Dec
13
2023
What Are Equity Derivatives & Equity Options?

What Are Equity Derivatives?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on What Are Equity Derivatives?

Editor's Note: Options are not suitable for all investors. Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Please see the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.

Equity derivatives are trading instruments based on the price movements of underlying asset equity. These financial instruments include equity options, stock index futures, equity index swaps, and convertible bonds.

With an equity derivative, the investor doesn’t buy a stock, but rather the right to buy or sell a stock or basket of stocks. To buy those rights in the form of a derivative contract, the investor pays a fee, more commonly known as a premium.

How are Equity Derivatives Used?

The value of an equity derivative goes up or down depending on the price changes of the underlying asset. For this reason, investors sometimes buy equity derivatives — especially shorts, or put options — to manage the risks of their stock holdings.

Investors buy the rights (or options) to buy or sell an asset via a derivative contract, as mentioned.


💡 Quick Tip: Options can be a cost-efficient way to place certain trades, because you typically purchase options contracts, not the underlying security. That said, options trading can be risky, and best done by those who are not entirely new to investing.

4 Types of Equity Derivatives

Generally, there are four types of equity derivatives that investors should familiarize themselves with: Equity options, equity futures, equity swaps, and equity basket derivatives.

1. Equity Options

Equity options are one form of equity derivatives. They allow purchasers to buy or sell a given stock within a predetermined time period at an agreed-upon price.

Because some equity derivatives offer the right to sell a stock at a given price, many investors will use a derivatives contract like an insurance policy. By purchasing a put option on a stock or a basket of stocks, can purchase some protection against losses in their investments.

Recommended: How to Trade Options: A Beginner’s Guide

Not all put options are used as simple insurance against losses. Buying a put option on a stock is also called “shorting” the stock. And it’s used by some investors as a way to bet that a stock’s price will fall. Because a put option allows an investor to sell a stock at a predetermined price, known as a strike price, investors can benefit if the actual trading price of the stock falls below that level.

Call options, on the other hand, allow investors to buy a stock at a given price within an agreed-upon time period. As such, they’re often used by speculative investors as a way to take advantage of upward price movements in a stock, without actually purchasing the stock. But call options only have value if the price of the underlying stock is above the strike price of the contract when the option expires.

For options investors, the important thing to watch is the relationship between a stock’s price and the strike price of a given option, an options term sometimes called the “moneyness.” The varieties of moneyness are:

•   At-the-money (ATM). This is when the option’s strike price and the asset’s market price are the same.

•   Out-of-the-money (OTM). For a put option, OTM is when the strike price is lower than the asset’s market price. For a call option, OTM is when the strike price is higher than the asset’s market price.

•   In-the-money (ITM). For a put option, in-the-money is when the market price of the asset is lower than the option’s strike price. For a call option, ITM is when the market price of the asset is higher than the option’s strike price.

The goal of both put and call options is for the options to be ITM. When an option is ITM, the investor can exercise the option to make a profit. Also, when the option is ITM, the investor has the ability to resell the option without exercising it. But the premiums for buying an equity option can be high, and can eat away at an investor’s returns over time.

Recommended: How to Sell Options for Premium

2. Equity Futures

While an options contract grants the investor the ability, without the obligation, to purchase or sell a stock during an agreed-upon period for a predetermined price, an equity futures contract requires the contract holder to buy the shares.

A futures contract specifies the price and date at which the contract holder must buy the shares. For that reason, equity futures come with a different risk profile than equity options. While equity options are risky, equity futures are generally even riskier for the investor.

One reason is that, as the price of the stock underlying the futures contract moves up or down, the investor may be required to deposit more capital into their trading accounts to cover the possible liability they will face upon the contract’s expiration. That possible loss must be placed into the account at the end of each trading day, which may create a liquidity squeeze for futures investors.

Equity Index Futures and Equity Basket Derivatives

As a form of equity futures contract, an equity index futures contract is a derivative of the group of stocks that comprise a given index, such as the S&P 500, the Dow Jones Industrial Index, and the NASDAQ index. Investors can buy futures contracts on these indices and many others.

Being widely traded, equity index futures contracts come with a wide range of contract durations — from days to months. The futures contracts that track the most popular indices tend to be highly liquid, and investors will buy and sell them throughout the trading session.

Equity index futures contracts serve investors as a way to bet on the upward or downward motion of a large swath of the overall stock market over a fixed period of time. And investors may also use these contracts as a way to hedge the risk of losses in the portfolio of stocks that they own.

3. Equity Swaps

An equity swap is another form of equity derivative in which two traders will exchange the returns on two separate stocks, or equity indexes, over a period of time.

It’s a sophisticated way to manage risk while investing in equities, but this strategy may not be available for most investors. Swaps exist almost exclusively in the over-the-counter (OTC) markets and are traded almost exclusively between established institutional investors, who can customize the swaps based on the terms offered by the counterparty of the swap.

In addition to risk management and diversification, investors use equity swaps for diversification and tax benefits, as they allow the investor to avoid some of the risk of loss within their stock holdings without selling their positions. That’s because the counterparty of the swap will face the risk of those losses for the duration of the swap. Investors can enter into swaps for individual stocks, stock indices, or sometimes even for customized baskets of stocks.

4. Equity Basket Derivatives

Equity basket derivatives can help investors either speculate on the price movements or hedge against risks of a group of stocks. These baskets may contain futures, options, or swaps relating to a set of equities that aren’t necessarily in a known index. Unlike equity index futures, these highly customized baskets are traded exclusively in the OTC markets.


💡 Quick Tip: Are self-directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).

The Takeaway

Equity derivatives are trading instruments based on the price movements of underlying asset equity. Options, futures, and swaps are just a few ways that investors can gain access to the markets, or hedge the risks that they’re already taking.

Investors interested in utilizing equity derivatives as a part of their larger investing strategy should probably do a lot of homework, as options and futures require a good amount of background knowledge to use effectively. It may also be worth speaking with a financial professional for guidance.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

Photo credit: iStock/nortonrsx

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
Probability of Member receiving $1,000 is a probability of 0.028%.

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Dec
13
2023
Commodities Trading Guide for Beginners

Commodities Trading Guide for Beginners

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Commodities Trading Guide for Beginners

Editor's Note: Options are not suitable for all investors. Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Please see the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.

Commodities trading — e.g. agricultural products, energy, and metals — can be profitable if you understand how the commodity markets work. Commodities trading is generally viewed as high risk, since the commodities markets can fluctuate dramatically owing to factors that are difficult to foresee (like weather) but influence supply and demand.

Nonetheless, commodity trading can be useful for diversification because commodities tend to have a low or even a negative correlation with asset classes like stocks and bonds. Commodities fall firmly in the category of alternative investments, and thus they may be better suited to some investors than others. Getting familiar with commodity trading basics can help investors manage risk vs. reward.

What Is Commodities Trading?

Commodities trading simply means buying and selling a commodity on the open market. Commodities are raw materials that have a tangible economic value. For example, agricultural commodities include products like soybeans, wheat, and cotton. These, along with gold, silver, and other precious metals, are examples of physical commodities.

There are different ways commodity trading can work. Investing in commodities can involve trading futures, options trading, or investing in commodity-related stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, or index funds. Different investments offer different strategies, risks, and potential costs that investors need to weigh before deciding how to invest in commodities.

Unique Traits of the Commodities Market

The commodities market is unique in that market prices are driven largely by supply and demand, less by market forces or events in the news. When supply for a particular commodity such as soybeans is low — perhaps owing to a drought — and demand for it is high, that typically results in upward price movements.

And when there’s an oversupply of a commodity such as oil, for example, and low demand owing to a warmer winter in some areas, that might send oil prices down.

Likewise, global economic development and technological innovations can cause a sudden shift in the demand for certain commodities like steel or gas or even certain agricultural products like sugar.

Thus, investing in commodities can be riskier because they’re susceptible to volatility based on factors that can be hard to anticipate. For example, a change in weather patterns can impact crop yields, or sudden demand for a new consumer product can drive up the price of a certain metal required to make that product.

Even a relatively stable commodity such as gold can be affected by rising or falling interest rates, or changes in the value of the U.S. dollar.

In the case of any commodity, it’s important to remember that you’re often dealing with tangible, raw materials that typically don’t behave the way other investments or markets tend to.

Commodity vs Stock Trading

The main difference in stock trading vs commodity trading lies in what’s being traded. When trading stocks, you’re trading ownership shares in a particular company. If you’re trading commodities, you’re trading the physical goods that those companies may use.

There’s also a difference in where you trade commodities vs. stocks. Stocks are traded on a stock exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or Nasdaq. Commodities and commodities futures are traded on a commodities exchange, such as the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYME) or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME).

That said, and we’ll explore this more later in this guide, it’s possible to invest in commodities via certain stocks in companies that are active in those industries.

Alternative investments,
now for the rest of us.

Start trading funds that include commodities, private credit, real estate, venture capital, and more.

Types of Commodities

Commodities are grouped together as an asset class but there are different types of commodities you may choose to invest in. There are two main categories of commodities: Hard commodities and soft commodities. Hard commodities are typically extracted from natural resources while soft commodities are grown or produced.

Agricultural Commodities

Agricultural commodities are soft commodities that are typically produced by farmers. Examples of agricultural commodities include rice, wheat, barley, oats, oranges, coffee beans, cotton, sugar, and cocoa. Lumber can also be included in the agricultural commodities category.

Needless to say, this sector is heavily dependent on seasonal changes, weather patterns, and climate conditions. Other factors may also come into play, like a virus that impacts cattle or pork. Population growth or decline in a certain area can likewise influence investment opportunities, if demand for certain products rises or falls.

Recommended: How to Invest in Agriculture

Livestock and Meat Commodities

Livestock and meat are given their own category in the commodity market. Examples of livestock and meat commodities include pork bellies, live cattle, poultry, live hogs, and feeder cattle. These are also considered soft commodities.

You may not think that seasonal factors or weather patterns could affect this market, but livestock and the steady production of meat requires the steady consumption of feed, typically based on corn or grain. Thus, this is another sector that can be vulnerable in unexpected ways.

Energy Commodities

Energy commodities are hard commodities. Examples of energy commodities include crude oil, natural gas, heating oil or propane, and products manufactured from petroleum, such as gasoline.

Here, investors need to be aware of certain economic and political factors that could influence oil and gas production, like a change in policy from OPEC (the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries). New technology that supports alternative or green energy sources can also have a big impact on commodity prices in the energy sector.

Precious Metals and Industrial Metals

Metals commodities are also hard commodities. Types of metal commodities include precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum. Industrial metals such as steel, copper, zinc, iron, and lead would also fit into this category.

Investors should be aware of factors like inflation, which might push people to buy precious metals as a hedge.

How to Trade Commodities

If you’re interested in how to trade commodities, there are different ways to go about it. It’s important to understand the risk involved, as well as your objectives. You can use that as a guideline for determining how much of your portfolio to dedicate to commodity trading, and which of the following strategies to consider.

Recommended: What Is Asset Allocation?

Trading Stocks in Commodities

If you’re already familiar with stock trading, purchasing shares of companies that have a commodities connection could be the simplest way to start investing.

For example, if you’re interested in gaining exposure to agricultural commodities or livestock and meat commodities, you may buy shares in companies that belong to the biotech, pesticide, or meat production industries.

Or, you might consider purchasing oil stocks or mining stocks if you’re more interested in the energy stocks and precious or industrial metals commodities markets.

Trading commodities stocks is the same as trading shares of any other stock. The difference is that you’re specifically targeting companies that are related to the commodities markets in some way. This requires understanding both the potential of the company, as well as the potential impact of fluctuations in the underlying commodity.

You can trade commodities stocks on margin for even more purchasing power. This means borrowing money from your brokerage to trade, which you must repay. This could result in bigger profits, though a drop in stock prices could trigger a margin call.

Futures Trading in Commodities

A futures contract represents an agreement to buy or sell a certain commodity at a specific price at a future date. The producers of raw materials make commodities futures contracts available for trade to investors.

So, for example, an orange grower might sell a futures contract agreeing to sell a certain amount of their crop for a set price. A company that sells orange juice could then buy that contract to purchase those oranges for production at that price.

This type of futures trading involves the exchange of physical commodities or raw materials. For the everyday investor, futures trading in commodities typically doesn’t mean you plan to take delivery of two tons of coffee beans or 4,000 bushels of corn. Instead, you buy a futures contract with the intention of selling it before it expires.

Futures trading in commodities is speculative, as investors are making educated guesses about which way a commodity’s price will move at some point in the future. Similar to trading commodities stocks, commodities futures can also be traded on margin. But again, this could mean taking more risk if the price of a commodity doesn’t move the way you expect it to.

Trading ETFs in Commodities

Commodity ETFs (or exchange-traded funds) can simplify commodities trading. When you purchase a commodity ETF you’re buying a basket of securities. These can target a picture type of commodities, such as metals or energy, or offer exposure to a broad cross-section of the commodities market.

A commodity ETF can offer simplified diversification though it’s important to understand what you own. For example, a commodities ETF that includes options or commodities futures contracts may carry a higher degree of risk compared to an ETF that includes commodities companies, such as oil and gas companies, or food producers.

Recommended: How to Trade ETFs

Investing in Mutual and Index Funds in Commodities

Mutual funds and index funds offer another entry point to commodities investing. Like ETFs, mutual funds and index funds can allow you to own a basket of commodities securities for easier diversification. But actively managed mutual funds offer investors access to very different strategies compared with index funds.

Actively managed funds follow an active management strategy, typically led by a portfolio manager who selects individual securities for the fund. So investing in a commodities mutual fund that’s focused on water or corn, for example, could give you exposure to different companies that build technologies or equipment related to water sustainability or corn production.

By contrast, index mutual funds are passive, and simply mirror the performance of a market index.

Even though these funds allow you to invest in a portfolio of different securities, remember that commodities mutual funds and index funds are still speculative, so it’s important to understand the risk profile of the fund’s underlying holdings.

Commodity Pools

A commodity pool is a private pool of money contributed by multiple investors for the purpose of speculating in futures trading, swaps, or options trading. A commodity pool operator (CPO) is the gatekeeper: The CPO is responsible for soliciting investors to join the pool and managing the money that’s invested.

Trading through a commodity pool could give you more purchasing power since multiple investors contribute funds. Investors share in both the profits and the losses, so your ability to make money this way can hinge on the skills and expertise of the CPO. For that reason, it’s important to do the appropriate due diligence. Most CPOs should be registered with the National Futures Association (NFA). You can check a CPO’s registration status and background using the NFA website.

💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Commodity Trading

Investing in commodities has its pros and cons like anything else, and they’re not necessarily right for every investor. If you’ve never traded commodities before it’s important to understand what’s good — and potentially not so good — about this market.

Advantages of Commodity Trading

Commodities can add diversification to a portfolio which can help with risk management. Since commodities have low correlation to the price movements of traditional asset classes like stocks and bonds they may be more insulated from the stock volatility that can affect those markets.

Supply and demand, not market conditions, drive commodities prices which can help make them resilient throughout a changing business cycle.

Trading commodities can also help investors hedge against rising inflation. Commodity prices and inflation move together. So if consumer prices are rising commodity prices follow suit. If you invest in commodities, that can help your returns keep pace with inflation so there’s less erosion of your purchasing power.

Disadvantages of Commodity Trading

The biggest downside associated with commodities trading is that it’s high risk. Changes in supply and demand can dramatically affect pricing in the commodity market which can directly impact your returns. That means commodities that only seem to go up and up in price can also come crashing back down in a relatively short time frame.

There is also a risk inherent to commodities trading, which is the possibility of ending up with a delivery of the physical commodity itself if you don’t close out the position. You could also be on the hook to sell the commodity.

Aside from that, commodities don’t offer any benefits in terms of dividend or interest payments. While you could generate dividend income with stocks or interest income from bonds, your ability to make money with commodities is based solely on buying them low and selling high.

The Takeaway

Commodities trading could be lucrative but it’s important to understand what kind of risk it entails. Commodities trading is a high-risk strategy so it may work better for investors who have a greater comfort with risk, versus those who are more conservative. Thinking through your risk tolerance, risk capacity, and timeline for investing can help you decide whether it makes sense to invest in commodities.

Fortunately, there are a number of ways to invest in commodities, including futures and options (which are a bit more complex), as well as stocks, ETFs, mutual and index funds — securities that may be more familiar.

Ready to expand your portfolio's growth potential? Alternative investments, traditionally available to high-net-worth individuals, are accessible to everyday investors on SoFi's easy-to-use platform. Investments in commodities, real estate, venture capital, and more are now within reach. Alternative investments can be high risk, so it's important to consider your portfolio goals and risk tolerance to determine if they're right for you.


Invest in alts to take your portfolio beyond stocks and bonds.

Photo credit: iStock/FlamingoImages


An investor should consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, and expenses of the Fund carefully before investing. This and other important information are contained in the Fund’s prospectus. For a current prospectus, please click the Prospectus link on the Fund’s respective page. The prospectus should be read carefully prior to investing.
Alternative investments, including funds that invest in alternative investments, are risky and may not be suitable for all investors. Alternative investments often employ leveraging and other speculative practices that increase an investor's risk of loss to include complete loss of investment, often charge high fees, and can be highly illiquid and volatile. Alternative investments may lack diversification, involve complex tax structures and have delays in reporting important tax information. Registered and unregistered alternative investments are not subject to the same regulatory requirements as mutual funds.
Please note that Interval Funds are illiquid instruments, hence the ability to trade on your timeline may be restricted. Investors should review the fee schedule for Interval Funds via the prospectus.
SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Dec
13
2023

How Does a Wealth Management Account Work?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | No Comments

Wealth management accounts are types of investment accounts that are managed by a professional, who coordinates the rebalancing and reallocation of assets in a portfolio. They are usually a part of a larger financial plan, often overseen by a manager or advisor.

A wealth management account is one way to help simplify investing and financial planning. But there are things investors should know, such as the costs involved, and any potential pitfalls.

What Is A Wealth Management Account?

A wealth management account is generally a form of advisory account that allows for the input and coordination of a financial advisor or planner. While there are many different types of asset management accounts, historically, many of these accounts have been available only to those with significant wealth or assets to manage.

If you’ve avoided opening a wealth management account because of high investing minimums, you should know that there are an increasing number of types of investing accounts on the market for individuals of various income levels. That’s to say that though there may be investment fees in the mix, it may be worth it to discuss the options available to you with a financial professional.

Based on your personal investment strategy, which may be developed with the help of a professional, a wealth management account may be used to invest your money in different assets.




💡 Quick Tip: How do you decide if a certain trading platform or app is right for you? Ideally, the investment platform you choose offers the features that you need for your investment goals or strategy, e.g., an easy-to-use interface, data analysis, educational tools.

Why Invest with a Wealth Management Account?

Using a wealth management account may help some investors stay on track and stick to a financial plan. Working with a manager, too, can help take some of the pressure off of investors who may be having difficulties deciding how to invest.

Some people may choose not to invest at all, which might stymie their progress toward reaching financial goals. As such, a wealth manager or advisor may use a wealth management account to help those investors, and invest their assets where they have the best opportunity to grow. While rates of return cannot be guaranteed, and it is possible that investments will lose money, over time, money tends to grow when left in the market.

In effect, investing is a way to allow your money to work for you.

How Does Investing with a Wealth Management Account Work?

As noted, a wealth management account works in conjunction with a larger financial plan – one that a wealth management or financial professional likely lays out with you after learning more about your goals. They’re holistic accounts, taking into account applicable taxes and fees, and one in which a manager or advisor selects and manages investments on an individual’s behalf.

Once you have an investment plan in place, a wealth manager could build you a portfolio from a wide selection of assets, such as stocks, bonds, ETFs, and more. From there, a wealth manager will keep an eye on your portfolio, make changes as necessary, and incorporate an investor’s feedback.

How Do Financial Planners Help with Wealth Management Accounts?

As discussed, financial professionals or wealth managers offer a guiding hand in not only determining your financial goals, but figuring out the best investment strategy to help you reach them. That will all depend on a number of factors, including your age, risk tolerance, and more. But, ultimately, a financial professional will be able to make decisions based on market conditions and your portfolio’s makeup to help you reach certain financial milestones.

There’s always a chance that they could fail, that they offer bad advice, that your portfolio loses money, or that you could end up paying more than anticipated in fees and commissions, however. That’s something investors will need to take into consideration. But overall, a wealth management account is typically designed for an investor who wants a professional to offer guidance, and take some of the work out of managing a portfolio.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

Are wealth management accounts worth it?

A wealth management account may be worth it to an investor if the investor wants a professional to offer guidance and make actual investments for them, as opposed to doing it themselves. Whether it’s worth it is ultimately up to the individual.

How much money do you need to open a wealth management account?

The amount of money needed to open a wealth management account varies from firm to firm, but generally, investors will need a minimum of around $25,000 to get started.

What is the typical wealth management fee?

Depending on the specific firm and financial professional an investor is working with, wealth management fees average around 1% of the assets being managed.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Probability of Member receiving $1,000 is a probability of 0.028%.

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Dec
13
2023

The Rule of 72: Understanding Its Significance in Investing

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off on The Rule of 72: Understanding Its Significance in Investing

The Rule of 72 is a shortcut equation to help you figure out just how long it will take to double an investment at a given rate of return. Best of all, the math is easy to do without the help of a calculator.

In short, the Rule of 72 can help investors determine whether an investment may have a place in their overall investment strategy, and how to proceed.

What Is the Rule of 72?

As noted, the Rule of 72 helps investors understand how different types of investments might figure into their investment plans. The basic formula for the rule is:

Number of years to double an investment = 72 / Interest rate

In the case of investing, the interest rate is the rate of return on an investment. For example, an investor has $10,000 to invest in an investment that offers a 6% rate of return. That investment would double in 72 / 6 = 12 years. Twelve years after making an initial investment, the investor would have $20,000.

Notice that when making this calculation, investors divide by six, not 6% or 0.06. Dividing by 0.06 would indicate 1,200 years to double the investment, an outlandishly long time.

This shorthand allows investors to quickly compare investments and understand whether their rate of return will help them meet their financial goals within a desired time horizon.

Who Came Up with the Rule of 72?

The Rule of 72 is not new, in fact, it dates back to the late 1400s, when it was referenced in a mathematics book by Luca Pacioli. The Rule itself, though, could date even further back. Albert Einstein is often credited with its invention, however.


💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.

The Formula and Calculation of the Rule of 72

The Rule of 72 is a shortened version of a logarithmic equation that involves complex functions you would need a scientific calculator to calculate. That formula looks like this:

T = ln(2) / ln(1 + r / 100)

In this equation, T equals time to double, ln is the natural log function, and r is the compounded interest rate.

This calculation is too complicated for the average investor to perform on the fly, and it turns out 72 divided by r is a close approximation that works especially well for lower rates of return. The higher the rate of return — as the rate nears 100% — the less accurate the Rule of 72 gets.

Example of the Rule of 72 Calculation

For a relatively simple equation, the Rule of 72 can help investors figure out a lot of helpful information. For one, it can help them compare different types of investments that offer different rates of returns.

For example, an investor has $25,000 to invest and plans to retire in 20 years. In order to meet a certain retirement goal, that investor needs to at least double their money to $50,000 in that time period.

The same investor is presented with two investment options: One offers a 3% return and one offers a 4% return. The investor can quickly see that at 3% the investment will double in 72 / 3 = 24 years, four years past their retirement date. The investment with a 4% return will double their money in 72 / 4 = 18 years, giving them two years of leeway before they retire.

The investor can see that when choosing between the two options, choosing the 4% rate of return will help them reach their financial goals, while the 3% return will leave them short.

Applying the Rule of 72 in Investment Planning

There are numerous instances in which the Rule of 72 can be applied to investment planning. But it’s also important to understand a bit about how simple and compound interest differ, and come into play when using the Rule to make projections.

Remember, there are two types of interest rates: simple interest and compound interest.

Simple interest is calculated using only the principal or starting amount. For example, an individual opens an account with $1,000 and a 1% simple interest rate. At the end of the year, they will have $1,010 in their bank account. But they’ll only earn 1% each year on their principal, aka that initial $1,000.

So even over a longer time period, the individual isn’t earning very much—after 10 years, for example, they will have accumulated a total of $1,100.

Simple interest may be even easier to conceptualize as a savings account from which an individual withdraws the interest each year.

In the example above the individual would withdraw $10 at the end of the year and start again with $1,000 the next year. Every year after that, they would start over with the same principal and earn the same amount in interest.

Compound interest, on the other hand, can help investments grow exponentially. That’s because it incorporates the interest earned on an investment in addition to the initial investment. In other words, an investor earns a return on their returns.

To get an idea of the power of compound interest it might help to explore a compound interest calculator, which allows users to input principal, interest rate, and compounding period.

For example, an individual invests that same $1,000 at a 6% interest rate for 30 years with interest compounding annually. At the end of the investment period, they will have made more than $5,700 without making any additional investments.

That fact is important to consider when conceptualizing the Rule of 72, because compound interest plays a big role in helping an investment double in value within a given time frame. It can help achieve high reward with relatively little effort.

Practical Uses in Financial Projections

Higher returns are often correlated with higher risk. So this rule can help investors gauge whether their risk tolerance — or their return on investment — is high enough to get them to their goal. Depending on what their time horizon is, investors can easily see whether they need to bump up their risk tolerance and choose investments that offer higher returns.

By the same token, this rule can help investors understand if their time horizon is long enough at a certain rate of return. For example, the investor in the above example is already invested in the instrument that offers 3%.

The Rule of 72 can illustrate that they may need to rethink their timeline for when they will retire, pushing it past 20 years. Alternatively, they could sell their current investments and buy a new investment that offers a higher rate of return.

It’s also important to understand that the Rule of 72 does not take into account additional savings that may be made to the principal investment. So if it becomes clear that the goal won’t be met at the current savings rate, an investor will be able to consider how much extra money to set aside to help reach the goal.

Estimating Investment Doubling Times

Using the Rule of 72 to estimate investment doubling times can be a little tricky, and perhaps inaccurate, unless an investor has a clear idea of what the expected rate of return for an investment will be. For instance, it may be very difficult to get an idea of an expected return for a particularly volatile stock. As such, investors may want to proceed with caution when using it to calculate investment doubling times.

Application in Stock Market Investments

As mentioned, stock market investments can be difficult to predict. But some are more predictable than others. For example, investors can probably use the historic rate of return for the S&P 500 to try and get a sense of an expected return for the market at large – which can help when applying the Rule of 72 to index funds or other broad investments.

For example, if a 401(k) plan includes investments that offer a 6% return, the investment will double in 12 years. Again, that’s an estimate, but it gives investors a ballpark figure to work with.

Use During Periods of Inflation

Money loses value during bouts of inflation, which means that the Rule of 72 can be used to determine how long it’ll take a dollar’s value to fall by half – the opposite of doubling in value.

Accuracy and Limitations of the Rule of 72

The Rule of 72 has its place in the investing lexicon, but there are some things about its accuracy and overall limitations to take into consideration.

Is the Rule of 72 Accurate?

Perhaps the most important thing to keep in mind about the Rule of 72’s accuracy is that it’s a derivation of a larger, more complex operation, and therefore, is something of an estimate. It’s not perfectly accurate, but will get you more of a “ballpark” figure that can help you make investing decisions.

Situations Where the Rule is Most Accurate

The Rule of 72 is only an approximation and depending on what you’re trying to understand there are a few variations of the rule that can make the approximation more accurate.

The rule of 72 is most accurate at 8%, and beyond that at a range between 6% and 10%. You can, however, adjust the rule to make it more accurate outside the 6% to 10% window.

The general rule to make the calculation more accurate is to adjust the rule by one for every three points the interest rate differs from 8% in either direction. So, for an interest rate of 11%, individuals should adjust from 72 to 73. In the other direction, if the interest rate is 5%, individuals should adjust 72 to 71.

Comparisons and Variations on the Rule

There are a few alternatives or variations of the Rule of 72, too, such as the Rule of 73, Rule of 69.3, and Rule of 69.

Rule of 72 vs. Rule of 73

The basic difference between the Rule of 72 and the Rule of 73 is that it’s used to estimate the time it takes for an investment’s value to double if the rate of return is above 10%. The Rule of 73 is only a slight tweak to the rule of 72, using different figures in the calculation.

Rules of 72, 69.3, and 69

Similarly to the Rule of 73, some people prefer to use the Rule of 69.3, especially when interest compounds daily, to get a more accurate result. That number is derived from the complete equation ln(2) / ln(1 + r / 100). When plugged into a calculator by itself, ln(2) results in a number that’s approximately 0.693147.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What are flaws of the Rule of 72>

There are a few key drawbacks to using the Rule of 72, including the fact that it’s mostly accurate only for a certain subset of investments, it’s only an estimation, and that unforeseen factors can cause the rate of return for an investment to change, rendering it useless.

Does the Rule of 72 apply to debt?

Yes, the Rule of 72 can apply to debt, and it can be used to calculate an estimate of how long it would take a debt balance to double if it’s not paid down or off.

Who created the Rule of 72?

Albert Einstein often gets credit, but Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli most likely invented, or introduced the Rule of 72 to the popular world in the late 1400s.


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5 Alternatives to Emergency Student Loans

By | Debt Payoff, Fresh Out of School, Student Loans, student_loan | No Comments

You thought you had your college costs covered. Then something unexpected happened — a sudden job loss, unplanned expense, family emergency — and now you’re short on funds and wondering how you’ll make ends meet.

Fortunately, some schools offer emergency student loans to help students rebound from a financial set-back and manage the unexpected. While these tend to be smaller amounts, an emergency loan can help you get through a rough financial patch, allowing you to stay in school and complete your degree.

However, not every college and university offers emergency student loans, and those that do may have limited funds for emergency student loans and varying eligibility requirements.

Here are key things to know about emergency or fast student loans, plus other ways to access quick funds when you hit a set-back or unexpected college expense.

The Basics of Emergency Student Loans

The term emergency student loan generally refers to a loan offered to actively enrolled students in dire financial situations, typically by colleges and universities. If you have experienced an unexpected financial hardship, whether due to a job loss, a death in the family, or any life circumstance that results in immediate financial need, you may be eligible to apply.

Emergency loans are generally disbursed and repaid on rapid schedules. Repayment terms may be as short as 30 to 90 days. The amount you can borrow varies by school but the cap is typically between $500 to $1,500. Some emergency student loans are interest-free, while others charge a low interest rate.

Typically, you cannot use an emergency student loan to cover your tuition for the semester. However, you can use it to cover other expenses, like food, housing, childcare, and medical expenses.


💡 Quick Tip: Get flexible terms and competitive rates when you refinance your student loan with SoFi.

How to Get Emergency Student Loans

If you need an emergency or instant student loan, a good first step is to contact your school’s financial aid office. If your school offers emergency loans, you will likely need to:

•   Find out if you are eligible. You’ll want to check your school’s eligibility requirements to make sure you qualify before you go through the application process.

•   Fill out the emergency student loan application. You may be able to do this online or you might need to do it in person at the financial aid office. You’ll likely need to have your student ID and enrollment information. Your school may also ask for documentation of your financial emergency before it will approve the loan.

•   Make a plan to repay your loan on time. You may need to repay the loan within just a few months, so you’ll want to determine how you will make those payments. If you miss a payment, the school might charge fees and/or hold your academic records.

Are Emergency Student Loans a Good Idea?

While emergency student loans can be helpful, they may not be the right solution for everyone. For one, the loan might not offer enough money to help you out. For another, schools typically have strict qualification criteria for emergency student loans. For example, you typically need to have experienced an unexpected event that triggered a dire and sudden financial need, such as:

•   Loss of a parent

•   Dismissal from a job or unexpected reduction in income

•   Natural disaster

•   Significant crime or theft

Also keep in mind that an emergency loan is still a loan, so you’ll want to make sure you can handle more debt before you tap a fast student loan. Also be sure you can manage the short repayment period. Having a loan go into default may jeopardize your education and your eligibility for future financial aid. In other words, it’s a good idea to establish a plan before you borrow money.

Emergency Student Loan Alternatives

Emergency student loans can be a great resource for some students. However, they aren’t right for everyone. You may not qualify for your school’s emergency student loan program. Or, you might need a larger sum of money or a longer repayment timeline. Also, not all schools offer emergency loans. Luckily, there are other options on the table to help you through a cash crunch during college. Here are five you may want to explore.

1. Unused Federal Student Loans

If you’ve already submitted your Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) but turned down some or all of the federal student loans you were offered, there is good news: It’s possible to change your mind. Once you have filed a FAFSA, you are allowed to accept the funds at any time during the academic year.

For example, you might have been offered $5,000 in federal loans but only claimed $2,000 of that money. If you find yourself in financial hardship later in the academic year, you could still claim the unused portion of federal student aid. You can use federal student loans to cover tuition as well as living expenses. Your financial aid office can help you figure out if this is an option for you.

Since you’ve already been approved for the loan, funding time will likely be much faster compared to the regular waiting time for federal aid. It shouldn’t take more than 14 days to receive the funds.

If you’ve had a major change in your financial situation, such as a job loss or the passing of a parent, you may want to resubmit your FAFSA to reflect your new situation. Depending on the changes, you might qualify for more aid.

2. University Grants and Scholarships

Some colleges and universities offer emergency aid in other forms besides loans. Emergency grants and scholarships work in a similar way to emergency student loans in that they’re meant to help cover unexpected financial hardships. However, unlike loans, grants don’t have to be repaid.

For example, some schools offer completion scholarships or grants, which can forgive a portion or all of the outstanding balance that might otherwise keep a student from advancing or graduating. Other schools have voucher programs to help with specific on-campus costs like books and dining hall meals.

You’ll need to get in touch with your financial aid office to see if you qualify for any emergency assistance grants, scholarships, or vouchers under your circumstances. The school may require proof of hardship or emergency.

Recommended: Finding Free Money for College

3. Private Student Loans

If you’ve tapped all of your federal aid options, you might turn to private student loans to help cover emergency expenses. These are loans offered by banks, credit unions, and online lenders.

Private student loans typically come with higher interest rates than federal student loans and don’t offer the same borrower protections (like forbearance and forgiveness programs). However, you can often borrow up to your school’s cost of attendance with a private student loan, giving you more borrowing power than you can get with the federal government. Depending on the lender, you may be able to take advantage of quick student loan approval and disbursement and use the money to pay for your emergency expenses.

Some lenders send the money straight to the school and, once tuition is covered, the school will typically give you the remainder of the loan to cover living expenses. In other cases, lenders will send the funds to you to make the appropriate payments.

4. Tuition Payment Extension

If you’re not sure you can pay your tuition on time due to a sudden emergency, it’s worth asking your financial aid office if they provide temporary payment extensions or payment plans.

Some colleges may be willing to grant you an extension on paying your tuition. For example, they might offer an emergency deferment plan which allows enrolled students to postpone payments through a specific date, such as the 90th day of the term. This might give you a bit of extra breathing room in your budget.

You might also explore tuition payment plans. Many schools allow you to spread out your tuition into affordable monthly or bi-monthly payments. Typically, schools don’t charge interest on thes plans. However, when exploring this alternative, it’s a good idea to ask about any fees or interest charges that might apply.

5. Food Pantries

The cost of food is high these days, and this may be particularly burdensome during an emergency. Your school may have an on-campus food pantry that can help reduce your expenses until you’re back on your feet. Also keep in mind that local churches and other charitable organizations in your area may also offer food at no cost to those in need. Feeding America is a helpful resource to find food banks near you.These food pantries can provide basics like canned foods, pastas, dried breakfast items and more.


💡 Quick Tip: Refinancing could be a great choice for working graduates who have higher-interest graduate PLUS loans, Direct Unsubsidized Loans, and/or private loans.

Where Can You Look for Other Forms of Emergency Student Aid and Assistance?

Outside of emergency student loans and grants, colleges and universities often offer additional resources that can help with unplanned costs during an emergency. You might find on-campus support in the form of housing opportunities, bus passes, or food pantries. Even if your school doesn’t offer emergency assistance directly, a financial aid administrator may know of off-campus organizations that will offer support.

You might also explore assistance from alumni-funded foundations or other nonprofit scholarships or grants that can provide emergency assistance. For example, the UNCF offers a “Just-in-time” emergency grant of up to $1,000 for students at risk of dropping out of college due to a financial hardship (like medical bills, a car repair, or a trip home to help a sick parent). Students must complete an online application form and show proof of financial hardship.

After You Graduate

If you took out federal or private student loans during college to cover expenses (both planned and unplanned) and you’re now in the repayment stage, you might want to look into refinancing. When you refinance your student loans, a lender pays off your existing loans with a new one, ideally at a lower interest rate. That can potentially save you money in the long run — and from the first payment you make.

Just keep in mind that if you refinance federal student loans with a private lender you forfeit federal protections, such as income-driven repayment plans and forgiveness programs.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

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Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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