Jan
27
2025

Questions to Ask a Financial Advisor

By | Financial Independence, Life & Career, money | Comments Off on Questions to Ask a Financial Advisor

When it comes to managing your finances, hiring a financial advisor can be a wise decision. But with all the different types of financial pros out there, how do you find one that will work for your specific needs?

Asking questions is a good way to learn more about what an advisor does, understand their approach, and determine if they are the best fit for your situation and goals. In fact, it’s a good idea to interview at least two or three different advisors before choosing one you want to work with. These essential questions to ask an advisor can help you find the right fit.

Key Points

•   Check a financial advisor’s qualifications by asking about certifications, years in the field, and areas of expertise.

•   Ensure that the services offered align with your financial needs, including investment philosophy and client focus.

•   Gain clarity on how an advisor will be paid, such as whether they are fee-only, fee-based, or commission-based, plus any extra costs.

•   To understand any potential conflicts of interest and ensure unbiased advice, ask about fiduciary status.

•   Make sure you’re comfortable with an advisor’s communication style and methods for tracking performance.

Qualifications and Experience


If you plan to trust your finances to an advisor, selecting someone with the right qualifications and relevant experience is important. Here’s what to ask a financial advisor about their professional background.

What Certifications Do You Hold?


Two meaningful credentials are Certified Financial Planner (CFP®) and chartered financial consultant (ChFC). To earn either designation, an advisor must pass a certification exam, complete coursework, and have a certain level of experience in the field. They must also submit to a background check and adhere to a set of ethical standards. An advisor with tax expertise will typically be a certified public accountant (CPA) or personal financial specialists (PFS), which are CPAs who also offer more comprehensive planning.

Do You Have Any Disclosures on Your Record?


It’s important to know if an advisor has faced any regulatory, criminal, or disciplinary actions in the past. You can also verify this information by typing the advisor’s or firm’s name into the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC’s) Investment Adviser Public Disclosure search tool. There, you can find out about the professional’s licenses and any disciplinary history they may have.

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Services and Approach


Financial advisors vary in terms of the services they offer, the type of clients they work with, and their approach to financial planning. These questions can help you choose a financial advisor who will be a good match for your needs.

What Are Your Areas of Expertise?


Some advisors specialize in retirement planning, tax strategies, or estate planning. Others will help you create a comprehensive financial plan that could cover general money management, the types of accounts you need, the kinds of insurance you should have, and estate and tax planning. You’ll want to make sure that their expertise aligns with your needs and goals.

What Types of Clients Do You Typically Serve?


Certain financial advisors work exclusively with high-net-worth individuals, while others focus on small business owners, pre-retirees, or people in certain professions like physicians or artists. Choosing someone who has experience serving clients similar to you can help ensure they’ll be able to offer the guidance and financial advice you need.

What Is Your Investment Philosophy?


You’ll want to make sure how your money is invested aligns with your preferences, risk tolerance, needs, and financial goals. So when speaking with a potential advisor, you’ll want to get a sense of how they typically balance risk and return, if they concentrate on specific industries or types of investments, whether they prefer active or passive investment strategies, and how they tailor portfolios to client goals.

Fees and Compensation Structure


Financial advisors are compensated in different ways, and it’s important to understand their fee structure to avoid surprises.

How Do You Make Money?


Fee-only advisors charge a flat rate, hourly rate, and/or a percentage of assets managed for their services. Fee-based advisors, on the other hand, charge fees to clients directly for financial planning or portfolio management, while also earning commissions by selling financial products. Commission-based advisors primarily earn income by selling financial products. Fee-only advisors tend to have fewer conflicts of interest (more on that below). Ensure you understand how you will be charged.

Are There Any Extra Costs I Should Be Aware of?


A financial advisor’s fees may not cover all of your expenses. They might, for example, charge one fee for creating a financial plan, but charge more for putting that plan into action. Once your financial plan is in place, you may also have to pay trading, fund, and brokerage fees. Make sure you understand what your all-in costs are going to look like.

Do You Have a Minimum Account Size?


Some advisors work only with clients who have a certain level of assets. This might be a relatively low threshold, like $25,000, but it could be significantly more, such as $500,000 or $1 million, and possibly more. You’ll want to confirm whether this aligns with your financial situation.

Recommended: Who Are Wealth Management Advisors?

Potential Conflicts of Interest


Conflicts of interest can be problematic as it can cloud the advice you receive. These questions for financial advisors can help you suss out whether their goals could potentially clash with your goals.

Do You Receive Any Compensation From Third Parties?


As mentioned above, fee-based and commission-based advisors receive payments from sales of specific investment and financial products, such as mutual funds or insurance policies, which could potentially cause a conflict of interest. It’s important to know if their recommendations could potentially be influenced by outside compensation.

Are You a Fiduciary?


Certain professional designations, such as a CFP®, are legally held to the fiduciary standard. As a fiduciary, an advisor is legally and ethically bound to put their clients’ interests ahead of their own (or their firm’s) interests and have a duty to preserve good faith and trust. If an advisor is not a fiduciary, ask how they address potential conflicts.

faith and trust. If an advisor is not a fiduciary, ask how they address potential conflicts.

Performance and Benchmarks


If you’re working with an advisor to grow wealth, you’ll want to have some way to measure your progress. Consider asking these questions about performance tracking and benchmarking.

What Investment Benchmarks Do You Use?


A financial advisor should be able to speak to the benchmarks that they will be reporting to you, as well as how they will measure your progress and determine whether adjustments need to be made in your portfolio. It’s also a good idea to find out if you will be able to track your portfolio’s performance and view financial reports online. Tools like client portals and mobile apps can improve your experience and provide transparency.

How Will You Consider Assets You Aren’t Directly Managing?


Your net worth may include assets that are not managed by a particular finance firm or advisor, such as an employee-sponsored 401(k) or any rental properties you may own. It’s important that a financial advisor look at your full financial picture when advising you on how to diversify, manage risk, and reach your goals.

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Communication and Availability


Advisors can approach communication differently and it helps to have realistic expectations going in. Poor communication or misaligned expectations can put a damper on your experience in working with an advisor.

How Often Will We Meet or Communicate?


At the minimum, you’ll want to speak with your financial advisor once a year to review your financial strategies as your life and circumstances change. Some advisors offer quarterly or semiannual meetings, however, which you might prefer. Find out how often you’ll meet, whether it will be virtually or in-person, and if the advisor will be available for phone calls or emails outside of scheduled appointments. Consider if their communication frequency and style meets your expectations.

Will I Work Directly With You or Someone on Your Team?


Some firms assign a primary advisor, while others use a team-based approach. When deciding which financial advisor you want to work with, you’ll want to clarify who your main point of contact will be.

The Takeaway


Choosing a financial advisor is a significant decision that can impact your financial future. By asking the right questions, you can get a good sense of their qualifications, approach, and ability to meet your needs.

Don’t hesitate to interview multiple advisors and compare their answers to ensure you find the best match for your financial goals. A well-chosen advisor can provide valuable guidance, helping you navigate the complexities of financial planning and achieve long-term success.

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FAQ


What should I look for in a financial advisor’s credentials and experience?


When choosing a financial advisor, you might look for credentials such as Certified Financial Planner (CFP®) or chartered financial consultant (ChFC). These designations mean that the advisor has passed a certification exam, has a certain level of experience in the field, and is legally required to adhere to a set of ethical standards. If you’re looking for an advisor with tax expertise, consider a certified public accountant (CPA) or personal financial specialists (PFS), which are CPAs who also offer more comprehensive planning.

What are the different types of financial advisors?


The term “financial advisor” is broad and can refer to any professional who offers financial advice. Common certifications include Certified Financial Planner (CFP®), chartered financial consultant (ChFC), certified public accountant (CPA), and personal financial specialist (PFSs). There are also specialized advisors, such as investment advisors (who focus on portfolio management), retirement planners (who help with retirement strategies), and wealth management advisors (who offer comprehensive services for high-net-worth clients). Robo-advisors provide automated investment solutions at a lower cost.

How can I evaluate the fees and services provided by a financial advisor?


Start by understanding the advisor’s fee structure — whether it’s fee-only, fee-based, or commission-based. Fee-only advisors charge flat fees or percentages and don’t earn commissions. Fee-based advisors charge fees but may also earn commissions on products they recommend. Commission-based advisors primarily earn income by selling financial products. Also ask about the scope of services they provide, such as retirement planning, tax strategies, or investment management, to ensure they align with your needs.

About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.


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Jan
27
2025

Financial Planning Tips for LGBTQ+ Couples

By | Budgeting & Goals, Family Finances, money | Comments Off on Financial Planning Tips for LGBTQ+ Couples

While enjoying more protections in recent years, LGBTQ+ couples may face unique legal situations and other scenarios that can leave them financially vulnerable. Taking a proactive approach can help ensure that you and your partner are prepared for the future.

Here are essential financial tips to help LGBTQ+ couples make informed decisions and develop a plan that supports their personal and financial goals.

Key Points

•   LGBTQ+ couples can have unique financial planning challenges that can be addressed with thoughtful planning.

•   Legal protections, including wills, trusts, and health care directives, are important for asset distribution and medical decision-making.

•   Adequate health and life insurance coverage is vital for financial security, especially for LGBTQ+-specific health care needs.

•   Family planning for LGBTQ+ couples may involve significant costs for adoption, surrogacy, or fertility treatments.

•   Estate planning is crucial for LGBTQ+ couples to ensure their wishes are honored and to avoid situations that lack clarity or could lead to disputes.

Unique Financial Challenges

Due to discrimination, legal limitations, and varying access to financial benefits, LGBTQ+ couples (which encompasses those who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning) can encounter a number of financial hurdles. These issues may impact savings, career advancement, and even financial security, making proactive financial planning particularly crucial.

Legal Considerations

Legally speaking, LGBTQ+ couples have reasons to celebrate as well as causes for concern. Amid the legal landscape for LGBTQ+ rights, the Supreme Court’s legalization of same-sex marriage in 2015 is often noted as a highlight. This ruling gave LGBTQ+ couples access to legal protections and financial benefits that are only available for legally married couples.

Other key milestones include:

•   In 2020, the high court barred discrimination in employment decisions in relation to a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity. A 2021 executive order from President Biden further expanded these protections.

•   In 2021, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) clarified that the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) includes protections for LGBTQ+ people, making it illegal for lenders to discriminate on the basis of gender identity or sexual orientation.

Despite progress, there is still a lot of work to be done to safeguard LGBTQ+ couples’ economic security. Many states have not put antidiscrimination laws in place that affect health care, housing, and access to credit, according to the Movement Advance Project (MAP), an independent, nonprofit think tank. And some fear that existing protections might be rolled back in the future.

Discrimination and Financial Impact

Because certain LGBTQ+ rights, like marriage and workplace protections, have only been granted in recent years, many members of the community have likely been disadvantaged from decades of living without them. LGBTQ+ individuals may also face barriers to career advancement, which can limit their earning potential.

Indeed, LGBTQ+ workers earn, on average, 90 cents for every dollar a non-queer worker earns, according to a recent analysis by the Human Rights Campaign. The gap widens further for LGBTQ+ people of color, transgender women and men, and non-binary individuals, who earn even less when compared to the typical worker.

Data also indicates that LGBTQ+ people generally carry more student loan debt and have saved less for retirement compared to their cisgender/heterosexual peers.

At the same time, LGBTQ+ couples often face higher living expenses, due to a desire to live in welcoming communities (often cities with a high cost of living). They also tend to face higher health care costs, particularly if they or someone in their family seeks gender-affirming medical care.

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Creating a Solid Financial Foundation

Establishing a strong, shared financial base can be the first step toward long-term security. This process involves open communication, assessing your bank accounts, setting goals, and establishing a budget that can help you achieve your shared objectives.

Setting Joint Financial Goals

As with any partnership, it’s important to sit down as a couple and consider goals that reflect your values and aspirations. These could include saving for a home, planning for retirement, starting a family (and a college fund), or preparing for potential health care costs.

Once you have a list of goals, you’ll want to discuss how much money you will need, a timeline, and steps you’ll take to achieve your goals. Strategies might include cutting back on nonessential expenses and/or transferring a set amount into a joint savings account each month.

Since your goals, as well as your income and expenses, will likely change over time, it’s a smart move to have regular check-ins. This allows you to assess your savings, budget, and cash flow and make any necessary adjustments in how you manage your money to help stay on track. Find a cadence that suits you: Monthly or quarterly might work well, but no less than annually. It’s a good idea to reassess your situation when there are any big life changes, such as a new job, a new baby, or buying a home, as all of these can impact your budgeting.

Legal Protections and Documentation

Securing proper legal protections and documentation can be essential for LGBTQ+ couples, as laws around partnership rights can vary. The documents listed below can protect both partners.

•   Wills: A will ensures that your assets are distributed according to your wishes. If you die without one, your assets will likely be distributed according to the state’s default plan, which usually directs the assets to a legal spouse or, if none exists, to your blood heirs.

•   Financial power of attorney: This document enables your partner to make financial decisions on your behalf if you’re incapacitated. Without it, they would need to obtain a court order in order to take over your financial accounts in an emergency. This is the case even if you are married — without a power of attorney, spouses can only control joint bank accounts and joint brokerage accounts.

•   Health care directives: A health care directive (also known as a medical power of attorney) specifies your wishes regarding medical treatment if you cannot communicate them. It ensures your partner can make decisions aligned with your preferences. This document is particularly important for unmarried LGBTQ+ couples. Should one of you experience a medical emergency, your partner could be bypassed at the hospital and a relative would be contacted instead about what could potentially be life-or-death decisions.

Marriage and Domestic Partnership Considerations

While LGBTQ+ couples are now legally able to get married, some may choose not to. This is a personal decision that also has implications on financial planning. Here’s a look at how marriage vs. domestic partnership impact your finances.

Marriage: Getting married can provide access to numerous financial, tax, and legal benefits, including spousal benefits through Social Security, pensions, and work. Marriage also allows partners to pass money and assets back and forth without worrying about gifting limits, and it gives each partner inheritance rights. One downside, however, is the so-called “marriage penalty.” This is the tax increase that many couples face once they combine their incomes and file as married filing jointly. (However, as noted above, there are tax benefits to marriage, such as additional deductions, which may offset this.)

Domestic partnership: A domestic partnership is an alternative to marriage and may provide you with some of the benefits that married couples receive. For example, your employer may allow your partner to receive benefits like health insurance. However, domestic partners are not considered “family” by law and are not recognized by most states. Also, while married couples automatically inherit each other’s assets upon death (and without incurring taxes), this is not the case for domestic partners. You can inherit your partner’s assets through a will, but you’ll be subject to taxes.

Retirement Planning for LGBTQ+ Couples

Members of LGBTQ+ community often have unique needs in retirement. Many look to retire in more accepting parts of the country, which tend to be cities with high housing and other costs, making retirement generally more expensive. Here are some factors to keep in mind as you plan for retirement.

•   Social Security benefits: Married couples in which one spouse earned significantly more than the other may be able to use spousal benefits to maximize their combined Social Security income. Married or not, it’s important for LGBTQ+ couples to understand how Social Security benefits work and consider the timing of their claims. You can get an estimate of your monthly payout and how it’s impacted by the age you start to claim your benefits at SSA.gov.

•   Pension plans: A pension plan is a retirement account provided by an employer that pays out a fixed amount of money to the employee after they retire, providing a steady stream of passive income for life. Certain pensions provide spousal benefits upon death, but these may only be accessible to married couples. Check with your employer to understand the details and consider how this might impact your retirement savings strategy.

•   IRAs and 401(k)s: Individual retirement accounts and employer-sponsored retirement plans are critical components of retirement planning. Both partners will want to contribute as much as possible to their retirement accounts, and at least enough to get the full employer match (if offered). Once you’ve maxed out your 401(k), you might each consider contributing to a Roth IRA, if you’re eligible.

Recommended: Savings Goal Calculator

Family Planning and Financial Preparation

For LGBTQ+ couples, family planning may involve additional costs, especially if it includes adoption, surrogacy, or fertility treatments. For example, adoption can run anywhere from $20,000 to $70,000, depending on whether it’s done domestically or internationally. IVF can cost $13,500 to $21,000 or more, while surrogacy can range between $60,000 to $250,000-plus.

Since insurance often does not cover most of these costs, creating a financial plan that accounts for these expenses can be crucial. This plan should include saving for baby costs, as well as the ongoing expenses related to raising children.

Insurance Needs for LGBTQ+ Couples

Insurance provides an essential financial safety net for couples. Below are three kinds of insurance that can help protect your family.

•   Health insurance: Health insurance is vital for all couples, so you’ll want to make sure you are both covered either through employer plans, the Affordable Care Act marketplace, Medicare, Medicaid, or private options. When choosing a health care plan, carefully review coverage details, including any potential limits for LGBTQ+-specific health care needs. Though most health insurers cover medically necessary gender-affirming care, some states allow private health plans to deny coverage to transgender people for certain health care services.

•   Life insurance: Life insurance protects your partner in case of your untimely death by replacing lost income. This can be particularly important if you have children. Life insurance offers a safety net by ensuring the loss of income doesn’t disrupt your children’s daily life, education, and future opportunities. Keep in mind that you don’t have to be married to get life insurance — you can each purchase an individual policy and name the other as the beneficiary.

•   Long-term care insurance: This type of insurance helps cover expenses for long-term care that aren’t typically covered by health insurance or Medicare. LGBTQ+ seniors may face added costs if they lack family support (as can be the case for any couple that doesn’t have children). Long-term care insurance can be a worthwhile investment in this scenario. An alternative option is to self-fund your future needs.

Estate Planning Strategies

Estate planning is essential for LGBTQ+ couples to ensure assets are transferred to the right individuals and that financial protections are in place for the surviving partner. This is particularly important if you are not married, as your assets would not likely go to your partner without a well-defined estate plan. The following protections can help.

•   Trusts: Unlike wills (which can be successfully challenged), trusts cannot be contested by others. Putting some assets into a trust can be especially helpful for LGBTQ+ couples, as it can help you to avoid potential legal disputes with non-supportive family members. Assets in a trust may also be able to pass outside of probate, which can save time, court fees, and (potentially) estate taxes.

•   Beneficiary designations: Certain assets, like savings accounts and life insurance policies, can pass to the beneficiary on file without the need for a will and without going through probate. Whoever is listed as beneficiary will get those assets regardless of what a will might state. For this reason, it’s important to regularly review and update beneficiary designations on your accounts, especially if you set these accounts up years ago.

•   Titling: Another way to protect your estate is to make sure the title to your assets, particularly property, is coordinated with your will. For example, if your shared home is titled “joint tenants with rights of survivorship,” it will pass directly to the surviving owner when an owner dies, rather than through your will. Assets titled in an individual’s name (absent a beneficiary designation) or as “tenants in common,” on the other hand, will pass according to your will. You may want to discuss asset protection options with an estate planning attorney who understands the specific needs of LGBTQ+ couples to ensure you are both protected.

Recommended: Financial Planning for Young Adults

Building a Support Network

A strong support network can be invaluable for LGBTQ+ couples navigating unique financial and personal challenges. Community support can provide resources and guidance, along with a sense of belonging.

Community Resources and Support Groups

Many LGBTQ+ organizations and support groups offer financial assistance programs, legal resources, and planning guidance. Consider seeking out organizations or LGBTQ+-friendly financial advisors who understand the needs and challenges faced by LGBTQ+ couples.

A sampling of resources you might tap:

•   The Center for LGBTQ Economic Advancement & Research provides access to financial workshops, counseling, and self-help resources targeted to LGBTQ+ individuals and couples.

•   CenterLink focuses on strengthening, supporting, and connecting LGBTQ+ community centers nationwide.

•   Rainbow Families offers education, resources, and peer support groups for LGBTQ+ parents, families, and parents-to-be.

•   SAGE offers supportive services and consumer resources to older LGBTQ+ people and their caregivers.

The Takeaway

Financial planning is essential for everyone, but LGBTQ+ couples often face unique challenges and considerations. From navigating legal protections to managing potentially higher family-planning costs, these complexities can make proactive financial planning even more critical. By delving into these issues, LGBTQ+ couples can create a plan that protects their rights, and helps them build wealth over time.

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FAQ

How does marriage equality affect financial planning for LGBTQ+ couples?

Marriage equality gives LGBTQ+ couples access to financial benefits that are limited to legally married couples, which can simplify and enhance financial planning. This access can include spousal Social Security benefits, joint tax filing, inheritance rights, and health insurance coverage through a partner’s employer. These benefits can help reduce taxes, provide more retirement benefits, and offer financial security if one partner passes away. However, marriage can also come with new tax considerations, so couples might want to consult a financial advisor to optimize financial planning.

Are there specific estate planning considerations for LGBTQ+ couples?

Yes, estate planning is particularly important for LGBTQ+ couples to ensure their wishes are honored and to avoid potential family disputes. This may involve creating or updating wills, establishing durable powers of attorney, and designating health care directives to protect each partner’s wishes. In addition, they may want to establish trusts (for added control over asset distribution and to protect their estate from taxes) and update beneficiary designations on financial accounts.

What financial resources are available specifically for LGBTQ+ individuals and couples?

LGBTQ+ individuals and couples can access a number of specialized financial resources, including LGBTQ+-friendly financial advisors, legal services, and community-based support organizations. Organizations like the Center for LGBTQ Economic Advancement & Research provide access to financial workshops, counseling, and self-help resources targeted to LGBTQ+ individuals and couples, while SAGE offers resources for LGBTQ+ seniors. There are also a number of nonprofit groups and community centers that offer financial assistance to LGBTQ+ individuals and families facing financial challenges.

About the author

Julia Califano

Julia Califano

Julia Califano is an award-winning journalist who covers banking, small business, personal loans, student loans, and other money issues for SoFi. She has over 20 years of experience writing about personal finance and lifestyle topics. Read full bio.


Photo credit: iStock/MStudioImages

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2025 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with Eligible Direct Deposit activity can earn 3.80% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below).

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning 3.80% APY, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit arrives. If your APY is not showing as 3.80%, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning 3.80% APY from the date you contact SoFi for the rest of the current 30-day Evaluation Period. You will also be eligible for 3.80% APY on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with Eligible Direct Deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to Direct Deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving an Eligible Direct Deposit or receipt of $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Eligible Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until SoFi Bank recognizes Eligible Direct Deposit activity or receives $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit.

Separately, SoFi members who enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days can also earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. For additional details, see the SoFi Plus Terms and Conditions at https://www.sofi.com/terms-of-use/#plus.

Members without either Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, or who do not enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days, will earn 1.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 1/24/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at http://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Checking & Savings Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.
*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.


External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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Jan
27
2025

What Is a Deposit Account?

By | Financial Topics, Terminology | Comments Off on What Is a Deposit Account?

A deposit account is the kind of account that allows you to store money at a bank or credit union and also withdraw funds. Deposit accounts come in many forms, from checking and savings accounts to money market accounts and certificates of deposit.

Each of these deposit accounts has unique features, and together they can help achieve an array of financial goals. They are typically the hub of your everyday financial life, supporting you as you earn, spend, and save money.

Key Points

•   Deposit accounts allow you to store and withdraw money at banks or credit unions, serving as a hub for financial activities.

•   There are various types of deposit accounts, including checking, savings, money market accounts, and certificates of deposit (CDs), each serving different financial goals.

•   Deposit accounts often earn interest, helping your money grow over time, especially in savings accounts, money market accounts, and certificates of deposit.

•   Most deposit accounts are insured by the FDIC or NCUA, providing protection against loss up to $250,000 per depositor, per account ownership category, per institution.

•   Deposit accounts can be managed online or via mobile apps, offering features like real-time alerts and automated savings to enhance financial management.

Understanding Deposit Accounts

Deposit accounts are a core offering of banks. Here’s a closer look at the meaning of deposit accounts and look at how they work.

Definition of a Deposit Account

A deposit account, as noted above, is a bank account where you can safely store (i.e., deposit) and withdraw your money. While there are various types of deposit accounts that specify when or how often you can make withdrawals and how much interest your money makes while deposited, they can all help you manage your spending and saving, whether it’s by allowing you everyday access to funds or by helping you save money for larger, longer-term needs.

How Deposit Accounts Work

You can open a deposit account at a bank or credit union. Depending on the financial institution and type of account, you can deposit money into the account in a variety of formats, such as in-person cash deposits, in-person or mobile check deposits, and electronic fund transfers from other sources, such as a bank-to-bank transfer.

When the money is in the account, it is typically insured (meaning you’re protected against loss; more on that below), and it may earn interest. You can likely withdraw funds using a debit or ATM card, electronic transfer, or online payment.

Get up to $300 when you bank with SoFi.

No account or overdraft fees. No minimum balance.

Up to 3.80% APY on savings balances.

Up to 2-day-early paycheck.

Up to $3M of additional
FDIC insurance.


Types of Deposit Accounts

Banks offer four core types of deposit accounts:

•   A checking account is perhaps the most basic type of bank account. It’s a place to store money that you can easily access with a debit card or check, through peer-to-peer money transfer services, and via online payments. Think of it as an easy way to stash and spend money, and it’s safer than carrying cash. It’s also a great place to receive a direct deposit, such as a paycheck, tax refund, or government benefit. However, these accounts typically earn no or low interest.

•   A savings account is designed for money you’ll spend less frequently. Instead, you can store money in a savings account and have it earn interest. Over time, as you add more money and it continues to grow with interest, you could save enough for, say, a vacation, down payment on a house or car, or wedding. You can withdraw money as needed, though some banks may limit the number of withdrawals per statement period.

•   A money market account (MMAs) is like a savings account, though it may earn more interest and/or may have a higher minimum balance threshold. Often, MMAs offer check-writing capabilities, much like a checking account.

•   Certificates of deposit (CDs) are another deposit account geared toward saving, but you must agree to a specific number of months or years (known as the term) during which you won’t access the money. In exchange for keeping your money on deposit, you’ll earn a competitive interest rate. However, if you remove funds before the CD matures, you usually face fees and penalties that could wipe out any interest earned.

Many people have multiple bank accounts. For instance, they might have a checking and savings account, as well as some funds in a CD.

Features of Deposit Accounts

Deposit accounts usually share some of the following core features:

Interest Earnings

When you keep cash in your wallet, stow it in your sock drawer, or hide it under the mattress, it doesn’t grow. In fact, you could argue you’re losing money over time — inflation ensures your dollars won’t go as far in the future.

But when you put it in a deposit account, it often earns some kind of interest. Some checking accounts aren’t interest-bearing or may only earn a nominal interest rate, but other checking accounts, like some online bank accounts, may earn more favorable levels of interest.

But it’s savings accounts (particularly high-yield savings accounts), money market accounts, and certificates of deposit where interest rates may outpace inflation and help your money grow.

FDIC Insurance

Most banks offer $250,000 of insurance on all deposits via the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). This means, even in the very rare occurrence of a bank failing, your money is protected up to $250,000 per depositor, per account ownership category, per insured institution. (Some banks may offer additional insurance above this level.)

Credit unions don’t offer FDIC insurance; instead, they typically offer similar coverage, with up to $250,000 of insurance on deposits via the National Credit Union Association (NCUA).

Access to Funds

Deposit accounts offer some level of access to your money. Checking accounts are the most liquid type of deposit account; you can withdraw money at any time and for any reason. Savings accounts may limit withdrawals and transfers each statement period, but it’s generally easy to access your money when you need it to cover an emergency or major life purchase.

Money market accounts often come with an ATM card and/or checks that allow you to access your funds. CDs have a maturity date, but you can access your money before then, though you will likely pay a penalty.

Online and Mobile Banking Capabilities

Increasingly, banks have made it easy to monitor your spending and savings online. Before opening an account, it’s a good idea to read reviews of mobile banking apps to see which banks have the best security features and easiest-to-use apps for managing your money online. Many offer features such as dashboards to track your earnings, spending, and savings, as well as other useful tools.

Recommended: Does Switching Bank Accounts Affect Your Credit Score?

Benefits of Deposit Accounts

When you open a bank account, you’ll likely find that deposit accounts offer a number of benefits, including:

Safety and Security of Funds

When you don’t store your money in a bank, you’re exposed to loss or theft. If you can’t find a $100 bill you swear was in your wallet, no one is going to reimburse you.

But if you keep your money in an insured deposit account — and most bank accounts are insured — you know your money has a safety net. Most banks insure your money with the FDIC, as noted above.

Potential for Earning Interest

Storing your cash in a bank where it earns a competitive interest rate is a great way to inflation-proof your money. Particularly look for CDs, MMAs, and/or high-yield savings accounts to maximize interest on what’s in your deposit account.

Just remember you need to keep some money in a checking account, even if it earns less interest, to cover your everyday expenses.

Convenience for Daily Transactions

Deposit accounts make managing your money easy. You can use a checking account’s debt card to make purchases at the grocery store or pay your bills, and it’s also a good spot for receiving your paycheck as a direct deposit.

Savings accounts can be a little less liquid than checking accounts, but they help you save for regular goals, like home improvements and birthday gifts. When you’re ready to spend the funds, access it at a branch or ATM, or simply transfer it over to your checking account. Many MMAs offer check-writing privileges.

CDs are less convenient for daily transactions, but you can choose from a mix of short- and long-term CDs, ranging from several months to several years, to suit your needs.

Choosing the Right Deposit Account

Ready to open a deposit account? Here are some strategies to help:

•   Assess your financial needs: Do you need to write checks and make regular cash deposits at an ATM? A checking account with a wide ATM network may be ideal. Hoping to earn a lot of interest on money you won’t touch for a few years? Consider a CD.

•   Compare account features and fees: When trying to choose which bank is right for you, it can be helpful to compare factors like annual percentage yields (APYs), mobile app reviews, monthly maintenance fees, and overdraft fees. This can guide you to the right deposit account for your needs.

•   Consider online vs. traditional banks: Online banks typically offer higher interest rates and lower (or not) fees on deposit accounts, and their mobile app tech is generally very easy to use. But if you prefer going to a brick-and-mortar bank to cash checks, make deposits, and get help from a teller, you may want to consider a traditional bank, even if it means earning less interest.

Managing Your Deposit Account

Managing a deposit account is generally straightforward, and often, you can do so online, through a mobile app, or (with traditional banks) in person. Here are some things to consider when managing a deposit account:

•   Real-time alerts: It can be wise to set alerts to make sure no one is spending your money (perhaps via stolen debit card) without your permission. Real-time alerts can also notify you of a low balance so you don’t overdraft.

•   Automation: Some banks may offer automated savings features, such as automatically moving money from checking into savings when you get paid or pay with your debit card. Or they might have a rounding-up function for some transactions. Opting into such features can help you grow your savings faster.

•   Patience: The key to savings accounts, MMAs, and especially CDs is to practice patience vs. spending. Leaving the money untouched (or adding to it) for several months or even years ensures it grows so you can reach larger goals down the line.

Recommended: 50/30/20 Budget Calculator

Regulations Governing Deposit Accounts

Several government regulations protect banking consumers and their deposit accounts.

•   Truth in Savings Act: This landmark regulation requires banks to be transparent about fees, interest rates, and other terms impacting deposit accounts such as checking and savings accounts.

•   Electronic Fund Transfer Act: This act, from 1978, protects consumers during electronic fund transfers (ETFs). Nowadays, this offers protection for a variety of transactions, such as ATM, debit card, point of sale, direct deposit, Automated Clearing House (ACH), and other similar electronic transfers. Among consumer protections are error resolution and liability limits for unauthorized transactions.

•   Regulation CC: Reg CC, as it’s often known, implemented the Expedited Funds Availability Act of 1987, which required banks to make deposited funds available within a certain timeline. In 2003, it also allowed Congress to pass Check 21, which made it easier for consumers to mobile-deposit checks. These provisions continue to benefit consumers today.

The Takeaway

Deposit accounts are an essential part of banking and safe money management. You can use these accounts to store your money securely, spend, and help it grow over time with interest. Finding the right deposit account(s) for your needs can involve assessing your needs and comparing offerings to see which bank offers the best combination of competitive interest rates, low fees, and easy-to-use tech features.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 3.80% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

What’s the difference between a checking account and savings account?

While they’re both deposit accounts, checking accounts are designed for spending and savings accounts are for keeping money in the bank and helping it grow. Checking accounts offer easy access to your money via debit cards and checks but usually earn low or no interest. Savings accounts tend to earn more interest but may have withdrawal limits.

Are there limits on withdrawals from deposit accounts?

It depends. Checking accounts typically don’t have withdrawal limits, but some may limit the number of transactions you can make per day. Previously, Regulation D limited withdrawals from savings accounts and MMAs to six per month. This regulation is no longer enforced, but some banks may still cap how many monthly withdrawals you can make. Lastly, CDs are designed so that you don’t make any withdrawals until they mature.

How does FDIC insurance work for deposit accounts?

FDIC insurance typically covers deposit accounts in the very rare event of a bank failure. It insures up to $250,000 per depositor, per account ownership category, per institution. That means account holders would have their funds reimbursed up to that amount. (Some banks may offer programs that insure more than $250,000).

Photo credit: iStock/
SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2025 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with Eligible Direct Deposit activity can earn 3.80% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below).

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning 3.80% APY, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit arrives. If your APY is not showing as 3.80%, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning 3.80% APY from the date you contact SoFi for the rest of the current 30-day Evaluation Period. You will also be eligible for 3.80% APY on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with Eligible Direct Deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to Direct Deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving an Eligible Direct Deposit or receipt of $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Eligible Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until SoFi Bank recognizes Eligible Direct Deposit activity or receives $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit.

Separately, SoFi members who enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days can also earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. For additional details, see the SoFi Plus Terms and Conditions at https://www.sofi.com/terms-of-use/#plus.

Members without either Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, or who do not enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days, will earn 1.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 1/24/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at http://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

This content is provided for informational and educational purposes only and should not be construed as financial advice.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Inc. (CFP Board) owns the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®, CFP® (with plaque design), and CFP® (with flame design) in the U.S., which it awards to individuals who successfully complete CFP Board's initial and ongoing certification requirements.

SOBNK-Q424-050

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Jan
27
2025
Everything You Need to Know About Taxes on Investment Income

Everything You Need to Know About Taxes on Investment Income

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Everything You Need to Know About Taxes on Investment Income

There are several ways investment income is taxed: You may be familiar with capital gains taxes — the taxes imposed when one sells an asset that has gained value — but it’s important to also understand the tax implications of dividends, interest, retirement account withdrawals, and more.

In some cases, for certain types of accounts, taxes are deferred until the money is withdrawn, but in general, tax rules apply to most investments in one way or another.

Being well aware of all the tax liabilities your investments hold can minimize headaches and help you avoid a surprise bill from the IRS. Being tax savvy can also help you plan ahead for different income streams in retirement, or for your estate.

Key Points

•   Investment income is taxed through various forms including capital gains, dividends, and interest.

•   Capital gains tax applies when assets are sold for a profit, with rates depending on the holding period.

•   Dividends received from stocks are taxed either at ordinary income rates or qualified rates.

•   Interest income from investments like bonds and savings accounts is taxed at ordinary income rates.

•   The Net Investment Income Tax adds a 3.8% tax on investment income for high earners.

Types of Investment Income Tax

There are several types of investment income that can be taxed. These include:

•   Dividends

•   Capital Gains

•   Interest Income

•   Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)

Taking a deeper look at each category can help you assess whether — and what — you may owe.

Tax on Dividends

Dividends are distributions that are sometimes paid to investors who hold a certain type of dividend-paying stock. Dividends are generally paid in cash, out of profits and earnings from a corporation.

•   Most dividends are considered ordinary (or non-qualified) dividends by default, and these payouts are taxed at the investor’s income tax rate.

•   Others, called qualified dividends because they meet certain IRS criteria, are typically taxed at a lower capital gains rate (more on that in the next section).

Generally, an investor should expect to receive form 1099-DIV from the corporation that paid them dividends, if the dividends amounted to more than $10 in a given tax year.

💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.

Get up to $1,000 in stock when you fund a new Active Invest account.*

Access stock trading, options, alternative investments, IRAs, and more. Get started in just a few minutes.

*Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $50 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

More About Capital Gains Tax

Capital gains are the profit an investor sees when an investment they hold gains value when they sell it. Capital gains taxes are the taxes levied on the net gain between purchase price and sell price.

For example, if you buy 100 shares of stock at $10 ($1,000 total) and the stock increases to $12 ($1,200), if you sell the stock and realize the $200 gain, you would owe taxes on that stock’s gain.

There are two types of capital gains taxes: Long-term capital gains and short-term capital gains. Short-term capital gains apply to investments held less than a year, and are taxed as ordinary income; long-term capital gains are held for longer than a year and are taxed at the capital-gains rate.

For 2024 and 2025, the long-term capital gains tax rates are typically no higher than 15% for most individuals. Some individuals may qualify for a 0% tax rate on capital gain — but only if their taxable income for the 2024 tax year is $94,050 or less (married filing jointly), or $47,025 or less for single filers and those who are married filing separately.

For the 2025 tax year, individuals may qualify for a 0% tax rate on long-term capital gains if their taxable income is $96,700 or less for those married and filing jointly, and $48,350 or less for single filers and those who are married and filing separately.

The opposite of capital gains are capital losses — when an asset loses value between purchase and sale. Sometimes, investors use losses as a way to offset tax on capital gains, a strategy known as tax-loss harvesting.

Recommended: Is Automated Tax-Loss Harvesting a Good Idea?

Capital losses can also be carried forward to future years, which is another strategy that can help lower an overall capital gains tax.

Capital gains and capital losses only become taxable once an investor has actually sold an asset. Until you actually trigger a sale, any movement in your portfolio is called unrealized gains and losses. Seeing unrealized gains in your portfolio may lead you to question when the right time is to sell, and what tax implications that sale might have. Talking through scenarios with a tax advisor may help spotlight potential avenues to mitigate tax burdens.

▶️ Watch the video: Unrealized Gains: Explained

Taxable Interest Income

Interest income on investments is taxable at an investor’s ordinary income level. This may be money generated as interest in brokerage accounts, or interest from assets such as CDs, bonds, Treasuries, and savings accounts.

One exception are investments in municipal (muni) bonds, which are exempted from federal taxes and may be exempt from state taxes if they are issued within the state you reside.

Interest income (including interest from your bank accounts) is reported on form 1099-INT from the IRS.

Tax-exempt accounts, such as a Roth IRA or 529 plan, and tax-deferred accounts, such as a 401(k) or traditional IRA, are not subject to interest taxes.

Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)

The Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT), also sometimes referred to as the Medicare tax, is a 3.8% flat tax rate on investment income for taxpayers whose modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is above a certain level — $200,000 for single filers; $250,000 for filers filing jointly. Per the IRS, this tax applies to investment income including, but not limited to: interest, dividends, capital gains, rental and royalty income, non-qualified annuities, and income from businesses involved in trading of financial instruments or commodities.

For taxpayers with a MAGI above the required thresholds, the tax is paid on the lesser of the taxpayer’s net investment income or the amount the taxpayer’s MAGI exceeds the MAGI threshold.

For example, if a taxpayer makes $150,000 in wages and earns $100,000 in investment income, including income from rental properties, their MAGI would be $250,000. This is $50,000 above the threshold, which means they would owe NIIT on $50,000. To calculate the exact amount the taxpayer would owe, one would take 3.8% of $50,000, or $1,900.

💡 Quick Tip: How long should you hold onto your investments? It can make a difference with your taxes. Profits from securities that you sell after a year or more are taxed at a lower capital gains rate. Learn more about investment taxes.

Tax-Efficient Investing

One way to mitigate the effects of investment income is to create a set of tax efficient investing strategies. These are strategies that may minimize the tax hit that you may experience from investments and may help you build your wealth. These strategies can include:

•   Diversifying investments to include investments in both tax-deferred and tax-exempt accounts. An example of a tax-deferred account is a 401(k); an example of a tax-exempt account is a Roth IRA. Investing in both these vehicles may be a strategy for long-term growth as well as a way to ensure that you have taxable and non-taxable income in retirement.

   Remember that accounts like traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs, as well as 401(k) plans and some other employer-sponsored accounts, are tax-deferred — meaning that you don’t pay taxes on your contributions the year you make them, but you almost always owe taxes whenever you withdraw these funds.

•   Exploring tax-efficient investments. Some examples are municipal bonds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), Treasury bonds, and stocks that don’t pay dividends.

•   Considering tax implications of investment decisions. When selling assets, it can be helpful to keep taxes in mind. Some investors may choose to work with a tax professional to help offset taxes in the case of major capital gains or to assess different strategies that may have a lower tax hit.

The Takeaway

Investment gains, interest, dividends — almost any money you make from securities you sell — may be subject to tax. But the tax rules for different types of investment income vary, and you also need to consider the type of account the investments are in.

Underreporting or ignoring investment income can lead to tax headaches and may result in you underpaying your tax bill. That’s why it’s a good idea to keep track of your investment income, and be mindful of any profits, dividends, and interest that may need to be reported even if you didn’t sell any assets over the course of the year.

Some investors may find it helpful to work with a tax professional, who may help them see the full scope of their liabilities and become aware of potential investment strategies that might help them minimize their tax burden, especially in retirement. A tax professional should also be aware of any specific state tax rules regarding investment taxes.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.


Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by email customer service at https://sofi.app.link/investchat. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.
Shares of ETFs must be bought and sold at market price, which can vary significantly from the Fund’s net asset value (NAV). Investment returns are subject to market volatility and shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of an ETF will not protect against loss. An ETF may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.

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Jan
27
2025
Family Opportunity Mortgage: What It Is and How It Works

What Is a Family Opportunity Mortgage?

By | Family Finances, Home Ownership, mortgage | Comments Off on What Is a Family Opportunity Mortgage?

A family opportunity mortgage is a loan for a residential property bought for a parent or an adult disabled child who could not qualify for financing on their own.

Under Fannie Mae guidelines, a principal residence can be purchased for a child or parent who is unable to work or who does not have sufficient income to qualify for a mortgage. The buyer will be considered the owner-occupant even though they will not live in the house.

This article will explain family opportunity mortgage guidelines and rules, how to find lenders, and more.

Note: SoFi does not offer family opportunity mortgage loans at this time. However, SoFi does offer other conventional mortgage loan options.

Key Points

•   A family opportunity mortgage is a loan for a residential property purchased for a parent or disabled adult child who cannot qualify for financing on their own.

•   Under Fannie Mae guidelines, the buyer of the property will be considered the owner-occupant, even if they don’t live in the house.

•   Steps to qualify for a family opportunity mortgage include completing a mortgage application, obtaining pre-approval, finding a suitable property, providing necessary documentation, and closing on the loan.

•   Advantages of a family opportunity mortgage include lower down payment requirements, lower interest rates, potential tax deductions, and the ability to provide housing for a loved one.

What Is a Family Opportunity Mortgage?

What was a formally titled program under Fannie Mae is now a conventional loan with expanded guidelines to allow owner-occupied financing under special circumstances.

A family opportunity mortgage may be used:

•   When parents or legal guardians of a disabled adult child want to provide housing for the child.

•   When children want to provide housing for parents who cannot qualify for a mortgage because they cannot work or their income is too low.

Buyers are able to obtain financing at the same interest rates and terms as a principal residence under these circumstances. They do not have to use second home or investment property requirements.

Recommended: How to Buy a Single-Family Home

How a Family Opportunity Mortgage Works

A family opportunity mortgage works just as a conventional mortgage for your primary residence does. Buyers must meet Fannie Mae’s eligibility and underwriting standards in order to qualify for the loan.

Lenders consider your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio, monthly debts as a percentage of your gross monthly income. Fannie Mae guidelines call for a maximum 45% DTI, or 50% with certain compensating factors.

Your income, though, must be high enough to cover the home mortgage loan for your primary residence and the residence you want to buy for your parent or dependent child. A credit score of at least 620 and steady employment will be required to qualify for the new mortgage as well.

Example of a Family Opportunity Mortgage

Here’s an example where you could use the family opportunity mortgage. Let’s say you have elderly parents who need more care, and you would like for them to move near you. Their retirement income isn’t enough to qualify for a mortgage in your area.

If you have enough income and a decent credit score, you may be able to buy a house for them. This is where a family opportunity mortgage may make sense.

You’ll turn to your lender to qualify you for owner financing. The term “family opportunity mortgage” is, technically, no longer in use, but the ability to qualify for an owner-occupied mortgage for a disabled adult child or elderly parent following Fannie Mae guidelines is the same. The lender can help you explore different types of mortgages that will meet Fannie Mae’s criteria.

You’ll need to choose between a fixed-rate loan and an adjustable-rate mortgage.

After settling on a mortgage product, you’ll submit all the necessary documents through your lender to apply for the mortgage.

After the loan closes, your parents will move into the house, and you’ll make the mortgage payments in your name.

Keep in mind the mortgage and the deed will be in your name unless you add your parents to the deed. There are advantages and disadvantages to structuring it this way, so be sure to do some research or consult a lawyer.

Recommended: Home Loan Help Center

Steps to Qualify for a Family Opportunity Mortgage

If you want to qualify for an owner-occupied mortgage for a disabled adult child or elderly parent, you’ll need to take the following steps:

•   Complete a mortgage application with your lender. You’ll need to add the amount of the additional mortgage to the one you have on your principal residence (if any) and still have enough income to qualify for financing. Take a look at this mortgage calculator tool if you want help coming up with an estimate.

•   Obtain preapproval. By providing a specific tentative loan amount, mortgage preapproval allows you to look for homes that fall within your budget.

•   Find a suitable property. The property does not have to be outside a specific distance from your own home (what’s known as “distance rules”); nor do you have to reside in the property to qualify for owner-occupied financing. The types of houses may be restricted to single-family homes, but it may also be up to your lender.

•   Provide your lender with all necessary documentation. This may include proof of the adult child’s disability or proof that a parent is unable to take on a mortgage.

•   Close on the loan. Sign all the paperwork, wire your down payment and closing costs to the appropriate entity, and take care of any final details.

A family opportunity loan is usually treated like conventional financing for an owner-occupied home. Some lenders may have stricter lending standards when it comes to the definition of an owner-occupied residence.

Advantages of a Family Opportunity Mortgage

Being able to provide housing for a loved one with owner-occupied financing comes with some advantages:

•   Lower down payment requirement. With a family opportunity mortgage, the minimum down payment is usually 5% (0% if borrowers qualify for a USDA or VA loan). If the property is bought as a second home or investment, the down payment requirement is usually 15% or more.

•   Interest rates are lower. Loan rates for second homes or investment properties run higher than owner-occupied residential mortgage rates.

•   Lower property taxes. When a property is classified as owner-occupied by your local taxing authority, you may qualify for an exemption that reduces property taxes owed.

•   Mortgage interest and property tax may be tax deductible. When you file your taxes, you may be able to claim the mortgage interest and property tax dedication for both properties. Consult a tax advisor about this deduction.

•   Borrowers are not required to occupy the property. With a family opportunity mortgage, you are not required to live on the property to qualify for owner-occupied financing.

Which Lenders Offer Family Opportunity Mortgages?

Since the official program with the name “Family Opportunity Mortgage” has been discontinued, you won’t be looking for a lender that offers this program when you are shopping for a mortgage. Instead, you’ll be looking for a lender that allows you to use Fannie Mae’s definition of an owner-occupant when buying a house for a parent or disabled adult child. Many lenders will offer this as it is a common conventional loan.

Tax Implications of a Family Opportunity Mortgage

The tax implications of owning a home with a type of family opportunity mortgage may be complex. It’s a good idea to consult a tax attorney or tax accountant for advice.

Dream Home Quiz

The Takeaway

Buying a home for a disabled adult child or an aging parent is possible if you meet Fannie Mae guidelines and have sufficient income. If you’re looking for the family opportunity mortgage, ask lenders if they allow owner-occupied conventional financing if you purchase a home for parents or a disabled adult child. You’ll save money while providing housing to a vulnerable adult.

FAQ

Has the Family Opportunity Mortgage program been discontinued?

The formal name “Family Opportunity Mortgage” has been discontinued, but Fannie Mae still allows conventional mortgages to be considered owner-occupied for buyers who are purchasing a home for a disabled adult child or for parents who cannot qualify for mortgages on their own.

Can I buy a home for someone who is not my family member?

You can buy a single-family home for someone who is not a family member, but the circumstances do not meet Fannie Mae family opportunity mortgage guidelines and will not qualify for owner-occupied financing.

Photo credit: iStock/Ridofranz

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*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.


Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

†Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
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