theoretically, the calculation of a value weighted index and the weights assigned to each component are easy to calculate. But as with most things, reality is a little more complicated.

To calculate a value weighted index, the first step is to multiply the price and shares outstanding (both of which are in near constant flux) of each component to get the market capitalization for each stock. For example, if you were trying to calculate a value weighted index comprising only three companies (which would not be indicative of a true index, but for simplicity’s sake, will work for an example), you’d first figure out the market capitalization of each company.

Market Capitalization = Price per share x Shares Outstanding

In this hypothetical example, here’s how that might look:

•   Company 1: 50 shares outstanding at a current price of $10 = $500

•   Company 2: 100 shares outstanding at a current price of $5 = $500

•   Company 3: 75 shares outstanding at a current price of $15 = $1,125

Adding those up, the entire market value of this index is $2,125. To calculate the weights of each company in the index, you divide the value of the given company by the overall value of the index:

•   Company 1: $500 ÷ $2,125 = weight of 23.5%

•   Company 2: $500 ÷ $2,125 = weight of 23.5%

•   Company 3: $1,125 ÷ $2,125 = weight of 53%

So, our total weight between the three companies is 100%, and Company 3 carries the highest weighting.

But remember: Due to complications with adding and removing companies from the index, dividends paid, buybacks, mergers, etc., there must be some normalizing done to the formula to remove large fluctuations caused by anything other than core performance.

This function is accomplished by the divisor, which oftentimes performs double duty by scaling the index values much smaller, say in the thousands rather than in the trillions, resulting in the following formula.

Index Value = ∑𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑞𝑖 / Divisor

Other Forms of Weighted Market Indexes

Value weighted indexes aren’t the only index-based securities measuring tool. Investors can utilize the following market index assessment options as well.

The Price Weighted Index

Price weighted indexes are another form of weighted market index, and a good example is the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

A price weighted index weights each component based on its stock price. Therefore a company trading at $200 will have a higher weighting than a stock trading at $5. This is despite the revenue, employment, or market capitalization of the respective companies.

The Fundamentally Weighted Index

A fundamentally weighted market index weighs companies based on some other financial criteria such as revenues, earnings, dividend rates, or other factors. Fundamentally weighted indexes allow tremendous flexibility in creating an index to match an investing criteria and strategy.

Unweighted Index

The term “unweighted” simply means that no weight is applied when measuring a stock against an index. Instead, the measurement gives equal weight to each index component. It is common to see unweighted versions of major indexes compared to the weighted indexes to get deeper market insights on, for example, how broad-based a market rally truly is.

The Takeaway

Value weighted indexes can be useful as performance benchmarks and to provide a quick overview of market conditions. By observing the index performance, investors may be better informed on entry and exit opportunities, as well as to measure their own investing performance.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

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INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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