Free margin is equity in a trader’s account not reserved for margin or open positions, and which is available to be used to open new trades. Free margin is also the amount your existing holdings can move against you before you face a margin call.
Changes in market values can impact this important margin balance when trading foreign exchange (“forex” or FX) and other derivative instruments. For investors, this can be an important concept to understand.
What Is Free Margin?
Free margin is the equity in a forex trading account that is not invested in open positions. It is also known as “usable margin” since you can open new positions with your free margin balance.
Margin works differently in forex versus with trading stocks. Margin in stock trading means you trade with borrowed funds and owe interest on the loan. Margin in forex is simply a deposit set aside to cover the potential for very large losses when you trade large amounts of currency.
Free margin in forex tells you how much wiggle room you have on your current holdings before you get hit with a margin call. A margin call can occur when your account’s margin level dips below 100%. You can also face a stop out call when your margin percentage declines below 50%.
Free margin also indicates how much you can withdraw from your account if you have no hedged positions.
💡 Quick Tip: Are self-directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).
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In general, margin can be categorized as “used” or “free.”
Used margin is the total amount of all the required margin from all your open positions. Free margin is the difference between equity and used margin — the available margin not taken up by current positions. You can use free margin to open new positions in the forex market.
Within the forex market, free margin is a constantly changing balance. The prices of currency pairs move throughout the day, so the free margin on your account will also fluctuate. Traders must constantly monitor their margin levels during the trading day. The forex market trades 24 hours a day for five and half days a week, so changes can also happen in the overnight hours.
Let’s say you have a forex trading account with 100:1 leverage. Your margin deposit is $100. That means you can trade an amount up to $10,000. Now say you take a $20 position at 100:1 leverage. Your position size controls $2,000 of currency value. That $20 position is locked by your broker. The remaining $80 is your free margin. You can use up to that amount to trade more currency pairs in the FX market.
If the market moves to your benefit, your portfolio’s equity increases. You will have more free margin available as your holdings move in your favor. Free margin declines when the market moves against you, though.
Free Margin vs Used Margin
There are some key differences to know between free margin and used margin:
Free Margin
Used Margin
The amount of margin available to open new positions
The amount held in reserve for existing positions
Also known as usable margin
An aggregate of all the required margin from open positions
The difference between equity and used margin
Equity minus free margin
Margin vs Free Margin
Similarly, there are some differences to understand between margin and free margin:
Margin
Free Margin
A good faith deposit with a broker when trading forex
The amount existing positions can move against the trader before the broker issues a margin call
Collateral to protect the broker from excessive losses by the trader
Total margin minus used margin
The amount of money reserved when you open a new position
When free margin is zero or negative, new positions cannot be opened
Free Margin in Forex
Free margin is important to understand in forex trading. Volatility in your balances can be high due to the amount of leverage employed. Some traders have leverage ratios up to 500:1, while risk-averse traders can simply trade with only their margin. Trading with only your margin means you are not using leverage.
Free margin in forex tells a trader how much more money they can use to open new positions. It is also a risk management indicator, in that it can be seen as a kind of buffer amount before a margin call or forced liquidation is issued.
💡 Quick Tip: One of the advantages of using a margin account, if you qualify, is that a margin loan gives you the ability to buy more securities. Be sure to understand the terms of the margin account, though, as buying on margin includes the risk of bigger losses.
The Takeaway
Free margin in forex is the equity in a trader’s account that is not reserved in margin for open positions. It is considered the margin available to use for new trades and the amount your current positions can move against you before you get a margin call or automated stop out.
Free margin is an important term to know when trading in the forex market. Forex, with its often high degree of leverage and wide trading hours, can be more complicated than trading stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
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FAQ
Can you withdraw free margin?
Yes. Free margin in forex is the amount available to withdraw from your trading account if you have no hedged positions. If you have hedged positions, the amount you can withdraw is your equity minus margin hedges.
Is margin money free?
Margin in forex is your good faith deposit. It is considered collateral you post to trade on leverage. It does not cost you anything since you do not pay interest on that amount or on the amount of assets you control when trading with leverage. Margin is broken down into “used” or “free.” If you have open positions, then not all your margin is free.
Photo credit: iStock/kupicoo
SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below:
Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
*Borrow at 12%. Utilizing a margin loan is generally considered more appropriate for experienced investors as there are additional costs and risks associated. It is possible to lose more than your initial investment when using margin. Please see SoFi.com/wealth/assets/documents/brokerage-margin-disclosure-statement.pdf for detailed disclosure information. Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.
A cup and handle pattern is something identified by stock traders or investors analyzing data related to certain securities. Traders analyzing stock charts can identify a cup and handle pattern, which comprises a period of falling values followed by a “breakout,” and use it to help inform their trading decisions.
The cup and handle pattern is one of many that investors may identify and use to help make investing decisions.
What Is a Cup and Handle Pattern?
The cup and handle security trading pattern is a bullish continuation pattern used in technical analysis. When the pattern appears on a stock chart, it shows a period of price consolidation followed by a price breakout. The pattern is called cup and handle because it has two distinct parts: the cup and the handle.
The cup pattern forms after an advance and looks like a bowl with a round bottom. It forms after a price advance. After that pattern forms, a “handle” forms to the right of the cup within a trading range. Finally, there is a breakout above the range of the handle, showing a bullish continuation of the prior advance.
Stock broker William O’Neil identified the cup and handle stock pattern and introduced it in his 1988 book, How to Make Money in Stocks.
💡 Quick Tip: When you’re actively investing in stocks, it’s important to ask what types of fees you might have to pay. For example, brokers may charge a flat fee for trading stocks, or require some commission for every trade. Taking the time to manage investment costs can be beneficial over the long term.
How the Cup and Handle Works
The cup-and-handle candlestick pattern starts with the formation of the “cup,” which looks like a bowl. The two sides of the cup are not always the same height but in a perfect scenario they would be. Once the cup forms, the stock price pulls back, forming a “handle” out to the right of the cup. The handle shows price consolidation happening before a price breakout occurs.
The handle is smaller than the cup and generally doesn’t retrace more than ⅓ of the cup’s advance, staying in the upper part of the cup range. It can also form a triangle shape. If the handle forms at the bottom price range of the cup, the pattern may indicate that this is not a good time to trade. It may take six months or longer for the cup pattern to form, but the handle forms much faster, ideally within four weeks.
The entire pattern can also form within minutes or days. Technical analysts watching the cup-and-handle pattern try to buy when the price breaks out from the handle. This is marked by when the price moves above the old resistance level, which is the top of the right side of the cup. The more volume in the breakout the stronger the buy signal.
To estimate the price target the stock might hit after the breakout, a trader would measure the distance from the bottom of the cup to the top of the right side of the cup and then add that number to the buy signal point. If the left and right sides of the cup are different heights, the smaller side would give a more conservative price target, and the taller would be a more aggressive target.
What Does a Cup and Handle Pattern Tell Traders?
The cup-and-handle is a candlestick pattern that indicates a cup-shaped price consolidation. This involves a downward price movement, a stabilization period, then a price increase of about the same amount as the downward movement.
This is followed by a sideways pullback between the high and low of the cup shape, forming the handle. Then, a price breakout indicates increasing trade volume. However, as with any trading pattern, a cup-and-handle pattern does not guarantee the stock price will continue on a bullish trajectory, it’s just a trading indicator.
The cup and handle is a bullish pattern that can show a continuation or a reversal from a bearish trend into a bullish trend. Either way it indicates that the stock price will likely rise following the pattern.
Example of a Cup and Handle Pattern
An example of a cup and handle pattern would be if a cup shape forms between $48 and $50. A handle should then form between $49 and $50, ideally closer to $50. Then the price should break out above the price range of the handle.
💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.
Does the Cup and Handle Pattern Work?
The cup-and-handle pattern is one strategy that traders can use to get a sense of the market and inform their investing decisions. However, it is not a perfect tool.
Like any trading pattern, the cup and handle should be used in conjunction with other trend indicators and signals to make informed trading decisions. Although the cup and handle pattern can be a useful and easy to understand pattern to find entry and exit points, it does have some drawbacks.
The cup-and-handle pattern may form over the course of a day, weeks, months, or even a year. This makes it challenging to figure out exactly when to place a purchase order. Generally it forms over a month to a year, but identifying the exact breakout point is not easy.
Also, the depth of the cup can be a confusing part of the pattern. A shallow or a deep cup might be a false signal. The cup also doesn’t always form a handle at all, and the liquidity of the stock also affects the strength of the trading signal.
How to Trade a Cup and Handle Pattern
Traders wait for the handle pattern to form, which may either be in the shape of a sideways handle or a triangle. When the stock price breaks out above the top of the handle, that indicates completion of the cup-and-handle pattern, and creates a signal that stock price could continue to rise.
Although the cup-and-handle pattern can be a strong buy indicator, it does not guarantee that prices will go up. The stock price may rise, fall again, then continue to rise. Or it might rise and then simply fall.
One way to avoid significant losses when this happens is to set a stop-loss on trades with your broker. Day traders may want to close out the trade before the market closes.
Cup-and-Handle Patterns in Crypto
While the cup-and-handle pattern has traditionally been used for stock trading, it can also be used in crypto trading. Cup and handle patterns have formed in Bitcoin and Ethereum charts in recent years. Bitcoin formed a cup and handle pattern in 2019, and Ethereum formed one in 2021. The basic guidelines and indicators are the same for crypto as for stocks.
Stock patterns are signals that form a certain recognizable shape when charted graphically, making them easy to spot and trade. They can help traders find entry or exit points, estimate price targets and potential risk. The cup-and-handle pattern is a useful and easy to follow trading pattern to help traders spot entry points for bullish trades.
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FAQ
Is cup and handle pattern bullish?
Yes, the cup and handle pattern is considered a bullish market signal, and investors may take it as a sign that they should go “long” on an investment or specific market position.
How reliable is cup and handle pattern?
The cup and handle pattern is merely an indicator, and not a promise or sure sign that something is going to happen. As such, investors should be careful not to take it as a sure thing. That said, investors may do well to use it in conjunction with other trading strategies and methods, and along with other trend markers.
What are the rules for the cup and handle pattern?
The cup and handle pattern doesn’t have “rules” per se, but instead, is a pattern that forms on a stock chart. That form shows a stock price decreasing in price over a short period of time, then stabilizing, forming a “cup,” which is then followed by a rise in value, creating the “handle.”
What is the weekly timeframe for the cup and handle pattern?
Cup and handle patterns can emerge on a stock chart over several months, but many times, over a handful of weeks.
Photo credit: iStock/jacoblund
SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below:
Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Crypto: Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies aren’t endorsed or guaranteed by any government, are volatile, and involve a high degree of risk. Consumer protection and securities laws don’t regulate cryptocurrencies to the same degree as traditional brokerage and investment products. Research and knowledge are essential prerequisites before engaging with any cryptocurrency. US regulators, including FINRA , the SEC , and the CFPB , have issued public advisories concerning digital asset risk. Cryptocurrency purchases should not be made with funds drawn from financial products including student loans, personal loans, mortgage refinancing, savings, retirement funds or traditional investments. Limitations apply to trading certain crypto assets and may not be available to residents of all states.
Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.
Groceries are one of the biggest budget items on most families’ lists. Of course, how much you spend will depend on where you live, what you eat, and what your spending habits are. As food costs increase, so may the grocery budget for a family of three.
As you create or revise a monthly budget, it can help to look at how your food spending compares to other families.
• The average grocery budget for a family of 3 can vary depending on factors like location and dietary preferences.
• A moderate-cost plan can range from $387 to $1,031 per month, while a thrifty plan can range from $287 to $764 per month.
• It’s important to create a budget, plan meals, and shop strategically to make the most of your grocery budget.
• Tips for saving money on groceries include meal planning, buying in bulk, using coupons, and shopping sales.
• Adjusting your grocery budget based on your family’s needs and financial situation can help you stay on track and save money.
American Average Grocery Budget for Family of 3
Each month, the USDA publishes a report showing the average costs of groceries at three price levels: budget, moderate, and liberal. Here’s a look at the middle-of-the-road spending for a family of three in 2023. Notice how the average cost of groceries rose more than $87 over the course of the year.
Month (in 2023)
Average Cost of Groceries
January
$975.00
February
$975.00
March
$967.50
April
$970.90
May
$976.70
June
$977.80
July
$981.30
August
$981.00
September
$980.10
October
$983.20
November
$977.00
December
$975.70
💡 Quick Tip: We love a good spreadsheet, but not everyone feels the same. An online budget planner can give you the same insight into your budgeting and spending at a glance, without the extra effort.
How Much to Budget for Groceries Per Person
No matter the size of your family, your grocery budget can depend largely on the cost of food where you live. For instance, according to data from the Missouri Economic Research and Information Center, people in Hawaii, Alaska, and New York tend to pay more for food than residents of Texas, Wyoming, and Michigan. This means $700 per month for groceries may be more reasonable in Texas than in, say, Hawaii.
Creating a household budget and aren’t sure how much to allocate for food? A good rule of thumb is to set aside 10% of your income for groceries and other food costs. So if you take home around $5,000 a month, plan on budgeting $500 for food.
However, you may need to adjust that percentage, especially if you have a larger family or live in an area with a higher cost of living. It may be wise to track how much you spend in any given month on food and see what a reasonable budget would look like for you and your family.
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How to Prioritize Your Grocery Spending
What does it mean to prioritize your grocery spending? It’s simply a way to ensure you’re making the most every dollar when you’re grocery shopping on a budget.
One strategy to consider is to set aside money each month automatically so you have enough to spend on food. Another option is to put groceries as one of the top line items in your monthly budget so you don’t forget to set aside money for it first.
It’s also important to scrutinize how much you spend on food and the choices you make in the grocery store aisles. It could be that your grocery budget is fine, but you may need to reel in how much you spend on certain ingredients or find cheaper alternatives.
Above all, though, make sure you settle on a budget that works for you and your family. Be sure it’s enough to cover what’s important to you all while still sticking to your larger spending plan.
How to Stay Within Your Grocery Budget
It’s easy to give in to temptation at the grocery store, but rest assured, staying within budget is possible. These tips can help:
Shop at discount retailers
Buying your groceries at lower-priced retailers can add up to significant savings, even better if you’re able to purchase ingredients you need on sale. Some retailers may have rewards programs, helping you earn free or heavily discounted groceries.
• Make pricey purchases go the distance: Meat or related products like eggs tend to cost more than other ingredients. Look into recipes that help you stretch a pack of meat or carton of eggs over several meals.
• Use what you have: Before heading to the grocery store, go through your refrigerator, freezer, and pantry to see what you already have. Besides preventing food waste, this also helps you avoid purchasing items you don’t need.
• Buy store brands: In many cases, store-brand items cost much less than brand-name items. The quality for generic items may also be similar.
• Use coupons: Though it may not seem like it’ll make a huge difference, using coupons or grocery store rebates can help make every cent count. Be sure to do some comparison shopping before you hit the checkout counter. Even with discounts, you may still come out ahead with generic or store-brand versions.
• Embrace meal planning: Making plans can help you estimate your food costs for the week and ensure you only purchase items you need.
• Do a spending audit regularly: Tally up how much you’ve spent and what you’ve spent it on. Look for places to cut back on spending, such as purchasing pricey ingredients that can only be used once.
Eating out is a luxury, but it can also be done on a budget. Consider the following tips the next time you’re considering a night out on the town:
• Decide how many times a month you want to eat out: Knowing approximately where and how many times you go out in a given month will help you make a realistic budget.
• Consider drinking only water: While it’s tempting to order fancy drinks when you’re out, sticking with water can help you and your family save money.
• Look for weekly specials or discounts: In an attempt to earn your business, many restaurants will offer specials, such as free kids meals or discounted menu items. These deals usually happen on a weekday, though on occasion you may find discounts during restaurants’ busier times as well.
• Budget for tipping: Paying for your meal isn’t the only cost involved in dining out. Make sure to leave enough room so you can tip your server or bartender.
Tips for Getting Help if You Can’t Afford to Buy Groceries
Sometimes, budgeting will only get you so far. If you need help with food and other necessities, there are some organizations and agencies you may be able to turn to for temporary help:
• Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): If you can meet the program’s eligibility requirements, the government-run program will give you a monthly stipend to spend on food for you and your family.
• Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC): The WIC program is for eligible pregnant women or mothers who have infants up to age 5 who are at risk of not receiving enough nutrients. Note that you’ll need to apply for this government-funded program.
• USDA National Hunger Hotline: If you’re facing food insecurity, you can call the hotline daily from 7am to 10pm ET to find resources like local meal sites or food banks.
• Local food pantries: Many religious organizations, colleges, and other local nonprofits may have food pantries. Call ahead to see when you can receive assistance.
💡 Quick Tip: Income, expenses, and life circumstances can change. Consider reviewing your budget a few times a year and making any adjustments if needed.
The Takeaway
Budgeting for grocery costs isn’t always easy, but it’s worth the effort. It may be worth considering looking at average costs in your area as a guideline for how much to budget and looking at ways to save on food to ensure you’re not spending more than you can afford to. You may also want to consider using online tools like a money tracker app so you can maximize every dollar you make.
Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.
With SoFi, you can keep tabs on how your money comes and goes.
FAQ
What is a reasonable grocery budget?
Most experts recommend budgeting around 10% of your income to food costs.
How much should a family of four spend on groceries?
Depending on where you live, the average cost of groceries for a family of four can average from $1,044.70 to $1,568.10, according to data from USDA.
How much does an average family spend on groceries?
The average family spends about 11.3% on groceries, according to USDA data.
Photo credit: iStock/Prostock-Studio
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Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Whether you’re deciding on a new career path or wondering if you’re being paid enough, it can help to know what the typical American worker earns per year.
Based on the latest data available from the Social Security Administration (SSA), the average annual pay in the U.S. in 2022 was $63,795 — a 5.32% jump from the previous year. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) estimates the average worker made closer to $69,986 that same year. The amount you make may depend on a number of factors, including your occupation, where you live, your gender, and your level of education.
Key Findings
Let’s take a closer look at how the average annual pay in the U.S. has changed over a three-year period based on data from both the SSA and BLS.
Year
Average Annual Salary per SSA
Average Annual Salary per BLS
2020
$55,628.60
$64,021
2021
$60,575.07
$67,610
2022
$63,795
$69,986
It can also be helpful to look at median earnings, which represent the midpoint of salaries in the U.S. In other words, half of the salaries fall below the median, and half are higher than the median.
The following table shows the median annual salary for a three-year period.
Year
Median Annual Salary
2021
$51,896
2022
$54,132
2023
$59,540
Source: BLS
As you can see, average and median incomes have risen each year. However, average salaries can be affected by various factors such as your occupation, age, and gender. Note that the numbers above also don’t include unearned income.
💡 Quick Tip: When you have questions about what you can and can’t afford, a spending tracker app can show you the answer. With no guilt trip or hourly fee.
Examples of High-Salary Jobs in the US
Some industries tend to pay more than others, which means the career you choose may affect how much you earn. Here’s a sampling of high-paying jobs and their average annual salary, according to the BLS:
While salaries tend to vary based on geography, seeing how much certain types of jobs pay can be informative. Let’s take a look at different occupations and how much they typically pay.
Occupation (Type)
Average annual salary
Management
$131,200
Legal
$124,540
Computer and Mathematical Operations
$108,130
Architecture and Engineering
$94,670
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
$96,770
Business and Financial Operations
$86,080
Life, Physical, and Social Science
$83,640
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media
$76,500
Educational Instruction and Library
$63,240
Construction and Extraction
$58,400
Community and Social Service
$55,760
Protective Service
$54,010
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair
$55,680
Sales (and Related)
$50,370
Office and Administrative Support
$45,550
Transportation and Material Moving
$37,920
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry
$37,870
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance
$35,900
Personal Care and Service
$36,210
Healthcare support
$35,560
Food Preparation and Serving Related
$28,130
Source: BLS, May 2022 data
Keep in mind that average salaries may differ depending on the specific occupation you have. For example, although claims adjusters fall under the business and financial operations category, their average salary is around $72,040.
US Income by Gender
Demographics, specifically gender, are another factor to consider. By and large, men tend to outearn women throughout their career. The median annual salary for a 16- to 24-year-old man is $38,688; a woman of the same age earns $36,088, per the latest data available from the BLS. Likewise, the median annual salary for a man aged 25 and older is $64,376; a woman of the same age earns $52,520.
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Median Income by State
Wages often vary based on where you live. In many cases, states with higher costs of living also have higher wages. For example, the median annual income in Hawaii is $104,704 — much higher than Mississippi’s median annual income of $70,950.
Below is the median income by state for a household of three people, according to data compiled by the Census Bureau between April 1 and May 14, 2023.
State
Median annual income
Alabama
$77,419
Alaska
$113,035
Arizona
$90,193
Arkansas
$74,475
California
$104,785
Colorado
$113,822
Connecticut
$121,958
Delaware
$103,598
District of Columbia
$146,440
Florida
$83,396
Georgia
$87,742
Hawaii
$104,704
Idaho
$87,960
Illinois
$101,951
Indiana
$89,800
Iowa
$95,739
Kansas
$88,271
Kentucky
$75,700
Louisiana
$73,393
Maine
$95,531
Maryland
$122,385
Massachusetts
$127,172
Michigan
$93,873
Minnesota
$114,267
Mississippi
$70,950
Missouri
$89,515
Montana
$84,019
Nebraska
$99,845
Nevada
$86,618
New Hampshire
$136,886
New Jersey
$122,540
New Mexico
$71,283
New York
$103,444
North Carolina
$87,369
North Dakota
$93,240
Ohio
$90,912
Oklahoma
$77,166
Oregon
$101,989
Pennsylvania
$100,888
Rhode Island
$109,514
South Carolina
$82,114
South Dakota
$92,794
Tennessee
$85,014
Texas
$87,228
Utah
$102,941
Vermont
$103,763
Virginia
$111,017
Washington
$116,345
West Virginia
$81,964
Wisconsin
$99,261
Wyoming
$93,651
US Income by Race
As the BLS data below shows, there is often a pay disparity among workers of different races and ethnicities.
• Asian, $79,456 per year
• White, $60,164
• Black or African American, $50,284
• Hispanic or Latino, $45,968
How Does Your Income Stack Up?
Now that you’ve seen some of the average and median annual salaries by occupation, location, gender, and race or ethnicity, how does yours compare? If you’re not making as much as you’d like, you may want to research wages in your industry and region, and use that information to help you negotiate a higher salary. If you’re ready to make a bigger change, you can use this data as you consider whether to switch to a more lucrative field or relocate to a higher-paying region.
Here are some different strategies to help you make the most of the money you make:
Track Your Spending
Understanding exactly where your money is going can help you keep tabs on where your money is going and identify areas where you can cut back. Consider using a spending app to track your spending and saving.
Negotiate Bills
Want to lower monthly expenses, such as your cell phone or internet services? Consider calling up various providers to see if you’re able to get a better deal or if there are promotions you can take advantage of.
Cut Back on Large Expenses
Housing, food, and transportation tend to be the largest line budget items. Explore ways to trim your biggest costs. Examples include refinancing your mortgage, negotiating your rent, shopping at discount grocery stores, and taking public transportation when possible.
Sharpen Your Marketable Skills
Accepting networking opportunities and taking professional development courses could help you become more marketable as an employee. This in turn could set you up to earn more in the long run. If you’re on a tight budget, look into no- or low-cost ways to cultivate high-income skills, and ask your employer if there are any free resources available.
Pros and Cons of a High Salary
A high income can be great, but it does come with some downsides.
Pros:
• Improved quality of life: With more money, you can afford a higher standard of living and be able to afford different amenities such as better access to healthcare and food.
• Financial security: The more you earn, the more you can feel secure you have enough money to afford the things you want and need.
• Ability to achieve financial goals faster: Having more disposable income could mean you can set more money aside for long- and short-term savings goals, like retirement or going on a family vacation.
Cons:
• Higher taxes: Earning more can put you in a higher tax bracket. However, there are ways to reduce your taxable income.
• Pressure to maintain income: If you’re accustomed to a certain living standard, you may feel like you need to keep earning the same amount or more to maintain it.
• More work stress: In many cases, higher-paying jobs come with more responsibilities and, at times, longer hours.
💡 Quick Tip: Income, expenses, and life circumstances can change. Consider reviewing your budget a few times a year and making any adjustments if needed.
The Takeaway
Understanding what the average American worker makes in a year can come in handy, especially if you’re considering a new career path, negotiating a higher salary, or looking for a new place to live. According to the latest data from the Social Security Administration, the average annual pay in the U.S. is $63,795. But the amount you earn may depend on a wide range of factors, such as the industry you work in, where you live, your gender, and your race or ethnicity.
Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.
With SoFi, you can keep tabs on how your money comes and goes.
FAQ
What is a good salary in the US?
There’s no one set amount that would be considered a good salary in the U.S. However, the average salary is around $63,795, according to the Social Security Administration.
What is the real average wage in the US?
The average wage in the U.S. is $69,986 according to the most recent data available from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
What is the top 10 percent income in the US?
According to the Economic Policy Institute, the top 10% of workers in the U.S. earn $135,605.
How much should you be making at 30?
While there is no definitive amount you should earn by the time you’re 30, the average salary for U.S. workers aged 25 to 34 is $56,160, according to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Photo credit: iStock/VAKSMANV
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Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.
Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.
Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
While most investors are familiar with stocks, bonds, and cash, there is a world of investment opportunities beyond these assets.
Alternative investments are those outside of traditional assets. While they can be higher risk, alternatives can offer various potential upsides for investors, such as portfolio diversification, higher returns compared to stock and bonds, and the opportunity to earn passive income.
Key Points
• Alternative investments include assets other than stocks, bonds, and cash, such as collectibles, commodities, derivatives, real estate, private equity, venture capital, hedge funds, and more.
• Alternative investments may provide portfolio diversification, as they often have a low correlation with traditional asset classes.
• Alternative investments have the potential to generate higher risk-adjusted returns compared with traditional assets, though this also comes with higher risk.
• Alternative investments tend to be illiquid, not as transparent as other assets, and may include the risk of total loss.
• You can invest in alternative investments through mutual funds, ETFs, interval funds, REITs, MLPs, or by working with an experienced asset manager.
What Are Alternative Investments?
Alternative investments — commonly known as alts — are those that are different from conventional stock, bond, and cash categories. Alts include a wide variety of securities as well as tangible assets such as commodities, foreign currencies, real estate, art and collectibles, venture capital, derivative contracts, and more.
Alts typically have a lower correlation with traditional asset classes, meaning they tend to move independently of them, and thus they may provide investors with portfolio diversification. They also have the potential to generate higher returns when compared to stocks and bonds, and some are structured to provide passive income to investors. But alts typically include higher-risk assets and strategies, which can be illiquid and harder to track, owing to a lack of transparency.
Alts used to be accessible mainly to high net-worth and accredited investors, but now they’re available to a range of investors, thanks to the emergence of vehicles such as mutual funds and ETFs that include various alternative assets and strategies.
The lack of liquidity for most alts means that determining the fair market value of these assets can be quite challenging. Often there is little by way of public data available regarding price changes or asset appreciation or depreciation, making it difficult to assess historical performance.
💡 Quick Tip: While investing directly in alternative assets often requires high minimum amounts, investing in alts through a mutual fund or ETF generally involves a low minimum requirement, making them accessible to retail investors.
Alternative investments, now for the rest of us.
Start trading funds that include commodities, private credit, real estate, venture capital, and more.
Types of Alternative Investments
The following list encompasses some common types of alternative investments and alternative strategies available to investors today.
1. Real Estate
• Summary: You can invest in real estate by owning rental property, investing in commercial real estate, industrial real estate, healthcare facilities, and more. Investors can also buy into Real Estate Investment Trusts, or REITs.
• Pros and cons: Although real estate tends to hold its value over time, there are no guarantees. Different properties can be vulnerable to a host of factors including business trends, land values, interest rate risk, and more.
• Summary: Commodities are raw materials that include agricultural products (e.g. grain, meat), precious metals such as gold, silver, copper, energy (including renewables), and more. Generally, investors participate in commodity trading using futures contracts, index funds, mutual funds, or ETFs.
• Pros and cons: Some investors consider commodities a good hedge against inflation and they have the potential to deliver a profit. However, commodities can suffer from any number of unexpected risk factors, from weather conditions to supply chain breakdowns and more.
• Summary: Private equity (PE) firms invest capital in companies that aren’t publicly traded, often with the aim of taking over the company. Because PE is a high-stakes endeavor, these opportunities are generally available to high net-worth and accredited investors. Now, however, retail investors can gain exposure through vehicles such as interval funds.
• Pros and cons: Private equity is considered a high-risk investment, but if a private company goes public or gets acquired, these investments may perform well. The risk with private equity investments is that these are often focused on distressed companies, with a complex track record, and sometimes startups (see Venture Capital below).
• Summary: VC investing is a way of putting money into startups with the hope of later gains, though there is no guarantee of a return. Investors can buy a slice of startup companies through equity crowdfunding platforms (which differ from traditional crowdfunding in that investors own equity in the company) and interval funds.
• Pros and cons: Venture capital investing is considered a subset of Private Equity, as noted above. It can be risky because if the startup fails, investors may lose all of their money. On the other hand, if a startup does well, investors may see a significant profit.
• Summary: Private credit involves direct loans made to companies from non-bank entities. Private credit can be a more expensive way to borrow, but it can be faster for the companies needing capital, and for investors it offers the potential for steady interest payments.
• Pros and cons: Private credit funds tend to see greater inflows when the stock market is underperforming, and they usually pay higher rates than conventional fixed income instruments. The risk here is that most PC funds offer only quarterly redemptions — so they’re quite illiquid — and they can be vulnerable to defaults.
• Summary: Works or art and other types of collectibles (e.g., wine, jewelry, antiques, cars, rare books) can personally appeal to investors, and may grow in value over time. It’s also possible to invest in fractional shares of art, or in shares of an art-focused fund.
• Pros and cons: Investing in art or collectibles may provide a hedge against inflation or other market factors. That said, the price of upkeep, insurance, and maintenance can be considerable. And while some pieces may gain value over time, art and collectibles can also be subject to changing trends and tastes. Fraud is another risk to consider.
7. Hedge Funds
• Summary: Hedge funds offer investors access to alternative strategies, like arbitrage, leveraged trades, short-selling, and more. Hedge funds aren’t as heavily regulated as other types of funds, so they’re able to make riskier investments and lean into aggressive strategies, with the goal of delivering outsized returns.
• Pros and cons: While hedge funds sometimes deliver a significant profit, they charge high fees and investment minimums that often put them beyond the reach of mainstreet investors. Today, retail investors may be able to access mutual funds, ETFs, funds of funds, or other vehicles that employ similar alternative strategies.
8. Farmland/Timberland
• Summary: Like many types of real estate, farmland and timberland tend to hold their value over time, as long as they remain productive. This type of property can be similar to commodities in that there is potential profit in the products that come from the land (e.g. produce and timber).
• Pros and cons: Owners of farmland can lease out the land to earn income, which can be profitable for investors. The potential downside of investing in farmland and timberland are the environmental and weather-related risks that can impact both the value of the land and its productivity.
9. Infrastructure
• Summary: Infrastructure refers to the physical structures that economies depend on: roads and highways, bridges and tunnels, energy pipelines, and more. Municipal bonds are one way to invest in infrastructure, as are some types of REITs (real estate investment trusts).
• Pros and cons: As a non-cyclical type of asset, infrastructure investments may offer the benefit of less exposure to market risk factors, steady cash flows, and low variable costs. The risks of infrastructure investments include political and environmental factors that can impact or delay the execution of a project.
10. Foreign Currencies
• Summary: Foreign currencies are an example of an alternative investment that can be highly liquid, and thus easier to trade.
• Pros and cons: Currency trading is known for its volatility, and currency traders often make leveraged trades, assuming a high degree of risk. Retail investors may find it potentially less risky to invest via mutual funds, ETFs, foreign bond funds, and even certain types of CDs (certificates of deposit), although the underlying volatility of most currencies will influence the performance of these investments as well.
💡 Quick Tip: Newbie investors may be tempted to buy into the market based on recent news headlines or other types of hype. That’s rarely a good idea. Making good choices shouldn’t stem from strong emotions, but a solid investment strategy.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Investments
In sum, alternative investments are certainly worth considering given their potential advantages, but it’s important to keep in mind the possible disadvantages to make the best choices in light of your own goals and risk tolerance.
Advantages
• May offer the potential for higher risk-adjusted returns.
• Are typically not correlated with traditional stock and bond markets, so they may help diversify a portfolio and mitigate risk.
• May have the potential to deliver passive income.
• Some alts may hedge against inflation or interest rate fluctuations.
• May appeal to an individual’s personal interests: e.g., art, wine, memorabilia.
Disadvantages
• Are often higher risk, or can be subject to greater volatility.
• Can be less liquid than traditional investments due to limited availability of buyers and lack of a convenient market.
• Often limited to high net-worth and accredited investors.
• May have higher minimum investment requirements and higher upfront fees.
• May have less available public data and transparency about performance, making it difficult to determine an asset’s value.
As mentioned above, alternative investments used to be limited to accredited and high net-worth investors, but they’re now available to average investors through mutual funds, ETFs, and sometimes even through companies’ IRAs.
If you’re thinking about adding alternative investments to your portfolio, finding the right brokerage and/or asset manager can help you incorporate alts into your portfolio in the way that makes sense for your long-term plan. SoFi, for example, is working with knowledgeable asset managers in the alts space to provide access to mutual funds across a variety of categories.
Once you’ve identified the types of alternative assets that would suit your goals, your risk tolerance, and your plan (e.g., you might prefer commodities to owning art), you can look for the funds that would help you buy into these asset classes.
Here are some of the more traditional methods to invest in alternative assets:
ETFs
An exchange-traded fund, or ETF, is an investment vehicle that enables investors to buy a group of stocks, bonds, commodities, or other securities in one bundle, thus promoting investment diversification and efficiency. They’re widely available, usually through major investment fund companies.
Interval Funds
These closed-end funds are not traded on the secondary market and have limitations on redemptions (among other risks and restrictions). But because the funds are highly illiquid and have infrequent redemptions, fund managers may use alternative investments to pursue higher yields.
MLPs
A master limited partnership, or MLP, is a business partnership that’s publicly traded on an exchange. While an MLP may sound like a company, these partnerships have a different type of structure and are restricted to natural resources and energy-related products and sometimes real estate.
MLPs can provide the liquidity of stocks, but the tax treatment can be complex — and they are higher risk than regular equities.
Mutual Funds
A mutual fund is an investment vehicle that pools money from many investors in order to invest in different securities. Mutual funds may hold any combination of stocks, bonds, money market instruments, or cash and cash equivalents.
They may also include alternative investments, such as real estate, commodities, or investments in precious metals.
REITs
A real estate investment trust, or REIT, is a way of investing in shares of different types of real estate within a single fund. REITs invest in companies that own, operate, or finance a wide variety of real estate types.
Things to Consider When Investing in Alts
Alternative investments are complex, and while the risk may be worth the potential reward for some investors, there are some additional caveats to bear in mind about these assets.
How Are Alternative Investments Taxed?
Unlike conventional asset classes, which are typically subject to capital gains tax or ordinary income tax, different alts can receive very different tax treatments, even when investing in these assets via a mutual fund or ETF. When investing in alts, it’s wise to involve a professional to help address the tax-planning side of the equation.
What Role Should Alts Play in Your Portfolio?
Remember, because alts don’t generally move in sync with traditional asset classes, they may offset certain risk factors. And while alts come with risks of their own, including volatility and lack of transparency, within the context of your portfolio as a whole, alts, and funds that invest in alts, may enhance returns. Some alternative assets can provide passive income as well as gains.
It’s important to know, however, that alternative investments are higher risk, tend to be more illiquid, and less transparent. As such, alts should typically only be one part of your portfolio to complement other assets. Some advisors, for example, recommend up to a 10% allocation for alternative investments, though this number can vary.
The Takeaway
Alternative investments have the potential for high returns and may offer portfolio diversification. The scope and variety of these investments means investors can look for one (or more) that suits their investing style and financial goals. Unlike more conventional investments, alts tend to be higher risk, more expensive, and subject to complex tax treatment.
It’s important to research and do due diligence on any alternative investment option in order to make the best purchasing decisions and reduce risk. While some alternative investments are less accessible, others can be purchased through vehicles such as mutual funds and ETFs.
Ready to expand your portfolio's growth potential? Alternative investments, traditionally available to high-net-worth individuals, are accessible to everyday investors on SoFi's easy-to-use platform. Investments in commodities, real estate, venture capital, and more are now within reach. Alternative investments can be high risk, so it's important to consider your portfolio goals and risk tolerance to determine if they're right for you.
Invest in alts to take your portfolio beyond stocks and bonds.
FAQ
Are ETFs considered alternative investments?
Generally no. For the most part, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are passive investments — meaning they track an index — and typically that index is for a conventional asset class like stocks or bonds. That said, some ETFs track niche parts of the market, including certain types of alternative strategies, including options, long-short strategies, managed futures, real estate investment trusts (REITs), and more.
Are alternative investments worth it?
For some investors, choosing to add alts to their portfolio might be worth it because alternative assets can add diversification (which can help manage risk), and alts may enhance returns over time. But alts also come with their own set of risk factors, including the fact that some alternative assets are illiquid, and are not regulated like other financial products.
How do alternative investment funds work?
Alternative investment funds work in a range of ways. A mutual fund focused on alternative strategies, like derivatives, is likely to be actively managed and employ techniques like leverage or short selling. Before investing in an alternative fund, it’s wise to make sure you understand the underlying strategy, assets, and fees.
What are the key characteristics of alternative investments?
Alternative investments may offer portfolio diversification with low correlation to traditional assets, potentially higher returns, and may provide protection against inflation or interest rate fluctuations. However, they can be illiquid, may have redemption restrictions, and determining their real-world value can be challenging due to limited transparency and public data.
An investor should consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, and expenses of the Fund carefully before investing. This and other important information are contained in the Fund’s prospectus. For a current prospectus, please click the Prospectus link on the Fund’s respective page. The prospectus should be read carefully prior to investing.
Alternative investments, including funds that invest in alternative investments, are risky and may not be suitable for all investors. Alternative investments often employ leveraging and other speculative practices that increase an investor's risk of loss to include complete loss of investment, often charge high fees, and can be highly illiquid and volatile. Alternative investments may lack diversification, involve complex tax structures and have delays in reporting important tax information. Registered and unregistered alternative investments are not subject to the same regulatory requirements as mutual funds.
Please note that Interval Funds are illiquid instruments, hence the ability to trade on your timeline may be restricted. Investors should review the fee schedule for Interval Funds via the prospectus. SoFi Invest®
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Shares of ETFs must be bought and sold at market price, which can vary significantly from the Fund’s net asset value (NAV). Investment returns are subject to market volatility and shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of an ETF will not protect against loss. An ETF may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences. Fund Fees
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Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.
Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.