SoFi

When you’re married and are each other’s beneficiaries, it makes sense to create a single joint will, right? Not necessarily. Even if you plan to leave everything to your significant other upon death, creating this kind of legal document may lead to complications down the line.

Let’s take a closer look at the different kinds of wills married couples can create so you can decide what’s best for you.

What Is a Joint Will?

A joint will is a single shared legal document, signed by two or more people. It is relatively uncommon today, and many attorneys recommend against them. One of the motivations for a joint will is that, when one person dies, it’s nearly impossible for a surviving spouse to change the terms of the will. This can be problematic because circumstances change over time. What if the person mentioned to inherit property in the will has passed away?

That said, a joint will for a couple can seem desirable precisely because it’s not flexible. This can ensure that a child from a previous marriage, for example, inherits what is outlined in the will even if their parent dies before their new spouse does. But these sort of permanent clauses can be handled in a trust, a customized estate planning tool that can allow for complex, shifting situations.

How Do Joint Wills Work?

A joint will for a married couple is a single document, signed by two partners. When you’re both alive, changes can be made as long as you both agree. But once a partner dies, the will becomes binding.

For this reason, a joint will for a married couple can be binding, restrictive, and not necessarily optimal for the complexity of modern-day life.

Say that the will stipulates that the house the couple owns will be inherited by their three children upon the death of both spouses. But what if the surviving spouse has a financial emergency and wants to sell the house? Or simply wants to downsize to a smaller living space? Because of the will, they could be stuck in a difficult scenario.

Also consider that a joint will doesn’t always cover the what-ifs that can come up during life. From remarriage to family disputes to having more children, a joint will can lock assets in time, making it tough for the surviving spouse to move on.

How Do Mutual Wills Work?

Fortunately, there are options for those who worry about a joint will being too rigid. A more common option that offers flexibility is what’s known as a mutual will, or mirror will. In this case, two documents are created, one for each spouse. They may be identical, but because they are two documents, separately signed, the surviving spouse can then modify their own individual will when their partner passes away.

But what if you are concerned that you might die first and your surviving spouse could, say, omit a child or other loved one from their inheritance? (Yes, that may sound odd, but life contains many complicated family situations!) In this case, lawyers may recommend a trust as an option to ensure that your own personal wishes are carried out when it comes to your property. The trust can also make sure that your directives are followed when it comes to joint property mutually owned, like real estate.

Recommended: Important Estate Planning Documents to Know

Joint Will vs Individual Will: Pros and Cons

So, what are the pros and cons of joint wills versus individual (separate) wills? In general, the biggest con against a joint will may be the lack of flexibility. But for some people with relatively simple estates, this can seem like a positive.

Pros of a joint will:

•   Simplicity. It’s a one-and-done proposition!

•   Clarity. It ensures that both partners’ wishes, as written, will be respected, even after death.

Cons of a joint will:

•   Rigidity. If a partner gets remarried or has more children, it will be complicated if not impossible to change the original will.

Pros of an individual will:

•   Flexibility. Yes, this is a double-edged sword. These wills aren’t carved in stone, which can be a good or bad thing. But with individual wills, the wishes of the partner who dies first may not be fully honored. These concerns may be solved by the creation of a trust.

•   Simplicity. You can create one document and each sign it separately. Each individual is then free to amend their own will.

Cons of an individual will:

•   Flexibility. Yes, this is a double-edged sword. These wills aren’t “carved in stone” which can be a good or bad thing. Here’s the latter: With individual wills, the wishes of the partner who dies first may not be fully honored. These concerns may be solved by the creation of a trust.

•   Maintenance-intensive. A surviving partner may want to rewrite their will over time as their life circumstances change.

Do Husbands and Wives Need Individual Wills?

In most cases, yes, it’s beneficial if spouses have separate wills. The wills can be identical, but having two distinct documents that are individually signed can help protect against what-ifs in the future. Having individual wills can give the surviving spouse flexibility.

Let’s say that a joint will stipulates that a house owned jointly by a married couple will go to children upon the death of both spouses. That means if one spouse dies, the other spouse may not be able to sell the house that he or she lives in, even in the case of financial hardship. A joint will can lock a surviving spouse in time, despite evolving circumstances.

Instead, a couple may prefer individual wills. These can mirror each other, but the surviving spouse retains flexibility in case their needs or circumstances change after the spouse dies.

Worth noting: For some, the lack of flexibility of a joint will may be seen as positive. For example, some couples may want a joint will to ensure their children receive an inheritance, even if the surviving spouse remarries. However, some legal experts believe this goal can better be achieved through the creation of a trust.

As you think about making your will, it can be helpful to consider the pros and cons of a joint will. Getting an expert opinion can also be a smart move.

What Happens to a Joint Will When Someone Dies?

A joint will is essentially frozen in time when someone dies. The will becomes “irrevocable,” and property must be divided according to the terms of the will. If it says all assets are to be inherited by the surviving spouse, then the surviving spouse will inherit assets. But confusion may occur if and when both spouses pass away. A joint will then makes it hard, if not impossible, to reallocate property.

Let’s consider another scenario to see why a joint will can be problematic. Perhaps a joint will specifies that a certain sum of money is to go to a charity upon death. If the charity no longer exists after one spouse passes away, this may lead to complications and a legal headache.

In short: A joint will is similar to a time capsule. While its contents may make sense now, it can be helpful to consider what-ifs that may happen ten, 20, or 50 years in the future. This can lead some couples to decide that individual wills will work better.

Recommended: Life Insurance Guide

Can You Make a Joint Will Online?

It is possible to make a joint will online. But because not every state recognizes a joint will, it’s important to make sure you live in a state that does before you move forward.

The Takeaway

End-of-life planning is an important way to express your wishes and protect those closest to you. A will is one key component of that, but married couples have an important choice to make when deciding whether to have joint or individual wills. Even if you and your spouse are the ultimate joined-at-the-hip lovebirds, having separate wills may be a good idea. It can often provide more flexibility and family peace in the years ahead.

When you want to make things easier on your loved ones in the future, SoFi can help. We partnered with Trust & Will, the leading online estate planning platform, to give our members 20% off their trust, will, or guardianship. The forms are fast, secure, and easy to use.

Photo credit: iStock/fizkes

Coverage and pricing is subject to eligibility and underwriting criteria.
Ladder Insurance Services, LLC (CA license # OK22568; AR license # 3000140372) distributes term life insurance products issued by multiple insurers- for further details see ladderlife.com. All insurance products are governed by the terms set forth in the applicable insurance policy. Each insurer has financial responsibility for its own products.
Ladder, SoFi and SoFi Agency are separate, independent entities and are not responsible for the financial condition, business, or legal obligations of the other, SoFi Technologies, Inc. (SoFi) and SoFi Insurance Agency, LLC (SoFi Agency) do not issue, underwrite insurance or pay claims under LadderlifeTM policies. SoFi is compensated by Ladder for each issued term life policy.
Ladder offers coverage to people who are between the ages of 20 and 60 as of their nearest birthday. Your current age plus the term length cannot exceed 70 years.
All services from Ladder Insurance Services, LLC are their own. Once you reach Ladder, SoFi is not involved and has no control over the products or services involved. The Ladder service is limited to documents and does not provide legal advice. Individual circumstances are unique and using documents provided is not a substitute for obtaining legal advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOPRO-Q425-015

Having a copy of your car insurance declaration page is important because it offers an overview of your car insurance policy. Provided by your insurance company, your auto insurance declaration page can help you understand how you are (and aren’t) covered, among other crucial information — which is why it matters to know how you read yours.

In this article, we’ll walk you through how to read a car insurance declaration page and also explain how to get an insurance declaration page.

What Is an Insurance Declaration Page?

You can think of your automobile insurance declaration page as a summary of your overall policy, containing key information about your coverage, including which vehicles are covered and how to contact your car insurance agent. (You may hear this summary referred to as a “dec page” for short.)

The information detailed in your dec page is important for each insured driver to have on hand. If you’re involved in an accident or otherwise need to file a claim or contact your agent, this page can guide you through who to contact and what coverages you have. It can also help if you decide to compare policies to see if you’ve got the best deal for the premiums you’re paying.

Sample Car Insurance Declaration Page

Elements of your auto insurance declaration page will typically include the following:

•   Contact information

•   Loss payee (lender/lessor)

•   Policy number and coverage dates

•   Premium amounts

•   Insured drivers

•   Vehicle information

•   Coverages

•   Limits

•   Discounts

•   Deductibles

Here’s more about each.

Contact Information

This includes contact information for your insurance agent as well as your own name, address, and phone number.

Loss Payee

This will list any other party with an interest in the vehicle, typically the lender if you’ve financed or the lessor if you’ve leased the vehicle.

Policy Number and Coverage Dates

Just like with your mortgage, credit card account, car loan, and so forth, your auto insurance policy comes with a unique account number so that coverage specifics can be accessed when needed. The insurance policy will also have a beginning and end date, perhaps for a six-month period that can then be automatically renewed. Those dates will appear on the declaration page, allowing you to ensure that you have the current version on hand.

Premium Amounts

This page will also list your current premium amount so you know how much to pay (or how much will be automatically deducted from your account). If the declaration page is for a six-month term, it may show an amount of $660 — and, if the agent accepts quarterly payments, then that would be half of that amount: $660 for six months divided by two, which amounts to $330 for three months. If payments are broken down monthly, that would be $660 divided by six, which comes out to a monthly payment of $110.

Insured Drivers

If only one person is on the policy, then this section is pretty simple: their name will be listed as the insured driver. If multiple people are covered on the policy, then all of the household drivers would be listed by name. A person must be added to and listed on the policy before they can be covered by the insurance. If they’re removed from the policy, an updated auto insurance declaration page should be issued without their name.

Vehicle Information

If only one vehicle is insured under this policy then, again, this section is pretty straightforward. It will include the year, make, model, and vehicle identification number (VIN) for the covered vehicle. If multiple household vehicles are covered, information will be listed about each one.

Recommended: How Does Car Insurance Work?

Coverages

The automobile insurance declaration page will list the types of coverage included on the auto policy as well as the dollar amounts associated with them. Categories can include:

•   Bodily injury: This covers costs if you cause injuries to other people through an auto accident.

•   Property damage: This covers damage to another person’s car or property (such as a fence or building) if you’re at fault in an auto accident. It can also cover costs for the removal of trees, signs, and other debris as needed after an accident.

•   Medical coverage: This covers medical payments and lost wages if you or a passenger gets injured in the accident. It can also cover funeral costs.

•   Uninsured/underinsured motorist bodily injury: If the other person in the accident isn’t insured or doesn’t have enough insurance to cover the damages incurred, this will kick in to help pay for repairs and other costs.

Limits

For each type of coverage listed, there will be limits — sometimes per person and other times per incident. Nearly every state requires liability insurance, although laws vary regarding the amounts needed. (New Hampshire drivers aren’t required to have car insurance but do need proof of financial responsibility.) Some states will require bodily injury and property damage liability, while others may also require uninsured motorist coverage or personal injury protection.

Note that these state requirements list the minimum required, not necessarily how much auto insurance you may really need in case of an accident. If you have a loan on the car, your lender may require comprehensive and collision coverage, even though your state laws don’t require them.

Recommended: 5 Steps to Switching Your Car Insurance

Discounts

You may receive discounts on your policy, perhaps because of vehicle features (anti-lock brakes or stability control, for example) or because of your driving history. These should be listed on your declaration page along with the vehicles they apply to. Your insurance agent may provide multiple car discounts and/or discounts if you also have a homeowners policy with them.

Deductibles

Deductible specifics should be listed on the auto insurance declaration page as well. The deductible (an important auto insurance term to know) is the amount you’re required to pay out of pocket before your insurance policy kicks in to pay the rest, subject to policy limits.

Coverage types, such as collision, personal injury, and uninsured motorist, can each have their own deductibles — perhaps $500 or $1,000 each. In general, a low deductible policy comes with higher premiums, while a high deductible generally has lower premiums.

How to Get Your Insurance Declaration Page

When you buy a new car insurance policy or change a current one, you should receive a copy of your new or updated automobile declaration insurance page. If you can’t find your copy, you can often download one from your insurance agent’s website or through their mobile app.

If the website doesn’t have that feature or you don’t want to go that route, there are other options for how to get an insurance declaration page. In that case, you could contact your agent for another copy, which could be a hard copy or a digital one.

The Takeaway

The auto insurance declaration page serves as a summary of your policy, including coverages, premiums, covered vehicles, deductibles, and more. Knowing how to read yours will allow you to know how much you’re protected in case of an accident and how to contact your insurer. It makes sense to have a current copy of your declaration insurance page in your records where it’s easily accessible. Additionally, your auto insurance declaration can be helpful if you want to shop around for auto insurance rates.

When you’re ready to shop for auto insurance, SoFi can help. Our online auto insurance comparison tool lets you see quotes from a network of top insurance providers within minutes, saving you time and hassle.

Photo credit: iStock/Drazen_

Auto Insurance: Must have a valid driver’s license. Not available in all states.
Home and Renters Insurance: Insurance not available in all states.
Experian is a registered trademark of Experian.
SoFi Insurance Agency, LLC. (“”SoFi””) is compensated by Experian for each customer who purchases a policy through the SoFi-Experian partnership.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOPRO-Q425-021

Whether you’re purchasing a new pair of eyeglasses, stocking up on over-the-counter medications, or paying for your child’s daycare, there may be certain expenses your health insurance plan doesn’t cover.

In those cases, having a flexible spending account, or FSA, could help you save money. This special savings account lets you set aside pretax dollars to pay for eligible out-of-pocket healthcare expenses, which in turn can lower your taxable income.

Let’s take a look at how these accounts work.

What Is an FSA?

An FSA is an employer-sponsored savings account you can use to pay for certain health care and dependent costs. It’s commonly included as part of a benefits package, so if you purchased a plan on the Health Insurance Marketplace, or have Medicaid or Medicare, you may no longer qualify for a FSA.

There are three types of FSA accounts:

•   Health care FSAs, which can be used to pay for eligible medical and dental expenses.

•   Dependent care FSAs, which can be used to pay for eligible child and adult care expenses, such as preschool, summer camp, and home health care.

•   Limited expense health care FSA, which can be used to pay for dental and vision expenses. This type of account is available to those who have a high-deductible health plan with a health savings account.

How Do You Fund an FSA?

If you opt into an FSA, you’ll need to decide on how much to regularly contribute throughout the year. Those contribution amounts will be automatically deducted from your paychecks and placed into the account. Whatever money you put into an FSA isn’t taxed, which means you can keep more of what you earn.

Your employer may also throw some money into your FSA account, but they are under no legal obligation to do so.

You can use your FSA throughout the year to either reimburse yourself or to help pay for eligible expenses for you, your spouse, and your dependents (more on that in a minute). Typically, you’ll be required to submit a claim through your employer and include proof of the expense (usually a receipt), along with a statement that says that your regular health insurance does not cover that cost.

Some employers offer an FSA debit card or checkbook, which you can use to pay for qualifying medical purchases without having to file a reimbursement claim through your employer.


💡 Quick Tip: When you have questions about what you can and can’t afford, a spending tracker app can show you the answer. With no guilt trip or hourly fee.

What Items Qualify for FSA Reimbursement?

The IRS decides which expenses qualify for FSA reimbursement, and the list is extensive. Here’s a look at some of what’s included — you can see the full list on the IRS’ website.

•   Health plan co-payments and deductibles (but not insurance premiums)

•   Prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses

•   Dental and vision expenses

•   Prescription medications

•   Over-the-counter medicines

•   First aid supplies

•   Menstrual care items

•   Birth control

•   Sunscreen

•   Home health care items, like thermometers, crutches, and medical alert devices

•   Medical diagnostic products, like cholesterol monitors, home EKG devices, and home blood pressure monitors

•   Home health care

•   Day care

•   Summer camp

Are There Any FSA Limits?

For 2025, health care FSA and limited health care FSA contributions are limited to $3,300 per year, per employer. Your spouse can also contribute $3,300 to their FSA account, as well.

Meanwhile, dependent care FSA contributions will be increased to $7,500 per household, or $3,750 if you’re married and filing separately, on January 1, 2026.

Does an FSA Roll Over Each Year?

In general, you’ll need to use the money in an FSA within a plan year. Any unspent money will be lost. However, the IRS has changed the use-it-or-lose-it rule to allow a little more flexibility.

Now, your employer may be able to offer you a couple of options to use up any unspent money in an FSA:

•   A “grace period” of no more than 2½ extra months to spend whatever is left in your account

•   Rolling over up to $660 from 2025 to use in the 2026 plan.

Note that your employer may be able to offer one of these options, but not both.

One way to avoid scrambling to spend down your FSA before the end of the year or the grace period is to plan ahead. Calculate all deductibles, copayments, coinsurance, prescription drugs, and other possible costs for the coming year, and only contribute what you think you’ll actually need.

Recommended: Flexible Spending Accounts: Rules, Regulations, and Uses

How Can You Use Up Your FSA?

You can consider some of these strategies to get the most out of your FSA:

•   Buy non-prescription items. Certain items are FSA-eligible without needing a prescription (but save your receipt for the paperwork!). These items may include first-aid kits, bandages, thermometers, blood pressure monitors, ice packs, and heating pads.

•   Get your glasses (or contacts). You may be able to use your FSA to cover the cost of prescription eyeglasses, contact lenses, and sunglasses as well as reading glasses. Contact lens solution and eye drops may also be covered.

•   Keep family planning in mind. FSA-eligible items can include condoms, pregnancy tests, baby monitors, and fertility kits. If you have a prescription for them, female contraceptives may also be covered.

•   Don’t forget your dentist. Unfortunately, toothpaste and cosmetic procedures are not covered by your FSA, but dental checkups and associated costs might be. These could include copays, deductibles, cleanings, fillings, X-rays, and even braces. Mouthguards and cleaning solutions for your retainers and dentures may be FSA-eligible as well.


💡 Quick Tip: Income, expenses, and life circumstances can change. Consider reviewing your budget a few times a year and making any adjustments if needed.

Flexible Savings Account (FSA) vs. Health Savings Account (HSA)

When it comes to managing healthcare costs, another popular option is a health savings account (HSA). Both FSAs and HSAs offer tax advantages, but they differ in terms of eligibility, contribution limits, and how the funds can be used.

Both types of accounts:

•   Offer some tax advantages

•   Can be used to pay for co-payments, deductibles, and eligible medical expenses

•   Can be funded through employee-payroll deductions, employer contributions, or individual deductions

•   Have a maximum contribution amount. In 2025, people with individual coverage can contribute up to $4,300 per year, while those with family coverage can set aside up to $8,550 per year.

That said, there are some key differences between HSAs and FSAs:

•   You must be enrolled in a high deductible health plan in order to qualify for an HSA.

•   HSAs do not have a use-it-or-lose-it rule. Once you put money in the account, it’s yours.

•   If you quit or are fired from your job, your HSA can go with you. This happens even if your employer contributed money to the account.

•   If you’re 55 or older, you can contribute an additional $1,000 to your HSA as a catch-up contribution — similar to the catch-up contributions allowed with an IRA.

•   If you withdraw money from your HSA for a non-qualified expense before the age of 65, you’ll pay taxes on it plus a 20% penalty.

•   If you withdraw money from your HSA for any type of expense after age 65, you don’t pay a penalty. However, the withdrawal will be taxed like regular income.

Recommended: Benefits of Health Savings Accounts

The Takeaway

Flexible spending accounts are offered by employers and can be a useful tool for paying for health care or dependent-related expenses. Notably, you fund the account with pretax dollars taken from your paycheck, which can lower your taxable income and help you save money.

You typically need to spend your FSA money within a plan year, though your employer may give you the option to either roll over a portion of the balance into the next year or use it during a grace period. There are also guidelines around what you can spend the FSA funds on and how much you can contribute to your account.

Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.

See exactly how your money comes and goes at a glance.

FAQ

How does a flexible spending account work?

A flexible spending account (FSA) lets you set aside pretax money from your paycheck to cover eligible medical, dental, vision, or dependent care expenses. Because contributions reduce your taxable income, you save on taxes.

What is the difference between an FSA and an HSA?

The main difference between an FSA and an HSA is ownership and eligibility. FSAs are employer-owned and require you to spend funds within the plan year, while HSAs are individually owned, available only with high-deductible health plans, and allow funds to roll over and grow tax-free year after year.

Can I withdraw money from my flexible spending account?

Yes, you can withdraw money from your flexible spending account (FSA) to pay for eligible medical expenses such as copays, prescriptions, and medical supplies. However, withdrawals must be for qualified expenses.

SoFi Relay offers users the ability to connect both SoFi accounts and external accounts using Plaid, Inc.’s service. When you use the service to connect an account, you authorize SoFi to obtain account information from any external accounts as set forth in SoFi’s Terms of Use. Based on your consent SoFi will also automatically provide some financial data received from the credit bureau for your visibility, without the need of you connecting additional accounts. SoFi assumes no responsibility for the timeliness, accuracy, deletion, non-delivery or failure to store any user data, loss of user data, communications, or personalization settings. You shall confirm the accuracy of Plaid data through sources independent of SoFi. The credit score is a VantageScore® based on TransUnion® (the “Processing Agent”) data.

This content is provided for informational and educational purposes only and should not be construed as financial advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

SORL-Q425-005

Candlestick charts are one of many popular tools used for technical stock analysis. They are also called Japanese candlestick charts or patterns, because they were first invented in Japan in the 1700s to track the prices of rice. Today, candlestick patterns are used to reveal potential patterns in stock price movements.

Candlestick charts are one of multiple types of technical tools that traders use to analyze stock prices. There are some general patterns that are helpful to know and understand if you’re using candlestick charts while trading.

What Is a Candlestick Pattern?

A candlestick pattern is a sequence of price changes that are represented as a series of candle-like formations on a chart. Each candlestick represents stock price increases or decreases within a specified time frame.

Watching out for particular candlestick patterns in charts is a popular day trading strategy, one that may help traders assess whether a stock may go up or down in value, and to make trades based on those predictions.

Again, this is a form of technical analysis, as opposed to fundamental stock analysis, which is different.

Candlestick patterns can be useful for helping some traders assess entry and exit timing for trades, when investing online or through a brokerage. Based on how stock price movements have repeatedly occurred in the past, traders may decide whether to put faith in them potentially moving in a similar way again. The reason these patterns form is that human perceptions, actions, and reactions to stock price movements also tend to be repeated.

Past events are not predictions of the future, however, and there are always risks when trading stocks. But candlestick patterns can be useful guidelines and one more piece of information for those looking to make informed trading decisions.

History and Origins of Candlestick Charts

Candlestick charts originated in 18th-century Japan, where a rice trader named Munehisa Homma developed a system to track rice prices and market sentiment. Homma’s techniques combined price patterns with observations about trader psychology, laying the groundwork for modern candlestick analysis.

While the system evolved over time, it was introduced to Western markets in the late 20th century. Today, candlestick charts are widely used across financial markets by day traders and other investors to assess short-term price movements and spot potential reversals or continuation patterns.

Recommended: Stock Trading Basics

Reading Single Candlesticks

Even a single candlestick on a candlestick chart can provide insight into where stock prices may head. Each candlestick is composed of four parts:

•   Body. The body, or real body, is the rectangular candle-like shape that represents the opening and closing prices. A short body tends to indicate lack of a strong trading direction; a longer body suggests strong selling or buying pressure.

•   Wicks. The top “wick” or shadow of a candlestick marks the highest price the stock traded within the specified time period. The bottom wick marks the lowest price the stock traded.

If a candlestick wick is long, this means the highest or lowest trading price is significantly different from the opening or closing price. A shorter wick can indicate that the high or low trade was close to the opening or closing price. The difference between the high and low price of the candlestick wicks is called the range.

•   Candlestick color. The color provides a quick take on the price direction. A green or white candlestick body is bullish, with the closing price at the top, indicating it’s higher than the opening price. A red or black body is bearish, and reflects a lower closing price (at the bottom) vs. the opening, signaling potential downward pressure.

Candlesticks can represent different time frames. One popular time frame when stock trading is a single day, so each candlestick on a chart will show the price change for one day. A one-month chart would have approximately 30 candlesticks.

Trending Candles vs Non-Trending Candles

If a candle continues an ongoing price trend, this is called a trending candle. Candles that go against the trend are non-trending candles.

Candles that don’t have an upper or lower wick may also show that there is a strong trend, or support or resistance in either direction. This means the opening or closing price was close to the high or low trade. And vice versa — a long wick can be an indicator that the stock’s intraday high or low prices may not hold.

Doji Candles

When a candle’s opening and closing price are almost the same, this forms a doji candle, which looks like a cross or plus sign. The wicks of doji candles can vary in length.

A doji can either be a sign of a reversal or a continuation. It shows roughly equal forces from buyers and sellers, with little net price movement in either direction.

Long Shadow Candles

Candles with a long wick or shadow may indicate a rejection of higher or lower prices. A candle with a long upper shadow can signal seller rejection of higher prices, while a long lower shadow can signal buyer rejection of lower prices.

Marubozu Candles

A Marubozu candle is a single candlestick pattern that has no upper or lower wicks, showing only the real body. It may indicate that buying or selling pressure was especially strong during the selected time period.

A green Marubozu may suggest steady upward pressure, while a red Marubozu might point to consistent downward pressure. Traders sometimes view Marubozu candles as potential signals that prevailing trends could continue.

Recommended: Implied Volatility: What It Is & What It’s Used for

Types of Candlestick Patterns

Candlestick patterns are used to help analyze stock price action. There are dozens of candlestick patterns that traders use to help recognize trading opportunities and better time their entries and exits, but there are four distinct ways to define potential outcomes of candlestick patterns:

1.    Bullish candlestick patterns show that a stock’s price is dominated by buyers and the price is likely to increase.

2.    Bearish patterns may indicate selling pressure and a potential decrease in the stock’s price.

3.    Reversal candlestick patterns may demonstrate that the price trend of a stock could reverse.

4.    Continuation patterns may indicate that the stock’s price will continue heading in the direction it’s currently going.

It’s important to remember that some patterns may be interpreted as a signal not to trade. Knowing when not to buy or sell is just as important as knowing when to take action.

Bullish Candlestick Patterns

A bullish candlestick pattern can either be an indication of a continued bullish trend, or it could be a reversal from a bearish trend. There are a number of popular bullish candlestick patterns, each of which can tell a trader something different.

Morning Star: The Morning Star is a three-candlestick pattern that may indicate a reversal from a bearish trend towards a bullish trend. The first candle is long-bodied and red. The second candle opens lower and has a short body, often with a gap and a small body. Its color may vary. The third candle is green and closes at or above the center of the first candle body.

Morning Star Doji: This three-candlestick pattern is sometimes interpreted as a possible reversal from a bearish trend. The first candle has a long body showing a downtrend. The second candle opens at a lower price and trades within a narrow price range, then the third candle reverses in a bullish direction, closing at or above the center of the first candle body.

Bullish Engulfing: In this two-candle pattern, the first candle is bearish and the second is bullish. The body of the first candle fits completely within the body of the second larger candle, which engulfs it. Although both candles are important, the higher the high of the second candle’s body, the more some traders may view it as a potential reversal signal.

Hammer: This single-candle pattern typically appears at the end of a decline. The hammer candle looks like a hammer, with a short real body with little or no upper shadow. This shows that the low for the period is significantly lower than the close for that period, which is generally viewed as a potential bullish reversal after a downtrend. However, many traders look for confirmation, such as a higher close on the next candle, before acting on the pattern.

Inverted Hammer: The inverse of the hammer pattern, this is a single-candle pattern which may suggest weakening downward momentum and can indicate the end of a downtrend and reversal towards a bullish movement.

This candle has a short real body near the low, little or no lower shadow, and a long upper shadow. Unlike a hammer, the inverted hammer may show buyers testing higher prices but failing to hold them. This makes confirmation on the next candle especially important.

Bullish Harami: This reversal pattern happens during a downtrend and may suggest a switch toward upward price movement. It looks like a short green candlestick that follows several red candlesticks. The green candlestick body fits within the body of the previous red candlestick.

Dragonfly Doji: This is a pattern some traders view as a possible reversal signal. In this pattern, a doji candle opens and closes at or near the highest price of the day. The lower shadow tends to be long, but it can vary in length.

Piercing Line: In this two-candle pattern, the first candle is long and red, followed by a long green candle that opens below the prior close and closes above the midpoint of the first candle’s real body. This pattern is often interpreted as a potential bullish reversal after a bearish trend.

Stick Sandwich: This is a three-candle pattern with an opposite-colored middle candle that consists of a long candle sandwiched between two long candles of the other color. The closing prices of the two outer candles are similar, creating a potential level of support that some traders interpret as a possible bullish signal.

Three White Soldiers: A three-candle pattern that looks like a staircase toward higher prices, sometimes viewed as a potential bullish continuation signal. It consists of three green candles, each of which opens within or above the prior candle’s body and closes progressively higher.

Bearish Candlestick Patterns

Bearish candlestick patterns may indicate an ongoing bearish trend, or they may indicate a reversal from a bullish trend. These are some common bearish candlestick patterns.

Evening Star: This three-candle pattern is the opposite of the Morning Star, sometimes interpreted as a possible shift from bullish to bearish momentum. The first candle is long and green. The second candle gaps up and has a short body. The body can be either red or green but doesn’t overlap with the body of the previous candle. This shows that buying interest is coming to an end. The third candle is red and closes at or below the center of the first candle body.

Evening Star Doji: This three-candle pattern is the opposite of the Morning Star Doji. It is sometimes seen as a possible reversal towards a bearish trend. The first candle is a long green candle. The second candle is a doji, or is very narrow and gaps up to a higher price. The third candle is red and closes at or below the center point of the first candle body.

Shooting Star: This is a single-candle pattern defined by shape with a small real body near the low, very little or no lower shadow, and a long upper shadow. The shooting star may be interpreted as a potential sign of weakening upward momentum.

Hanging Man: This is a single candlestick pattern that appears after an uptrend and may indicate a potential bearish reversal. The candle has a long lower wick and a short candle body. Despite resembling a hammer, it typically signals selling pressure after a rally and is not bullish.

Dark Cloud Cover: A two-candlestick pattern that occurs when a red candle has an opening price that’s higher than the closing price of the previous day’s candle, and a closing price below the middle of the previous one. The first candle is green. The second candle, which is red, completes the pattern by closing below the midpoint of the prior green candle.

Bearish Harami Cross: A trend-reversal pattern consisting of a series of green candlesticks followed by a doji, this pattern is sometimes interpreted as a sign that the uptrend may be losing momentum and preparing for a reversal.

Two Black Gapping: This pattern appears near a top and happens when price gaps down and then prints two red candles that gap down again. This is sometimes viewed as a potential bearish sign of an emerging bearish trend.

Gravestone Doji: This is an inverted dragonfly pattern, in which the opening and closing price are at or near the low of the day. The upper candle shadow tends to be long, but can vary in length. It is generally viewed as a potential bearish reversal, especially after an uptrend, but often requires confirmation.

Three Black Crows: This bearish reversal pattern appears after an uptrend and consists of three long red candlesticks. Each opens with the real body of the prior candle and closes lower, showing sustained selling pressure.

Reversal Patterns

Harami Cross: The Harami Cross can indicate a reversal in either a bullish or a bearish trend. It’s a two-candlestick pattern in which the first candle is a long real body in the prevailing trend, and the second candle is a doji within its body.

Abandoned Baby: This reversal pattern is made up of three candles. The middle candle is a doji that is isolated by gaps on both sides, with no overlap to adjacent candles (i.e., “standing alone”). The third candle moves strongly in the opposite direction after the gap. The first and third candles have relatively long bodies. It’s so named because the gaps have space between the doji candle’s wick and both wicks of the first and third candles.

Continuation Patterns

Falling Three Methods: This is a five-candlestick bearish continuation pattern which may reflect a brief pause within a continuing downtrend. The first is a long red candle, followed by three small green candles, which all stay within the range of the first candle. The last candle is another long red one. This pattern may suggest buyers have not yet shifted the downtrend’s momentum.

Three Line Strike: A four-candlestick pattern that consists of three same-direction candles followed by a long, counter-trending candle, and is sometimes interpreted as a potential trend continuation or, depending on the context, a reversal signal. The fourth candle typically engulfs the prior three candlesticks’ real bodies.

Other Patterns

These two patterns don’t fit into the bullish, bearish, reversal, or continuation categories.

Spinning Top: A short-bodied candlestick with similar top and bottom wicks that looks like a spinning top. This is an indication of indecision in the market. After the spinning top, the market may move quickly one way or another, so prior price movement and patterns may help assess whether the stock will move up or down.

Supernova: If there’s a high-volume, low-float stock that experiences a price explosion, followed by a sharp price drop, this is a supernova. There can be trading opportunities on the way up, and then opportunities to short sell on the way down as well.

The Takeaway

Candlestick charts are a stock analysis tool, and traders who can identify patterns within them may assess whether a stock’s price may rise or fall. It can help them make a decision of when or if to buy, sell, or stand pat. There are numerous types of candlestick patterns, though it’s important to remember that patterns do not always lead to the predicted outcome.

Reading stock charts is only one small part of the investing world, and a rather complicated part, too. There are simpler, less-intensive ways to participate in the markets. For traders who understand their limits, candlestick patterns can still offer a practical read on near-term supply and demand.

Invest in what matters most to you with SoFi Active Invest. In a self-directed account provided by SoFi Securities, you can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, options, and more — all while paying $0 commission on every trade. Other fees may apply. Whether you want to trade after-hours or manage your portfolio using real-time stock insights and analyst ratings, you can invest your way in SoFi's easy-to-use mobile app.

FAQ

What is the most reliable candlestick pattern?

No candlestick pattern can guarantee accuracy, but many traders view the engulfing pattern as a strong signal, especially in combination with volume. Some confirmation from the next candle is often used before acting.

Can candlestick patterns be used for all asset classes?

Yes — candlestick patterns can apply to stocks, ETFs, and even futures. However, their reliability may vary depending on the asset’s liquidity and volatility.

How do you confirm a candlestick pattern?

Traders often look for confirmation through the next candle’s direction, volume changes, or supporting indicators, such as the Relative Strength Index (RSI). The RSI is a momentum indicator that measures how quickly prices are rising or falling, which may help traders identify potential overbought or oversold conditions.

Are candlestick patterns useful for day trading?

Candlestick patterns are widely used in day trading and options trading strategies in general to identify short-term price setups. That said, success often depends on combining them with other technical signals.

What are common mistakes when reading candlestick charts?

Relying on patterns without context, skipping confirmation, and ignoring volume are common errors. It’s also a mistake to treat any pattern as a guaranteed prediction.