The SAVE Plan: What Student Loan Borrowers Need to Know

The Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) program, an income-driven repayment plan for federal student loans, was launched in 2023 by the Biden Administration. However, SAVE was put on hold in the summer of 2024 because of court challenges. As of December 2024, SAVE is still frozen. This limbo is expected to continue until at least April 2025, according to the Department of Education (DOE).

All SAVE participants are in forbearance, meaning if you are enrolled in the SAVE repayment plan, you don’t have to make any payments until the courts decide the program’s future. You can still enroll in SAVE, but if your application is accepted, your account will be placed in immediate forbearance. The DOE is advising those who seek an income-driven repayment plan to either sign up for SAVE or an alternative plan.

Here’s what you need to know about the SAVE program, its history and current status, and the alternatives you can pursue to lower your payments on your federal student loans.

History of the SAVE Plan

In August 2023, President Joe Biden originally announced the creation of the SAVE plan. It was part of his effort to make student loan debt more manageable, especially for low-income borrowers. It replaced the REPAYE program.

The SAVE Plan was the most affordable repayment plan for federal student loans ever created, according to the DOE. If you were single and made less than $32,800 a year, you didn’t have to make any payments at all. (If you were part of a family of four and made less than $67,500 annually, you also didn’t have to make payments.)

For federal borrowers who were required to make payments and had only undergraduate school loans, the monthly payments could be cut in half and go to as low as 10% of discretionary income. The plan was for payments on undergraduate debt to be further lowered to 5% of income beginning in the summer of 2024. Because of the court challenge, that never happened.

For federal borrowers who had graduate school loans, their monthly payments could be 10% of their discretionary income. Also, under the SAVE Plan, those who originally took out $12,000 or less in loans were eligible for forgiveness after at least 10 years of monthly payments.

Recommended: Discretionary Income and Student Loans, and Why It Matters

Why SAVE Was Put on Hold

In June 2024, judges in Kansas and Missouri issued injunctions against the SAVE plan, arguing that the administration didn’t have the authority to forgive student debt on the scale the SAVE plan allows. Such widespread loan forgiveness could only be authorized by Congress, the lawsuits said.

At first, the injunctions halted only the part of the SAVE plan that lowered the minimum amount owed to 5% of discretionary income for qualifying borrowers. The injunction from Missouri also paused debt forgiveness for SAVE enrollees.

However, in August 2024, the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals went further and officially blocked President Biden’s administration from moving forward with lowering monthly payments and forgiving debt for long-term borrowers under SAVE.

A period of limbo for SAVE is underway. The DOE released guidance in October 2024 saying, “Borrowers in SAVE and anyone who has applied for SAVE should expect to remain in interest-free general forbearance for six more months or longer, pending further developments from the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals.” This would end the limbo in April 2025 at the earliest.

💡 Quick Tip: Enjoy no hidden fees and special member benefits when you refinance student loans with SoFi.

Do You Still Make Payments Under Your SAVE Plan?

No, if you are one of the 8 million people enrolled in SAVE, your monthly payment is in forbearance.

While in forbearance, you do not have to make monthly payments on your student loans. Interest will not accrue during this time. Borrowers, and employers on borrowers’ behalf, can make payments during the forbearance, but those payments will be applied to future bills due after the forbearance ends.

The problem with halting payments for months is that some people are trying to reach a minimum number of payments so that their student loan debt would be entirely forgiven under a program like Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF). You must make 120 months’ worth of payments to qualify for PSLF loan wipeout.

According to the Federal Student Aid website, “Time spent in this general forbearance will not count for PSLF or IDR forgiveness.” The FSA also says that for those who want to keep making payments, “Borrowers can apply to enroll in a different PSLF-eligible repayment plan. We encourage borrowers to look at the specific terms of each plan to make the best choice for their individual situation.”

Other Loan Repayment Programs

Borrowers may still apply for income-driven federal loan repayment plans or loan consolidation by using the online applications linked below:

•   Income-Driven Repayment (IDR) Plan Application

•   Loan Consolidation Application

Within income-driven repayment, the options are SAVE or Income-Based Repayment (IBR).

“The terms of the SAVE Plan and other IDR plans are subject to the outcome of ongoing litigation,” according to the FSA website.

Borrowers should note that, under the court’s injunction, no new enrollments are being accepted for the Pay As Your Earn (PAYE) or Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) Plans, with one exception: Borrowers with a consolidation loan that repaid a parent PLUS loan can continue to enroll in the ICR Plan (but not the PAYE Plan).

The Takeaway

The Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) program was put on hold in the summer of 2024 because of court challenges to President Biden’s loan forgiveness plan. The 8 million people enrolled in SAVE are currently in forbearance. This period of limbo is expected to last until at least April 2025. This article will be updated as the DOE releases more information about SAVE. To find more details yourself, this StudentAid page is a good place to start.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.


Photo credit: iStock/Pekic

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.


External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Closing a Credit Card With a Balance: What to Know

Closing a Credit Card With a Balance: What to Know

Closing a credit card with a balance remaining is possible to do. However, keep in mind that even if your credit card account is closed, you’ll still have to pay off the remaining balance. Additionally, you’ll need to cover interest that’s accrued as well as any fees, and you could face other consequences, including losing out on rewards and seeing potential impacts to your credit score.

Still, there are instances when closing a credit card can be the right move. If you’re thinking about closing a credit card account with an outstanding balance, you’ll want to weigh these considerations — and also ensure you have a plan for paying off your remaining balance.

What Happens If You Close a Credit Card Account With a Balance?

Once you’ve closed a credit card account with a balance, you’ll no longer be able to use that card to make purchases. Beyond that, here’s what else you can expect after your account closure.

Payment of Balance and Interest

Perhaps the most important thing to keep in mind when a credit card is closed with balance is that you’re still liable for the credit card balance you’ve racked up. You’ll also owe any interest charges that have accrued on your outstanding balance.

As such, expect to continue receiving monthly statements from your credit card issuer detailing your balance, accrued interest, and minimum payment due. And until you’re absolutely positive your debt is paid off, keep on checking your credit card balance regularly.

Recommended: What is a Charge Card

Loss of Promotional APR

If the card you closed offered a promotional interest rate, this offer will likely come to an end. If you’ve been carrying a balance on a credit card, your balance could start to accrue interest. Plus, you may have to pay the standard APR (annual percentage rate) on the remaining balance rather than the lower promotional rate.

Loss of Rewards

Before you move forward with canceling a credit card that offers rewards like points or airline miles, make sure you’ve redeemed any rewards you’ve earned. That’s because you may forfeit those rewards if you close your account.

Policies on this can vary from issuer to issuer though, so just make sure to check with your credit card company to be safe rather than sorry.

How Closing Credit Cards With Balances Can Impact Your Credit

There are a number of ways that closing credit card accounts with a balance can adversely affect your credit score given how credit cards work. Closed accounts in good standing will remain on your credit report for 10 years, whereas those with derogatory marks may fall off after seven years.

•   For starters, closing your account could drive up your credit utilization ratio, one of the factors that goes into calculating your score. This ratio is determined by dividing your total credit balances by the total of all of your credit limits. Financial experts recommend keeping your ratio below 30% and preferably closer to 10%. Losing the available credit on your closed account can drive up this ratio.

•   Closing your account can impact your credit mix, as you’ll have one fewer line of credit in the mix.

•   Closing a credit card could decrease your length of credit history if the card you closed was an old one. This too could potentially decrease your credit score.

That being said, the impacts can vary depending on your credit profile and the credit scoring model that’s being used. If, after closing your account, you pay off your account balance in a timely manner and uphold good credit behavior across other accounts, your score can likely bounce back.

Recommended: What is the Average Credit Card Limit?

Is Keeping the Credit Card Account Open a Better Option?

In some scenarios, it may make sense to keep your credit card active, even if you don’t plan on spending on the card. Here’s when opting against closing your credit card account might be the right move:

•   When you can switch credit cards: If your card carrier allows it, you might be able to switch to a different credit card it offers rather than closing out your account entirely. This might make sense if you’re worried about your card’s annual fee, for instance. You’ll still owe any outstanding debt on the old credit card, which will get moved over to the new card (the same goes if you happen to have a negative balance on a credit card).

•   When you have unused credit card rewards: With a rewards credit card, closing the account may jeopardize the use of earned rewards. Avoid that scenario by keeping the credit card active until you’ve used up all the rewards earned on your current credit card or at least until you’ve transferred them to a new credit card, if that’s an option.

•   When you don’t use the credit card: Even if you don’t use your credit card or use it sparingly, keeping the card open could build your credit score. This is because creditors and lenders usually look more favorably on credit card users who don’t rack up significant credit card debt, which is why maintaining a low credit utilization ratio is one of the key credit card rules to follow.

Nevertheless, there are certainly some scenarios when it can make sense to say goodbye to your credit card account. Here’s when to cancel your credit card, or at least consider it:

•   You want to avoid the temptation to spend.

•   You want to stop paying your card’s annual fee.

•   The card’s interest rate is rising.

•   You’d like to have fewer credit card accounts to manage.

Recommended: How to Avoid Interest On a Credit Card

Guide to Paying Off a Credit Card Balance

No matter what you do with your credit card account, you’re going to have to pay down your credit card debt. Here are some options you can explore to pay off your closed credit account with a balance as soon as possible.

To avoid making that mistake, here are some options you can explore to pay off your closed credit account with a balance as soon as possible.

Debt Consolidation Loans

A personal loan at a decent interest rate can make it easier to curb and eliminate your card debt. Once the funds from the loan hit your bank account, you can use the cash to pay off all your credit card debts. Then, you’ll only have to keep track of paying off that one loan with fixed monthly payments, making it easier to manage.

Keep in mind that you’ll generally need good credit to secure a personal loan with competitive terms, though.

Balance Transfer Credit Cards

A balance transfer card with a 0% introductory interest rate can buy you some time when paying down debt. You can transfer your existing debt to the new card, allowing you to pay down credit card debt at a lower interest rate, without racking up any additional interest payments during the promotional period.

Just make sure to pay off the entire balance before the card’s introductory interest rate period ends and the interest rate rises significantly. Otherwise, you may be right back where you started — with high credit card debt and a high interest rate. That’s not likely to be a good way to use credit responsibly. Also note that a ​​ balance transfer fee will likely apply.

Debt Avalanche or Snowball

For credit card debt repayment, consider the debt avalanche or snowball approach.

•   With the avalanche debt repayment method, you prioritize paying off your credit card with the highest interest rate first. Meanwhile, you’ll maintain minimum payments on all of your other debts. Once your highest-rate debt is paid off, you’ll roll those funds over to tackle your balance with the next highest interest rate.

•   The snowball method, on the other hand, is all about building up momentum toward debt payoff. Here, you pay as much as possible each month toward your credit card with the lowest outstanding balance, while making minimum payments on all of your other outstanding debts. When the smallest debt is paid off completely, repeat the process with the next smallest balance.

Debt Management Plan

If you’re still having trouble paying down your credit card either before or after you close the account, that could be a red flag signaling that you need help. In this case, consider reaching out to an accredited debt management counselor who can set you on the right path to credit debt insolvency.

In addition to helping you create a debt management plan, a credit counselor can help by negotiating a better deal on interest rates and lower monthly payments. That could result in paying down your credit card debt more quickly, which not only saves you money, but also helps protect your credit score.

Recommended: Does Applying For a Credit Card Hurt Your Credit Score?

The Takeaway

If you decide to close your credit card account with a balance, it’s critical to do so in a way where your debt obligations are covered and your credit score is protected. The key to doing the job right is to work with your card company, keep a close eye on outstanding balances and payment deadlines, and work aggressively to pay your card debt down as quickly as possible.

Since closing a credit card can have consequences, it’s especially important to consider a credit card ‘s pros and cons carefully before you apply.

Whether you're looking to build credit, apply for a new credit card, or save money with the cards you have, it's important to understand the options that are best for you. Learn more about credit cards by exploring this credit card guide.

FAQ

Can you close a credit card with a balance?

Closing a credit card with a balance is possible. However, you’ll still be responsible for the outstanding balance on the card, as well as any interest charges and fees.

Does it hurt your credit to close a credit card with a balance?

Closing your credit card with a balance remaining has the potential to impact your credit score. However, the exact implications for your score can vary depending on your overall credit profile and which credit scoring model is being used.

Is it better to close a credit card or leave it open with a zero balance?

That depends on your personal situation. Closing a card for good may impact your credit score, but you also won’t be able to use the card again and risk racking up unwanted debt in the process.

What happens if you close a credit card with a negative balance?

If you close a credit card with a negative balance, that means the card issuer owes you money instead of vice versa. In this situation, the card issuer will typically refund you that money before closing out the account.

How do I close a credit card without hurting my credit score?

You can mitigate the impacts of closing your account by paying off the balance on that account and all other credit card accounts you have. If you have $0 balances, then closing your account and losing that available credit won’t affect your credit utilization rate.


Photo credit: iStock/staticnak1983

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

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Avoiding Loan Origination Fees

One thing you should always look out for — regardless of the type of loan you’re applying for — is a loan origination fee. Many lenders charge origination fees for new loans to help cover costs on their end. What these fees are called and what they amount to, however, can vary quite a bit from lender to lender.

Knowing these things about origination fees before you settle on a lender can help you make the best borrowing decision for your financial situation.

What Is a Loan Origination Fee?

An origination fee is a cost the lender charges for a new loan. It’s a one-time expense you are generally asked to pay at the time the loan closes. The fee covers the costs the lender incurs for processing and closing the loan.

How Are Origination Fees Determined?

Loan origination fees depend on a number of factors. They include:

•   Loan type

•   Amount of loan

•   Credit score

•   Inclusion of a cosigner

•   Your financial situation, including assets, liabilities, and total income

Do I Have to Pay Origination Fees?

You don’t necessarily have to pay origination fees — while most lenders charge this fee, not all do. Additionally, origination fees may be negotiable. If you ask, a lender could simply lower the fee, or they could offer a credit to offset at least a portion of it. Or, they might agree to lower the fees if you pay a higher interest rate.

To minimize the sting of loan origination fees, research your loan options. Compare how much you’d pay overall for different loan offers, factoring in the term of the loan, the interest rate, and any fees.

One way to effectively compare and contrast different loan options is to check each loan’s annual percentage rate (APR), an important mortgage basic to understand. A loan’s APR provides a more comprehensive look at the cost you’ll incur over the life of the loan. This is because the APR factors in the fees and costs associated with the loan, in addition to the loan’s interest rate.

The Truth in Lending Act requires lenders to disclose an APR for all types of loans. Along with the APR, you’ll also see any fees that a lender may charge listed, including prepayment penalties.

How Much Are Loan Origination Fees?

How much a lender charges — and what the fee is called — varies based on the type of loan and the lender.

A traditional origination fee is usually calculated based on a percentage of the loan amount — and that percentage depends on the type of loan. For a mortgage, for instance, an origination fee is generally 0.50% to 1%. Origination fees for personal loans, on the other hand, can range from 1% to 8% of the loan amount, depending on a borrower’s credit score as well as the length, amount, and sometimes intended use of the loan.

There are a variety of other origination fees that lenders may charge, and these can be flat charges rather than percentages of loan amounts. Other fees that lenders may charge to originate a loan could be called processing, underwriting, administration, or document preparation fees.

Can Loan Origination Fees Affect Your Taxes?

Loan origination fees, categorized by the IRS as points, may be deductible as home mortgage interest. This can be the case even if the seller pays them. Borrowers who can deduct all of the interest on their mortgage may even be able to deduct all of the points, or loan origination fees, paid on their mortgage.

To claim this deduction, borrowers must meet certain conditions laid out by the IRS. They’ll then need to itemize deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040), Itemized Deductions.

The Takeaway

Loan origination fees are important to consider when shopping for a loan during the home-buying process. These fees are charged by lenders to help cover their costs of processing and closing a new loan application. While many lenders charge origination fees, not all do, and some may be willing to negotiate.

Origination fees are just one reason it’s important to shop around and compare home loans. With a SoFi Home Loan, for instance, qualified first-time homebuyers can make a down payment as low as 3%.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.


SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.


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*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Benefits of ETFs — Pros & Cons in Investment Portfolio

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are funds that can be used to build a relatively simple and low-cost diverse portfolio. There are many investing benefits to ETFs, which is why they’ve grown in popularity both for DIY investors and for more traditional money managers. However, there are cons investors should be aware of, too.

Key Points

•   ETFs offer diversified exposure across various assets, potentially reducing large swings in overall portfolio value.

•   They tend to be cost-effective due to lower management fees compared to mutual funds.

•   ETFs provide flexibility with real-time trading, similar to stocks.

•   Tax efficiency is enhanced in ETFs because of fewer capital gains distributions.

•   However, ETFs can have hidden costs like bid-ask spreads and brokerage fees.

What Are the Benefits of ETFs?

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have become increasingly popular in recent years, especially with the rise of online investing allowing people to buy and sell them quickly.

As an investment tool, ETFs have become popular: there were almost 10,000 ETFs in the world with trillions of dollars in assets under management (AUM) at the end of 2023. In the U.S., there was more than $7 trillion in AUM in ETFs.

Here are some of the benefits of ETFs, which has helped spur their popularity.

ETFs Trade Similar to Stocks

​​ETFs are traded on stock exchanges and can be bought and sold throughout the day, like individual stocks. The market determines the price for a share of an ETF and changes throughout the day. This means investors can buy and sell ETFs efficiently, making them a convenient investment option.

Portfolio Diversification

An additional benefit of an ETF is that you don’t need a lot of money to invest in many different things. One share of an ETF offers investors a way to diversify their portfolio by investing in a basket of assets, such as stocks, bonds, or commodities, rather than just a single asset. This can help to reduce the overall risk of an investment portfolio.

Accessible Across Markets

There is also a range of ETFs on the market now: stocks, bonds, commodities, real estate, and hybrids that offer a mix. ETFs also vary in how they target certain assets — aggressively or defensively, specific to one asset class or broad. So investors should be able to find what they want and build a diverse portfolio.

Lower Costs

Most ETFs are passively managed and track a benchmark index, meaning portfolio managers don’t actively manage the fund to try to beat the market or an index. Passive investing, as opposed to active investing, may be more cost-effective because there tends to be less overhead and fewer investment fees.

Because there is often less overhead, ETFs generally charge investors a lower operating expense ratio than actively managed mutual funds. The operating expense ratio is the annual rate the fund charges to pay for portfolio management, administration, and other costs.

There are other costs investors need to consider, like commissions for trades and a bid/ask spread.

Recommended: What Are the Different Types of Investment Fees?

Tax Efficiency

ETFs tend to be more tax efficient than mutual funds because they typically generate fewer capital gains and capital gains taxes. This is because passively managed ETFs tend to have lower turnover than actively managed mutual funds, which means they sell fewer assets and, thus, result in fewer capital gains.

Transparency

ETFs generally disclose their holdings daily, so investors can see exactly what assets the ETF holds. This can be helpful for investors who want to know what they are investing in.

Flexibility

ETFs can be used as a part of various investment strategies, including as part of a long-term buy-and-hold strategy or as a short-term trading tool. This makes them a flexible investment option for a wide range of investors.

Moreover, investors can trade thematic ETFs — funds focusing on a specific trend or niche industry, like robotics, artificial intelligence, or gender equality. However, there are pros and cons to thematic ETFs. While they allow investors to make more targeted investments, the shares of these funds can be volatile. Because they’re so focused, these ETFs may also diminish the most important benefit of ETFs: broad, diverse exposure.

Disadvantages of ETFs

While ETFs offer many benefits to investors, there are also some potential disadvantages to consider. These disadvantages include the following:

Lack of Personalization

Because ETFs are not actively managed, they do not consider an investor’s specific financial goals or risk tolerance. A lack of personalization means that ETF investors may be unable to tailor their investment portfolio to their particular financial needs.

Tracking Error

ETFs are usually designed to track the performance of a particular index or basket of assets. However, the performance of the ETF may not precisely match the performance of the underlying index due to various factors, such as the fund’s expenses or the timing of when it buys and sells assets. This is known as a tracking error.

Short-Term Trading Costs

ETFs can be traded on the market throughout the day, making them attractive to short-term traders. However, the commission costs of trading ETFs can add up over time, which can eat into investment returns.

Limited Choices

While many ETFs are available, the range of options may be limited compared to other investment vehicles, such as mutual funds. Thus, investors may be unable to find an ETF that perfectly matches their investment needs.

Recommended: ETFs vs. Mutual Funds: Learning the Difference

Counterparty Risk

Certain ETFs may use financial instruments, such as futures contracts or swaps, to gain exposure to specific assets. These instruments carry counterparty risk, which means that there is a risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. This can expose ETF investors to additional risks.

Complexity

Some ETFs use complex investment strategies, such as leveraged or inverse ETFs, which can be difficult for some investors to understand. Complex investing strategies can make it challenging for investors to fully understand the risks and potential returns of these types of ETFs.

Market Risk

ETFs, like all investments, are subject to market risk, meaning the value of an ETF can go up or down depending on the performance of the underlying assets.

What to Consider When Investing in ETFs

When investing in ETFs, it is essential to consider the following factors:

•   Investment objective: Determine your investment goals and how ETFs fit into your overall investment strategy. This can help you choose an ETF that aligns with your financial goals and risk tolerance.

•   Asset class: Consider which asset classes you want to invest in and whether an ETF that tracks those assets is available. For example, if you want to invest in large-cap domestic stocks, look for an ETF that tracks a particular large-cap domestic stock index.

•   Diversification: ETFs offer a way to diversify your investment portfolio by investing in a basket of assets rather than just a single asset. Consider the level of diversification an ETF offers and whether it aligns with your investment goals.

•   Expenses: ETFs typically have lower fees than mutual funds because they are not actively managed. However, it is still important to compare the expenses of different ETFs to ensure you are getting the best value for your money.

•   Tax considerations: ETFs tend to be more tax efficient than mutual funds because they generate fewer capital gains. However, it is still important to consider the tax implications of investing in an ETF and whether it aligns with your overall financial plan.

Investing With SoFi

ETFs are becoming increasingly more popular and ubiquitous in the financial markets, with some being more targeted in focus than others. So, being aware of an ETF’s investments can be important for an investor who chooses to put dollars into this financial vehicle. But, as with any investment, they have their pros and cons, which investors should familiarize themselves with before investing.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What is the benefit of investing in an exchange-traded fund?

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) offer investors a convenient and cost-effective way to diversify their portfolios by investing in a basket of assets. ETFs are also typically more tax efficient than mutual funds and offer investors the ability to buy and sell their shares on a stock exchange.

Are ETFs a good investment?

Depending on their investment goals and risk tolerance, ETFs may be a good investment for some investors. ETFs offer a convenient and cost-effective way to diversify a portfolio and provide access to a wide range of asset classes. However, it is important for investors to consider the specific ETF they are considering and how it fits into their overall investment plan.

Why are ETFs better than stocks?

For some investors, ETFs may be a better investment option than individual stocks because they offer diversification by investing in a basket of assets rather than just a single stock.

Is an ETF better than a mutual fund?

Whether an ETF is better than a mutual fund depends on the specific circumstances of the investor and their investment goals. ETFs tend to have lower fees than mutual funds because they are not actively managed and may also be more tax efficient due to their lower turnover. However, mutual funds offer a more comprehensive range of investment options and may be more suitable for some investors.


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Everything You Need to Know About Hypothecation

Everything You Need to Know About Hypothecation

Hypothecation may not be a word you’ve heard before, but it describes a transaction you may have participated in. Hypothecation is what happens when a piece of collateral, like a house, is offered in order to secure a loan.

Auto loans and mortgages frequently involve hypothecation, since it allows the lender to repossess the car or house if the borrower is later unable to pay.

There are, though, some more subtle details to understand about hypothecation, particularly if you’re in the market for a home loan. Read on to learn about hypothecation loans.

What Is Hypothecation?

Hypothecation is essentially the fancy word for pledging collateral. If you’re taking out a secured loan — one in which a physical asset can be taken by the lender if you, as the borrower, default — you’re participating in hypothecation. (Hypothecation is also possible in certain investing scenarios. We’ll briefly talk about that later.)

As mentioned above, some of the most common hypothecation loans are auto loans and mortgages. If you’ve ever purchased a car, it’s likely you have (or had) a hypothecation loan, unless you paid the full purchase price in cash.

It’s important to understand that, just because the asset is offered as collateral, it doesn’t mean the owner loses legal possession or ownership rights of it. For instance, with an auto loan, the car is yours even though the lender might hold the title until the loan is paid off.

You also maintain your rights to the positive parts of ownership, such as income generation and appreciation. This is perhaps most obvious in the case of homeownership. Even if you’re paying a mortgage on your property, you still have the right to lease the place out and collect the rental income.

However, the lender has the right to seize the property if you fail to make your mortgage payments. (Which would be a bad day for both you and your renters.)

Why Is Hypothecation Important?

Hypothecation makes it easier to qualify for a loan — particularly a loan for a lot of money — because the collateral makes the transaction less risky for the lender.

For instance, hypothecation is the only way that most people are able to qualify for a mortgage. If those loans weren’t secured with collateral, lenders might have very steep eligibility requirements before they would pay out hundreds of thousands of dollars for a home on a piece of land!

Unsecured loans, however, are possible. A personal loan is a good example.

With an unsecured loan, you’re not at risk of having anything repossessed from you, and you can use the money for just about anything you want.

It’s a trade-off: Unsecured loans are riskier for the lender, so they tend to be harder to qualify for and to carry higher interest rates than secured loans.

On the other hand, if you compare a car loan and personal loan of equal length, you’ll likely be subject to a stricter eligibility screening to get the unsecured loan and pay more interest on it in the end.

Recommended: Smarter Ways to Get a Car Loan

Hypothecation in Investing

Along with hypothecation in the context of a secured loan for a physical asset, like a house or a car, hypothecation also occurs in investing — though usually only if you take on advanced investment techniques.

Hypothecation occurs when investors participate in margin lending: borrowing money from a broker in order to purchase a stock market security (like a share of a company).

This technique can help active, short-term investors buy into securities they might not otherwise be able to afford, which can lead to gains if they hedge their bets right.

But here’s the catch: The other securities in the investor’s portfolio are used as collateral, and can be sold by the broker if the margin purchase ends up being a loss.

TL;DR: Unless you’re a well-studied day trader, buying on margin probably isn’t for you and you should not worry about hypothecation in your investment portfolio. But you’ll want to know it can happen in investing, too.

Recommended: What Is Margin Trading?

Hypothecation in Real Estate

A mortgage is a classic example of a hypothecation loan: The lending institution foots the six-digit (or seven-digit) cost of the home upfront, but retains the right to seize the property if you’re unable to make your mortgage payments.

Hypothecation also occurs with investment property loans. A lender might require additional collateral to lessen the risk of providing a commercial property loan. A borrower might hypothecate their primary home, another piece of property, a boat, a car, or even stocks to secure the loan.

A promissory note details the terms of the arrangement.

Recommended: 31 Ways to Save for a Home

Is Hypothecation in a Mortgage Worth It?

Given the size of most home loans and the risk of losing the home, you may wonder if taking out a mortgage is worth it at all.

Even though any kind of loan involves going into debt and taking on some level of risk, homeownership is still usually seen as a positive financial move. That’s because much of the money you pay into your mortgage each month ends up back in your own pocket in some capacity…as opposed to your landlord’s bank account.

As you pay off a mortgage, you’re slowly building equity in your home. Homes have historically tended to increase in value.

More broadly, homeownership can help build generational wealth in your family.

A Note on Rehypothecation

There is such a thing as rehypothecation, which is what happens when the collateral you offer is in turn offered by the lender in its own negotiations.

But this, as anyone who lived through the 2008 housing crisis knows, can have dire consequences. Remember The Big Short? Rehypothecation was part of the reason the housing market became so fragile and eventually fell apart. It is practiced much less frequently these days.

The Takeaway

Hypothecation simply means that collateral, like a house or a car, is pledged to secure a loan. Mortgages are a classic example of hypothecation, and hypothecation is the reason most of us are able to qualify for such a large loan.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.


SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.


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*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

*Borrow at 12%. Utilizing a margin loan is generally considered more appropriate for experienced investors as there are additional costs and risks associated. It is possible to lose more than your initial investment when using margin. Please see SoFi.com/wealth/assets/documents/brokerage-margin-disclosure-statement.pdf for detailed disclosure information.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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