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What Is Mortgage Forbearance?

Some mortgage servicers allow borrowers with unforeseen financial troubles to trim or pause mortgage payments short term through a process called mortgage forbearance. So if a homeowner hits a snag and can’t pay, a sudden hardship — such as temporary unemployment or health issues — doesn’t necessarily lead to credit damage or foreclosure.

The goal of forbearance is to give the borrower a chance to become more financially stable. If this sounds like something you need — or if you simply want to read up on forbearance so you’ll be prepared if the unexpected happens — this guide is for you.

Identifying Your Loan Servicer

If you want to ask if mortgage forbearance is an option, you’ll first need to determine your mortgage servicer, which may not be the lender that originally provided the loan. The name of the servicer typically appears on the bill that arrives in the mail or on the website where mortgage payments are made. You could also try looking up your servicer on the MERS® website. Those who think they may have Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac-owned loans can check online as well.


💡 Quick Tip: Have you improved your credit score since you made your home purchase? Home loan refinancing with SoFi could get you a competitive interest rate with lower payments.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.


What Does Mortgage Forbearance Really Mean and How Does It Work?

During forbearance, interest is not paid but accrues and is later added to the loan balance. All suspended payments also will need to be paid back. If rough seas are rising around you, it doesn’t make much sense to wait to ask for a lifeline. Similarly, if you’re experiencing a hardship, before missing even one mortgage payment, it would be smart to contact your servicer to ask about options, go over the details, and formalize an agreement.

It’s important to ask whether skipped payments are expected to be paid in a lump sum when the forbearance ends, paid in installments, or added to the end of the loan term. Forbearance is often only granted after a financial review to gauge the likelihood that you can resume regular payments at the end of the forbearance period.

Do You Have to Pay Extra Interest for Forbearance?

Typically no. The interest rate and amount of interest follow the loan agreement.

The loan interest might change only if the lender extends the loan term or increases the loan interest rate.

Pros and Cons of Mortgage Forbearance

Pros

Cons

It’s a chance to avoid foreclosure Often higher monthly payments after forbearance
Usually has no impact on credit You normally have to prove hardship
Good for short-term hardships Interest accrues
Missed payments must be repaid

Federally Backed and Private Mortgage Options

Thanks to the CARES Act, both conventional and government-backed mortgages were eligible for forbearance due to Covid-related hardships. But these programs wound down in the fall of 2023. This means forbearance programs are specific to your lender, as they were prior to the pandemic. So whether you have a conventional home loan or government-insured home loan (an FHA, USDA, or VA loan), if you’re experiencing hardship it’s important to contact your loan servicer as soon as possible to discuss options and the exact terms.

Lenders typically ask for documentation to prove the hardship, including current monthly income and expenses. They also will want to know whether your hardship is expected to last six months or less (short term) or 12 months (long term). Depending on the lender, you may need to call to discuss options or might be able to start the forbearance request process online.

Coming Out of Forbearance

When a forbearance period ends, how will the amount that was paused be repaid? The answer depends on the lender and type of loan.

•   It’s possible that the sum unpaid during the forbearance period will be due in full once a loan is out of forbearance.

•   That is not true with a Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, FHA, USDA, or VA loan. With these loans, the amount that was suspended will not be required to be paid back in a lump sum.

•   Other lenders may extend the loan period, adding the forbearance dollars to the end of the loan.

•   Yet other lenders may raise monthly payments once a loan is out of forbearance to make up the amount that wasn’t being paid during the mortgage forbearance period.

Deferred Mortgage Payments and Credit Scores

Even one missed mortgage payment will dent your credit scores, and late payments will stay on your credit history for seven years. Forbearance, on the other hand, usually does not show up on credit reports as negative activity.

Alternatives to Mortgage Forbearance

For those who can’t afford to pay their mortgage, mortgage relief options like these may be available.

Mortgage Loan Modification

If you cannot refinance your loan, loan modification is an option. Loan modification changes the original terms of your mortgage long term or permanently. The point is to make your payments more manageable, usually with a lower interest rate, a longer loan term, or both. If the length of the loan is extended, you’ll probably pay less per month than before but pay more interest over the life of the loan.

When reaching out to your loan servicer to discuss loan modification, it’s wise to ask about any fees for the modification; what the new repayment term, rate, and payments will be; and whether the modification is temporary or permanent. As with forbearance, evidence of financial hardship and a letter will be required.

Mortgage Refinancing

Refinancing a mortgage is altogether different from modifying a home loan. When refinancing a mortgage loan, you’re applying for a brand-new loan that would then be used to pay off outstanding home debt. You might qualify for a lower interest rate or get a longer loan term. Closing costs apply.

If you’re struggling financially, it might be difficult to qualify for refinancing, but it doesn’t hurt to get prequalified, which takes mere minutes. You may find that you’re eligible for a refinance during or after forbearance, according to Fannie Mae. (If you do this, make sure you seek mortgage prequalification vs. preapproval and that you understand the difference.)

Draw on Savings

In an emergency, you may want to consider tapping your emergency fund or retirement account. If you have a Roth IRA, remember that you can withdraw contributions at any time tax- and penalty-free. (If you withdraw the earnings on the account, however, you may be subject to taxes, a 10% penalty, or both.)

You may qualify for a hardship distribution from a 401(k) and permanently withdraw money if your plan allows it. Your employer will likely deduct 20% upfront for taxes. The 10% penalty tax is waived if the hardship withdrawal is for a handful of specific reasons.

Sell Your Home

If the weight of mortgage payments becomes too much, you could sell your house and pay off the mortgage.

If the proceeds would fall short, an option is a short sale. Your lender decides whether or not to OK the sale or whether to work out a plan, like allowing you to make interest-only payments for a set amount of time or extending the loan term.

Declare Bankruptcy

Another option to stave off foreclosure is filing for Chapter 13 bankruptcy. Chapter 13 allows a borrower up to five years to pay missed mortgage payments. So instead of having to make one giant payment, if that’s what is being asked for, a homeowner could break up the payments over 60 months.

If, for example, a homeowner accepted a 12-month forbearance on monthly payments of $2,400, a Chapter 13 plan could allow the $28,800 in arrears to be paid over 60 months. Other debts can also be restructured and possibly discharged under Chapter 13.


💡 Quick Tip: Generally, the lower your debt-to-income ratio, the better loan terms you’ll be offered. One way to improve your ratio is to increase your income (hello, side hustle!). Another way is to consolidate your debt and lower your monthly debt payments.

The Takeaway

Mortgage forbearance allows paused or reduced payments for borrowers experiencing a sudden hardship that is expected to last six months or less. It’s one way to ward off foreclosure. It’s not the only way, however, so it’s worth consider forbearance as well as other options such as a loan modification or mortgage refinance.

SoFi can help you save money when you refinance your mortgage. Plus, we make sure the process is as stress-free and transparent as possible. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates on a traditional mortgage refinance or cash-out refinance.


A new mortgage refinance could be a game changer for your finances.

FAQ

Does forbearance hurt credit?

No, if you abide by all the terms of the agreement. Skipped payments during a forbearance period are typically not reported to the credit bureaus.

Is mortgage forbearance a good idea?

If the financial hardship is short term, forbearance could provide a welcome respite until you get back on your feet. And it sure beats foreclosure.

Does forbearance affect getting a new mortgage?

It depends. For Fannie Mae- and Freddie Mac-backed loans, if you paid everything back in a lump sum after forbearance, you can proceed. If not, you will need to make three consecutive payments under your repayment plan or payment deferral option.

FHA loans have a waiting period that varies by loan type if you’ve missed any payment in forbearance, even if you paid everything back in a lump sum.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


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Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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How Do I Get My Student Loan Tax Form?

What Is a Student Loan Tax Form? How Do You Get One?

If you’re a borrower who paid interest on a qualified student loan, it’s possible to deduct some or all of that interest on your federal income tax return with a special tax form for student loans.

To do so, you’ll need to acquire a student loan tax form commonly known as IRS Form 1098-E. You can use this form to report how much you paid in student loan interest. One copy will go to the IRS, and you’ll keep the other.

To learn how to get your hands on your student loan tax form, when to deduct student loan interest and how to file a student tax form, keep reading.

What Are the Tax Forms for Student Loans?

The IRS Form 1098-E is a tax form for student loans that’s sent out by your loan servicer, or the company that collects your student loan payments. Sometimes, your lender services their own loans. Other times, they hire an outside service to collect their payments for them.

The loan servicer is required to send borrowers a 1098-E to complete their taxes if the borrower owes at least $600 in student loan interest. Typically, they’ll get them out by the end of January, since the interest forms for student loans and tax season coincide.

If you have more than one loan servicer, you’ll receive a 1098-E form from each.

The Purpose of a Student Tax Form

The student loan tax form is designed to give people with student loan debt the opportunity to deduct some or potentially all of the interest the debt accrues on their federal income tax return.

If you paid at least $600 in interest on a qualified student loan, the lender you paid that interest to should send you a 1098-E. Regardless of how many student loans you have, the $600 threshold still applies.

Recommended: What is the Average Student Loan Debt After College?

Uses of a Student Loan Tax Form

The student loan tax form is used to calculate your student tax interest deduction on your tax return.

As long as you meet certain conditions, you may be eligible to deduct up to $2,500 in student loan interest from your taxable income:

•   You are filing separately and/or not married

•   Your income is below the annual limit

•   You are legally obligated to pay the interest, not someone else

•   If you’re filing a joint return, neither you nor your spouse is being claimed as a dependent on another person’s tax return

The eligibility for the student loan interest deduction is determined based on a borrower’s modified adjusted gross income (MAGI), or their adjusted gross income (AGI) after factoring in any tax penalties incurred and allowable deductions. At a certain higher income bracket, the deduction is reduced or eliminated.

•   For taxpayers filing as single: The deduction is reduced once they have $75,000 of modified AGI and it’s eliminated at $90,000.

•   For taxpayers filing jointly: The deduction is reduced at $150,000 of modified AGI and it’s eliminated at $180,000.

Getting Your Student Tax Form

To obtain your college student tax form and ensure you aren’t missing any tax documents this season, there are a few steps you can take:

1.    Go directly to your loan servicer ’s website, where a downloadable 1098-E form will likely be available.

2.    Contact your loan servicer via telephone if you’re unable to visit their website.

3.    If you don’t know who your loan servicer is, visit StudentAid.gov or call the Federal Student Aid Information Center at 1-800-4-FED-AID, then complete steps 1 and 2.

Finally, note that student tuition tax form 1098-E is not available for download through the Federal Student Aid website .

There are plenty of useful tools on the site to get you where you need to go, but, ultimately, you can’t download your student loan tax form directly from the website.

If you have private student loans, contact your lender directly.

Recommended: What Is IRS Form 1098?

Filling Out a Student Loan Interest Tax Form

When it comes to filling out a college student loan tax form, the IRS provides detailed instructions for the 2023 tax season to help financial, educational, and governmental institutions and borrowers cover all their bases.

At the most basic level, according to the IRS , if a loan servicer receives student loan interest of $600 or more from an individual during the year in the course of their trade or business, they must:

•   File a 1098-E form and;

•   Provide a statement or acceptable substitute, on paper or electronically, to the borrower

There are two boxes on the 1098-E form:

•   Box 1 is the amount of student loan interest received by the lender. It’s important to note, this figure represents interest paid, not loan payments made.

•   Box 2, if checked, denotes the fact that the amount in Box 1 does not include loan origination fees and/or capitalized interest for loans made before September 1, 2004.

Once you receive the 1098-E form, it’s up to you to include it when you file your taxes.

When to Deduct Student Loan Interest?

Student loan interest tax deduction is a type of federal income tax deduction that lets student loan borrowers deduct up to $2,500 of the interest paid on qualified student loans from their taxable income. It’s one of many tax breaks available to students and their parents to help them pay for college.

To know when to deduct student loan interest, it’s important to know if you meet the necessary qualifications:

•   Your student loan was taken out for the taxpayer (you), your spouse, or your dependent(s).

•   Your student loan was taken out when you were enrolled at least half-time in an academic program that led to a degree, certificate, or recognized credential.

•   Your student loan was used for qualifying education expenses such as tuition, textbooks, supplies, fees, or equipment (not including room and board, insurance, or transportation).

•   Your student loan was used within a “reasonable period of time,” and its proceeds were disbursed 90 days before the beginning of the academic period in which they were used or 90 days after it ended.

•   The college or school where you were enrolled is considered an eligible institution that participates in student aid programs managed by the U.S. Department of Education.

Do International Students Have a Different Tax Form?

For international students, it’s possible to deduct student loan interest from a foreign country, as long as their student loan is qualified (meeting the requirements listed above) and they’re legally obligated to make student loan payments on that loan.

There’s no need for international students to acquire a special international student tax form, however. The year-end financial statement from their loan servicer is typically sufficient enough proof for them to claim the student loan interest.

The Takeaway

If you paid interest on a qualified student loan for yourself or a dependent, you can likely deduct that interest on this year’s tax return. Once you’ve determined when and whether you’re able to deduct student loan interest and how to file a student loan interest form, you can simply wait for your loan servicer to send along a copy of your 1098-E or visit their website.

When you work with a private student loan lender like SoFi, you can access your 1098-E online, making it even easier to file your taxes and deduct student loan interest without waiting by your mailbox.

Photo credit: iStock/FG Trade


SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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How to Automate Savings

Who doesn’t want to save more money? But as common a goal as this may be, it’s hard to achieve. Lack of time, focus, and funds can all play a role. Which is why automating your savings — meaning the endeavor is taken off your plate and happens like clockwork — can be a very helpful tactic.

Saving money is important on so many levels, from building up a healthy emergency fund to having a retirement nest egg. And it seems as if Americans could use some help in this pursuit. The personal savings rate in the U.S. was 4.10% at the end of 2023, which is less than half what it was a couple of years prior.

Automating your savings could help change that. Read on to learn:

•   Why automating savings can be such a good idea

•   How to automate savings nine different ways

Why Automating Savings Makes Sense

When people say one thing and then do another, it’s called the value-action gap or intentional-behavior gap. Psychologists have lots of theories about why this disconnect exists.

When it comes to saving money, lots of things can get in the way: routine bills, an unexpected big night out with friends, a shopping splurge, or simply forgetting to move money into savings.

But by taking some of the human element out of saving money and using an automatic savings technique, it may be possible to overcome some of the obstacles that make it hard for people to save.

Automating your finances also reduces the amount of time you have to spend each month on tasks like paying bills and other aspects of routine cash management. And it helps you sidestep procrastination and instant gratification, which can be powerful forces to overcome — and often stand in the way of growing savings.

💡 Quick Tip: Banish bank fees. Open a new bank account with SoFi and you’ll pay no overdraft, minimum balance, or any monthly fees.

Earn up to 4.20% APY with a high-yield savings account from SoFi.

No account or monthly fees. No minimum balance.

9x the national average savings account rate.

Up to $2M of additional FDIC insurance.

Sort savings into Vaults, auto save with Roundups.


9 Ways to Automate Savings

How to automate savings? Simply decide which actions to automate and set them up with a lender (if they offer automated services).

Here are some good ways to get started.

1. Set Up Direct Deposit

A good first step to automating savings is setting up direct deposit for paychecks. This means that on payday, your paycheck goes directly into the bank account. People often plunk their full paycheck into their checking account, but a smart move can be to send some of those funds into a savings vehicle.

•   Whether you fund a dedicated savings account or investment fund, this process will ensure a regular, ongoing flow of money to help you build a nest egg.

•   If your employer doesn’t have a way for you to divide your automatic deposit, there’s a simple workaround: Have your paycheck go into your checking account and then have a sum automatically transferred to savings on the next day.

2. Earmark Money for Each Goal

There are a lot of things people can choose to do with their money. Most people have more than one savings goal, from accumulating cash for a vacation, a new car, or the down payment on a home.

If all of your money goes into a single savings account, it can be difficult to determine how effectively they are tracking for each individual goal. You can gain financial clarity by setting up separate savings accounts for each goal and then making regular automated deposits into each.

How much should go into each savings account? That depends on your goals and the immediacy of each. If you’re saving for a vacation a year from now, figure out the price tag for your trip, divide by 12, and that’s how much to stash away each month.

Recommended: How to Calculate Savings Account Interest

3. Choose a High-Interest Account

Saving can be hard work. But without the right savings account, those hard-earned dollars may not go as far as they potentially could. Instead of putting money in just any account, look for a high-interest savings account to increase the returns of your automated savings.

There are different ways to earn more interest on your money.

•   Some lenders may reward automatic savers, helping them to reach their goals faster. For example, a recurring automated deposit of $100 may earn interest at a lower starting rate, but increasing that deposit to $500 each month may trigger a higher rate.

•   Or look for an online bank which, since they don’t have to pay for brick-and-mortar locations and in-person staff, typically pay higher rates than traditional banks.

4. Take Advantage of Employer Programs

For those who have savings for retirement among their financial goals, employers can be a great savings partner. Those with a 401(k) may want to arrange automatic paycheck deductions, so the contribution comes out of your pay before it even lands in their bank account.

Some companies will also match 401(k) contributions up to a certain level each year. Aim to earmark at least enough to get that match; otherwise, it’s akin to leaving money on the table. It’s an easy way to increase retirement savings.

Recommended: 15 Creative Ways to Save Money

5. Pay Bills Automatically

The late fees associated with missing a bill payment needlessly take a bite out of savings. So if you’re trying to save money, ensuring that all payments go out on time is an easy way to reduce losses that can derail a savings plan. A few pointers:

•   Organizing your bills is important, but you don’t need a great memory to stay on top of rent, car, and utility payments — these can usually be done automatically. It makes sense to automate predictable billings that don’t fluctuate each month. Set them up in the payment system, and rest assured they’ll be paid by the due date as long as adequate funds are available.

•   For credit card bills, it’s good to ensure that spending habits don’t exceed the amount flowing into the account from paychecks and other sources.

•   If you spend more in a particular month, it’s wise to check in advance of the payment date that there are sufficient funds to cover the automatic payment.

•   Setting up a calendar alert each month several days before the credit card payment date is a good reminder to make sure there’s enough money to cover the amount owed, particularly if your credit card spending habits are irregular.

6. Monitor Financial Insights

Setting — and sticking to — a budget is an important part of successful financial management. But it can be a lot of work to monitor spending in each category and to stay on the right side of all targets.

Here’s where technology can definitely give you a boost. Instead of crunching the numbers week after week and month after month, apps and other digital tools can improve the ease of fulfilling this important, but arguably boring, mathematical task.

Your bank may well offer an automated tool or dashboard that shows in real-time your spending and saving. This means you can see account balances and itemized spending category breakdowns to have a clear picture of where your money goes and where you might cut back.

Some banks also allow account holders to set up personal financial goals — such as monthly savings targets — and then automatically track their transactions against them. This can be helpful when you are trying to boost savings and your sense of financial security.

7. Increase Deposits Over Time

While learning how to automate savings can take the headache out of managing finances, it’s wise to revisit the amounts periodically. Cash flows change from time to time (you get a raise, you pay off a car loan, you have a baby), and there may be new opportunities to save.

Even if nothing of note has changed, some individuals may find that they have more room to contribute to savings than they estimated at the outset. Even increasing automated savings by 1% per paycheck can help savings grow faster.

Setting a periodic automatic calendar reminder to closely review finances (perhaps every quarter) can be a wise move.

8. Use a Cash-Back Card

If you have a cash-back credit card, you may typically use that 1% to 5% back on purchases to… purchase more. Instead, direct your cash-back rewards into a savings account. Whether you get $10, $100, or more in cash back per month, it will help your savings account grow.

9. Funnel Your Windfalls Wisely

If you get a tax refund or a bonus at work, send that money into savings (or at least some of it) versus checking. Sure, it’s fun to get an infusion of cash and go shopping or dining out, but you can hit those financial goals more quickly if you send the money straight to savings, where it can earn compound interest and grow.

The Takeaway

Automating your savings can help ease your path to reaching your financial goals, from saving for a wedding to nurturing a retirement nest egg. This process is quick and convenient, and doesn’t require you to remember regular money transfers nor break out the calculator to see where you stand financially. Finding a savings account with a competitive interest rate and low or no fees can help your savings grow even faster.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.20% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.


SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2024 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.


SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.20% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/31/2024. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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What Is an IPO?

What Is an IPO?

An IPO, or initial public offering, refers to privately owned companies selling shares of the business to the general public for the first time.

“Going public” has benefits: It can boost a company’s profile, bring prestige to the management team, and raise cash that can be used for expanding the business.

But there are downsides to going public as well. The IPO process can be costly and time-consuming, and subject the business to a high level of scrutiny.

Key Points

•   An IPO, or initial public offering, is when a privately owned company sells shares of the business to the general public for the first time.

•   Companies typically hire investment bankers and lawyers to help them with the IPO process.

•   Reasons for a company IPO include raising capital, providing an exit opportunity for early stakeholders, and gaining more liquidity and publicity.

•   Pros of an IPO include an opportunity to raise capital, future access to capital, increased liquidity, and exposure.

•   Cons of an IPO include costs and time, disclosure obligations, liability, and a loss of managerial flexibility.

How Do IPOs Work?

To have an IPO, a company must file a prospectus with the SEC. The company will use the prospectus to solicit investors, and it includes key information like the terms of the securities offered and the business’s overall financial condition.

Behind the scenes, companies typically hire investment bankers and lawyers to help them with the IPO process. The investment bankers act as underwriters, or buyers of the shares from the company before transferring them to the public market. The underwriters at the investment bank help the company determine the offering price, the number of shares that will be offered, and other relevant details.

The company will also apply to list their stock on one of the different stock exchanges, like the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq Stock Exchange.

IPO Price vs Opening Price

The IPO price is the price at which shares of a company are set before they are sold on a stock exchange. As soon as markets open and the stock is actively traded, that price begins to go up or down depending on consumer demand, which is known as the opening price.

💡 Quick Tip: The best stock trading app? That’s a personal preference, of course. Generally speaking, though, a great app is one with an intuitive interface and powerful features to help make trades quickly and easily.

History of IPOs

While there are some indications that shares of businesses were traded during the Roman Republic, the first modern IPO is widely considered to have been offered by the Dutch East India Company in the early 1600s. In general, the Dutch are credited with inventing the stock exchange, with shares of the Dutch East India Company being the sole company trading in Amsterdam for many years.

In the U.S., Bank of North America conducted the first American IPO, which likely took place in 1783. A report claims investors hiding cash in carriages evaded British soldiers to buy shares of the first American IPO.

Henry Goldman led investment bank Goldman Sachs’ first IPO — United Cigar Manufacturers Co. — in 1906, pioneering a new way of valuing companies. A challenge for retail companies at the time was that they lacked hard assets, as other big businesses like railroads had at the time. Goldman pushed to value companies based on their income or earnings, which remains a key part of IPO valuations today.

Why Does A Company IPO, or “Go Public”?

Defining what an IPO is doesn’t explain why a company “goes public” — an important detail in the process. Because an IPO requires a significant amount of time and resources, a business probably has good reason to go through the trouble.

Raising Money

A common reason is to raise capital (money) for possible expansion. Prior to an IPO, a private company may procure funding through angel investors, venture capitalists, private investors, and so on.

A company may reach a size where it is no longer able to procure enough capital from these sources to fund further expansion. Offering sales of stock to the public may allow a company to access this rapid influx of investment capital.


💡 Quick Tip: Keen to invest in an IPO? Be sure to check with your brokerage about what’s required. Typically IPO stock is available only to eligible investors.

Exit Opportunity

An IPO may be a way for early stakeholders, such as angel investors and venture-capital firms, to cash out of their holdings. Venture-capital firms in particular have their own investors that need to provide returns for. IPOs are a way for them to transfer their share of a private company by selling their equity to public investors.

More Liquidity

Venture-capital firms and angel investors aren’t the only ones who may be seeking more liquidity for stakes in companies. Liquidity refers to the ease with which an investor can sell an asset. Stocks tend to be much more liquid assets than private-company stakes.

Hence, employees with equity options can also use IPOs as a way to gain more liquidity for their holdings, although they are usually subject to lock-up periods.

Publicity

From the roadshow that investment banks hold to inform potential investors about the company to when executives may ring the opening bell at a stock exchange, an IPO can bring out greater publicity for a company.

Being listed as a public company also exposes a business to a wider variety of investors, allowing the business to obtain more name recognition.

Pros and Cons of an IPO

As with any business decision, there are downsides and risks to going public that should be considered in conjunction with the potential benefits. Here’s a look at a few:

Pros

Cons

An IPO may allow a company to raise capital on a scale otherwise unavailable to it. It can use these funds to expand the business, build infrastructure, and to fund research and development. Public companies must keep the public informed about their business operations and finance. They are subject to a host of filing requirements from the SEC, from initial disclosure obligations to quarterly and annual financial reports.
After an IPO, companies can issue more stock, which can help with future efforts to raise capital. Companies and company leaders may be liable if legal obligations like quarterly and annual filings aren’t met.
IPOs increase liquidity, which allows business owners and employees to more easily exercise stock options or sell shares. Public companies must consider the concerns and opinions of a potentially vast pool of investors. Private companies on the other hand, often answer to only a small group of owners and investors.
Public companies may use stock as payment when acquiring or merging with other businesses. Public companies are under more scrutiny than their private counterparts, as they’re forced to disclose information about their business operations.
IPOs can generate a lot of publicity. Going public is time consuming and expensive.

Participating in an IPO: 3 Steps to Buying IPO Stock

steps to buying IPO stock

1. Read the Prospectus

IPOs can be hard to analyze: It’s difficult to learn much about a company going public for the first time. There’s not a lot of information floating around beforehand since when companies are private, they don’t really have to disclose any earnings with the SEC. Before an IPO, you can look at two documents to get information about the company: Form S-1 and the red herring prospectus.

2. Find Brokerage

If you want to purchase shares of a stock in an IPO, you’ll most commonly have to go through a broker. Some firms also let you buy shares at the offering price as opposed to the trading price once the stock is on the public market.

3. Request Shares

Once a brokerage account is set up, you can let your broker know electronically or over the phone how many shares of what stock you’d like to buy and what order type. The broker will execute the trade for you, usually for a fee, although many online brokerages now offer zero commission trading.

Who Can Buy IPO Stock?

Not everyone has the ability to buy shares at the IPO price. When a company wants to go public, they typically hire an underwriter — an investment bank — that structures the IPO and drums up interest among investors. The underwriter acquires shares of the company and sets a price for them based on how much money the company wants to raise and how much demand they think there is for the stock.

The underwriter will likely offer IPO shares to its institutional investors, and it may reserve some for other people close to the company. The company wants these initial shareholders to remain invested for the long-term and tries to avoid allocating to those who may want to sell right after a first-day pop in the share price.

Investment banks go through a relatively complicated process in part to help them avoid some of the risks associated with a company going public for the first time. It’s possible that the IPO could become oversubscribed, e.g when there are more buyers lined up for the stock at the IPO price than there are actual shares.

When Can You Sell IPO Stock?

Shortly after a company’s IPO there may be a period in which its stock price experiences a downturn as a result of the lock-up period ending.

The IPO lock-up period is a restriction placed upon investors who acquired company stock before it went public that keeps them from selling their shares for a certain period of time after the IPO. The lock-up period typically ranges from 90 to 180 days. It’s meant to prevent too many shares in the early days of the IPO from flooding the market and driving prices down.

However, once the period is over, it can be a bit of a free-for-all as early investors cash in on their stocks. It may be worth waiting for this period to pass before buying shares in a newly public company.

Things to Know Before Investing in an IPO

An IPO, by definition, gives the investing public an opportunity to own the stock of a newly public company. However, the SEC warns that IPOs can be risky and speculative investments.

IPO Market Price

To understand why investing in an IPO can be risky, it is helpful to know that the business valuation and offering price have not been determined not by the market forces of supply and demand, as is the case for stocks trading openly in a market exchange.

Instead, the offering price is usually determined by the company and the underwriters who negotiate a price based on an often-competing set of interests of involved parties.

Post-IPO Trading

Purchasing shares in the market immediately following an IPO can also be risky. Underwriters may do what they can to buoy the trading price initially, keeping it from falling too far below the offering price.

Meanwhile, IPO lock-up periods may stop early investors and company executives from cashing out immediately after the offering. The concern to investors is what happens to the price once this support ends.

Data from Dealogic shows that since 2010, a quarter of U.S. IPOs have seen losses after their first day.

IPO Due Diligence

Investors with the option to invest in an IPO should do so only after having conducted their due diligence. The SEC states that “being well informed is critical in deciding whether to invest. Therefore, it is important to review the prospectus and ask questions when researching an IPO.”

Investors should receive a copy of the prospectus before their broker confirms the sale. To read the prospectus before then, check with the company’s most recent registration statement on EDGAR, the SEC’s public filing system.

IPO Alternatives

Since the heady days of the dot-com bubble, when many new companies were going public, startups have become more disgruntled with the traditional IPO process. Some of these businesses often complain that the IPO model can be time-consuming and expensive.

Particularly in Silicon Valley, the U.S. startup capital, many companies are taking longer to go public. Hence, the emergence of so many unicorn companies — businesses with valuations of $1 billion or greater.

In recent years, alternatives to the traditional IPO process have also emerged. Here’s a closer look at some of them.

Recommended: Guide to Tech IPOs

Direct Listings

In direct listings, private companies skip the process of hiring an investment bank as an underwriter. A bank may still offer advice to the company, but their role tends to be smaller. Instead, the private company relies on an auction system by the stock exchange to set their IPO price.

Companies with bigger name brands that don’t need the roadshows tend to pick the direct-listing route.

SPACs

Special purpose acquisition companies or SPACs have become another common way to go public. With SPACs, a blank-check company is listed on the public stock market.

These businesses typically have no operations, but instead a “sponsor” pledges to seek a private company to buy. Once a private-company target is found, it merges with the SPAC, going public in the process.

SPACs are often a speedier way to go public. They became wildly popular in 2020 and 2021 as many famous sponsors launched SPACs.

Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding is collecting small amounts of money from a bigger group of individuals. The advent of social media and digital platforms have expanded the possibilities for crowdfunding.

The Takeaway

Initial public offerings or IPOs are a key part of U.S. capital markets, allowing private businesses to enter the world’s biggest public market. Conducting an IPO is a multi-step, expensive process for private companies but allows them to significantly expand their reach when it comes to fundraising, liquidity and brand recognition.

For investors, buying an IPO stock can be tempting because of the potential of getting in on a company’s growth early and benefiting from its expansion. However, it’s important to know that many IPO stocks also tend to be untested, meaning their businesses are newer and less stable, and that the stock price can fluctuate — creating considerable risk for investors.

Whether you’re curious about exploring IPOs, or interested in traditional stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), you can get started by opening an account on the SoFi Invest® brokerage platform. On SoFi Invest, eligible SoFi members have the opportunity to trade IPO shares, and there are no account minimums for those with an Active Investing account. As with any investment, it's wise to consider your overall portfolio goals in order to assess whether IPO investing is right for you, given the risks of volatility and loss.


Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

Explore the IPO Series:


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INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Investing in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) involves substantial risk, including the risk of loss. Further, there are a variety of risk factors to consider when investing in an IPO, including but not limited to, unproven management, significant debt, and lack of operating history. For a comprehensive discussion of these risks please refer to SoFi Securities’ IPO Risk Disclosure Statement. IPOs offered through SoFi Securities are not a recommendation and investors should carefully read the offering prospectus to determine whether an offering is consistent with their investment objectives, risk tolerance, and financial situation.

New offerings generally have high demand and there are a limited number of shares available for distribution to participants. Many customers may not be allocated shares and share allocations may be significantly smaller than the shares requested in the customer’s initial offer (Indication of Interest). For SoFi’s allocation procedures please refer to IPO Allocation Procedures.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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FHA Loan vs. Conventional Mortgage: Decoding the Differences

There are many steps in the homebuying process, not least of which is deciding what type of mortgage to use. Comparing two common mortgage categories — a loan backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) vs a conventional loan — is a smart place to start. This may be especially true for first-time homebuyers, who often find it challenging to save a substantial amount of money for a down payment.

Understanding FHA Loans and Conventional Mortgages

Buying a home is often the largest investment of a lifetime. It’s important for borrowers to understand how the FHA loan vs conventional loan decision could impact their interest rate, loan terms, and minimum down payment. Eligibility requirements also vary between different types of home mortgages. Let’s examine how each loan type works, plus the factors to consider when deciding between an FHA vs a conventional loan.



💡 Quick Tip: SoFi’s Lock and Look + feature allows you to lock in a low mortgage financing rate for 90 days while you search for the perfect place to call home.

What Is an FHA Loan?

An FHA loan is a government-backed loan that’s issued by a lender, such as a bank or credit union, but insured by the Federal Housing Authority (FHA). FHA loans offer low down payment options, as well as flexible income and credit guidelines. For a first-time homebuyer, it may be easier to secure an FHA loan than a conventional mortgage, although it’s always worth exploring both options.

What Is a Conventional Mortgage?

Conventional loans are not insured by the government. They typically have stricter borrower requirements than FHA loans but can cost less over the life of the loan.

Basic Eligibility and Application Process for Each

There are some key differences in eligibility requirements between these two popular mortgage types. Eligibility for FHA and conventional loans is based in part on financial factors like credit score and debt-to-income ratio (DTI). Additionally, FHA loans can only be used for a primary residence and require borrowers to occupy the property within 60 days. Buyers can typically have only one FHA loan at a time, unless they meet specific exceptions.

Applying for either type of home loan involves many of the same steps of the mortgage preapproval process. With either mortgage type, lenders may ask borrowers to submit information on the property they’re purchasing and documentation of income, assets, debts, and employment.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.


Recommended: The Mortgage Loan Process Explained in 9 Steps

FHA vs. Conventional Loans: Key Distinctions

In a head-to-head FHA vs conventional loan comparison, it’s worth noting some key distinctions. The minimum down payment, credit requirements, insurance, loan limit, and property eligibility varies between each loan type. Here’s how it looks:

Down Payment Requirements and Differences

Pitting an conventional loan vs. an FHA loan will show you how much money you need to put down on a house. (To get a good sense of how much home you are prepared to buy, use a home affordability calculator.) The minimum down payment for FHA loans is 3.5% for borrowers with at least a 580 credit score and 10% for borrowers with credit scores between 500-579. Meanwhile, conventional loans can offer down payments as low as 3% for a fixed-rate loan, or 5% for an adjustable-rate mortgage.

Credit Score Requirements and Impact on Approval

Lenders will look at your credit score with either loan type. Borrowers can secure an FHA loan with a credit score of 500, though as noted above, this requires a down payment of 10% versus just 3.5% with a credit score of 580 or higher. Conventional loans have stricter credit requirements — borrowers will typically need a credit score of at least 620 to qualify.

Mortgage Insurance: PMI vs. MIP

Mortgage insurance premiums (MIPs) are required with an FHA loan. This includes an upfront payment equivalent to 1.75% of the loan and an annual premium that’s spread across monthly mortgage payments. MIP runs for the full loan term or for 11 years if a borrower puts 10% or more down. With a conventional loan, buyers who put less than 20% down will need private mortgage insurance (PMI), which is paid monthly with the mortgage payment.

Loan Limits and Property Eligibility

The amount you can borrow and the condition and intended use of the property are key factors when deciding between an FHA vs. conventional loan. FHA loan limits are set annually by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). For 2024, the limit for single-family residences is $498,257 for low-cost areas and $1,149,825 for high-cost areas. The limits increase for two-, three-, and four-unit properties. In 2024, the conventional loan limit for single-family properties is $766,550 in low-cost areas and $1,149,825 in high-cost areas.

Property eligibility also differs by loan type. FHA loans involve stricter appraisals that consider safety and building codes, not just the home’s value. Additionally, conventional loans can be used for a second home while FHA loans are limited to primary residences.

Interest Rate Variations

Interest rates are influenced by several factors, including a borrower’s income, credit score, down payment amount, and the overall state of the economy. Because FHA loans are backed by the government, they generally have more competitive interest rates compared to conventional mortgages.

Benefits and Drawbacks of FHA Loans

Lower Down Payment but with Mortgage Insurance Premium

For borrowers with credit scores of 580 or higher, the ability to put as little as 3.5% down is a key reason for choosing an FHA loan. But FHA borrowers pay MIP, regardless of the down payment amount.

Recommended: Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) versus Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP)

Flexible Credit Requirements

In terms of credit score, FHA loans are easier to qualify for than conventional loans. FHA loans require a credit score of 580 to put 3.5% down or 500 to put 10% down.

Property Eligibility and Restrictions

FHA loans are intended for primary residences, so they can’t be used for vacation homes or investment properties. The appraisal process for FHA loans is also more strict than for conventional loans. The FHA appraisal assesses the property value and the home condition to ensure it meets minimum property standards set by HUD. These extensive standards cover design, as well as building materials such as insulation.

Interest Rate Variability

FHA loans usually have lower interest rates since lenders incur less risk with government-backed loans. Interest rates vary by lender, so it’s worth shopping around to compare options, whether you are considering an FHA or a conventional mortgage.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Mortgages

Opting for a conventional loan vs FHA loan comes with a mix of potential benefits and drawbacks.

Higher Down Payment but No Upfront Mortgage Insurance

Though borrowers could qualify for a conventional loan with a 3% down payment, a higher down payment is more common. The average down payment on a house is 13%, although younger borrowers and first-time buyers often put down less than this. Borrowers can choose to put 20% down on a conventional loan to avoid the cost of private mortgage insurance.

Stricter Credit Score Requirements

The minimum credit score to qualify for a conventional loan is 620, though this can vary by lender.

Property Eligibility and Restrictions

Conventional loans don’t have the same occupancy requirements as FHA Loans. This allows borrowers to purchase a variety of property types, including primary residences, vacation homes, and investment properties.

Interest Rate Stability and Flexibility

There are two types of conventional loans: fixed-rate and adjustable-rate. The former has the same interest rate for the loan term, offering predictability and stability. Adjustable-rate mortgages, on the other hand, tend to have a lower introductory rate for several years before the rate fluctuates based on market conditions. This can provide upfront savings at the onset of the mortgage.

FHA Loan vs. Conventional: Costs Comparison

When comparing FHA loans vs conventional loans, it’s worth considering the monthly payment and overall cost over the life of the loan with each option. For home buyers with a good credit score, a conventional loan may be more attractive. That’s because conventional loan costs are more dependent on your credit score and down payment amount than FHA loan costs. And as a result, your monthly payments and PMI are lower when your credit score is higher. This is a key difference from how FHA loans work.

Upfront and Monthly Costs for Mortgage Insurance

FHA loans require paying MIP for 11 years or the life of the loan depending on the down payment amount. MIP also involves an upfront cost that’s equal to 1.75% of the loan amount. The ongoing cost of MIP is between 0.45% and 1.05% annually, divided across monthly payments.

With a conventional loan, borrowers pay PMI, which typically ranges from 0.5% to 2% of the total loan amount annually. The cost of PMI depends on the borrower’s credit score, loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, and other factors. Borrowers can stop paying PMI once the mortgage balance is at 78% of the home’s original value or current value following an appraisal. For borrowers with stronger credit, PMI with a conventional loan can cost less than MIP with an FHA loan

Interest Rates and Overall Loan Costs

Though FHA loans can offer more competitive rates and be less expensive in the short-term, borrowers with strong credit could save in the long-term with a conventional loan. Once borrowers get out of PMI on a conventional loan, the annual percentage rate (APR) — the annual cost of the loan — may be lower than an FHA loan.

Down Payment Impact on Immediate and Long-Term Finances

If you can afford to put 20% down on a conventional loan, you’ll avoid the upfront and ongoing cost of PMI. Putting more money down could translate to a lower interest rate, providing further savings on monthly payments and long-term finances.

Increasing your down payment on an FHA loan to 10% can reduce the duration of paying MIP to 11 years and potentially lower the interest rate. However, borrowers who can afford a higher down payment may save more with a conventional loan since PMI can be canceled sooner.

FHA vs. Conventional Loans: Eligibility and Qualification Criteria

Borrowers have to meet certain eligibility requirements to qualify for either an FHA or a conventional loan. Generally, FHA loans are easier to qualify for, but they have stricter property eligibility requirements than conventional loans.

Qualifying Credit Scores for FHA and Conventional Loans

To qualify for a conventional loan, borrowers typically need a credit score of 620 or higher. Meanwhile, borrowers could qualify for an FHA loan with a credit score of 500 if they put 10% down. Borrowers with a 580 credit score can put just 3.5% down.

Down Payment Requirements for Both Loan Types

The minimum down payment for a conventional loan is typically 3% if it’s a fixed-rate mortgage or 5% if it’s an adjustable-rate mortgage. However, the down payment requirement can vary based on a borrower’s financial situation, loan amount, and type of property. FHA loans require either a 3.5% or 10% down payment depending on a borrower’s credit score.

Property Eligibility and Loan Limits

FHA loans can only be used for primary residences, while conventional loans apply to a primary residence, vacation home, or investment property. For 2024, FHA loan limits for single-family homes are $498,257 (in low-cost areas of the U.S.) and $1,149,825 (in high-cost areas). Conventional loan limits for single-family properties are $766,550 in low-cost areas and $1,149,825 in high-cost areas. Buyers who want to purchase a property that exceeds these limits will need to consider a jumbo mortgage loan.

FHA Loan vs. Conventional: Which Is Right for You?

There’s no one-size-fits all solution for buying a house. When deciding between FHA vs conventional loans, the right choice depends on your finances, your long-term financial goals, and the property type you wish to purchase.

Factors Influencing the Choice

Your credit score and ability to make a down payment are key considerations when weighing conventional loan vs FHA loan. If you have a lower credit score or a higher debt-to-income (DTI) ratio, an FHA loan could be a better bet for its flexible credit requirements and more competitive interest rate. However, borrowers with strong credit could qualify for a conventional loan with a down payment of just 3%.

Long-Term Financial Considerations

FHA loans can be more affordable upfront due to lower interest rates and down payment requirements. But borrowers will be on the hook for paying mortgage insurance for the full loan term unless they put 10% down or refinance later on.

If you’re able to qualify for a conventional loan and put 20% down on a house, not having to pay private mortgage insurance can save money in the long run. Conventional loans also offer more flexible repayment terms, whereas FHA loans are either 15- or 30-year mortgages.

Flexibility in Property Choices

FHA loans require occupancy within 60 days and the property must be the borrower’s primary residence. These loans also have strict rules for property conditions. For instance, a manufactured home built prior to 1976 is not eligible for an FHA loan. On the other hand, conventional loans can be used for second homes and a greater range of property types.



💡 Quick Tip: If you refinance your mortgage and shorten your loan term, you could save a substantial amount in interest over the lifetime of the loan.

The Takeaway

Deciding between an FHA loan vs a conventional loan depends on your specific financial situation and the property type. An FHA loan could be a better option if you have a higher DTI ratio, lower credit score, or less money to put toward a down payment. Whereas a conventional loan could be a better fit if you have strong credit and can afford a larger down payment.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.


SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

What are the main differences between FHA and conventional mortgages?

FHA loans are insured by the Federal Housing Administration, whereas the lender assumes the risk for a conventional loan. For the borrower, an FHA mortgage typically has a lower credit-score requirement. It may also allow a lower down payment than some conventional loans.

Can I qualify for both an FHA loan and a conventional mortgage simultaneously?

It is possible to qualify for both an FHA loan and a conventional mortgage simultaneously. Note that lenders will look at your finances closely to ensure you can afford both loans.

How does property type affect the choice between FHA and conventional loans?

FHA loans are restricted to primary residences, while conventional loans can be used for second homes, such as investment properties or vacation homes. FHA loans also have stricter property condition requirements compared to conventional loans.


Photo credit: iStock/FotoDuets

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


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Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.


*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

+Lock and Look program: Terms and conditions apply. Applies to conventional purchase loans only. Rate will lock for 91 calendar days at the time of preapproval. An executed purchase contract is required within 60 days of your initial rate lock. If current market pricing improves by 0.25 percentage points or more from the original locked rate, you may request your loan officer to review your loan application to determine if you qualify for a one-time float down. SoFi reserves the right to change or terminate this offer at any time with or without notice to you.

¹FHA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by FHA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. FHA loans require an Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP), which may be financed or paid at closing, in addition to monthly Mortgage Insurance Premiums (MIP). Maximum loan amounts vary by county. The minimum FHA mortgage down payment is 3.5% for those who qualify financially for a primary purchase. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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