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Q: What Is Margin Trading?

Margin trading, or 'buying on margin,' is an advanced investment strategy in which you trade securities using money that you’ve borrowed from your broker to potentially increase your return.

Jul

2024

Margin Trading: What It Is and How It Works

By Carla Tardi | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | No Comments

In the investing ecosystem, the term “margin” is used to describe the money that may be borrowed from a brokerage to execute trades or a strategy. Buying assets on margin can help magnify gains and returns, but it can do the same with your losses.

When you buy on margin, you’re purchasing assets using money that you borrow from your broker. Margin trading might seem more complicated than some other ways to invest in the stock market, but it’s a method that many investors favor — especially experienced investors. If there’s one thing to know about margin trading, though, it’s that it can cut both ways, and may incur serious risks.

Table of Contents

What Is Margin Trading?
How Does Margin Trading Work?
Example of Margin Trading (Buying on Margin)
Potential Benefits of Margin Trading
Potential Risks of Margin Trading
How to Get Started With Margin Trading
FAQ

What Is Margin Trading?

Margin trading, or “buying on margin,” is an advanced investment strategy in which you trade securities using money that you’ve borrowed from your broker to potentially increase your return. Margin is essentially a loan where you can borrow up to 50% of your security purchase, and as with most loans, a margin loan comes with an interest rate and collateral.

Trading on margin is similar to “buying on credit.” Using margin for a trade is also known as leveraging. Margin interest rates are determined by your broker, and collateral types can be stock holdings or cash. Traders must also maintain a margin balance, known as the maintenance margin, in their accounts to cover potential losses.

As noted, margin trading is a bit more complicated (and risky) than some other ways to invest in the stock market, but it’s a tactic used by many investors.

How Does Margin Trading Work?

While margin trading may seem straightforward, it’s important to understand all the parameters.

For all trades, your broker acts as the intermediary between your account and your counterparty. Whenever you enter a buy or sell trade on your account, your broker electronically executes that trade with a counterparty in the market, and transfers that security into/out of your account once the transaction is completed.

To execute trades for a standard cash account vs. margin account, your broker directly withdraws funds for a cash trade. Thus every cash trade is secured 100% by money you’ve already deposited, entailing no risk to your broker.

In contrast, with margin accounts, a portion of each trade is secured by cash, known as the initial margin, while the rest is covered with funds you borrow from your broker.

Consequently, while margin trading affords you more buying power than you could otherwise achieve with cash alone, the additional risk means that you’ll always need to maintain a minimum level of collateral to meet margin requirements.

While margin requirements can vary by broker, we’ve defined and outlined the minimums mandated by financial regulators.

Term	Amount	Definition
Minimum margin	$2,000	Amount you need to deposit to open a new margin account
Initial margin	50%	Percentage of a security purchase that needs to be funded by cash
Maintenance margin	25%	Percentage of your holdings that needs to be covered by equity

💡 Quick Tip: Options can be a cost-efficient way to place certain trades, because you typically purchase options contracts, not the underlying security. That said, options trading can be risky, and best done by those who are not entirely new to investing.

Increase your buying power with a margin loan from SoFi.

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*For full margin details, see terms.

Example of Margin Trading (Buying on Margin)

Here’s an example of how margin trading works, or could work, in the real world. Imagine you open a margin account with $2,000 at a brokerage firm. It’s helpful to keep the maintenance margin in mind, too, when reading through this example.

Now, say you have your eyes set on Stock X, that’s trading at $100 per share. You can afford to buy 10 shares with the cash in your account. But, you want to buy more — margin allows you to do that. Given your margin account’s 50% initial margin requirement, that means you can effectively double your purchasing power.

So, you can buy 20 shares of Stock X for a total of $2,000, and $1,000 of that purchase would be buying on margin.

If Stock X appreciates in value by, say, 100% (it’s now worth $200 per share), you could sell your holdings and end up with $4,000. You could then pay back your brokerage for the margin loan, and have realized a greater return than you would have without using margin.

But the opposite can happen, too. If Stock X depreciates by 50% (it’s now worth $50) and you sold your holdings, you’d have $1,000, and owe your broker $1,000. So, you’ve wiped out your cash reserves by using margin — one of its primary risks.

To recap: In both scenarios, the margin loan balance remains the same ($1,000), while the equity value took the entire gain or loss.

Bear in mind, too, that for simplicity, this example ignores interest charges. In a real margin trade, you would need to also back out any interest expense incurred on the margin loan before calculating your return; this would act as an additional drag on earnings.

Potential Benefits of Margin Trading

As noted, margin trading has some pretty obvious benefits or advantages. Those may include the following:

• Potential to enhance purchasing power. A primary benefit of margin trading is the potential expansion of an investor’s purchasing power, sometimes exponentially. This could possibly help boost returns if the price of the stock or other investment purchased with a margin trade goes up.

• Possible lower interest rates. Benefits of margin loans might include lower interest rates relative to other types of loans, such as personal loans, if the investor is borrowing money to make trades. Plus, there typically isn’t a repayment schedule.

• Diversification. You could also use margin trading to diversify your portfolio.

• Selling short. Another potential advantage might be a complicated trading method called short selling. Margin trading might make it possible for you to sell stocks short. Short selling differs from most other investment strategies in that investors make a bet that a stock’s price will fall.

Note, however, that the rules for short selling with a margin account can get even more complicated than a traditional margin trade. For instance, Regulation T of the Federal Reserve Board requires margin accounts to have 150% of the value of the short sale when the trade is initiated.

While the benefits of being able to buy more investments — and potentially generate larger returns — might seem appealing to some investors, there are also some potential risks to using margin. It might be worth considering these before you decide if trading on margin is right for you.

Potential Risks of Margin Trading

There are potential benefits, and there are potential risks associated with margin trading. Here are some of those risks:

• Possible loss beyond initial investment. While a primary benefit of margin trading may be increased buying power, investors could lose more money than they initially invested. Unlike a cash account, the traditional way to buy stocks or other investments, losses in a margin account can actually extend beyond the initial investment.

For example, if an investor purchases $20,000 worth of stock with a cash account, the most they can lose is $20,000. If that same investor uses $10,000 of their own money and a margin — essentially a loan — of $10,000 and the stock loses value, they may actually end up owing more money than their initial $10,000.

• Possibility of margin call. Another potential negative aspect of margin trading is getting a margin call. Investors might need to put additional funds into their account on short notice if a margin call is triggered because the investment lost value. Moreover, a drop in value might mean an investor needs to sell off some or all of the investment, even at an inopportune time.

The SEC warns investors that they must sell some of their stock, or deposit more funds to cover a margin call. If you get a margin call, it is your responsibility to deposit more funds, add securities or sell holdings in your account. If you don’t meet the margin call after a number of warnings from your broker, then the broker has the right to sell all or some of the current positions to bring the account back up to minimum value.

💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

How to Get Started With Margin Trading

Typically, the first step to getting started with margin trading is to open a margin account with a brokerage firm.

Even if you already have a stock or investment account, which are cash accounts, you still need to open a margin account because they are regulated differently. First-time margin investors need to deposit at least $2,000 per FINRA rules. If you’re looking to day trade, this dollar figure goes up to $25,000 according to FINRA rules. This is the minimum margin when opening a margin trading account.

Once the margin account has been opened and the minimum margin amount deposited, the SEC advises investors to read the terms of their account to understand how it will work.
The SEC advises investors to hedge their risks by making sure they understand how margin works, understanding that interest charges may be levied by your broker, knowing that not all assets can be purchased on margin, or even communicating with your broker to get a sense if a margin account is the right tool for you.

The Takeaway

Margin trading, as discussed, means that investors are trading securities with borrowed funds from their brokers. This allows them to potentially increase their returns, but also carries the risk of ballooning losses. As with most investing strategies and vehicles, margin trading comes with a unique set of potential benefits, risks, and rewards.
Margin trading can seem a little more complicated than some other approaches to investing. As the investor, it is up to you to decide if the potential risks are worth the potential rewards, and if this strategy aligns with your goals for the future.

If you’re an experienced trader and have the risk tolerance to try out trading on margin, consider enabling a SoFi margin account. With a SoFi margin account, experienced investors can take advantage of more investment opportunities, and potentially increase returns. That said, margin trading is a high-risk endeavor, and using margin loans can amplify losses as well as gains.

Get one of the most competitive margin loan rates with SoFi, 12%*

FAQ

Is margin trading profitable?

Margin trading can be profitable, but there are no guarantees for investors that it will be. It can also lead to outsized and substantial losses for investors, so it’s important to consider the risks and potential benefits.

What happens if you lose money on margin?

If you lose money on margin, you may have a negative balance with your brokerage, and owe the broker money. You may also be subject to interest charges on that balance, too.

Should beginners trade on margin?

It’s best to consult with a financial professional before trading on margin, but generally, it’s likely that professionals would recommend beginners do not trade on margin.

How do you pay off margin?

Typically, if you have a negative balance in your margin account, you can reduce or pay it off by simply depositing cash into your account, or selling assets.

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Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

*Borrow at 12%. Utilizing a margin loan is generally considered more appropriate for experienced investors as there are additional costs and risks associated. It is possible to lose more than your initial investment when using margin. Please see SoFi.com/wealth/assets/documents/brokerage-margin-disclosure-statement.pdf for detailed disclosure information.
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Jul

2024

What Is the Average Salary by Age in Michigan in 2024?

By Laurel Tincher | Life & Career, Money & Life, relay | Comments Off

Considering a job in the Great Lakes State? A typical worker in Michigan earns around $58,000 a year, according to a 2024 Forbes analysis of data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). In comparison, the average annual salary nationwide is slightly higher, at $59,428.

Of course, the amount you bring home will depend on a number of factors, including the type of job you have, where you live, and your age. Let’s take a closer look.

Average Salary in Michigan by Age in 2023

When it comes to earning potential, your age — and by extension, experience level — play a role. As the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey shows, workers aged 45 to 64 have the highest median household income ($82,652), followed by those aged 25 to 44 ($75,984). The median income for those 65 and older is around $51,010. At $40,683, people under the age of 25 have the lowest median household income, which is perhaps indicative of the entry-level salaries this age group often earns.

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Recommended: U.S. Average Income by Age

Average Salary in Michigan by City in 2023

Where you live can also impact how much you earn. As the chart below shows, workers in some Michigan cities may be making out better than others. In Sterling Heights, for instance, the average wage is 28.0% higher than the state average.

But well-paying jobs can be found in smaller cities, too. Career opportunities are expanding in South Lyon, for example, and with it, wages: The average salary is $65,369 a year. Tools like a budget planner app can help you make the most of whatever your take-home pay is.

City	Average Annual Salary
Sterling Heights	$74,878
Detroit	$71,156
Lansing	$68,755
Flint	$68,679
Holland	$68,668
Livonia	$67,785
Saginaw	$66,875
Warren	$65,729
South Lyon	$65,369
Kalamazoo	$64,846

Source: ZipRecruiter

Median Salary in Michigan by County

Salaries don’t just vary by city. They can also differ from county to county. According to Census Bureau data, median family incomes in Michigan’s southern and southeastern counties — as well as those near large cities like Detroit — tend to be higher than in other parts of the state.

Here’s a look at the median household incomes of the ten most-populous counties in Michigan.

County	Household Median Income
Livingston County	$96,135
Oakland County	$92,620
Washtenaw County	$84,245
Ottawa County	$83,932
Kent County	$76,247
Macomb County	$73,876
Kalamazoo County	$67,905
Ingham County	$62,548
Genesee County	$58,594
Wayne County	$57,223

Source: Census Bureau

Recommended: Average Pay in the United States

Examples of the Highest Paying Jobs in Michigan

Michigan has long burnished its reputation as a center for auto manufacturing, but it’s also cementing its status as a hub for tech and healthcare. Not surprisingly, some of the highest-paying jobs in the state can be found in the engineering, management, technology, and healthcare sectors.

As the list below shows, some of the top-paying positions require specialized training or advanced degrees, while others may be a good job for introverts.

Profession	Annual Mean Wage
Surgeons	$340,670
Psychiatrists	$246,710
Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers	$240,620
Compensation and Benefits Managers	$159,360
Architectural and Engineering Managers	$157,050
Computer and Information Systems Managers	$156,340
Financial Managers	$147,550
Pharmacists	$128,860
Public Relations Managers	$125,320
Industrial Production Managers	$119,610

Source: BLS

The Takeaway

The typical worker in Michigan may not be drawing a six-figure salary, but their take-home pay of $58,000 is near the national average. Plus, the cost of living in the Great Lakes State — think transportation, utilities, groceries, and housing — is lower than the national average. Keep in mind that as with other states, your take-home pay in Michigan will vary depending on a number of factors, including where you live, the type of work you do, and where you are in your career.

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FAQ

What is a good average salary in Michigan?

A “good” average salary is one that can cover basic living expenses with enough left over for savings and some fun. For a single adult in Michigan, a salary of more than $54,000 a year may qualify as “good.”

What is the average gross salary in Michigan?

The average salary in Michigan in 2024 is $58,000.

What is the average income per person in Michigan?

The average income per person in MIchigan is $27.88 per hour, or $58,000 per year, according to a 2024 Forbes analysis of data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

What is a livable wage in Michigan?

According to MIT’s Living Wage Calculator, a livable wage for a single adult in Michigan is $42,182. But if you live in a household with multiple people, you’ll likely need more money. For instance, if you and your significant other both work and have two children, you could make ends meet on $53,622 a year.

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Jul

2024

How Much Income Is Needed for a $200,000 Mortgage?

By Timothy Moore | Home Ownership, mortgage | Comments Off

In general, you need an income of at least $64,000 a year to afford a $200,000 mortgage. If you’re carrying significant debt, however, like student loans or high-interest credit cards, you may need to buy something slightly less expensive on such a salary.

Several factors impact how much house you can afford and what lenders are willing to give you on your salary, including your credit history, your down payment, and your debt-to-income ratio. We’ll break down these and other factors as we explore the income needed for a $200,000 mortgage.

Income Needed for a $200,000 Mortgage

Mortgage lenders typically don’t list strict income requirements for a home loan, though they will want to know that you can afford closing costs, which typically range from 3% to 6% of the loan principal. For simplicity’s sake, assuming no money down, you would need $6,000 to $12,000 for a $200K mortgage in a bank account.

Mortgage lenders will, however, analyze your annual income to ensure you’re able to keep up with your estimated monthly mortgage payments. In addition, lenders will consider other factors, such as your:

• Debts

• Employment

• Down payment

• Credit history

Even if a lender would approve you for a $200,000 mortgage, it’s a good idea to decide for yourself if you can actually afford it. Many experts recommend using the 28/36 rule. This means that housing costs should account for no more than 28% of your income, and you should spend no more than 36% of your income on all debts combined.

Assuming you have minimal debt, that means you can afford to spend 28% of your gross monthly income on a mortgage. (That’s how we get our rough estimate of a $64,000 salary for a $200,000 home.) However, if you have major debt elsewhere — car loan, student loans, personal loans, and credit cards, for instance — you may need to keep your mortgage debt lower so you don’t exceed 36% of your total income.

Use a home affordability calculator if you’re not sure where to start.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.

How Much Do You Need to Make to Get a $200K Mortgage?

In general, we recommend making at least $64,000 a year if you have a $200K mortgage. However, several factors can impact this, including:

• What other debts you have

• How much you have saved for a down payment

• The type of mortgage loan you’re applying for

What Is a Good Debt-to-Income Ratio?

In keeping with the 28/36 rule, lenders prefer to see a debt-to-income (DTI) ratio of 36% or lower. This is not a hard-and-fast rule, however. A qualified mortgage lender may look for a DTI ratio of 43% or less. In certain cases, Fannie Mae could allow a DTI as high as 50% for specific mortgage loans. To compute your DTI ratio, add all your monthly debts and divide by your gross monthly income, then multiply by 100.

What Determines How Much House You Can Afford?

Several factors impact how much house you can afford, including:

• Your income: The amount of money you make dictates how much you can afford to spend on a monthly mortgage payment, including property taxes, homeowners insurance, and private mortgage insurance (PMI) when required.

• Your debt: Other outstanding debts mean your funds are limited for new loans. If you’ve got to pay down other debts each month, you may want to aim for a less expensive home (and thus a smaller mortgage).

• Your location: A $200,000 home looks a lot different depending on where you live. In places with a low cost of living, you might be able to get a fully renovated home. In coastal and urban areas, $200K doesn’t go as far: You may get a small home or a home in need of major repair. Hoping to get the most bang for your buck? Here are the most affordable places to live in the United States.

• Your credit score: Even if you have the income to afford a hefty mortgage now, a spotty credit history can turn off lenders. They may either offer you an impossibly high interest rate or deny your loan request, depending on how low your score is.

Recommended: Mortgage Calculator

What Mortgage Lenders Look For

When you begin the mortgage preapproval process, lenders will be looking for a few factors to determine if you’re eligible for a loan:

• Stable, predictable income (though it’s not impossible to get a mortgage without regular income)

• Your assets

• Your credit history

• The size of your down payment

• Any existing debts, including credit cards, student loans, personal loans, and car loans

$200,000 Mortgage Breakdown Examples

Several major factors can impact how a mortgage shakes out, including your down payment amount, the interest rate (and whether it’s fixed or adjustable), and the loan term.

You should also factor in homeowners insurance and property taxes. We recommend using a mortgage calculator with taxes and insurance for an accurate picture.

Here are a few examples of how your monthly payments on a $200,000 mortgage can vary:

• A $200,000 loan with $20,000 (9%) down and an interest rate of 7.00% over 30 years, with taxes and insurance, would cost an average of $1,822 a month.

• A $200,000 loan with $20,000 (9%) down and an interest rate of 7.00% over 15 years, with taxes and insurance, would cost an average of $2,229 a month.

• A $200,000 loan with 20% down and an interest rate of 7.00% over 30 years, with taxes and insurance, would cost an average of $1,622 a month.

• A $200,000 loan with 20% down and an interest rate of 7.00% over 15 years, with taxes and insurance, would cost an average of $2,089 a month.

You’ll notice that a 15-year loan results in higher monthly payments; however, because the loan is only 15 years, the homeowner would spend significantly less in interest over the life of the loan and would be debt free much sooner.

How Much Will You Need for a Down Payment?

How much you need for a down payment depends on the type of loan you’re applying for and your other financial goals. Conventional wisdom used to advise putting 20% down on a house, but that’s often unrealistic for today’s homebuyers.

Certain loan types require significantly less down. An FHA loan (from the Federal Housing Administration) requires as little as 3.5% down. A VA loan (from the U.S. Veterans Administration and USDA loans (from the U.S. Department of Agriculture) don’t require any down payment.

Can You Buy a $200K Home With No Money Down?

If you can qualify for specific types of loans, such as a VA loan or USDA loan, it’s possible to buy a $200,000 home with no money down. These loans, however, have strict eligibility requirements that are limited to a small percentage of borrowers.

Can You Buy a $200K Home With a Small Down Payment?

FHA loans are an option for borrowers who can’t come up with 20% or even 10% money down for a home. With a government-backed FHA loan, you can put down as little as 3.5%. In the case of a $200K mortgage, that’s $7,000. Some conventional lenders also allow as little as 3% down for first-time homebuyers.

Is a $200K Mortgage With No Down Payment a Good Idea?

In today’s housing market, it’s hard to come buy a house that is less than $200,000. A $200K home — or one that’s even more expensive — may be your only option. If it is your only option, and you can’t come up with the funds for a down payment, a 0% down mortgage could be a good idea.

However, keep in mind that you’ll have no home equity at the start of the loan, and you’ll likely have to pay PMI until you’ve paid off at least 20% of the home. It also means your monthly payments will be larger.

Recommended: Home Loan Help Center

Can’t Afford a $200K Mortgage With No Down Payment?

When you don’t put any money down when buying a home, monthly payments will be higher. If you find they’re too high for you to afford, you’ll need to make some changes before you can buy a home. Here are some ideas:

Pay Off Debt

Focus on other debts, such as high-interest credit cards and student loans. If you’re able to wipe out debt, you’ll have more money in your monthly budget to spend on housing costs.

Look Into First-Time Homebuyer Programs

First-time homebuyer programs can help you out when you’re trying to get your first mortgage. For instance, if you can save up 3.5%, you can qualify for an FHA loan with an affordable interest rate.

Build Up Credit

If you take the time to focus on your credit score (make on-time payments, pay down debts, reduce credit utilization), you may get a lower interest rate on a loan offer. This can help keep your monthly payment down.

Start Budgeting

If all else fails, put the new house on hold and start focusing on growing your savings. You can do this by finding a new income source, but you can also analyze your budget and cut out unnecessary expenses. Try getting rid of some streaming services, dining out less, and finding ways to reduce your utility bills.

Mortgage Tips

We’ve put together several tips for qualifying for a mortgage, but here’s the quick version:

• Make sure you’re good to go before applying: Spend time with your budget to understand what you can afford, focus on paying down debts to reduce your DTI, and check your credit score to ensure it’s strong enough to qualify.

• Understand the language: Knowing the difference between fixed-rate and adjustable-rate mortgages is crucial. Research other terms such as principal, escrow, mortgage refinance, and PMI to make sure you’re armed with all the info you need.

• Shop around: Get prequalified with multiple lenders to ensure you find the right mortgage loan for you.

The Takeaway

The income needed for a $200,000 mortgage is roughly $64,000, but so much of that depends on other factors, including your down payment, your credit score, the type of loan you’re getting, and your other debts.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

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FAQ

How much income do I need for a $200K mortgage?

We estimate that the average homebuyer needs a $64,000 annual income for a $200,000 mortgage, but several factors can impact this.

Can I afford a $200K house on $50K?

While we recommend a $64K salary for a $200,000 mortgage, you may be able to afford a $200,000 house on $50,000 if you have a large down payment saved up and have minimal other debts.

Can I afford a $200K house on a $60K salary?

At $60,000, you might be able to handle a $200,000 mortgage if your other debts are minimal and you have a good-sized down payment ready to go.

Photo credit: iStock/martin-dm

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*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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^¹FHA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by FHA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. FHA loans require an Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP), which may be financed or paid at closing, in addition to monthly Mortgage Insurance Premiums (MIP). Maximum loan amounts vary by county. The minimum FHA mortgage down payment is 3.5% for those who qualify financially for a primary purchase. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
^†Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.

SOHL-Q224-1906997-V1

Jul

2024

How Much Income Is Needed for a $325,000 Mortgage?

By Kim Franke-Folstad | Home Ownership, mortgage | Comments Off

If you earn around $100,000 to $150,000 a year, or more, you might be in a position to afford a $325,000 mortgage. But the amount you’ll actually qualify to borrow — even if you’re in that salary range — will likely depend on several variables, including how much debt you have and your credit score.

Read on for a look at how much income may be needed for a $325,000 mortgage, how a borrower’s income fits into the overall mortgage calculation, and how lenders typically decide how much mortgage a homebuyer can manage.

What Factors Do Mortgage Lenders Consider?

Homebuyers tend to think the amount they’ll be approved for when they apply for a mortgage will be based mostly on their household income. But income is just one of several factors lenders look at when deciding how much someone can borrow.

The home mortgage loan you can qualify for depends on how much the lender believes you can reliably pay back. And you can expect the loan company to run your financials through several different calculations to come up with that amount. Here are a few things lenders may look at:

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.

Income

Lenders will look at how much you make to help determine if you can afford the monthly payments on the amount you hope to borrow. They’ll also want to know how reliable that income is, so you may be asked how long you’ve had your job (or your business if you’re self-employed). If you’re wondering if your income will be considered high enough to afford a $325,000 loan, you may want to use an online home affordability calculator before you apply for a mortgage.

Creditworthiness

Lenders also will check your credit score and credit reports to ensure you have a history of being financially responsible and that you pay your bills on time.

Down Payment Amount

Lenders like to see a larger down payment because it can show that you’re serious about your investment. The more you put down, the lower their financial risk. But contrary to what many buyers believe, a 20% down payment isn’t always required to get a home loan. You may be able to put down less, depending on the type of mortgage you plan to get.

Debt-to-Income (DTI) Ratio

Lenders may also compare your monthly gross income to your existing monthly debts (credit cards, student loans, car payments, etc.) to assess whether you’ll be able to manage all those payments and aren’t getting in over your head. This calculation is called your debt-to-income ratio.

What Is a Good Debt-to-Income Ratio?

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau recommends that homeowners work toward maintaining a DTI ratio of 36% or less. And that’s the number mortgage lenders generally look for as well. But some lenders may accept a DTI ratio of up to 43% — or even higher if the borrower can meet other criteria on certain types of loans.

What Other Factors Are Mortgage Lenders Looking For?

Here are a few formulas your lender, and you, may use to determine how much mortgage you might be able to afford on your income.

The 28/36 Rule

The 28/36 rule combines two factors that lenders look at to determine home affordability: income and debt.

The first number sets a limit of 28% of gross income as a homebuyer’s maximum total mortgage payment, including principal, interest, taxes, and insurance. The second number limits the mortgage payment plus any other debts to no more than 36% of gross income.

For example: If your gross annual income is $120,000, that’s roughly $10,000 per month. So with the 28/36 rule, you could aim for a monthly mortgage payment of about $2,800, as long as your total monthly debt (including the house payment, car payments, credit cards, etc.) isn’t more than $3,600.

The 35/45 Model

Another calculation lenders might look at is the 35/45 method, which recommends spending no more than 35% of your gross income on your mortgage and debt, and no more than 45% of your after-tax income on your mortgage and debt.

For example: Let’s say your gross monthly income is $10,000 and your after-tax income is about $8,000. In this scenario, you might spend between $3,500 and $3,600 per month on your debt payments and mortgage combined. This calculation offers a bit more breathing room with your mortgage payment, as long as you aren’t carrying a lot of debt.

The 25% After-Tax Rule

If you’re nervous about making mortgage payments, this method will give you a more conservative number to keep your budget in line. With this calculation, your target is to spend no more than 25% of your after-tax income on your mortgage. So, for example, if you make $8,000 a month after taxes, you might plan to spend $2,000 on your mortgage payments.

Keep in mind that these equations can only give you a rough estimate of how much you can borrow. When you want to be certain about the overall price tag and monthly payments you can afford, it helps to go through the mortgage preapproval process.

What Determines How Much House You Can Afford?

Here’s something else to remember when determining how much income is needed for a $325,000 mortgage: A house payment generally isn’t limited to just principal and interest. And the extra costs that may be tacked on every month can add up fast.

Some of the costs covered by a monthly loan payment can include:

Principal

Principal is the original amount borrowed from the lender to buy the home, minus the down payment. Each month, a portion of your payment will go toward paying down this amount.

Interest

Interest is the money you pay to the lender each month for giving you the loan. The interest rate you pay can be influenced by personal factors (such as the loan length you choose, your credit score, and your income) as well as general economic and market factors.

Homeowners Insurance

The cost of homeowners insurance also may be rolled into your monthly mortgage payment, and your lender or loan servicer will pay the premium when it’s due.

Mortgage Insurance

Depending on the type of loan you have and the amount you put down on your home, you may be required to carry private mortgage insurance (PMI) or some other type of mortgage insurance policy. This insurance is designed to protect the mortgage lender if a borrower can’t make the agreed-upon loan payments.

Property Taxes

A portion of your monthly mortgage payment will also go toward the property taxes you’ll need to pay your local government.

Recommended: Home Loan Help Center

$325,000 Mortgage Breakdown Examples

The monthly payment on a $325,000 mortgage can vary based on several factors, including the length of the loan (usually 15, 20, or 30 years) and the interest rate. A mortgage calculator can help you get an idea of what your payments might look like. Here are some examples of how the payments for a $325,000 mortgage with a 20% down payment might break down.