Aug
08
2024
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Shorting a Stock Defined and How Short Selling Works

By | Investing | Comments Off on Shorting a Stock Defined and How Short Selling Works

Shorting a stock, also known as short selling, is one way to potentially profit from a stock’s price decline. When investors think a stock’s price will fall, they can sell borrowed shares, hope to buy them back at a lower price, and pocket the difference as profit. This strategy is popular among savvy, risk-tolerant investors with a knack for market research and predicting trends.

Short selling is one of the strategies that make it possible to make money in the market no matter how it moves — up, down, or sideways. For new investors, the idea of making trades that can be profitable even when the price falls may sound strange. After all, the traditional way to profit in financial markets is a buy-and-hold strategy: purchasing a security, holding it, and selling it later for a higher price. However, by understanding how short selling works, investors can utilize new strategies to bolster their financial portfolios.

Key Points

•   Shorting a stock involves borrowing shares to sell at a high price, hoping to repurchase them later at a lower price for profit.

•   The strategy can be risky, as potential losses are unlimited if the stock price rises instead of falling.

•   A short squeeze occurs when a sudden price increase forces short sellers to buy shares back quickly, further driving up the stock price.

•   Alternatives to short selling include purchasing put options, which allow investors to profit from stock price declines without borrowing shares.

•   Short selling may serve as a hedge against other investments, but it requires careful consideration due to its high risk and potential costs.

What Is Shorting a Stock?

A trader shorts a stock when they think the stock price will fall. Shorting involves borrowing the stock from a brokerage, selling it, and then buying it when the price is lower than when they sold. The trader then returns the shares to the brokerage and pockets the profit.

Shorting a stock is a way for investors to bet that a particular stock’s future share price will be lower than its current price. It’s the opposite of going long a stock, where an investor buys shares with the expectation that the stock price will increase.

Short selling can be risky because if the stock price goes up instead of down, the investor will have to buy the shares at a higher price and may lose money.

💡 Recommended: Short Position vs Long Position, Explained

Example of Shorting a Stock

Suppose an investor found a company that they think is overvalued, so its share price is likely to decline. They borrow 100 shares of stock in company A from their brokerage and sell the shares for $10 per share for a total of $1,000 (plus any applicable brokerage fees).

In scenario A, the investor made a spot-on prediction, and the price fell to $9 per share. The investor can buy back 100 shares for $9 per share for $900, return the borrowed shares, and pocket the leftover $100 as profit ($1,000 – $900 = $100).

In scenario B, the investor misses the mark, and the price rises to $11 per share. Now the investor has to buy back 100 shares for $11 per share for a total of $1,100, for a loss of $100 ($1,000 – $1,100 = -$100).

Why Short a Stock?

There are various reasons why traders might choose to short a stock. In general, traders might short a stock when they believe that the security’s price will fall in the future. This might be due to several factors, such as an overall bearish outlook on the market or specific concerns about a company’s financial health or prospects.

Some traders might also short a stock to hedge their portfolios. For example, if a trader is long a stock that they think will fall in value, they might short a similar stock to offset potential losses.

Whatever the reason, shorting a stock can be a risky proposition. If the stock price does not fall as expected, the trader will be forced to cover their position at a loss. As such, traders must be cautious when considering whether or not to short a stock.

💡 Recommended: What Does Bullish and Bearish Mean in Investing and Crypto?

How to Short a Stock

Before you can short a stock, you will need to set up a margin account with your broker. Margin accounts are brokerage accounts that allow investors to borrow money or shares to make trades.

To short a stock, you will place a sell order for the number of shares you want to short. Your brokerage will often lend you the shares — a practice known as share lending — and allow you to complete the sale on the open market to another investor.

Ideally, when the stock price drops, you will buy back the same number of shares you borrowed, pocketing the difference between the sale and purchase costs, and returning the borrowed shares to the brokerage firm.

However, if the share price increases, you will have to buy the same shares for a higher price, potentially resulting in substantial losses,

In rare cases, the lender may request that you return the shares you borrowed, but it’s far more likely that you will close your position because the short is losing money. A short seller can hang onto their short position for as long as they can pay the required interest fees for borrowing stock and maintaining the margin amounts required by the brokerage firm.

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What Are The Risks and Rewards of Short Selling?

Potential Risks of Short Selling

Selling a stock short involves significant risk — far surpassing the risk of “going long” on an investment. When holding a stock, there’s a limit to how low a stock can go, and investors can only lose as much as their initial investment.

If someone buys 10 shares of XYZ company at $10 per share, for example, and the share price goes to zero, they will lose $100. The price can’t go lower than zero, so someone can never lose more than what they had first invested.

However, when someone shorts a stock, they risk infinite losses because there is no upward limit on a stock’s share price. If the price keeps going up, they will keep losing money.

Additionally, there are significant costs associated with shorting a stock. For one, the margin interest in a required margin account can add up over time if an investor keeps the position open for a while. Also, a brokerage firm will charge interest on the borrowed shares, ranging from a few basis points to over 100%, depending on how difficult the shares are to borrow. These costs can make shorting a stock prohibitively expensive.

Potential Benefits of Short Selling

While risky, shorting a stock could be profitable. It’s possible to make a lot of money in a short period of time, as stocks sometimes experience rapid, steep declines.

When investing during a recession, for example, sudden drops in the share prices of many stocks across many different industries can occur. While this might cause many investors’ portfolios to decline, others may be profiting because of their short positions.

Investors might choose to short a stock to hedge against their long positions. The term “hedge” is used to refer to an investment that protects against losses in another asset. So, in this case, an investor may put on a short position to hedge or offset a potential loss in a long position.

What Happens in a Short Squeeze?

A short squeeze refers to the rapid flight of short sellers from a stock in order to limit losses — a situation that leads to a dramatic surge in the stock’s price.

Here’s how they typically occur: a sudden increase in the stock price causes investors to scramble to close their short positions by purchasing shares. This results in further gains in the stock, which in turn causes massive “covering” by other short sellers, bringing about a “squeeze.”

Famous cases include Volkswagen in 2008, after Porsche increased its stake in the German automaker, causing a short squeeze that briefly made Volkswagen the world’s most valuable stock by market cap.

More recently, in January 2021, the gains in GameStop (GME), a brick-and-mortar video-game retailer, were due to a massive short squeeze after retail investors piled into the stock, which hedge funds heavily shorted. Shares of movie-theater operator AMC Entertainment Holdings (AMC) and retailer Bed Bath & Beyond (BBBY) underwent similar experiences.

Is Shorting a Stock Wrong?

The practice of short selling is not without controversy. Shorting may have received a bad rap by being associated with the fear that shady investors will spread malicious rumors about a company to influence its share price.

But this kind of trickery can go both ways. There have also been investors who sought to manipulate the price of a stock upward by spreading bullish rumors that turned out to be false. Such tactics are considered market manipulation, and it is illegal. Anyone caught attempting to manipulate markets might be subject to regulatory punishment by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Shorting can be a way of handling investing risks. For instance, shorting to hedge a position can be a type of risk management that helps investors minimize their losses, although doing so will also cap their gains.

Alternatives to Shorting a Stock

Shorting a stock is one of the several ways investors can bet on an asset’s price decline.

Put Options

If a brokerage account allows investors to trade options, buying a put option on a stock may allow the buyer to profit when it declines in price.

A put option is an options contract that gives the buyer the right to sell shares of an underlying asset at its strike price up until the option’s expiration date. The put option buyer pays a premium for the contract.

For example, imagine that an investor wants to short a stock that we’ll call ABC company. Shares of ABC are currently selling for $10. The investor believes the company is overvalued and the stock will soon head to $8 or lower.

So, they buy a put option for ABC with a strike price of $10 and an expiration date of three months in the future. The investor pays a $1 premium for the put. If ABC stock falls under $10 during that time, this option holder could exercise the contract to make money on the put option.

Suppose the stock falls below $8, as the put option buyer forecasted. They could sell it for an increased premium to someone else. If an investor were to exercise the option, they’d profit from being able to sell shares for $10 that are worth $8, pocketing the $2 difference, minus the $1 premium, leaving them with $1. Since each option contract is usually worth 100 shares, the total profit would be $100.

Buying put options is just one of the several options trading strategies investors can utilize if they have a bearish outlook on a stock. Options trading strategies can be profitable, but they are risky. Trading them requires more knowledge than trading stocks or exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

💡 For beginners: Options Trading 101: An Introduction to Stock Options

Inverse ETFs

Inverse ETFs are another way to make a bearish trade. These investment vehicles aim to provide returns that are opposite the performance of an underlying index. Investors can buy inverse ETF shares just like ordinary stock.

Investors must understand that inverse ETFs are designed to be held and traded during a single trading day. Kept for longer, inverse ETFs may not achieve the exact -1x return of the underlying index. That’s because of how returns get compounded.

Let’s look at the S&P 500 Index and a hypothetical inverse ETF that tracks it. The S&P 500 is at 2,000 on a given day, while the inverse ETF is trading at $20 a share. If the S&P 400 Index falls 1%, its new level would be 1,980. Meanwhile, the inverse ETF’s price would rise to $20.20 since it’s supposed to move in the opposite direction of the S&P 500.

If the S&P 500 rose 2% the next day, however, the index would climb to 2,019.60. The index’s total gain over the two days would be 0.98%. Meanwhile, prices of the inverse ETF would fall to about $19.796 — so a loss of -1.02% over two days.

While the difference between 0.98% and -1.02% appears small, such discrepancies can add up over time, causing the inverse ETF to deliver returns that aren’t the mirror opposite of its underlying index. Therefore, investors should not assume that just because a market falls 5% in a week, its corresponding inverse ETF will rise 5% in that same period.

The Takeaway

Shorting a stock is when investors bet that the price of a specific stock or ETF will fall. Sophisticated investors with a bearish view of the market will often use short sales to profit from falling share prices. Short positions also help investors mitigate losses during widespread market downturns or hedge losses from another holding.

While shorting can be a useful investment tool, it’s also very risky. That’s because there’s no limit to how high a stock can go, meaning there’s also no limit to the losses a short seller can potentially book. Add to that the risk of a short squeeze — when there’s a massive rush by bearish investors to exit their short positions — and it’s fair to say that shorting can lead to painful losses.

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FAQ

What is naked short selling, and why is it illegal?

Naked short selling is a type of short selling where the seller does not have the borrowed securities in their possession at the time of the sale. This practice is illegal because it creates a potential for manipulation and fraud.

Why do short sellers have to borrow shares?

When a trader wants to sell a stock short, they must first borrow it from somebody else. They have to borrow shares because when you sell something, you have to have it to sell. The trader then hopes to repurchase the stock at a lower price so they can return the shares to the person they borrowed them from and pocket the difference.

Can I sell short in my brokerage account?

Many brokerages allow short selling in a regular account, but some require the investor to have a margin account. Your broker can tell you what kind of account you have and the requirements for short selling.

How is short selling different from regular investing?

Short selling is selling a borrowed security and hoping to repurchase it at a lower price to realize a profit. With regular investing, the investor buys the security and hopes to sell it at a higher price.

What is the opposite of shorting a stock?

The opposite of shorting a stock would be going long on a stock, meaning that the investor would purchase shares of the stock with the hope that the stock price would increase so that they could then sell the shares at a higher price and profit from the difference.

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Aug
08
2024
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What Are Liquid Assets and How Do They Work?

By | Budgeting & Goals, invest, Terminology | No Comments

Liquid assets are any assets that can be easily and quickly converted into cash. In fact, people often refer to liquid assets as cash or cash equivalents, because they know that the asset can be exchanged for actual cash without losing value.

Here’s a closer look at the topic and how liquid assets can contribute to your financial wellbeing.

Key Points

•   Liquid assets are easily convertible to cash, allowing quick access to funds without significant loss in value, essential for financial flexibility during emergencies.

•   Common examples of liquid assets include cash in bank accounts, stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and money market funds, which can be readily sold for cash.

•   Non-liquid assets, such as real estate and collectibles, require more time and effort to convert into cash, often leading to potential value loss during the process.

•   Maintaining liquid assets is important for calculating net worth, applying for loans, and ensuring a business can handle emergencies or market fluctuations effectively.

•   Building liquid assets involves creating an emergency fund with three to six months’ worth of expenses, allowing for better financial security and investment opportunities.

What Makes an Asset Liquid?

Liquidity means that you can readily access an asset as cash. While you might own any number of valuable assets (e.g., your home, retirement accounts, collectibles) and these can be considered part of your overall net worth, only liquid assets can generate cash quickly, when circumstances demand it. If you needed cash quickly, you likely would not be able to sell your home overnight to get money.

For an asset to be considered liquid, it must be traded on a well-established market with a large number of buyers and sellers. It also must be relatively easy to transfer ownership. Think: stocks, bonds, mutual funds and other marketable securities.

Generally, you can sell stocks and obtain cash readily. By contrast, you probably couldn’t sell your vintage watch collection that fast, and even if you could, there are a number of factors that might influence how much cash value you might obtain from the sale.

Worth noting: Although liquid assets (aka cash and cash equivalents) pose very little risk of loss, they also have little or no capacity for growth.

What Investments Are Considered Liquid Assets?

As you can see, the primary advantage of liquid assets is that they can be converted to cash in a short period of time. For example, stock trades must be settled within two days, according to Securities and Exchange Commission rules. Here, you’ll learn more about what are considered liquid assets.

Examples of Liquid Assets

Here are some specifics about what a liquid asset is.

•   Money in the bank. Cash in a checking and savings account is a liquid asset.

•   Stocks. Stocks are often considered liquid assets because they can be converted into cash when you sell them. Keep in mind, though, that the most liquid stocks might be the ones that many people want to buy and sell. You may have a more difficult time liquidating stocks that are in lower demand.

•   U.S. Treasuries and bonds. These instruments are relatively easy to buy and sell, and these processes are usually done in high volume. They have a wide range of maturity dates, which helps you to figure out when you want to liquidate them. Because U.S. Treasuries are often considered relatively safe and dependable, the interest rates are somewhat lower and could be a good fit for investors who are looking to mitigate risk.

•   Mutual funds. Mutual funds are pooled investment vehicles that hold a diversified basket of stocks, bonds, or other investments.

◦   Open-end mutual funds are considered more liquid than closed-end funds because they have no limit on the number of shares they can generate. Also, investors can sell their shares back to the fund at any time.

◦   Closed-end mutual funds, on the other hand, are less common. These funds raise capital from investors via an IPO; after that, the number of shares are fixed, and no new shares are created. Instead, closed-end funds shares can only be bought and sold on an exchange, and thus are considered less liquid than open-end fund shares because they’re more subject to market demand.

•   Exchange-traded funds and index funds. Like mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and index funds allow individuals to invest in a diversified basket of investments. ETFs are traded like stocks, throughout the day on the open market, which makes them somewhat more liquid than index funds, which only trade at the end of the day.

•   Money market assets. There are two main types of money market assets:

◦   A money market fund is a type of mutual fund that invests in high-quality short-term debt, cash, and cash equivalents. It’s considered low-risk and offers low yields. It is therefore thought of as a relatively safe vs. risky investment. You can cash in your chips at any time, making money-market funds a liquid investment.

◦   Money market funds are different from money market accounts, which are a type of savings account that’s insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

•   Certificates of deposit. If you have money in a certificate of deposit or CD, this might be considered semi-liquid because your money isn’t available until the official withdrawal date. You can withdraw money if you need it, but if you’re doing so before the maturity date, you’ll likely pay a penalty.

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What Assets Are Considered Non-Liquid?

There are, of course, many assets that are not easy to liquidate quickly. These assets typically take a relatively long time to sell or for the deal to close. You’ll get your money, but most likely not right away, and there may be time or costs associated with the conversion to cash that could impact the final amount. That’s why assets like these are considered illiquid or non-liquid assets.

Examples of Non-Liquid Assets

•   Collectibles. Items like jewelry and artwork, as well as hobby collections like stamps and baseball cards, may be hard to value and difficult to sell.

•   Employee stock options. While employee stock options can be a valuable form of compensation, they may also be highly non-liquid. That’s because employees must typically remain with a company for years before their options vest, they exercise them, and they finally own the stock.

•   Land and real estate. These investments often require negotiation and contracts that can tie up real estate transactions for weeks, if not months.

•   Private equity. There are often strict restrictions about when you can sell shares if you’ve invested in private equity assets such as venture capital funds.

Liquid Assets in Business

If you’re running a business, accounts receivable — the money you’re owed from clients — are often considered to be a liquid asset, because you can typically expect to be paid within one or two months of billing.

Any inventory you have on hand, such as office furniture or a product you’re selling, can also be considered liquid, because you could sell them for cash if need be. The liquid assets on your company balance sheet usually list cash first, followed by other assets that are considered liquid, in order of liquidity.

Having more liquid assets is desirable because it indicates that a company can pay off debt more easily. When businesses need to determine how cash liquid they are, they often look at the amount of their net liquid assets. When all current debts and liabilities are paid off, whatever remains is considered their liquid assets.

Are Retirement Accounts like IRAs and 401(k)s Liquid Assets?

Retirement accounts, such as individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and 401(k)s are not really liquid until you’ve reached age 59 ½. Withdraw funds from your account before then, and you may face taxes and a 10% early withdrawal penalty.

What’s more, you can hold a variety of assets inside retirement accounts. For example, if you hold a money market fund inside your IRA, that is a liquid asset. But you could also hold real estate, which very much isn’t.

Reasons Why Liquid Assets Matter

Other than the most obvious reason, which is that cash gives you a great deal of flexibility and can be essential in a crisis, liquid assets serve a number of purposes.

•   Calculating net worth: To calculate your net worth, subtract your liabilities (your debt) from your assets (what you own, which can include your liquid assets).

•   Applying for loans: Lenders might look at your liquid assets when you apply for a mortgage, car loan, or home equity loan. If your liquid assets are high, you may get better terms or lower interest rates on your loans. Lenders want to know that if you were to lose your job and/or your income, you would be able to continue to pay back the loan using your liquid assets.

•   Business interests: Having liquid assets on your balance sheet is a signal that your business is prepared for an emergency or a market shift that could require a cash infusion.

Are All Liquid Assets Taxable?

While income is money you earn or receive, an asset is something of value you possess that can be converted to cash at some point in the future. While owning an asset doesn’t make it taxable, converting it to actual cash would, in most cases.

The IRS, or Internal Revenue Service, has many rules around how the proceeds from the sale of assets can be taxed.

The IRS considers taxable income to include gains from stocks, interest from bonds, dividends, alimony, and more. Gains on the sale of a home might be taxed, depending on the amount of the gain and marital status. If you aren’t sure whether income from the sale of an asset is taxable, it might be wise to consult a tax professional.

Is It Smart to Keep Cashing In Liquid Assets?

The point of maintaining a portion of your assets in liquid investments is partly for flexibility and also for diversification. The more access to cash you have, the more prepared you are to navigate a sudden change in circumstances, whether an emergency expense or an investment opportunity.

Having a portion of your portfolio in cash or cash equivalents can also be a hedge against volatility.

Thus, it may be worth keeping a mix of both liquid and non-liquid assets to help you reach your short-term financial goals as well as longer-term ones. And while cashing in liquid assets might be necessary, it’s also prudent to keep some cash on hand in case you need it. You may want to focus on gathering at least three to six months’ worth of expenses in the form of liquid assets as an emergency fund.

How Liquid Are You?

To figure out how liquid you are, make a list of all your monthly expenses, from rent/mortgage on down, including even your streaming service subscription. Then, make a list of all your liquid assets and investments (being careful to pay attention to the definition of liquid assets vs. illiquid assets, as it can be confusing).

Then, total all your monthly expenses, and compare that sum to the liquid assets in your possession.

Does your total savings cover six months’ worth of monthly expenses? If so, congrats! If not, you’re not very liquid. Don’t despair, though. There are ways to build up more liquidity by growing your emergency fund.

Where to Start Building Liquid Assets

As you start to build your liquid assets, first consider saving a cash cushion in the form of an emergency fund, which should be enough to cover any unexpected expenses that might come along.

Envision what you might need in the event of a crisis (e.g., a job loss, divorce, health event, and so on). In terms of how much to save in an emergency fund, aim to accumulate three to six months’ worth of expenses to cover basic bills, repairs, insurance premiums and copays, as well as any other personal or medical expenses.

One good way to build liquidity is to set money aside every week or month. Or you might have a set savings amount auto-deducted from each paycheck. You could keep the funds in a high-yield savings account to help them grow.

From there, you may consider opening a retirement account or a taxable brokerage account where you can invest in potentially more lucrative (but risky) liquid investments, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and ETFs.

The Takeaway

Liquid assets are assets that can be converted into cash relatively easily — typically with little or no loss in value. Liquid assets can include cash in a checking or savings account, money market accounts, or marketable securities like stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and ETFs.

Liquid investments can play a surprisingly important role in your financial wellbeing. Having ready access to cash can help you pay off debt, cover a crisis, or be able to invest in new opportunities.

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FAQ

What’s the definition of a liquid asset?

A liquid asset is an asset that is readily converted into cash, such as money in the bank, stocks, or a certificate of deposit (although you might owe a penalty when you liquidate it).

What does non-liquid asset mean?

Non-liquid assets are resources that can’t be quickly converted to cash, such as real estate, employee stock options, or collectibles (such as artwork or jewelry) that would have to be sold, which can take time and the price may fluctuate.

Is a 401(k) considered a liquid asset?

Retirement accounts, such as a 401(k) are not really considered liquid until you are over the age of 59 ½. Before that age, you would face a 10% early withdrawal penalty, as well as taxes, meaning you would take a loss on the value.

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SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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What You Need to Know About Margin Balance

What You Need to Know About Margin Balance

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on What You Need to Know About Margin Balance

Margin trading simply means borrowing money from a brokerage to purchase securities, and margin balance is the amount of money an investor owes to the brokerage. Trading stocks and other securities on margin allows investors to expand their purchasing power, though the availability of margin is predicated on the holdings an investor has in the first place.

Accordingly, when an investor uses the brokerage’s funds to buy securities, this results in a margin debit balance. Similar to a credit card or traditional loan, a margin balance is a line of credit that the borrower must repay with interest. Having a margin balance outstanding is common in margin trading, but investors should understand the implications of owing money to a brokerage — and what can happen if you’re subject to a margin call.

Key Points

•   Margin balance refers to the amount an investor owes to a brokerage after borrowing funds to purchase securities, enabling increased purchasing power in trading.

•   Investors must meet minimum margin requirements, including an initial deposit and ongoing maintenance margin guidelines, to avoid margin calls from the brokerage.

•   A negative margin balance indicates the amount owed to the brokerage, while a positive balance signifies excess funds available in the margin account.

•   Interest on margin balances varies by brokerage and account size, impacting the net return on investments and necessitating careful management of margin accounts.

•   To mitigate risks, investors should maintain adequate funds in their margin accounts and consider setting limits on borrowing to avoid overextending themselves financially.

What Is Margin Balance?

Again, margin balance is the amount of money an investor owes to its brokerage at any given time in a margin trading account. When an investor opens a margin account, they must make an initial deposit, called the “minimum margin.” The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) requires a minimum margin of at least $2,000, though some brokerages may require a higher minimum.

After making that deposit to their brokerage account, investors can then trade using an initial margin. Federal Reserve Board Regulation T allows investors to borrow up to 50% of the purchase price of securities when trading on margin. So, for example, a margin trader could purchase $10,000 worth of stocks using their own funds and another $10,000 using the brokerage’s funds. The $10,000 borrowed from the brokerage represents the investor’s margin balance.

You can trade a variety of securities in a margin account, including stocks, and derivatives such as options or futures.

The rules for margin balance forex are slightly different. In forex trading, margin represents collateral or security that an investor must deposit with the brokerage to start trading. The brokerage typically sets this as a percentage of the trading order.


💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

How Margin Balance Works

Margin balance allows investors to borrow money, then repay it to the brokerage with interest. A negative margin balance or margin debit balance represents the amount subject to interest charges. This amount is always either a negative number or $0, depending on how much an investor has outstanding.

Unlike other types of loans, margin balance loans do not have a set repayment schedule. Investors can make payments toward the principal and interest through their brokerage account at a pace convenient for them. They can also deposit cash into their margin accounts or sell off margin securities to reduce their margin balance.

Margin Calls

While there is some flexibility associated with paying off a negative margin balance, investors should understand their interest charges as well as the possibility of being subject to a margin call. Margin calls essentially act as a stopgap risk management tool for the brokerage.

In addition to the minimum margin and the initial margin requirements, investors must observe maintenance margin guidelines. This represents a minimum amount of equity the investor must keep in their account. Under FINRA rules, the maintenance requirement is at least 25% equity, based on the value of the margin account. Some brokerages may raise this to 30%, 40% or more.

Using the previous example, assume that an investor deposits $10,000 of their own money and borrowers $10,000 from their brokerage to invest in marginable securities. Now, say that the investment doesn’t go as planned and the stock’s value drops. That initial $20,000 investment is now worth $10,000. When the margin debit balance of $10,000 is subtracted, that results in a net balance of $0, meaning the trader has zero equity and does not meet the maintenance margin requirements.

At this point, the brokerage may initiate a margin call which would require the investor to deposit more cash into their account in order to continue trading. If an investor can not add more cash to cover the maintenance margin requirement, the brokerage may sell off securities from the account to recoup the negative margin balance.

Increase your buying power with a margin loan from SoFi.

Borrow against your current investments at just 11%* and start margin trading.

*For full margin details, see terms.

Negative Margin Balance

A negative margin balance in a margin account represents what’s owed to the brokerage. Depending on the brokerage, the margin debit balance may be listed inside parentheses or have a negative symbol in front of it.

Margin Balance Example

For example, an investor who has a negative margin balance of $12,225 may see one of the following when logging into their account:

•   Margin balance: -$12,225

•   Margin balance: ($12,225)

They both mean the same thing: that investor owes the brokerage $12,225 for trading on margin.

If a trader’s margin balance shows as a positive amount, that means they have a margin credit balance rather than a margin debit balance. A credit balance can occur if an investor sells off shares to clear their negative margin balance but the settlement amount is more than what they owe to the brokerage.

How Margin Balance Is Calculated

Brokerages can lend investors money on margin but in exchange for this convenience, they can charge those investors interest, or margin rates. The level of those rates depends on the brokerage and the type of securities that you’re trading. Many brokerages use a benchmark rate, known as a broker call rate or call money rate, then tier that rate across different margin account balances.

Brokerages can use this as a baseline rate, then add or deduct percentage points. Generally, the larger the margin account balance, the deeper the margin rate discount. Meanwhile, traders who maintain lower margin balances tend to pay higher interest rates. So, an investor with less than $25,000 in their account might pay 7%-8% for margin rates while an investor with over $1 million in their account might pay 4%-5% instead.

Brokerages typically calculate margin interest on a daily basis and charge it to an investor’s account monthly. The interest charges on a margin account can directly affect the net return realized from an investment. Higher margin rates can increase the rate of return needed to break-even on an investment or realize a profit on a stock.

Managing Your Margin Balance

Managing a margin account and margin balances begins with understanding the risks involved, including the possibility of a margin call. The value of your securities can impact your margin balance, and increased volatility could cause the value of margin securities to drop, which could put you below the maintenance margin requirements. You’d then need to deposit more money to your account to continue trading.

Maintaining a cushion of funds inside your margin account could help avoid margin calls. Alternatively, you may keep a reserve of funds elsewhere that you could transfer to your margin account if increased volatility threatens to diminish the value of margin securities in your portfolio.

It’s also important to consider how much money you’re comfortable owing to your brokerage at any given time. Setting a cap on the maximum margin can help you avoid overextending yourself. You can also keep margin balances under control by scheduling regular cash deposits or routinely selling securities to reduce what’s owed. One strategy is to pay enough to cover the interest each month to keep your balance from ballooning.

💡 Quick Tip: Are self-directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).

The Takeaway

A margin balance refers to the balance in an investor’s margin account, which involves borrowing money from a brokerage with which to make trades. That can help investors or traders increase their potential returns, if used wisely.

When you open a brokerage account, you can choose either a cash account or a margin account that allows you to engage in margin trading. Margin trading is a more advanced investment strategy that requires some know-how of the markets and a willingness to accept higher levels of risk.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.

Photo credit: iStock/AndreyPopov

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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In the Money (ITM) vs Out of the Money (OTM) Options

In the Money vs Out of the Money Options: Main Differences

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on In the Money vs Out of the Money Options: Main Differences

In options trading, knowing the difference between being “in the money” (ITM) and “out of the money” (OTM) allows the holder of a contract to know whether they’ll enjoy a profit from their option. The terms refer to the relationship between the options strike price and the market value of the underlying asset.

“In the money” refers to options that have profit potential if exercised today, while “out of the money” refers to those that do not. In the rare case that the market price of an underlying security reaches the strike price of an option exactly at the time of expiry, this would be called an “at the money option.”

Key Points

•   Understanding the difference between “in the money” and “out of the money” options is crucial for options traders to gauge potential profitability.

•   Options classified as “in the money” have intrinsic value and can yield profits when exercised, while “out of the money” options lack intrinsic value and may expire worthless.

•   The potential for profit from options depends on the relationship between the strike price and the current market price of the underlying asset.

•   Higher volatility often leads to options being written “out of the money,” appealing to speculators due to lower premiums and potential for larger price swings.

•   Decisions to buy “in the money” or “out of the money” options should align with an investor’s goals, risk tolerance, and confidence in the underlying asset’s future performance.

What Does “In the Money” Mean?

In the money (ITM) describes a contract that would be profitable if its owner were to choose to exercise the option today. If this is the case, the option is said to have intrinsic value.

A call option would be in the money if the strike price is lower than the current market price of the underlying security. An investor holding such a contract could exercise the option to buy the security at a discount and sell it for a profit right away.

Put options, which are a way to short a stock, would be in the money if the strike price is higher than the current market price of the underlying security. A contract of this nature allows the holder to sell the security at a higher price than it currently trades for and pocket the difference.

In either case, an in the money contract has intrinsic value, so the options trader can exercise the option and make money doing so.


💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.

Example of In the Money

For example, say an investor owns a call option with a strike price of $15 on a stock currently trading at $16 per share. This option would be in the money because its owner could exercise the option to realize a profit. The contract gives the holder the right to buy 100 shares of the stock at $15, even though the market price is currently $16.

The contract holder could take shares acquired through the contract for a total of $1,500 and sell them for $1,600, realizing a profit of $100 minus the premium paid for the contract and any associated trading fees or commissions.

While call options give the holder the right to buy a security, put options give holders the right to sell. For example, say an investor owns a put option with a strike price of $10 on a stock that is trading at $9 per share. This would be an in the money option. The holder could sell 100 shares of stock at a price of $10 for a total of $1,000, even though it only costs $900 to buy those same shares. The contract holder would realize that difference of $100 as profit, minus the premium and any fees.

What Does “Out of the Money” Mean?

Out of the money (OTM) is the opposite of being in the money. OTM contracts do not have intrinsic value. If an option is out of the money at the time of expiration, the contract will expire worthless. Options are out of the money when the relation of their strike prices to the current market price of their securities are opposite that of in the money options.

For calls, an option with a strike price higher than the current price of the underlying security would be out of the money. Exercising such an option would result in an investor buying a security for a price higher than its current market value.

For puts, an option with a strike price lower than the current price of its security would be out of the money. Exercising such an option would cause an investor to sell a security at a price lower than its current market value.

In either case, contracts are out of the money because they don’t have intrinsic value – anyone exercising those contracts would lose money.

Example of Out of the Money

Say an investor buys a call option with a strike price of $15 on a stock currently trading at $13. This option would be out of the money. An investor might buy an option like this in the hopes that the stock will rise above the strike price before expiration, in which case a profit could be realized.

Another example would be an investor buying a put option with a strike price of $7 on a stock currently trading at $10. This would also be an out of the money option. An investor might buy this kind of option with the belief that the stock will fall below the strike price before expiration.


💡 Quick Tip: In order to profit from purchasing a stock, the price has to rise. But an options account offers more flexibility, and an options trader might gain if the price rises or falls. This is a high-risk strategy, and investors can lose money if the trade moves in the wrong direction.

What’s the Difference Between In the Money and Out of the Money?

The premium of an options contract involves two different factors: intrinsic value and extrinsic value. Options that have intrinsic value at the time they are written to have a strike price that is profitable relative to the current market price. In other words, such options are already in the money when written.

But not all options are written ITM. Those without intrinsic value rely instead on their extrinsic value. This value comes from speculative bets that investors make over a period of time. For this reason, assets with higher volatility often have their options contracts written out of the money, as investors expect there to be bigger price swings. Conversely, assets considered to be less volatile often have their options written in the money.

Options written out of the money are ideal for speculators because such contracts come with less expensive premiums and are often created for more volatile assets.

Recommended: Popular Options Trading Terminology to Know

Should I Buy ITM or OTM Options?

The answer to this question depends on an investor’s goals and risk tolerance. Options that are further out of the money can be more rewarding, but come with greater risk, uncertainty, and volatility. Whether an option is in or out of the money (and how far they’re out of the money), and the amount of time before the expiry of the option impacts the premium for that option, with riskier options typically costing more.

Whether to buy ITM or OTM options also depends on how confident an investor feels about the future of the underlying security. If a trader feels fairly certain that a particular stock will trade at a much higher price three months from now, then they might not hesitate to buy a call option with a very high strike price, making it out of the money.

Conversely, if an investor thinks a stock will fall in price, they can buy a put option with a very low strike price, which would also make the option out of the money.

Beginners and those with lower risk tolerance may prefer buying options that are only somewhat out of the money or those that are in the money. These options usually have lower premiums, meaning they cost less to buy. There are also generally greater odds that the contract will wind up in the money before expiration, as it will take a less dramatic move to make that happen.

Investors can also choose to combine multiple options legs into a spread strategy that attempts to take advantage of both possibilities.

Recommended: 10 Important Options Trading Strategies

The Takeaway

In options trading, “in the money” refers to options that have profit potential if exercised immediately, while “out of the money” refers to those that don’t. Options contracts don’t have to be exercised to realize a profit. Sometimes investors buy contracts with the intent of selling them on the open market soon after they become in the money for quick gains.

In either case, it’s important to consider if an option is in the money or out of the money when buying or writing options contracts, as well as when deciding when to execute them. Options trading is an advanced investing strategy, and investors should know what they’re doing before engaging with it – or should speak with a financial professional for guidance.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

Photo credit: iStock/damircudic

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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3D Rendering White Percentage Signs Background

Average Stockbroker Commission Percentage

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Average Stockbroker Commission Percentage

Moving money around and buying securities isn’t free, and on average, a stockbroker or brokerage will charge a commission between 1% and 2%. Investing in the stock market is usually alluring for those trying to grow their money. Stockbrokers often charge commissions and other fees for the use of their services, but note that these brokerage fees can vary widely.

Investors must pay attention to average brokerage fees when making investment decisions; finding the right broker can play a significant role in long-term financial outcomes. Before delving into how much stockbrokers typically charge for their services, it’s worth understanding their role in an individual’s investment strategy.

Key Points

•   Stockbrokers typically charge commissions ranging from 1% to 2% of the total transaction value, influencing long-term investment outcomes significantly.

•   There are two main types of stockbrokers: full-service, which offers comprehensive services and higher fees, and discount brokers, which charge lower, per-transaction fees.

•   Common brokerage fees include management fees, trading commissions, and retirement account fees, all of which can impact overall investment returns.

•   High brokerage fees can discourage investment and reduce long-term gains, making it essential for investors to understand and compare costs associated with different brokers.

•   Despite the costs, using a stockbroker can provide valuable resources and guidance for novice investors navigating complex financial markets.

What Does a Stockbroker Do?

A stockbroker, or investment broker, is an individual or firm that charges a fee or commission to buy or sell stocks and other securities on behalf of their clients. Using a stockbroker is relatively common for people looking to invest in the market.

Buying stocks isn’t like making other purchases because the channels through which stocks are bought and sold are fairly controlled. While an individual buying a computer could choose to purchase directly from a manufacturer, a store, or a friend, the channels for buying stocks are much more limited. Generally, purchases of stock are required to flow through a stockbroker.

However, there are some instances when someone may buy stocks without a broker, including buying and selling through direct stock and dividend reinvestment plans.

In addition to selling shares of companies, a stockbroker may also sell other traded securities such as mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

What Is the Average Stock Broker Commission Fee?

The amount charged by a brokerage firm for its services can vary greatly. Some firms may charge a flat fee for their services, while others may charge a percentage of the overall value of the transaction. The average fee charged by brokerage firms is typically between 1% and 2% of the total transaction value.

Full-Service vs Discount Stockbrokers

The main two categories of stockbrokers are full-service brokers and discount brokers. You want to understand the differences before opening a brokerage account.

A full-service brokerage firm offers a more hands-on service, helping clients balance their portfolios and providing other investment advice. Discount brokers allow an investor to buy and sell stock and other assets, but provide few add-ons but still. Commission rates and additional fees vary accordingly.

Because full-service stockbrokers provide an array of services, they typically base their commissions on a more all-inclusive model determined by the value of the investments they manage. While there may also be additional fees, the typical commission structure for a full-service broker is known as the percentage of assets under management. The cost is charged annually and is listed within fee schedules as “x%/AUM” (assets under management).

Discount brokers, on the other hand, typically charge a per-transaction flat stock trade fee, regardless of the type of stock or number of shares being bought or sold.

For example, if the stock trade fee is $5 per trade, that’s what an individual would pay whether they were buying five shares of a stock valued at $50 a share ($250) or 500 shares ($25,000).

However, many discount brokers do not charge commissions for trading stocks.

Get up to $1,000 in stock when you fund a new Active Invest account.*

Access stock trading, options, alternative investments, IRAs, and more. Get started in just a few minutes.

*Probability of Member receiving $1,000 is a probability of 0.028%.

Common Brokerage Fees

Various investment fees and costs are associated with the buying and selling of investments. Investors should consider these brokerage fees when choosing a broker and deciding what investments to make.

Management Fees

An investment’s management fee is the fee the investment manager charges for its services. This fee is typically a percentage of the investment’s assets under management and is deducted from the investment’s returns.

If you use a full-service brokerage that offers money management services, they will often charge a management fee. Some charge as much as 2%, and others may charge less. Generally speaking, the more money you have invested with a broker or money manager, the lower your management fee will be.

Commission For Trading

Many brokerage firms charge a commission for making trades on behalf of clients. Fees and commissions vary widely depending on the type of transaction and broker. Again, those fees can be based on a percentage of the transaction’s value — usually between 1% to 2% — or they can be a flat fee.

The commissions for trading depend on whether an investor uses a full-service or discount broker. Because full-service brokers offer a wide range of advice and services, their commissions per trade may be higher than a discount or online brokerage might charge.

Discount brokers offer fewer advice and services, so they can charge a lower flat fee per trade, from less than $5 to more than $30. In recent years, the biggest online brokerage firms have offered no commission trading, partly due to competition and because they instead get paid through a practice known as payment for order flow.

Retirement Account Fees: 401(k)

If you have a 401(k) account through your employer, there are several fees to keep in mind when making your investments.

First, you’ll likely be charged an administration fee to maintain the plan. These fees may range from 0.5% to more than 2% of your 401(k) balance. The 401(k) provider charges this fee to your employer, and the cost is usually passed down to the employees.

Additionally, the actual investments in your 401(k), like mutual funds and ETFs, charge management fees that you’ll have to pay.

Mutual Fund Fees

Investors interested in buying and selling mutual funds must consider the fees associated with these investment vehicles.

Expense Ratio

The expense ratio is the yearly cost that mutual funds and ETFs charge investors to cover operating costs. The expense ratio measures the total costs as a percentage of the fund’s total assets. The fund’s costs may include management, custodial, marketing, and other expenses.

The average expense ratio for an actively managed mutual fund ranges from 0.5% to 1.0%, while passive funds have an average expense ratio of 0.2%.

The costs of operating the mutual fund are deducted from your investment, reducing your returns each year.

Sales Load

Mutual fund investors may pay sales loads — also known as sales charges — when they buy or sell shares of the fund. The sales load is how the broker or advisor gets paid for their service.

A sales load isn’t a flat transaction fee, however. Instead, it’s a percentage of the assets invested. FINRA caps mutual fund sales loads at 8.5%, though the common range is between 3% and 6%.

Brokerage Fee Impact on Investments Long-Term

Brokerage and investment fees and commissions can eat away at long-term gains. Thus, working with a brokerage that charges lower fees may help you achieve your long-term financial goals sooner, as you’ll be paying fewer fees.

To illustrate, if full-service brokerage charges a 1.5% annual management fee on a $50,000 portfolio, that costs $750 for the investor during a single year. While that charge doesn’t seem significant for one year, those fees will add up and eat into overall returns over time.

Brokerage Fee Pros

One of the benefits of using a brokerage is that you have access to valuable resources, research, and advice. These services may help you make better investment decisions, leading to better financial outcomes. So, you may get what you pay for, even if you think the fees may be steep.

Brokerage Fee Cons

As noted above, brokerage fees can be expensive and eat into investment returns. This is especially a problem if you don’t do your homework and pay attention to all the fees charged by brokers and the kind of investments you make.

Additionally, high brokerage fees may discourage some people from investing, leading to poor long-term financial outcomes.

Is It Worth Using a Stockbroker?

Using a stockbroker, especially a full-service brokerage, can be ideal for investors intimidated by complicated financial markets. The idea of having a licensed professional guide novice investors through every investment decision and trade might seem like a good way to get more comfortable with the principles of investing. But as the above examples illustrate, the average full-service stockbroker commission can make the full-service approach expensive.

The Takeaway

A stockbroker or brokerage will charge a commission between 1% and 2%, but there are options on the market that charge no commissions at all, and other investment vehicles with similar fees or commission charges.

With long-term returns that have historically outpaced interest rates on savings, investing in the stock market can be a powerful strategy for financial growth. Even beginners may find investing less intimidating than they thought — and possibly steer clear of high stockbroker fees.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

How do stock brokerage fees work?

Stock brokerage fees are typically a commission that a broker charges for executing trades on behalf of their clients. These fees can vary depending on the type of trade being executed, as well as the broker’s commission structure.

Are there any alternatives to a brokerage fee?

A brokerage fee is a charge assessed by a broker for their services, which typically include advice, transaction execution, and asset management. There are a variety of alternatives to brokerage fees, including flat fees, subscription fees, and performance-based fees.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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