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Whether you’re thinking about a small bump-out or a full-blown two-story addition, increasing the size of your home can make it more functional, look more attractive, and increase its resale value. The trouble is, additions tend to be big, time-consuming, and expensive projects — and they can easily go wrong if you don’t plan them right. Read on to learn six key steps that will help you complete an addition on time, on budget, and with the least possible amount of stress.

How to get started with a home addition

Home additions can boost the value of the home while enhancing aesthetics and functionality. In fact, home additions and renovations can be among the most effective ways to increase your home’s value, and you can tailor the construction to fit your needs and wants.

To transform your home addition ideas into a completed project, there are a few steps to consider first:

•  Create a plan

•  Set a clear budget

•  Work with trusted professionals

•  Decide what parts of your home addition you can do yourself

•  Research and obtain permits

•  Fund your project

Create a Plan for Your Home Addition

Perhaps you’re adding an extra bedroom and bathroom to the back of your house so you have a place for guests to stay. As part of the process, you’ll need to first make sure that the addition will fit within your property lines. You’ll also want to check with your local government to see how closely codes in your city allow you to build next to someone else’s property.

While creating your home addition plan, also ensure that any construction will not interfere with utility lines or pipes, as well as whether the structural changes you’re considering will fit into the framing and foundation of your building.

As you design the addition, think about them from two perspectives: first, how these rooms will add value to your living space; then, how the construction will impact the outside of your home, architecturally speaking.

You’ll also need detailed plans drawn up by an architect or builder that describe the scope of the work and the materials needed. To consider how home additions may increase the value of your home, you may want to use an online home project return on investment (ROI) calculator.

One strategy for approaching home additions is to create your dream list, then have alternate choices in mind if your budget, material availability, or other external factors create a need to alter the project down the road. For example, you may love the look of marble flooring, but its price point might be higher than you’d initially estimated — or perhaps it doesn’t blend in with the rest of your house once you’ve started laying out the plans. Having a back-up plan — and one that’s cost-efficient at that — could help keep your budget in check.

The cost for an addition will depend on the size and type of addition, as well as where you live, but you can expect to pay somewhere in the neighborhood of $150,000 to $250,000 to add 1,000 square feet to a house.

Also keep in mind that if you want your addition to blend in with the rest of your house, you also may need to plan for improvements in existing rooms.

Set a Clear Budget for Your Home Addition

To come up with a budget for your home addition, it’s a good idea to obtain bids from three different contractors, adding in 15% to 20% to the overall project price given by the contractor to cover unforeseen costs.

If the ballpark figure is too high and doesn’t align with your budget, then you might want to look at alternative choices for materials that will still give you the general renovation you desire. You could also scale back on your plans or save some of the more costly home addition projects for the future when your budget allows.

If you intend to work with a specific contractor, then your chosen company may be able to help you find lower-cost options — for example, replacing granite countertops with laminate ones — and offer creative solutions gleaned from years of industry experience. Or, you may want to look at reducing the scope of your project to a smaller addition or even asking the contractor for competitive pricing for the off-season.

Work with Trusted Professionals

Whether you do some of the home addition work yourself or plan to have the professionals build the entire addition, it’s crucial that you hire the right contractor for your needs. Tips for working with contractors include:

•  Get three to six bids, then research companies that seem like good matches. You can check for information about these contractors at LinkedIn, Angie’s List, and the Better Business Bureau . Have any complaints been filed at your state’s contractor board? (You can find state-by-state licensing requirements for contractors here .)

  For contractors who interest you, you may want to reach out to references they provide for personal experiences from past clients.

•  Be wary of suspiciously low bids. If a quote comes in significantly lower than that of the other contractors who bid your home addition project, it’s possible that the contractor did not understand exactly what you want; this can lead to significant problems if you hire this company without clarifying specifics.

•  Hire a contractor who you think you can work well with, but don’t base your decision largely on emotion.

Decide What Parts of Your Home Addition You Can Do Yourself

Say the home addition ideas you have are necessary to solve space problems, perhaps you’re having a baby, or maybe your mother is moving in with you — but you’ve got to find a way to contain the costs of the addition. In this case, it might make sense to figure out what you can do yourself.

If you’ve got the experience needed to do the demo work safely without damaging load-bearing walls, electrical wires, and the like, this can save you some money on labor. If you’ve got professional-level skills in plumbing or drywall, you might talk to your contractor about taking on those tasks yourself and further reducing the cost of labor. Or you can attempt to do the finish work, such as sanding walls, painting, and general cleanup.

Research & Obtain Permitting Requirements

Unfortunately, a home addition isn’t as simple as deciding what you want to do, saving up, then paying for the work. You also need to make sure your home is appropriately zoned for the home addition or remodel. Depending on the scope of the project, you may or may not need a permit.

For example, if you want to build a deck in some states, you need a permit if you intend for it to be more than 30 inches off the ground. Getting to know your local codes can help surmount significant hurdles as the project unfolds, which often will save time and money for homeowners.

Strategically Fund Your Project

To find materials for your home addition on a budget, you could shop at stores like a Habitat for Humanity ReStore , attend auctions, or explore similar options to find salvaged materials. If you’re employing a contractor, however, you’ll want to make sure they are willing to work with recycled materials and ones that may not be standard size.

For a higher-priced project, it might be tempting to use credit cards to pay for expenses. If you’re doing this to maintain a record of your spending or to take advantage of credit card reward points, this can be a good strategy provided you can pay off the balance quickly, ideally within a single billing cycle.

But when you can’t pay off the balances, it can be easy to get caught up in a spiral of debt, and credit card debt is especially challenging. Why?

Credit card interest rates are notoriously high. What’s more, credit card companies typically compound daily, which means they calculate the interest you owe daily and add that to the card’s balance. You then pay interest on your balance, plus any accrued interest, until you pay your balance off in full.

Getting a Home Improvement Loan for Your Home Addition

If you don’t have enough cash to pay for your addition in full and up front, and don’t want to run up credit card debt, you might consider getting a home improvement loan. This is essentially an unsecured personal loan that is used for home upgrades and renovations. Unlike a home equity loan or line of credit, you don’t need to have any equity built up in your home, or use your home as collateral for the loan.

With a home improvement loan, you receive a lump sum up front which you can use to pay for your addition; you then repay the loan over a set term, often five to seven years, with regular monthly payments. Interest rates are typically fixed.

The Takeaway

A home addition can increase the value of your property while also allowing you to retrofit your house to your current lifestyle. There are many factors that figure into a big decision like a renovation, and it’s important to consider it from as many angles as possible.

If you’re interested in getting a loan to finance your home addition project, SoFi could help. SoFi’s home improvement loans offer competitive, fixed rates and a variety of terms. Checking your rate won’t affect your credit score, and it takes just one minute.

About the author

Julia Califano

Julia Califano is an award-winning journalist who covers banking, small business, personal loans, student loans, and other money issues for SoFi. She has over 20 years of experience writing about personal finance and lifestyle topics. Read full bio.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SOPL0623039

If you’re planning to shoulder all or some of the cost of your child’s college education, you’re giving your child a wonderful gift. And that’s just how the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) sees it — as a gift. Depending on the amount you offer, and whether you give it directly to your child or to the school, you could get hit with an additional expense, known as the gift tax.

Whenever you give someone money that is a gift, you automatically become subject to the gift tax. Whether you actually need to pay that tax, however, will depend on the size of the gift and what it was used for. Here are some things to keep in mind if you want to give your child money for college but avoid getting hit with any additional taxes.

What Is the Gift Tax?

According to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) , the gift tax is “a tax on the transfer of property by one individual to another while receiving nothing, or less than full value, in return. The tax applies whether the donor intends the transfer to be a gift or not.”

That’s a lot of words to essentially mean that if you give someone a gift of property, including money, without getting something of equal value in return, that may be considered a gift. And if you’re gifting, it might be subject to the gift tax. In general, the gifter is responsible for paying the gift tax costs .

Before you start worrying if you’ll have to pay a gift tax on the $100 bill you slipped into your niece’s graduation card, it is important to know that the gift tax generally only affects large gifts.

This is because there is an “annual exclusion” for the gift tax, which means that gifts up to a certain amount are not subject to the gift tax. For 2023, the annual exclusion is $17,000; for 2024, it’s $18,000. If you and your spouse both gift money to your child, the annual exclusion is $34,000 in 2023, and $36,000 in 2024.


💡 Quick Tip: You’ll make no payments on some private student loans for six months after graduation.

Gifting Your Money Directly to Your Children

Children are not treated differently when it comes to the gift tax, which means that whether you’re gifting your neighbor money for being really great all those years, or transferring $20K to your son’s bank account to help him pay for college, the gifts are treated in the same way by the tax code.

This means that a gift you make to your child for the purpose of paying tuition or covering educational expenses may be subject to the gift tax if the gift exceeds $18,000 in 2024 (if you’re single) or $36,000 (if you’re married and making a joint gift).

With the average cost of attendance at a private university now exceeding $55,000 per academic year, it’s conceivable that you would end up giving your child a cash gift that exceeds the annual gift tax exemption.

One way around this is to gradually put money aside every year in a 529 account. Gifters can contribute up to $18,000 in 2024 to a 529 account per person, per year with no risk of getting hit with a gift tax. That means a married couple could gift up to $36,000 per account, per year in 2024 without having to pay a gift tax.

Recommended: Paying for College: A Parent’s Guide

Paying College Expenses Directly

In addition to the annual exclusion limit, the IRS also waives the gift tax for gifts that are used to pay tuition expenses. There’s no limit on how much you can pay but the caveat is that you have to give the money directly to your student’s school. Otherwise, any amount over the annual exclusion limit will be subject to the gift tax.

This means that, in some cases, it may save you some cash to pay the school directly rather than first giving the money to your child and having them use it for tuition. It is important to consider all your options, however, as gift tuition payments may impact the student’s need-based aid.

Other Ways to Pay for College

If you don’t have enough savings, or would rather not deplete your savings to pay for your child’s tuition and expenses, here are some other ways to help your child cover the cost of college.

Help Your Student Complete the FAFSA

Submitting the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is a critical step when it comes to getting federal student aid. While the FAFSA is the student’s responsibility, when a student is considered a dependent student for FAFSA purposes, parents have a large role in the application process. As a result, you as a parent can help make the process faster and easier.

The FAFSA is a gateway to several forms of financial aid, including grants, scholarships, work-study, and federal student loans, so it’s worth filling out even if you don’t think you will qualify for aid. Many colleges also use the FAFSA when awarding institutional (merit-based) aid and some states use the form for certain state-based aid.

Take Out a Parent Loan

If your student has a gap in funding after tapping financial aid, including federal student loans, you might next look into parent student loans. You have two options: Parent PLUS Loans and private student loans. The best one for your situation generally depends on your credit history.

Here’s what to consider when looking at Parent PLUS Loans vs. private student loans.

Parent PLUS Loans

With Parent PLUS Loans, you can borrow up to the cost of the child’s attendance each year, minus any financial assistance that has been awarded, with no limit on the amount borrowed. This is true regardless of the parent’s income.

For Parent PLUS Loans first disbursed on or after July 1, 2023, and before July 1, 2024, the interest rate is 8.05%, which is higher than most other federal student loans. There is also a loan fee of 4.228%. As federal loans, however, Parent PLUS loans have access to multiple government-sponsored repayment plans and forgiveness programs.

Parent PLUS loans are not subsidized, so interest begins to accrue on the outstanding loan balance as soon as funds are disbursed and continues to accrue even if you choose to defer making payments on the loan until after your child graduate’s college.

Recommended: What Percentage of Parents Pay for College?

Private Student Loan for Parents

If you have good or excellent credit, you may be able to qualify for a private student loan for parents that has a lower interest rate than a Parent Plus Loan. Depending on your credit, you could potentially see a difference of 2% or more. Over the course of a 10-year repayment period, that lower interest rate can add up to significant savings. Keep in mind, though, that private loans do not offer the same protections and benefits that automatically come federal education loans.

If you’re considering private student loans, be sure to check your rates with multiple lenders to find the right loan for you. You can typically browse rates without any impact to your credit score (prequalification generally involves a soft credit check).


💡 Quick Tip: Need a private student loan to cover your school bills? Because approval for a private student loan is based on creditworthiness, a cosigner may help a student get loan approval and a lower rate.

The Takeaway

Paying for your child’s college education is considered a gift in the eyes of the IRS. However, parents can give up to $18,000 in cash to a child individually and $36,000 jointly in 2024 without getting hit with a gift tax. Parents can also pay for tuition directly to the college to avoid getting hit with a gift tax, with no upper limits.

You can reduce how much you’ll need to chip in for your child’s college expenses by helping your student fill out the FAFSA. This will give them access to scholarships, grants, work study, and federal student loans.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

About the author

Julia Califano

Julia Califano is an award-winning journalist who covers banking, small business, personal loans, student loans, and other money issues for SoFi. She has over 20 years of experience writing about personal finance and lifestyle topics. Read full bio.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Terms and Conditions Apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 04/24/2024 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.


External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

SOIS1123004

If you need more living space, but don’t have the property (or the budget) to put an addition on your home, it may be time to take a closer look at your garage. Whether it’s attached or free-standing, a garage conversion can be a relatively quick and affordable way to expand your current home.

The cost and amount of work involved in turning your garage into usable living space will depend on its size, current condition, the purpose of the remodel, and where you live. Read on for a closer look at what’s involved in a garage conversion, including design ideas and estimated costs.

Do Garage Conversions Add Value?

You may define value in myriad ways, but one of the most important considerations in converting a garage is what value it might add to your life. If you have a big family, you might want more space — perhaps a quiet, child-free zone where you can enjoy some quiet time. Or, you may want to convert a garage into a playroom where your children can keep their toys, decluttering your main house.

If you frequently have house guests, building a garage apartment or in-law suite can function as extra living space for friends and family to use when they’re in town.

A garage conversion can also add monetary value to your home, since you’re adding to the total livable square footage of your home. You can generally expect to get about 80% of what you spend on a garage conversion back when you sell your home (known as your return on investment, or ROI). To get an idea of the ROI of a garage renovation in your area, you may want to use a free online home improvement ROI estimator.

Adding Living Space to a Converted Garage

How you use a converted garage space depends on whether it’s attached to your house or a freestanding structure. If the garage is attached, you could create a room that becomes part of your home. This might be a recreation room, a workout room, a family room, a home theater, an extra bedroom, or a multipurpose room.

If your attached garage is connected to your kitchen, you might consider expanding your kitchen into a home chef’s paradise or creating an open-concept dining and entertaining area.

A detached garage could also become an apartment for your child as a young adult. Or, you might turn it into an art studio or a home office. The options are virtually endless. So a good first step is to figure out how a converted garage might provide the most value for your family.

Converting a Garage to an Apartment

If you’ve decided to convert your garage into an apartment, whether to create an in-law suite or a private space for your older child, you’ll want to consult your local planning board to find out what permits, if any, are needed. Often, if you’re building a new structure or making modifications to existing structures, a permit will be required. In fact, it’s important to double-check whether a permit is needed even for light remodeling.

Before you begin converting your garage, you might want to map out where everything is going to go and what you’ll do with the items that are currently in the space. To streamline that process, you could divide the items into one of three categories:

•   Keep

•   Donate

•   Throw Away

Once you’ve donated and thrown away items, it’s time to determine where you want to store the remaining items. Do you have a basement or attic where you can pack away everything you’ve stuffed into the garage over the years? How can you make those areas more storage-friendly?

If you still want to use a portion of your garage for storage after conversion, you might think about how to partition off that section so that the rest of the garage looks attractive and not cluttered. If you don’t want to use your garage for storage after the conversion, you might consider building an outdoor shed (provided your HOA or neighborhood association allows it) where you can items you don’t need on a regular basis.ws it, in which to store your remaining belongings, or a remote storage unit for things that you’ll rarely need.

Garage Floors and Doors

Deciding what to do with garage floors and doors is a crucial part of a garage conversion. If you have a traditional garage, the flooring might be a concrete slab with no insulation. In addition, the garage floor may fall several feet below the floors in your home, sloping toward a floor drain or the garage door, in which case you’ll need to have the floor leveled.

Then there’s the garage door to consider. If you remove it, you’ll likely have a large, gaping space. You might want to install a wall with french doors to let in the light or create a new wall that contains a large bay window. What you do might depend on whether or not you want the spot where the garage door existed to be an entryway.

Garage Roofing, Ventilation, and Insulation

Before beginning a garage conversion, you’ll want to check that the garage roof is watertight. If it’s not, some roofing upgrades could be necessary. If the plan is to install a kitchen or bathroom in your converted garage, you may also need to address ventilation issues. To create a comfortable space, you’ll also need to ensure there is proper insulation in the walls, roof, flooring, and anywhere else it’s needed.

Garage Windows and Walls

In order to create walls, you may need to install stud framing and drywall. In addition, you may need to put insulation and moisture-proofing, as well as wiring, in the walls. Also consider whether you want to add closets to your converted garage. If so, now is the time to lay those out.

One way to make a garage quickly feel like home is through access to natural daylight, which can be achieved by installing large windows strategically throughout the space or punching holes in the ceilings to install skylights. Consider using window styles that match those on your home to give it a cohesive look, especially with attached garages.

Garage Heating, Plumbing, and Wiring

If you have an attached garage, consider whether your current HVAC system can heat and cool your converted space. You may want to think about supplementing what you currently have, whether through a floor heating system, electric baseboards, wood stoves for the winter season, or an air-conditioning unit to cool off the space in the hot, sticky months of summer.

With plumbing, consider how to run pipes to supply water to the garage, as well as how to effectively drain the water back into the sewer system. If you need to add plumbing to the new space, this could be one of your bigger expenses.

What It Costs to Convert a Garage

How much it will cost to convert a garage into a living space will depend on what you will use the space for, the size of the garage, and the materials you choose. You could spend anywhere from $1,500 to $60,000 on a garage conversion.

To convert a garage into a bedroom, for example, you may need to spend around $15,000. If your plan is to make it a master bedroom with an attached bath, however, it could run closer to $25,000.

Converting a garage into an office tends to be one of the more budget-friendly options, since you don’t need plumbing and closets. You can expect to spend somewhere around $5,000. Turning your garage into a kitchen, on the other hand, will likely cost quite a bit more. You could spend anywhere from $6,000 to $50,000, depending on plumbing, appliances, and finishes.

The Takeaway

Converting a garage can be a great way to expand your livable space, while also adding value to your home. The design possibilities are virtually endless — you might turn your garage into an in-law suite, rec room for kids, gourmet kitchen, artist’s studio, home office, hobby room, home gym, or workshop. Whatever direction you take your garage conversion, you’ll want to consider budget (getting estimates from at least three contractors) and whether you’ll be able to pay up front for the project or may need to consider financing.

One type of loan that can work well for a garage conversion is a home improvement loan. This is an unsecured personal loan used to finance home upgrades and renovations. You receive a lump sum up front which you can use to pay for your garage conversion; you then repay the loan over a set term, often five to seven years, with regular monthly payments. Interest rates are typically fixed.

If you’re ready to remodel your garage and want to explore your financing options, SoFi could help. SoFi’s personal loans offer competitive, fixed rates and a variety of terms. Checking your rate won’t affect your credit score, and it takes just one minute.

About the author

Julia Califano

Julia Califano is an award-winning journalist who covers banking, small business, personal loans, student loans, and other money issues for SoFi. She has over 20 years of experience writing about personal finance and lifestyle topics. Read full bio.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SOPL0623040

Student loan payments are a heavy burden for many people working in public service. The pandemic-related pause on payment and interest accrual on student loans offered many firefighters relief from their student loan payments. But in October 2023, student loan payments resumed. Now, many borrowers, including firefighters, are struggling. About 40% of all federal borrowers missed their first payments.

Don’t let stress make you put off taking action on your debt. There are actually a number of relief programs that can help firefighters lower their monthly payments, even get the balance of their loans forgiven. Here’s a guide to help you navigate your forgiveness and repayment options.

Understanding Student Loan Forgiveness for Firefighters

If you’re hoping to become a firefighter, or already working as one, you’ve made a noble choice. Besides putting out local blazes, firefighters also rescue victims, educate the public on fire prevention, attend to medical emergencies, and respond to disasters.

While working as a first responder can be rewarding, repaying your student loans can be a challenge on a firefighter’s salary. The good news is that firefighters have options for student loan assistance and forgiveness, including Public Service Loan Forgiveness, income-driven repayment plans, consolidation, and refinancing. What follows is an overview of student loan forgiveness and relief programs for firefighters.


💡 Quick Tip: Often, the main goal of refinancing is to lower the interest rate on your student loans — federal and/or private — by taking out one loan with a new rate to replace your existing loans. Refinancing makes sense if you qualify for a lower rate and you don’t plan to use federal repayment programs or protections.

Public Service Loan Forgiveness for Firefighters

The Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program cancels qualifying student loans for individuals, including firefighters and emergency medical personnel, who have worked in public service for 10 years and have made 120 payments on their loans. If you’re eligible, this can be one of the best ways to get loan forgiveness as a firefighter.

Qualifying Criteria for Firefighters Under This Program

To qualify for PSLF, you need to be employed full time by a federal, state, local, or tribal government or qualifying not-for-profit organization. You can use the Department of Education’s employer search tool to see if your employer qualifies for PSLF.

In addition, you must:

•   Have federal Direct Loans (or consolidate other federal student loans into a Direct Loan)

•   Repay your loans under an income-driven repayment plan or a 10-year Standard Repayment Plan

•   Make a total of 120 qualifying monthly payments that need not be consecutive

Note that payments that would have been due during the pandemic-related pause count toward PSLF as long as you meet all other qualifications. You will get credit as though you made monthly payments.

If you have Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL), Federal Perkins Loans, or student loans from private lenders, these do not qualify for PSLF. However, you do have other relief and repayment options (more on those below).

Steps to Apply and Track Progress for Loan Forgiveness

To be considered for PSLF, you’ll need to submit a PSLF form. The easiest way to do this is by using the government’s PSLF Help Tool.

You can use this tool to request that your employer’s eligibility be reviewed (if it is not already in the government’s database), prepare and sign your PSLF form, and request certification and signature from your employer.

You can log in to StudentAid.gov any time to track your PSLF progress. Keep in mind that you’ll need to certify your employment every year and any time you change employers.

Income-Driven Repayment Plans and Loan Forgiveness

If you don’t qualify for PSLF, you may find that an income-driven repayment plan helps reduce student loan payments so they fit more easily into your budget.

With an income-driven repayment (IDR) plan, you make regular payments based on your income and family size for 20 or 25 years. Payments could even be $0 if you’re currently unemployed or earn less than 150% or 225% of the poverty threshold, depending on the plan you choose.

Whatever balance is left at the end of the repayment term is forgiven.

Loan Forgiveness Options Available Through Income-Driven Plans

The following income-driven repayment plans may be eligible for forgiveness:

•   Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE), which replaced the REPAYE plan

•   Income-Based Repayment (IBR)

•   Pay As You Earn (PAYE)

•   Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR)

All income-driven repayment plans share some similarities: Each caps payments to between 10% and 20% of your discretionary income and forgives your remaining loan balance after 20 or 25 years of payments. (With the SAVE Plan, those with undergraduate loans will see payments decreased from 10% of discretionary income to 5% starting July 2024.)

The plans also have some distinct differences, so before enrolling in any income-driven plan, you’ll want to plug your loan information into Federal Student Aid’s Loan Simulator. This will give a good idea of your monthly bills, overall costs, and forgiveness amounts under each plan.

Payments under every IDR plan count toward PSLF. If you’ll qualify for this program, choosing the plan that offers you the smallest payment is likely your best bet.

Steps to Enroll in an Income-Driven Repayment Plan

You can apply for an IDR plan online at the government’s IDR request page. You’ll need:

•   A verified FSA ID

•   Your income information

•   Your personal information (address, email, etc)

•   Your spouse’s information (if applicable)

Once you log in online, you can click “I want to enter an income-driven plan.” The application process is quick and easy and should take about 10 minutes. You can save and continue the application later, so you don’t need to finish it in a single session.

Federal Perkins Loan Cancellation for Firefighters

A Perkins Loan is a type of subsidized federal student loan based on financial need. The Perkins Loan Program ended in 2017. However, people who received a Perkins Loan are still required to pay those loans and are eligible for the benefits of the Perkins Loan Program.

As a firefighter, you may be eligible to have up to 100% of your loan balance canceled in the following increments:

•   15% per year for the first and second years of service

•   20% for the third and fourth years

•   30% for the fifth year

Eligibility Requirements for Firefighters

To be eligible for Perkins Loan cancellation, you need to be:

A firefighter with five years of full-time service employed by a federal, state, or local firefighting agency to extinguish destructive fires or provide firefighting-related services that began on or after Aug. 14, 2008.

Process to Apply for Perkins Loan Cancellation

You can apply for Perkins Loan forgiveness by contacting the school that issued the loan. The financial aid office or billing office should be able to provide the necessary paperwork.

The college will process your completed application. You will need to provide them with proof that you work for a qualifying employer as a full-time firefighter to be eligible for Perkins Loan forgiveness.

If approved, you’ll get your Perkins Loan balance, plus the interest on the loan, forgiven in five stages, provided you remain employed as a full-time firefighter.

While you are enrolled in the Perkins Loan forgiveness program, you don’t have to make monthly loan payments. If you stop working for a qualified employer as a full-time firefighter, however, loan payments will resume right away.

Loan Consolidation for Firefighters

If you have multiple federal student loans and want to simplify repayment, you might consider federal loan consolidation. If you have FFEL, Perkins, or parent PLUS loans, you will need to consolidate to be eligible for income-driven repayment, public service loan forgiveness. or other relief programs.

When you consolidate federal loans, the government pays them off and replaces them with a Direct Consolidation Loan. Your new fixed interest rate will be the weighted average of your previous rates, rounded up to the next one-eighth of 1%. Your new loan term could range from 10 to 30 years, depending on your total student loan balance.

You can access the direct consolidation loan application at StudentAid.gov. You’ll need to finish the application in one session, so you’ll want to gather the documents listed in the “What do I need?” section before you start, and set aside about 30 minutes to fill it out.

During the application process, you’ll get the opportunity to choose a repayment plan. You can either get a repayment timeline based on your loan balance or pick one that ties payments to income. If you pick an IDR plan, you’ll need to next fill out an IDR plan request.

Loan Refinance for Firefighters

If you have higher-interest federal or private student loans, you may be able to refinance your debt with another lender to get a lower interest rate, lower monthly payments, or both. Be cautious about extending your loan term to get lower payments, however. Longer loan terms could mean you’ll pay more interest over time.

Refinancing involves taking out a new loan with a private lender and using it to pay off your existing student loans. While your credit rating doesn’t matter when you take out a federally-backed student loan or consolidate federal student loans, you’ll need a solid credit score and record of stable employment to qualify to refinance a student loan with a new lender. Generally, borrowers with excellent credit get lower interest rates and better loan terms.

You can often shop around and “browse rates” without any impact to your credit scores (prequalifying typically involves a soft credit check). Just keep in mind that refinancing federal loans with a private lender means losing access to government protections like IDR plans and student loan forgiveness programs.


💡 Quick Tip: Refinancing could be a great choice for working graduates who have higher-interest graduate PLUS loans, Direct Unsubsidized Loans, and/or private loans.

The Takeaway

As a full-time or volunteer firefighter, the return to repayment of federal student loans after a nearly three-and-a-half-year pause may be putting a significant strain on your budget. We want to help you figure out your best plan of attack on debt. Some options that may be able to help ease the burden of repayment for firefighters include PSLF, IDR plans, consolidating, and refinancing.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

About the author

Julia Califano

Julia Califano is an award-winning journalist who covers banking, small business, personal loans, student loans, and other money issues for SoFi. She has over 20 years of experience writing about personal finance and lifestyle topics. Read full bio.