Feb
27
2024
woman walking through city hall

What Is Financial Wellness & How Do You Achieve It?

By | Budgeting & Goals, Debt Payoff, money | No Comments

In theory, financial wellness is something we all want. But it also sounds a little vague and potentially complex. What exactly does it mean? And, how do you achieve it?

Simply put, financial wellness is the ability to lead a successful financial life. It’s being able to meet your basic needs and manage your money for both the short- and long-term. You can enhance your financial wellness by improving various aspects of your personal finances, including budgeting, saving, investing, managing debt, and planning for the future.

Surprisingly, achieving financial wellness isn’t just about having a substantial income; it’s about how effectively you manage and utilize your resources to build a secure financial future. That means anyone can get there, no matter where they are in their financial journey or how much money they have (or don’t). Read on for a closer look at financial wellness, including what it is, why it matters, and how to apply the basic elements of financial wellness to your own life.

Key Points

•   Financial wellness refers to the ability to lead a successful financial life, meeting basic needs and managing money for the shortand long-term.

•   It involves improving various aspects of personal finances, including budgeting, saving, investing, managing debt, and planning for the future.

•   Financial wellness is not solely dependent on income but on effectively managing and utilizing resources for a secure financial future.

•   It encompasses being able to manage current bills, pay debts, handle unexpected financial emergencies, and plan for long-term goals.

•   By addressing budgeting, savings, debt management, and investing, individuals can take proactive steps towards achieving financial wellness.

What Is Financial Wellness?

Financial wellness describes a condition in which you can manage your current bills and expenses, pay your debts, weather unexpected financial emergencies, and plan for long-term financial goals like saving for retirement and a child’s education. As defined by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, financial well-being (another term for financial wellness) is a condition in which “a person can fully meet current and ongoing financial obligations, can feel secure in their financial future, and is able to make choices that allow them to enjoy life.”

Just like overall “wellness” requires adopting practices — like exercising more and eating healthier foods — to help you live a better life, financial wellness is about adopting everyday money habits — like budgeting and saving — to secure your financial stability and freedom. Also like overall wellness, financial wellness is not an end state or final destination but, rather, a way to live day to day.

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The Four Elements of Financial Wellness

Financial wellness is often broken down into four key areas of your personal finances. While these elements can overlap, and one can affect another, you can achieve greater results by bringing each under control. By addressing each of these pillars of financial wellness, you can start improving your financial well-being.

1. Budgeting and Financial Planning

Creating a budget that aligns with your income, expenses, and financial goals lays the foundation for financial wellness. Budgeting enables you to allocate resources efficiently, prioritize expenses, and plan for short- and long-term financial goals.

2. Savings and Emergency Funds

Establishing a habit of creating and maintaining an emergency fund to cover unforeseen expenses allows you to build financial security. Having savings acts as a safety net during emergencies and ensures financial stability, since you won’t have to rely on high-interest credit cards or loans in the event of a financial set-back.

3. Debt Management

Effectively managing long-term debt, and eliminating high-interest consumer debt, are vital components of achieving financial well-being. This frees up funds that can then go towards savings and investing and, in turn, help reach your financial goals.

4. Investing for the Future

Investing is a key underpinning of financial wellness because it allows for wealth-building and long-term financial stability. When it comes to reaching your retirement goal, saving as much as possible and starting as early as possible can be keys to success.

7 Tips to Improving Your Financial Wellness

Maybe you don’t meet the definition of financial wellness right now. But that doesn’t mean you can’t get there. What follows are seven relatively simple steps that can help you improve your current and long-term financial health and security.

1. Set Clear Financial Goals

Building financial wellness requires coming up with systems for spending, savings and investing. But before you can focus on specific habits and strategies, it helps to have a sense of what your financial life is like now, and where you want it to be months and years down the road.

You may want to jot down some specific and realistic objectives, such as going on a vacation in three months, buying a house in two years, and being able to one day retire. Having clear short-, mid-, and long-term objectives can help you create a roadmap towards achieving them.

2. Create and Stick to a Budget

To achieve your goals, you’ll need to develop a realistic budget that considers your monthly income and expenses and also allows you to put some money towards savings and debt repayments (beyond the minimum) each month.

A budget is simply a plan for how you’ll direct funds toward all areas of your financial life, such as necessary expenses, discretionary (“fun”) purchases, debt payments, personal savings goals, and investing for retirement.

There are all different ways to budget — the best approach is the one you’ll stick with. One simple and popular budgeting framework is the 50/30/20 rule, in which you divide your monthly take-home income into three categories, spending 50% on needs, 30% on wants, and 20% on savings and extra debt payments.

Recommended: Input your monthly income to find out how much to spend on essentials, desires, and savings with our 50/30/20 Budget Calculator.

3. Pay Yourself First

A simple way to make sure you achieve your monthly savings goal is to automatically transfer a set amount of money into a savings account each time you get paid — in other words, pay yourself first. If you wait to see what’s leftover after you pay your bills and do your shopping, you may not have much — or anything — to set aside.

To get started with saving, you may want to open a dedicated savings account then set up a recurring transfer from your checking account into that account on a set day each month (ideally, right after you get paid). You can base the transfer amount on the savings goal you set out in your budget.

If you want to earn a high rate and pay the lowest fees on your savings, consider storing your savings in an online account. Without the added expenses of large branch networks, online banks are typically able to offer more favorable returns than national brick-and-mortar banks.

4. Build an Emergency Fund

If you don’t have one already, you’ll want to build an emergency savings fund that covers at least three to six months’ worth of living expenses. (If you’re self-employed or work irregularly, you may want to aim for six to 12 months’ worth of expenses.) This gives you a cushion should you lose your job or get hit with a large, unexpected expense — like a medical bill or major car or home repair.

Ideally, you’ll want to keep this money separate from your spending and other savings in an account that is accessible but pays a competitive yield, such as an online high-yield savings account.

Recommended: Take the guesswork out of saving for emergencies with our user-friendly emergency fund calculator.

5. Protect Your Assets

While the emergency fund provides you with some protection, insurance provides more security in other situations. You’ll want to make sure you have adequate coverage when it comes to health, home, and auto insurance. This can offset large, sudden and unexpected expenses and losses, and reduce the possibility of going into debt.

You may get your health insurance through your employer. But with home and auto insurance, it often pays to shop around to find the best deal.

Recommended: Which Insurance Types Do Your Really Need?

6. Pay Off High-Interest Debts

If you’re paying only the minimum on your credit card balances, you may be spending thousands on interest. That leaves you with a lot less money to put into savings or investments to grow your wealth. Coming up with a plan to knock down — and eventually eliminate — high-interest consumer debt will help you save money in the long term and improve your overall financial health.

There are a number of strategies for reducing debt. One is the debt avalanche method, which prioritizes paying down your debts in order of the one with the highest interest rate to the one with the lowest, while still making the minimum payment on the other each month. Another approach is the debt snowball method, which involves paying down your debts in order from largest to smallest, while continuing to pay the minimum on the others each month.

7. Start Investing

The key to building a nest egg large enough to live on in retirement is to start investing regularly as early as you can. Even if you have a low salary and can only afford to put a small amount into your retirement account each paycheck, that money will go a lot further if you start now. That’s thanks, in part, to the power of compound interest, which is the interest your interest accumulates.

If your company has a 401(k) or other retirement savings plan, consider contributing a portion of each paycheck into that account. If your employer matches a portion of your contributions, even better — that’s free money toward your future.

What’s the Difference Between Financial Wellness vs. Financial Literacy?

Financial wellness and financial literacy are interconnected concepts, but they are not the same thing.

Financial wellness involves the overall state of a person’s financial health, encompassing their behaviors, attitudes, and actions towards money management. It includes actions like budgeting, saving, investing, and debt management. Achieving financial wellness requires applying financial knowledge effectively to attain financial stability and security.

Financial literacy, on the other hand, refers to possessing knowledge and understanding of financial concepts and principles, such as budgeting, investing, loans, and credit management. While financial literacy is essential, achieving financial wellness involves not only understanding these concepts but also implementing them effectively to manage finances and achieve financial goals.

The Takeaway

Financial wellness is about more than just the numbers in a bank account — it’s a holistic approach to managing your money that encompasses various elements of personal finance. People who are financially well can comfortably pay their bills and manage their monthly expenses, without living paycheck to paycheck. They can also set money aside for emergencies, as well as short- and long-term goals. They’re quick to bounce back from any financial setbacks because they have the right resources and strategies in place.

By integrating budgeting, saving, debt management, and investing into your overall financial strategy, you can take proactive steps towards financial wellness, paving the way for a more peace of mind now, and a more secure financial future.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.00% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

What is an example of financial wellness?

An example of financial wellness is an individual who consistently lives within their means, has minimal debt, regularly contributes to savings and retirement accounts, and has a well-thought-out financial plan to achieve their financial goals.

What’s the difference between financial wellness and financial well-being?

The terms financial wellness and financial well-being generally refer to the same thing — your ability to live within your means and manage your money in a way that gives you both satisfaction and peace of mind. It includes balancing your income and expenses, staying out of debt, and saving for the future.


SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.00% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2024 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Feb
27
2024
How to Cash a Check Without a Bank Account

7 Ways to Cash a Check Without a Bank Account

By | Budgeting & Goals, Financial Independence, money | Comments Off on 7 Ways to Cash a Check Without a Bank Account

If you have a bank account, cashing a check is a simple process; you just deposit it and can then use the funds once it’s cleared.

However, about 4.5% of American households don’t have a bank account, according to a recent study from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. They must therefore rely on alternative methods to cash a check. These workarounds can take a bit of time and energy, but can help you access cash if you are in this situation.

Here, you’ll learn about how you can cash a check if you don’t have a bank account or can’t use it for some reason. You’ll find out the pros and cons of each technique, as well as some important information about using checks and checking accounts.

Key Points

•   Cashing a check at the issuing bank is a convenient option, but it may not be available at all banks and fees could be charged.

•   Cashing a check at a retailer is a convenient option, but it’s important to consider the fees and potential cash limits that may apply.

•   Payday lending stores offer check cashing services, but it’s advisable to use them as a last resort due to their high fees.

•   Depositing a check onto a prepaid debit card is a convenient option, but it’s important to be aware of the fees and the waiting period for funds to clear.

•   Employer-sponsored payroll debit cards provide a convenient way to deposit paychecks, but it’s important to consider any additional fees that may be associated with these cards.

7 Places Where You Can Cash a Check

There are several ways to cash a check if you don’t have a bank account. Some of these alternatives may come with fees or extra legwork. And some may have restrictions on the dollar amount they will cash. Here’s a closer look at the different ways you can cash a personal or business check without a bank account.


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1. Cash the Check at the Issuing Bank

Look at the check to see which bank issued it and if there is a brick-and-mortar branch near you. Sometimes that bank will allow a non-customer to cash a personal check without a bank account if the payee comes in person. The teller can usually determine whether funds are available. The same often holds true for business checks.

•  Those that do provide this service often charge a flat fee (say, $8) or percentage of the check amount.

•  Some large banks will cash a check under a certain amount, $5,000 for example, without a fee.

•  Worth noting: If a bank does collect a fee, it may try to persuade the non-customer to open an account to avoid paying that charge.

2. Cash at a Retailer

Where else can you cash a check without a bank account? Several retailers such as Walmart and some grocery-store chains offer check-cashing services through their customer-service departments, usually for a flat fee based on the size of the check. For instance, at Walmart, there is a $4 fee for checks of up to $1,000 and a $8 fee for those over $1,000.

The amount charged and restrictions on the types of checks cashed will vary, however. For this reason, it’s important to check with each retailer in your area that offers this service to find one that works for your situation.

3. Payday Lending Store

Stand-alone check-cashing and payday-lending stores will cash many types of checks of varying amounts. However, the problem with payday loan check cashing services is that they are often the most expensive, charging a percentage of the check amount as well as a flat fee. For many people, this is best thought of as a last-chance option.


💡 Quick Tip: Fees can be a real drag when you’re trying to save money. SoFi’s high-yield checking account has no account fees, including overdraft coverage up to $50.

4. Prepaid Debit Cards

Some banks and financial institutions allow unbanked consumers to deposit checks directly to a prepaid debit card. Some big banks allow you to use their ATM system to deposit checks onto the card for a monthly service fee.

In other cases, using an app, you can use your smartphone to take pictures of your checks and deposit them into any type of account, including a prepaid card. This is often free, but you may have to wait up to 10 days before the funds from the check are available. In some cases, you can pay a relatively large fee, usually about 2% to 5% of the check value, for quicker access to the funds.

5. Employer-Sponsored Payroll Debit Card

Some large employers have programs that allow you to deposit your paycheck directly onto a reusable debit card. Be sure to look at the various types of fees associated with these cards. You may wind up paying overdraft, ATM, transfer, and inactivity fees in addition to general service fees.

Get up to $300 when you bank with SoFi.

No account or overdraft fees. No minimum balance.

Up to 4.00% APY on savings balances.

Up to 2-day-early paycheck.

Up to $2M of additional
FDIC insurance.


6. Sign Your Check Over to Someone Else

Another option would be to sign a check over to a trusted friend or relative. This person could then deposit the check in their account and withdraw the funds, once available, and give them to you.

This is a simple process. Some verification is involved, and then you usually just need to write “Pay to the order of” and the name of the person on the back of the check and then sign it. However, it’s vital that this person can be relied upon to give you the cash.

7. Check Cashing Outlet

If you need to cash a check without a bank account, you could also visit a check cashing outlet. This can be expensive, though: Fees can be around 10% of the check’s value.

Here, consider the pros and cons of each in chart form:

Method

 Pros

 Cons
Cash at Issuing Bank Convenience Not all banks offer this; may charge fees
Cash at a retailer Convenience Fees; may be a cap on the dollar amount that can be cashed
Payday Lending Store Convenience May charge very high fees
Prepaid Debit Cards Convenience Fees; wait time for funds to clear
Employer-Sponsored Payroll Debit Card Convenience Potential fees
Sign Over Your Check Convenience; typically no fees Must trust person who receives check; must wait for check to clear
Check Cashing Outlet Convenience May charge very high fees

What to Consider Before Cashing a Check

To help determine which check-cashing option is best for you, keep the following in mind.

Check Amount

In general, larger checks are harder and more expensive to cash without a bank account than smaller sums. Walmart, for instance, will usually only cash checks up to $5,000 or $7,500.

Check-cashing stores may have similar limits, or higher fees for larger checks. For large checks, depositing into a prepaid debit card may be the best option.

Fees

As we’ve seen above, almost every non-bank checking service entails fees when cashing your check. They can vary widely, with check-cashing and payday-lending stores usually being the most expensive.

It can pay to look for the least expensive alternative in your area, especially if you are able to access the bank that issued the check.

Identification Requirements

To show that the check rightfully belongs to you, you’ll need to show at least one form of government-issued identification, such as a license or passport. With large checks, you may be required to show two forms of ID.

Recommended: How to Write a Check to Yourself

Personal Checks

Personal checks can be more difficult to cash without a bank account than government-issued or payroll checks. Many check-cashing stores won’t accept any personal checks, and retailers may have lower limits on how much they’ll cash, usually a couple hundred dollars.

Here’s one workaround: Ask the person writing you the personal check to send a money order or cashier’s check instead.

Can You Cash a Check Without ID?

To cash a check without ID, you have a few options:

•  Check with your bank or the issuing bank and see if they will allow you to cash it without identification or with an alternative method of identification.

•  Sign the check over to someone else, have them cash it, and give you the funds.

•  Deposit the check (provided you have an account), wait for it to process, and then withdraw the funds.

•  Use ATM check cashing, if possible.

Recommended: What Is an E-Check?

How to Cash a Large Check Without a Bank Account

The methods for cashing a large check without a bank account are similar to methods for cashing any other check. You will likely want to be a bit more cautious and double-check the process in advance:

•  Sign the check over to a trusted friend or relative

•  Visit a check-cashing outlet.

Opening a Bank Account

Cashing a check without a bank account can often be costly and inconvenient. After exploring the options above, you may find that your best option for the long term involves opening a bank account. A bank account makes saving and spending easy, safe and flexible. Some points to consider when opening an account:

•  What do you need to open a checking account? You’ll usually need to make sure you qualify for an account, have an ID, and be willing to share basic personal information such as your birthdate, address, phone, social security number, etc. You’ll also need an initial deposit, which can often be as little as $25.

•  Keep in mind, most banks have a minimum age to open a bank account; they won’t allow those under 18 to have an account without a parent or guardian as the joint owner.

•  If you have a history of banking issues, such as unpaid overdraft fees, you may not qualify for a traditional checking account. Instead, you may want to consider what’s known as a second-chance account, offered by many lenders. These accounts often charge a monthly fee and come with more restrictions than a traditional checking account. That said, many allow solid customers the opportunity to convert to a regular checking account in six months to a year.

The Takeaway

It is possible to cash a check without a bank account. Options include signing the check over to a trusted friend to cash it and give you the funds; seeing if the issuing bank will cash it; using the check to buy prepaid debit cards; and other tactics.

That said, opening a bank account can be a simple process and can provide not just check cashing but the foundation for your daily financial life.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.00% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

Can I cash a $5000 check without a bank account?

You will likely be able to cash a $5000 check at a retailer, such as Walmart, or at a check cashing outlet. Inquire about fees, though, before proceeding to be sure you are prepared.

How can I cash a large check immediately?

To cash a large check immediately, try your bank if you have one or the bank that issued the check. You might also be able to cash it by signing it over to a friend or relative who can give you the cash once it clears; buying prepaid debit cards with it; or going to a check cashing outlet.

What bank will cash a check without an account?

It’s often best to go to the bank that issued the check and see if they will cash it. They will be able to verify that the funds are available and may be willing to give you the money.

Photo credit: iStock/AndreyPopov

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2024 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.00% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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27
2024
What Is Leverage in Finance? Leverage Defined

What Is Leverage in Finance?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off on What Is Leverage in Finance?

Leverage in finance involves using a relatively small amount of capital to make larger trades or investments, increasing the potential of larger returns. In the world of finance, it’s critical to understand leverage if you plan to day trade or make other types of short-term investments, and the additional risks involved.

In general, leverage means doing a lot with a little. Think about how you may use an actual, physical lever to turn a switch, for instance. The switch itself may be small, and require a turn that’s a quarter of an inch to flip from off to on. But by using a lever — which is much bigger, physically, than the switch itself — the work becomes easier.

Key Points

•   Leverage in finance involves using a small amount of capital to make larger trades or investments, potentially increasing returns.

•   Leverage can be achieved through borrowing money or trading on margin, allowing investors to make increased dollar investments.

•   While leverage can amplify gains, it also magnifies losses and comes with additional risks and costs.

•   Different types of leverage exist, including financial leverage used by businesses to raise capital and operating leverage used to analyze fixed and variable costs.

•   Leverage can be used in personal finance, such as taking out a mortgage, and is also utilized by professional traders to potentially increase profits.

What Is Leverage?

In finance, leverage refers to using a small amount of capital to do a relatively big amount of work — making big investments with a small amount of money. The rest of the money used to make the investment is borrowed, or investors are trading on margin.

In short: Leverage is about borrowing capital to make bigger bets in an effort to increase returns.

How Leverage Works

In leveraged investing, the leverage is debt that investors use as a part of their investing strategy. While it’s easy to think that all debt is bad, in fact it can actually be useful when folded into a specific investing tactic, although it also introduces additional risks and costs.

Leverage typically works like this: A person or company wants to make an outsized investment, but doesn’t have enough capital to do it. So, they use the capital they do have in conjunction with margin (borrowed money) to make a leveraged investment. If they’re successful, the return on their investment is far greater than it would’ve been had they only invested their own capital.

The risk, of course, is that those returns do not materialize, putting the investor in debt. Investors will also need to consider how their overall costs could increase, as they’ll likely pay interest on the money they borrow, too.

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Example of Leverage

Here is an example of how leverage could be used:

Let’s say that you found a startup. To get the company off the ground, you take in $10 million from investors, but you want to expand operations fast — hire employees, ramp up research and development efforts, and build out a distribution network.

You can do that with the $10 million, but if you were to borrow another $10 million, you would be able to double your efforts. That would allow you to hire more employees, improve your products faster, and distribute them further and wider, though you’d need to pay interest on the loan, too, factoring into overall costs.

That $10 million you borrowed is allowing you to do more with less. Of course, you run the risk that the company won’t be able to sustain a quick growth pace, in which case you may not be able to pay back the loan, or end up paying additional costs for interest and fees. But if things do work out, you’d be able to grow faster and accrue more value than if you hadn’t taken on any additional debt.


💡 Quick Tip: Are self-directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).

Pros and Cons of Leverage

On the surface, leverage can sound like a powerful tool for investors — which it can be. But it’s a tool that can cut both ways: Leverage can add to buying power and potentially increase returns, but it can also magnify losses, and put an investor in the hole.

What’s important to remember is that there are both pros and cons to a tool like leverage.

Pros of Leverage

 Cons of Leverage
Adds buying power Increased risks and costs
Potential to earn greater returns Leveraged losses are magnified
For investors, it’s generally easy to access It can be more complex than meets the eye

Leverage vs Margin

Margin is a type of leverage that is specifically tied to use in the financial markets by investors. It is basically like a line of credit for a brokerage or investment account.

Here’s how margin works: An investor has a cash balance, which acts as collateral, and there are interest rates at play, like any other type of loan. With a margin account, investors can tradesome, but not all stocks or other assets on margin.

Using margin, an investor can effectively supercharge their potential gains or losses. It’s also important to note — and it’s worth repeating over and over — that using margin as an investor can increase overall costs and risks. Not every investor will be comfortable assuming those risks and costs (such as interest charges), so you’ll want to know what you’re doing before using margin.

Margin and leverage are related, and it’s easy to confuse the two. Even if you know what margin trading is and how margin accounts work, it’s important to make sure you know what the differences are. This chart should help.

Leverage vs Margin
Leverage

 Margin
A loan from a bank for a specific purpose A loan from a brokerage for investing in financial instruments
May involve a cash injection to be used for a specific purpose No cash is exchanged; acts as a line of credit
Can be used by businesses or individuals; May take the form of a mortgage or to expand inventory Can be used to create leverage and increase investment buying power

Types of Leverage

So far, we’ve mostly discussed leverage as it relates to the financial markets for investors. But there are other types of leverage, too.

Financial Leverage

Financial leverage is used by businesses and organizations as a way to raise money or access additional capital without having to issue additional shares or sell equity. For instance, if a company wants to expand operations, it can take on debt to finance that expansion.

The main ways that a company may do so is by either issuing bonds or by taking out loans. Much like in the leverage example above, this capital injection gives the company more spending power to do what it needs to do, with the expectation that the profits reaped will outweigh the costs of borrowing in the long run.

Operating Leverage

Operating leverage is an accounting measure used by businesses to get an idea of their fixed versus variable costs.

When discussing financial leverage, math needs to be done to figure out whether a company’s borrowing is profitable (called the debt-to-equity ratio). When calculating operating leverage, a company looks at its fixed costs as compared to variable costs to get a sense of how the costs of borrowing are affecting its profitability.

Leverage Investing

Leverage trading is the use of borrowed money to try and increase profits or returns. A company can use leverage investing by purchasing a new factory, allowing it to expand its ability to create products, and as such, increase profitability. An individual investor can borrow money to buy more stocks, increasing their potential returns.

It’s important to keep in mind, though, that leverage trading, or the use of borrowed money to invest, increases overall costs for investors, as they will need to pay interest on the money they borrow, and may be subject to other fees, too.

With that in mind, there are a few ways that leverage can be used in investing, either by individuals, or organizations.

Buying on Margin

Margin is a form of leverage, and trading on margin means that an investor is using money borrowed from their brokerage to execute a trade. In other words, an investor is borrowing money from their trading platform or brokerage — paying an applicable interest rate to do so, which can vary and should be considered as a part of overall trading costs — and making trades with it. It’s similar to using a credit card for investing, in some ways.

Given that margin concerns interest charges and additional costs, using it to trade or invest involves additional risks, particularly for inexperienced investors.

Leveraged ETFs

ETFs, or exchange-traded funds, can also have leverage baked into them. Leveraged ETFs are tradable funds that allow investors to potentially increase their returns by using borrowed money to invest in an underlying index, rather than a single company or stock. Leveraged ETFs utilize derivatives to increase potential returns for investors.

Using Borrowed Money to Invest

While many investors utilize margin, it’s also possible to borrow money from an outside source (not your broker or brokerage) to invest with. This may be appealing to some investors who don’t have high enough account balances to meet the thresholds some brokerages have in place to trade on margin. For example, a platform may require an investor to have a minimum balance of $25,000 in their account before they’ll offer the investor margin trading.

If an investor doesn’t have that much, looking for an outside loan — a personal loan, a home equity loan, etc.— to meet that threshold may be an appealing option.

But, as mentioned when discussing margin, borrowing money to invest can rope in additional risk, and investors will need to consider the additional costs associated with borrowing funds, such as applicable interest rates. So, before doing so, it may be a good idea to consult a financial professional.

Leverage in Personal Finance

The use of leverage also exists in personal finances — not merely in investing. People often leverage their money to make big purchases like cars or homes with auto loans and mortgages.

A mortgage is a fairly simple example of how an individual may use leverage. They’re using their own money for a down payment to buy a home, and then taking out a loan to pay for the rest. The assumption is that the home will accrue value over time, growing their investment.

Leverage in Professional Trading

Professional traders tend to be more aggressive in trying to boost returns, and as such, many consider leverage an incredibly important and potent tool. While the degree to which professional traders use leverage varies from market to market (the stock market versus the foreign exchange market, for example), in general most pro traders are well-versed in leveraging their trades.

This may allow them to significantly increase returns on a given trade. And professionals are given more leeway with margin than the average investor, so they can potentially borrow significantly more than the typical person to trade. Of course, they also have to stomach the risks of doing so, too — because while it may increase returns on a given trade, there is always the possibility that it will not.

Leveraged Products

There are numerous financial products and instruments that investors can use to gain greater exposure to the market, all without increasing their investments, like leveraged ETFs.

Volatility and Leverage Ratio

A leverage ratio measures a company’s debt situation, and gives a snapshot of how much debt a company currently has versus its cash flows. Companies can use leverage to increase their profitability by expanding operations, etc., but it’s a gamble because that profitability may not materialize as planned.

Knowing the leverage ratio helps company leaders understand just how much debt they’ve taken on, and can even help investors understand whether a company is a potentially risky investment given its debt obligations.

The leverage ratio formula is: total debt / total equity.

Volatility is another element in the mix, and it can be added into the equation to figure out just how volatile an investment may be. That’s important, given how leverage can significantly amplify risk.


💡 Quick Tip: When you’re actively investing in stocks, it’s important to ask what types of fees you might have to pay. For example, brokers may charge a flat fee for trading stocks, or require some commission for every trade. Taking the time to manage investment costs can be beneficial over the long term.

The Takeaway

Leverage can help investors, buyers, corporations and others do more with less cash on hand in their accounts at a given time. But there are some important considerations to keep in mind when it comes to leverage. In terms of leveraged investing, it has the potential to magnify gains — but also to magnify losses, and increase total costs.

Utilizing leverage and margin as a part of an investing or trading strategy has its pros and cons. But investors should give the risks some serious consideration before getting in over their heads. It may be a good idea to speak with a financial professional accordingly.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What is leverage in simple terms?

In simple terms, the concept of leverage means to do a lot with a little. As it relates to finance or investing, this can mean using a small amount of capital to make large or outsized trades or investments.

What is an example of leverage?

An example of leverage could be a mortgage, or home loan, in which a borrower makes a relatively small down payment and borrows money to purchase a home. They’re making a big financial move with a fraction of the funds necessary to facilitate the transaction, borrowing the remainder.

Why do people want leverage?

Leverage allows investors or traders to make bigger moves or take larger positions in the market with only a relatively small amount of capital. This could lead to larger returns — or larger losses.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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27
2024

Pros and Cons of Automatic Bill Payment

By | Budgeting & Goals, money | Comments Off on Pros and Cons of Automatic Bill Payment

It can be easy to forget important things: What time is that meeting? Where’s my phone? Did I pay my credit card bill yet?

While all of those examples are significant, forgetting to pay your bills can be the one with considerable financial ramifications.

According to a recent Census Bureau Household Pulse survey, 36% Americans say they have trouble paying all of their bills on time. Granted, some of that may be due to living paycheck to paycheck, but organization is likely also part of the problem.

Signing up for automatic bill payment can be one path to getting bills paid by the due date, avoiding late fees, and protecting your credit. Here, you’ll learn what automatic bill payment is, how it works, how to set it up, plus the pros and cons of this option.

Key Points

•   Automatic bill payment offers convenience by automatically deducting funds from your account to pay bills on time, reducing the risk of late fees or missed payments.

•   It helps simplify your financial life by eliminating the need to manually track and pay multiple bills each month.

•   Automatic bill payment can improve your credit score by ensuring timely payments, which is a key factor in determining your creditworthiness.

•   It provides peace of mind by reducing the chances of forgetting to pay bills and avoiding potential disruptions in services like utilities or internet.

•   Setting up automatic bill payment can save you time and effort, allowing you to focus on other important aspects of your life.

What Is Automatic Bill Payment?

So exactly what is automatic bill payment exactly? Autopaying a bill transfers money to the person you owe on the due date from a connected bank account — as long as there is enough money available to cover the bill, of course. This can usually be facilitated by the company you have an account with or by your bank.

After the initial set up, automatic bill payment can help pay recurring bills with minimum effort. Simply put, automatic bill payments, once they are in place, allow someone to transfer money from their own account to a creditor, like for a credit card company or service provider, like for a utility bill, without needing to actually initiate a payment every time. In other words, payments can happen automatically, without any effort on your part, such as writing and mailing a check.

💡 Quick Tip: Make money easy. Enjoy the convenience of managing bills, deposits, and transfers from one bank account with SoFi.

Advantages of Automatic Bill Payment

Automatic bill payment has a number of benefits to consider.

It’s Convenient

Automatic bill payment is an easy way to cross off one more “to do” from the list. First, it’s simply more convenient for a lot of people. Instead of remembering specific bill due dates and having to log in to different websites or sending paper checks through the mail, automating personal finances simplifies the experience.

Once payments are set up, some people can adopt a “set it and forget it” mentality, meaning they don’t have to worry about due dates. While it’s still important to be aware of when money will be leaving the bank, sometimes the reduced stress of not worrying about due dates every month is worth it.

Recommended: When All Your Money Goes to Bills

Automatic Bill Pay Is Secure

Automatic bill payment is also secure. According to Experian, online payments can be safer than traditional paper checks and statements because they are digitized and encrypted. Avoiding those physical bills and mailing in checks can help reduce exposure to fraud.

Plus, a digital transaction can be much easier to track in real-time and make sure the correct amount for each bill went to the right place, rather than waiting weeks to see if the company cashes a check.

Putting bills on autopay can help avoid the worry about whether a bill got paid, of course, but it could even give finances an eco-friendly boost and reduce the number of paper bills mailed out.

Impacting Your Credit Score

Here’s another benefit of automatic bill payment: Not only can it help you avoid late fees in the short term, it could also help protect your credit score. In fact, payment history affects 35% of someone’s FICO® credit score. (FICO reports that negative marks on credit history can fade over time with consistent on-time payments.) Autopay can help you avoid those late payments.

Saving Money with Automatic Bill Pay

One big advantage of automatic bill payments: Doing so can help you avoid late fees that could be incurred by failing to pay on time or missing a payment. Those fees can add up quickly.

Plus, some creditors, such as federal student loan servicers, offer a discount for setting up automatic payments. In some cases, this is an interest rate reduction, which could help reduce the total amount of debt paid overtime.

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Disadvantages of Automatic Bill Payment

Now that you know the benefits of automatic bill payments, consider the potential downsides.

Overdraft Fees

One major downside to putting bills on autopay is the fact that, well, the payments will be automatic. If there is not enough money in the connected bank account to cover the cost of the bill, there is a risk of overdraft and NSF fees from your financial institution.

If there is not enough money to cover the bill, there is a risk of overdraft fees.

Some payment amounts change month to month, such as utility bills. Without checking ahead of time how much the bill will be, it’s possible for the utility company to simply withdraw what is owed, causing the account to be overdrawn. Overdraft fees depend on the bank, but the average is around $35, according to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

Forgetting about automatic withdrawals from financial accounts could lead to overspending, pushing account balances lower than the amount needed to cover those pre-set bill payments.

One possible solution to such cash flow issues: Spread out bill payment dates throughout the month, rather than having them all grouped together. Bills might be scheduled for the beginning or the end of the month, but it’s simple to change the date of automatic payments, with enough notice. You can contact the payee about moving a bill due date and then double-check when the change will go into effect to avoid any late payments.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau offers a helpful worksheet to help visualize which weeks every month are the most hard-hit.

💡 Quick Tip: Fees can be a real drag when you’re trying to save money. SoFi’s online checking account has no account fees, including overdraft coverage up to $50.

Potential Late Fees

In addition to your financial institution charging you for an overdraft, if an automatic payment doesn’t go through, the payee (the company you were trying to send funds to) may also assess a late fee.

When these fees add up, especially on an interest-charging account, you can wind up having your debt increase.

Forgotten Subscriptions Can Be Costly

Another disadvantage of automatic bill pay is that it reduces your control over what money is going out at certain times. You might wind up with more money flowing out of your account than you realize.

For instance, you might sign up for a one-week free trial of a streaming service with every intention of canceling it after you binge-watch a series. But then you forget and autopay kicks in, which could lead to overdrafting your account over time.

Another scenario: You might move from one home to another and be so busy that you forget to cancel an automatic payment related to your former home or neighborhood. Perhaps you had signed up for one of those “all you can drink” monthly coffee deals at a cafe around the corner from your old place. Review your monthly statements to be sure you catch unwanted charges.

Vendors May Overcharge or Make Mistakes

Another downside of automatic bill payments is that a payee could overcharge you or charge you twice, and you might not be aware of the problem until you review your account or overdraft it. For this reason, it’s wise to check your bank account regularly and scan automatic bill payment transactions to be sure everything looks in good shape.

Whatever the case, whether paying bills manually or using automatic withdrawals, it’s important to still be intentional about making and keeping a budget.

How to Set Up Automatic Bill Payment

Here are the step-by-steps to setting up automatic bill payment for, say, a credit card by selecting the service offered by your card provider.

1.   Log into your credit card account online or in the app.

2.   Select the “recurring payment” or “autopay” option.

3.   Choose how much you want to pay. You may be given such options as minimum payment, a specific amount that you designate, or the total amount of your bill.

4.   You’ll then connect your credit card account to your bank account for payment.

5.   This typically involves adding your account number and routing number.
You will need to approve the autopay set-up, often by agreeing to terms and conditions.

Another option is to set up automatic bill pay directly with a financial institution. One advantage of this is that you don’t need to share your account information with the payee, which can make some people feel more secure about their financial accounts.

1.   Log into your bank account online or in its app.

2.   Find the link for automatic recurring payments; it is often labeled “Bill pay,” “Pay bills,” or something similar.

3.   Then add a payee and follow the prompts to set up a recurring or future payment. Have a recent bill on hand, since the bank will need information like the payee’s bank account numbers, addresses, due dates, and other important information.

Example of Automatic Bill Payment

Here’s an example of how automatic bill payment might work. Say you sign up for a gym membership on a monthly basis at $65 per month. However, the gym will lower that to $60 a month if you sign up for autopay on their site and save them the trouble of billing you.

If you take advantage of this offer, you would likely go to their website or app, log in, and head to your account details, and find the payment or billing section. There, you would opt into autopay and share your banking details or your credit card details (paying by debit card usually isn’t recommended; you have less protection if there’s a problem). You may be informed of what date funds will be deducted or you might be able to select a date.

You should be all set to have your gym membership payments automatically paid every month. It’s a good idea to verify this when you check your bank account. And, of course, if you decide to end your membership, be sure to cancel the automatic payment.

💡 Quick Tip: When you feel the urge to buy something that isn’t in your budget, try the 30-day rule. Make a note of the item in your calendar for 30 days into the future. When the date rolls around, there’s a good chance the “gotta have it” feeling will have subsided.

The Takeaway

Automatic bill payments can be a major convenience as you manage your personal finances. However, like most things in life, there are pros and cons. You can gain convenience and the ability to avoid late charges, but you also have less control over your money. By educating yourself about how this process works, you can decide whether it’s right for you, and, if so, for which payments.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.00% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

Do automatic payments hurt your credit?

Automatic payments, like manual payments, could hurt your credit if you pay your bills late or experience insufficient funds.

What is the difference between bill pay and ACH?

Bill pay usually refers to sending funds electronically. One common way that funds may be transferred (but not the only way) is via the Automated Clearing House network, which is known as ACH.

What is the safest way to set up automatic payments?

The safest way to set up automatic payments is to do so through your bank or credit card; it’s not recommended that you use your debit card as you’ll have less protection if there’s a problem. Also, check your balance and statements carefully to make sure you have enough money in the bank to cover your autopayments and also scan for any incorrect or fraudulent transactions.

Should I use autopay for utilities?

Whether you should use autopay for utilities depends on your situation and financial habits. If you know you’ll be able to cover the amount every month, it could be a real convenience. However, utility costs can sometimes fluctuate greatly, like the cost of heating a home in winter, which might cause pricing spikes and lead to your overdrafting. You want to be sure you can always afford to cover bills that are on automatic bill payment.


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Feb
27
2024
The Black Scholes Model, Explained

The Black-Scholes Model, Explained

By | Financial Independence, Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on The Black-Scholes Model, Explained

The Black-Scholes option pricing model is a mathematical formula used to calculate the theoretical price of an option. It’s a commonly-used formula for determining the price of contracts, and as such, can be useful for investors in the options market to know and have in their pocket for use.

But there are some important things to know about it, such as the fact that the model only applies to European options, and more.

Key Points

•   The Black-Scholes model is a mathematical formula used to calculate the theoretical price of an option.

•   It is commonly used for pricing options contracts and helps investors determine the value of options they’re considering trading.

•   The model takes into account factors like the option’s strike price, time until expiration, underlying stock price, interest rates, and volatility.

•   The Black-Scholes model was created by Myron Scholes and Fischer Black in 1973 and is also known as the Black-Scholes-Merton model.

•   While the model has some assumptions and limitations, it is considered an important tool for European options traders.

What Is the Black-Scholes Model?

As mentioned, the Black-Scholes model is one of the most commonly used formulas for pricing options contracts. The model, also known as the Black-Scholes formula, allows investors to determine the value of options they’re considering trading.

The formula takes into account several important factors affecting options in an attempt to arrive at a fair market price for the derivative. The Black-Scholes options pricing model only applies to European options.

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The History of the Black-Scholes Model

The Black-Scholes model gets its name from Myron Scholes and Fischer Black, who created the model in 1973. The model is sometimes called the Black-Scholes-Merton model, as Robert Merton also contributed to the model’s development. These three men were professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and University of Chicago.

The model functions as a differential equation that requires five inputs:

•   The option’s strike price

•   The amount of time until the option expires

•   The price of its underlying stock

•   Interest rates

•   Volatility

Modern computing power has made it easier to use this formula and made it more popular among those interested in stock options trading.

The model only works for European options, since American options allow contract holders to exercise at any time between the time of purchase and the expiration date. By contrast, European options come at cheaper prices and only allow the owner to exercise the option on the expiration date. So, while European options only offer a single opportunity to earn profits, American options offer multiple opportunities.

Recommended: American vs European Options: What’s the Difference?

What Does the Black-Scholes Model Tell?

The main goal of the Black-Scholes Formula is to determine the chances that an option will expire in the money. To this end, the model goes deeper than simply looking at the fact that a call option will increase when its underlying stock price rises and incorporates the impact of stock volatility.

The model looks at several variables, each of which impact the value of that option. Greater volatility, for example, could increase the odds the options will wind up being in the money before its expiration. The more time the investor has to exercise the option also increases the likelihood of it winding up in the money and lowers the present value of the exercise price. Interest rates also influence the price of the option, as higher rates make the option more expensive by decreasing the present value of the exercise price.

The Black-Scholes Formula

The Black-Scholes formula expresses the value of a call option by taking the current stock prices multiplied by a probability factor (D1) and subtracting the discounted exercise payment times a second probability factor (D2).

Explaining in exact detail what D1 and D2 represent can be difficult because the original research papers by Black and Scholes didn’t explain or interpret D1 and D2, and neither did the papers published by Merton. Entire research papers have been written on the subject of D1 and D2 alone.


💡 Quick Tip: If you’re an experienced investor and bullish about a stock, buying call options (rather than the stock itself) can allow you to take the same position, with less cash outlay. It is possible to lose money trading options, if the price moves against you.

Why Is the Black-Scholes Model Important?

The Black-Scholes option pricing model is so important that it once won the Nobel Prize in economics. Some even claim that this model is among the most important ideas in financial history.

Some traders consider the Black-Scholes Model one of the best methods for figuring out fair prices of European call options. Since its creation, many scholars have elaborated on and improved this formula. In this sense, Black and Scholes made a significant contribution to the academic world when it comes to math and finance.

Some claim that the Black-Scholes model has made a significant contribution to the efficiency of the options and stock markets. While designed for European options, the Black-Scholes Model can still help investors understand how an option’s price might react to its underlying stock price movements and improve their overall options trading strategies.

This allows investors to optimize their portfolios by hedging accordingly, making the overall markets more efficient. However, others assert that the model has increased volatility in the markets, as more investors constantly try to fine tune their trades according to the formula.

How Accurate Is the Black-Scholes Model?

Some studies have shown the Black-Scholes model to be highly predictive of options prices. This doesn’t mean the formula has no flaws, though.

The model tends to undervalue calls that are deeply in the money and overvalue calls that are deeply out of the money.

That means the model might assign an artificially low value to options that are much higher than the price of their underlying stock, while it may overvalue options that are far beneath the stock’s current value. Options that deal with stocks yielding a high dividend also tend to get mispriced by the model.

Assumptions of the Black-Scholes Model

There are also a few assumptions made by the model that can lead to less-than-perfect predictions. Some of these include:

•   The assumption that volatility and the risk- free rate within a stock remain constant

•   The assumption that stock prices are stable and large price swings don’t happen

•   The assumption that a stock doesn’t pay dividends until after an option expires

Recommended: How Do Dividends Work?

Such assumptions are necessary, even if they may negatively impact results. Relying on assumptions like these make the task possible, as only so many variables can reasonably be calculated.

Over the years, math scholars have elaborated on the work of Black and Scholes and made efforts to compensate for some of the gaps created by the original assumptions.

This leads to another flaw of the Black-Scholes model, unlike other inputs in the model, volatility must be an estimate rather than an objective fact. Interest rates and the amount of time left until the option expires are concrete numbers, while volatility has no direct numerical value.

The best a financial analyst can do is calculate an estimation of volatility by using something like the formula for variance. Variance is a measurement of the variability of an asset, or how much prices change from time to time. One common measurement of volatility is the standard deviation, which is equivalent to the square root of variance.

The Takeaway

The Black-Scholes option-pricing model is among the most influential mathematical formulas in modern financial history, and it may be the most accurate way to determine the value of a European call option. It’s a complicated formula that has some drawbacks that traders must understand, but it’s a useful tool for European options traders.

Given the Black-Scholes model’s complexity, it’s likely that many investors will never use it. That doesn’t mean it isn’t important to know or understand, of course, but many investors may not get much practical use out of it unless they delve deeper into the world of options trading.

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