Feb
08
2024

What Are the Different Types of Stocks?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on What Are the Different Types of Stocks?

There are numerous types of stocks, categorized by company characteristics, size, region, sector, and more. Equipped with an understanding of different stock types, an investor can start building a diversified portfolio. Though all stocks can experience volatility and potentially lose value, holding a mix of different types of shares can mitigate the risk of being too heavily invested in any one category.

An Overview Of Stocks

A stock represents a percentage of ownership in a publicly traded company. So essentially, investors can own small pieces or “shares” of companies.

Generating returns via the stock market can usually happen in one of two ways. First, the value of the stock can increase over time, something known as capital appreciation. The second is through dividend payments, where companies make cash payouts periodically to all owners of that company’s stock. Some people make investments based on a company’s ability to pay consistent dividends, or “income.” Utility and telephone companies often fit into this bucket.

When you own a stock, you hold equity (or ownership) in that company. That’s why stocks are sometimes referred to as equities. Each individual share represents an equal proportion of ownership. Owners of stocks are often referred to as stockholders or shareholders.

💡 Quick Tip: Are self-directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).

Categories of Stocks

There are several ways that different stocks are categorized, which is important to know if you’re brushing up on the stock market basics. Stocks are also sometimes classified by styles of investing. These categories often have to do with how that company makes money and how the stock is valued. You may often hear this associated when discussing value vs. growth stocks.

Value Stocks

Value stocks are stocks that are considered to be trading below their actual worth, and are a key component in value investing. Investors hope that by buying companies that are priced below their “true” value, they can profit as the gap narrows over time.

Growth Stocks

Growth stocks are companies that are growing at a fast pace or those that are expected to continue growing at a faster rate than other stocks or competitors. Investors can encounter higher valuations in growth investing.

Common Stock

Common stock represents shares of ownership in a corporation. When an investor receives common shares, they are typically also granted voting rights to the company and can participate in shareholder voting processes — usually one vote for each share. For investors, it can be helpful to understand the differences between common versus preferred stock.

Preferred Stocks

Preferred stocks make regular dividend payments, but holders of preferred shares often have zero or limited voting rights. If a company becomes financially insolvent however, preferred stockholders have a claim on assets before common shareholders do.

Exchange-traded Funds (ETFs)

Exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, group multiple securities into a single share. For instance, a stock ETF will hold numerous companies, while a bond ETF can hold many individual bonds, whether it’s a collection of Treasurys or high-yield debt. ETFs are popular because of the cheap, instant diversification they offer.

There are many types of ETFs, too, including low cost ETFs, and ETFs with their holdings concentrated in certain sectors.

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)

An initial public offering (IPO) is the process of a private company listing and debuting on a public stock exchange. Investors can buy IPO shares on their first day of trading.

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs)

SPACs are shell companies that go public on the stock exchange, and then try to find a private operating business to purchase.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

REITs are companies that own and operate real estate, usually focusing on one type of property, such as warehouses, hotels or office buildings. There are pros & cons to investing in REITs. For example, one pro is that they tend to pay consistent dividends. Cons include sensitivity to interest rates, and taxed dividends.

Blue-Chip Stocks

Blue-chip stocks are stocks that large, well-established companies issue and usually have a long-standing history of growth. They’re generally considered to be financially sound, and may be considered lower-risk than other stocks.

Cyclical and Non-Cyclical Stocks

Cyclical investing concerns making stock selections surrounding economic changes, and cyclical stocks are those that may see their performance closely align with larger economic shifts. Non-cyclical stocks, on the other hand, do not see their performance tied to larger economic changes.

Defensive Stocks

Defensive stocks may be used as a part of a defensive investing strategy, and usually involves investing in stocks that may be seen as lower-risk. This can include blue-chip stocks, or stocks from sectories like utilities and consumer staples.

Penny Stocks

Penny stocks are low-priced stocks that generally trade for less than $5 per share, and many trade for less than $1. They’re usually risky, and highly-speculative stocks.

Income Stocks

Income stocks are a category of stocks that tend to offer regular, steady income to investors. That income generally comes in the form of dividends.

Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG)

ESG stocks are those that may have certain non-financial criteria that appeal to certain investors. ESG stocks are shares of companies that are socially and environmentally responsible, though there is no universally-shared or accepted set of ESG criteria.

Different Market Caps

The sizes of stocks are classified by the market capitalization of the company’s publicly traded stock. Market cap is calculated by multiplying the stock price by the total number of outstanding shares.

Generally speaking, larger companies tend to be older, more established, and have greater international exposure — so a higher percentage of a large-cap company’s revenue comes from overseas. Meanwhile, smaller-cap stocks tend to be newer, less established and more domestically oriented. Smaller-cap companies can be riskier but also offer more growth potential.

Similarly, if you’re interested in buying mid-cap stocks, that means you’re investing in mid-sized companies — generally speaking.

stock market caps

While the market-caps that determine which companies are small or large can shift, here’s a breakdown that gives some rough parameters.

   Micro-Cap: $50 million to $300 million

   Small-Cap: $300 million to $2 billion

   Mid-Cap: $2 billion to $10 billion

   Large-Cap: $10 billion or higher

   Mega-Cap: $200 billion or higher

Types of Stock Classes

There are also stock classes that investors should be aware of, and those generally involve Class A, Class B, and Class C shares, which all may be issued by the same company. The specifics of each category will vary from company to company, too.

For some rough guidelines, though, Class A shares tend to have more voting power and higher priority for dividends. Class B shares may have lesser voting power than Class A shares, but no preferential treatment for dividends. Class C shares are often given to employees as a part of a compensation package, and may have associated trading restrictions.

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Stocks By Sector

stock sectors

Additionally, stocks are often grouped by the industry that that company works within. According to the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS), there are 11 recognized sectors, with numerous industries within those sectors. They include (but are not limited to):

   Energy: Energy equipment and services, oil, gas, and consumable fuels. If you want to invest in energy stocks, this is the category to look at.

   Materials: Chemicals, construction materials, containers and packaging, metals and mining

   Industrials: Aerospace and defense, building products, machinery, construction and engineering, electrical equipment, industrial conglomerates

   Consumer Discretionary: Automobiles, automobile components, household durables, leisure products

   Consumer Staples: Food products, beverage, tobacco, household products

   Health Care: Health care equipment and services, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, life sciences

   Financials: Banks, insurance, consumer finance, capital markets, financial services

   Information Technology: IT services, software, communications equipment

   Communication Services: Diversified telecommunication services, media, entertainment

   Utilities: Electric utilities, gas utilities, water utilities, independent power and renewable electricity producers

   Real Estate: Real estate management and development, various REITs (retail, residential, office, etc.)

Again, these categories can be helpful to investors looking to diversify their portfolios. If you want to add some real estate stocks, or even invest in tech stocks, sector investing may be something to research further.

Note, too, that there may be other categories or sectors of stocks not listed above, such as retail stocks.

Stocks by Country

Different overseas stocks can be classified by the country or region in which they’re headquartered, even if the company’s operations are global. Individuals looking to invest in international stocks have found that they can do so easily with ETFs, which hold numerous foreign companies within a single share.

Regions that are commonly used in the world of stock investing are:

EAFE is an acronym which stands for Europe, Australasia, and the Far East. Investors may see this used when making investment choices, as the MSCI EAFE is a common index used for international stock funds. These countries are all “developed” nations, which means they have established financial markets, stable political climates, and mature economies.

Emerging-market stocks, which stocks with companies based out of countries whose economies are described as developing. Brazil, Russia, Mexico, China, and India are just a few emerging markets. Emerging markets may be riskier to invest in but may pose an opportunity for high rates of growth.

The Takeaway

There are numerous types of stocks on the market, and it can be important for investors to understand the differences between them. The stock market can be volatile and prone to dramatic declines, but in order to shield themselves from the risks, investors often create diversified portfolios by stocking their holdings through various different stock types.

Diversification is easier to do if an investor understands the different types of stocks that exist in the U.S. equity market. From mega-cap stocks to ETFs to emerging-market companies, there are a myriad of investing opportunities in the equity market.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What are the benefits of investing in different types of stocks?

Investing in different types of stocks can be beneficial to investors as it can diversify their portfolio, which may help reduce investing risk as the market fluctuates.

What is the riskiest type of stock?

Penny stocks are likely the riskiest type of stock, as they are shares of companies that are new, unproven, and highly volatile. While there’s a big potential upside to investing in penny stocks, the risks are significant.

What stocks are best for beginners?

While it’ll depend on the individual investor, beginner investors may want to look at investing in blue chip stocks, ETFs, or other stocks that have either built-in diversification, or a long track record of viability, which can be a sign of lower associated risks.

What are the risks and opportunities of investing in emerging markets?

Emerging markets can be volatile or unstable, and there may be political, monetary, and economic risks that investors are unaware of in those markets.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Feb
08
2024
What Is a Salary Reduction Contribution Plan?

What Is a Salary Reduction Contribution Plan?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off on What Is a Salary Reduction Contribution Plan?

A salary reduction contribution plan allows employees to reduce their taxable income by investing for retirement. With this type of plan, an employee’s salary isn’t really reduced; rather the employer deducts a percentage of their salary and deposits the funds in a retirement savings plan where the money can grow tax deferred.

Common employer-sponsored retirement plans include 401(k)s, 403(b)s, and SIMPLE IRAs. Employee contributions — also called elective deferral contributions — are typically made with pre-tax money, effectively reducing the participant’s taxable income and often lowering their tax bill. Some plans feature an after-tax Roth contribution option, too.

You may already be contributing to a salary reduction contribution plan, although your company may not call it that. These plans can be a valuable way to boost your retirement savings, and offer you a tax break. Here’s what you need to know.

Salary Reduction Contribution Plans Explained

A salary reduction contribution plan helps workers save and invest for retirement through their employer via several types of retirement accounts. Money is typically deposited in a retirement account such as a 401(k), 403(b), or SIMPLE IRA on a pre-tax basis through recurring deferrals (aka contributions) on behalf of the employee.

Employees typically select the percentage they wish to deposit, e.g. 3%, 10%, or more. That percentage is deducted from an employee’s paycheck automatically, and deposited in their retirement account. Sometimes a specific dollar amount is established as the salary reduction contribution amount.

The upshot for the worker is that they can delay paying taxes on the amount of the salary reduction for many years, until they withdraw money from the account during retirement. Like a traditional 401(k) or 403(b), these accounts can be tax deferred; Roth options are considered after tax (because you deposit after-tax funds, but pay no tax on withdrawals). Retirement contributions may offer decades of compounded investment returns without taxation. Essentially, retirement contributions through an employer’s plan means saving money from your salary.

There are also SIMPLE IRA salary reduction agreements sometimes offered by small businesses with 100 or fewer employees: “SIMPLE” is short for “Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees.”

A Salary Reduction Simplified Employee Pension Plan (SARSEP), on the other hand, is a simplified employee pension plan established before 1997.

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Double down on your retirement goals with a 1% match on every dollar you roll over and contribute to a SoFi IRA.1

1Terms and conditions apply. Roll over a minimum of $20K to receive the 1% match offer. Matches on contributions are made up to the annual limits.

How Salary Reduction Contribution Plans Work

Salary reduction contribution plans are established between a worker and their employer. The two parties agree to have a set percentage or a dollar amount taken from the employee’s salary and deposited into a tax-advantaged retirement plan. That money can then be invested in stock or bond mutual funds, or other investments offered by the plan.

With pre-tax contributions, the employee has a reduced paycheck but gets current-year tax savings. With after-tax contributions, as in a Roth account, taxes are paid today while the account can potentially grow tax-free through retirement; withdrawals from a Roth account are tax free.

Example of a Salary Reduction Contribution Plan

Here’s an example of how a salary reduction contribution plan agreement might work:

Let’s say an employee at a university has a $100,000 salary and wishes to save 10% of their pay in a pre-tax retirement account. The school has a 403(b) plan in place. The worker contacts their Human Resources department to ask about submitting a salary reduction agreement form. On the form, the worker chooses an amount of their salary to defer into the 403(b) plan (10%).

Typically they also select investments from a lineup of mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

Come payday, the employee’s paycheck will look different. If the usual biweekly gross earnings amount is $3,846 ($100,000 salary divided by 26 pay periods, per year), then $384.60, or 10% of earnings, is deducted from the employee’s paycheck and deposited into the 403(b) and invested, assuming the employee has selected their desired investment options.

Depending on other deductions, the employee’s new taxable income might be $3,461.40. The contribution effectively reduced the worker’s salary, potentially lowering their tax bill at the end of the year.

If the worker is in the 22% marginal income tax bracket, the $10,000 annual deferral amounts to an annual federal income tax savings of $2,200 per year.

Bear in mind that withdrawals from the 403(b) plan are taxable with pre-tax salary reductions. We’ll look at salary reduction plan withdrawal rules later.

Pros & Cons of Salary Reduction Contribution Plans

Although your employer may offer a salary reduction contribution plan like a 401(k) or SIMPLE IRA salary reduction agreement for retirement, it’s not required to participate. Before deciding whether you want to join your organization’s plan, here are some advantages and disadvantages to consider.

Pros

A salary reduction contribution offers employees the chance to reduce their current-year taxable income. A lower salary defers taxation on the money you save, until retirement. For young workers, that could mean decades of compounding returns without having to pay taxes along the way.

For those who have the option of choosing to open a Roth account, taxes are paid in the current year, but withdrawals are tax free (as long as certain criteria are met). Also, contributions to a Roth 401(k) or Roth 403(b) plan can grow tax-free through retirement.

What’s more, the employer might offer their own contribution such as a matching contribution. Typically, an employer might match employees’ contributions up to a certain amount: e.g. they’ll match 50 cents for every dollar an employee saves, up to 6% of their salary.

Another upside is that lowering one’s salary through automated savings can help an individual live on less money and avoid spending beyond their means — which may help establish long-term savings habits. Thus, contributing to a salary reduction plan can be a step toward creating a financial plan.

Cons

Like many aspects of personal finance, salary reduction contributions can be a balancing act between meeting your obligations today and providing for your future self.

Saving for the future can mean forgoing some pleasure in the present, similar to the concept of delayed gratification. Maybe you decide to postpone a vacation or purchase of a new car in exchange for a more robust retirement account balance.

Employees should also weigh the likelihood of needing money in the event of an emergency. Taking early withdrawals or borrowing from your 401(k) account can be costly, or may come with penalties, versus having extra cash in a checking or savings account. In most cases if you take out a loan from an employer-sponsored plan, you would have to repay the loan in full if you left your job.

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Salary Reduction Contribution Limits

Annual salary reduction contribution limits can change each year. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) determines the yearly maximum contribution amount. For 2024, the most a worker can contribute to a 401(k) or 403(b) is $23,000. For those age 50 and older, an additional $7,500 contribution is permitted.

In 2023, a worker can contribute up to $22,500 to a 401(k) or 403(b), and those 50 and older can contribute an additional $7,500 in catch-up contributions.

A SIMPLE IRA salary reduction agreement has different limits. For 2024, a SIMPLE IRA’s annual maximum contribution is $16,000 with a catch-up contribution of up to $3,500 for those age 50 and older. For 2023, the annual maximum SIMPLE IRA contribution limit is $15,500 and $3,500 for those 50 and up.

Salary Reduction Contribution Plan Withdrawal Rules

There are many rules regarding salary reduction contribution plan withdrawals.

At a high level, when an employee withdraws money from a tax-deferred retirement account, they will owe income tax on the money. If you withdraw money before age 59 ½, a 10% early-withdrawal tax might be applied.

There can be some exceptions to these rules, but it’s best to consult with a professional.

Should you withdraw money when you leave your employer? While taking a lump sum is possible under those circumstances, it may not be your best choice: You’d owe taxes on the full amount, and you’d risk spending money that’s meant to support you when you’re older.

The standard rule of thumb is that individuals who are leaving one employer should consider rolling over their retirement account to an IRA, or their new employer’s plan. In that case there are no penalties or taxes owed, and the money is once again secured for the future.

The Takeaway

Salary reduction contribution plans can help workers save money for retirement on a pre-tax or after-tax basis. Steadily putting money to work for your future is a major step toward building a solid long-term financial plan. And in many cases you will reap a tax advantage in the present — or in the future.

That said, there are important pros and cons to weigh when deciding whether you should contribute via a salary reduction plan. You may have another strategy. But if you don’t, you might want to consider opting into your employer’s plan for the benefits it can provide.

An important point to know: Even when you join a salary reduction plan, you can still open up an IRA online to boost your savings. And if you leave your job, you can roll over your salary reduction retirement account to an IRA without paying taxes or penalties.

Ready to invest for your retirement? It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Does a 401(k) reduce salary?

Not really. Contributions toward a traditional 401(k) retirement plan are a tax-deductible form of savings that effectively reduce an individual’s taxable income. In that regard, making retirement contributions on a pre-tax basis can reduce someone’s salary (but you still have the money in your retirement account).

Also, some plans allow for after-tax contributions which also reduce the size of your paycheck, but are not tax deductible.

What does employee salary reduction mean?

Employee salary reduction means that money is automatically deducted from an employee’s paycheck and contributed to a retirement plan. Money moves into a plan such as a 401(k), 403(b), or a SIMPLE IRA. The account is in the employee’s name, and they decide how to invest the funds.

What is the difference between SEP and SARSEP?

A SEP is known as a Simplified Employee Pension Plan. A SEP plan allows employers to contribute to traditional IRAs (called SEP IRAs) for their employees. The IRS states that a business of any size, even self-employed, can establish a SEP. These plans are common in the small business world.

A SARSEP, on the other hand, is a simplified employee pension plan established before 1997. A SARSEP includes a salary reduction arrangement. The employee can choose to have the employer contribute a portion of their salary to an IRA or annuity. Per the IRS, a SARSEP may not be established after 1996.

Photo credit: iStock/visualspace

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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Feb
08
2024
Default Deferral Rate 401(k) Explained

Default Deferral Rate 401(k) Explained

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Default Deferral Rate 401(k) Explained

Your 401(k) deferral rate is the amount that you contribute to the plan via your paychecks. Many companies have a default deferral rate on 401(k) plans, in which they automatically direct a certain amount of your paycheck to your 401(k) plan. This occurs automatically, unless you opt out of participation or select a higher default rate.

The default deferral rate on 401(k) plans varies from one plan to another (and not all plans have a default rate), though the most common rate is 7%. If you’re currently saving in a 401(k) plan or will soon enroll in your employer’s plan, it’s important to understand how automatic contributions work.

What Is a 401(k) Deferral Rate?

A deferral rate is the percentage of salary contributed to a 401(k) plan or a similar qualified plan each pay period. Each 401(k) plan can establish a default deferral percentage, which represents the minimum amount that employees automatically contribute, unless they opt out of the plan.

For example, someone making a $50,000 annual salary would automatically contribute a minimum of $1,500 per year to their plan if it had a 3% automatic deferral rate.

Employees can choose not to participate in the plan, or they can contribute more than the minimum deferral percentage set by their plan. They may choose to contribute 10%, 15% or more of their salary into the plan each year, and receive a tax benefit up to the annual limit. Again, the more of your income you defer into the plan, the larger your retirement nest egg may be later.

There are several benefits associated with changing your 401(k) contributions to maximize 401(k) salary deferrals, including:

•   Reducing taxable income if you’re contributing pre-tax dollars

•   Getting the full employer matching contribution

•   Qualifying for the retirement saver’s credit

If you qualify, the Saver’s Credit is worth up to $1,000 for single filers or $2,000 for married couples filing jointly. This credit can be used to reduce your tax liability on a dollar-for-dollar basis.

Get a 1% IRA match on rollovers and contributions.

Double down on your retirement goals with a 1% match on every dollar you roll over and contribute to a SoFi IRA.1

1Terms and conditions apply. Roll over a minimum of $20K to receive the 1% match offer. Matches on contributions are made up to the annual limits.

Average Deferral Rate

Studies have shown that more employers are leaning toward the higher end of the scale when setting the default deferral rate. According to research from the Plan Sponsor Council of America (PSCA), for instance, 32.9% of employers use an automatic default deferral rate of 6% versus 29% that set the default percentage at 3%.

In terms of employer matching contributions, a recent survey from the PSCA found that 96% of employers offer some level of match. The most recent data available from the Bureau of Labor suggests that the average employer match works out to around 3.5%. Again, it’s important to remember that not every employer offers this free money to employees who enroll in the company’s 401(k).

Research shows that higher default rates result in higher overall retirement savings for participants.

What Is the Actual Deferral Percentage Test?

The actual deferral percentage (ADP) test is one of two nondiscrimination tests employers must apply to ensure that employees who contribute to a 401(k) receive equal treatment, as required by federal regulations. The ADP test counts elective deferrals of highly compensated employees and non-highly compensated employees to determine proportionality. A 401(k) plan passes the ADP test if the actual deferral percentage for highly compensated employees doesn’t exceed the greater of:

•   125% of the ADP for non-highly compensated employees, or the lesser of

•   200% of the ADP for non-highly compensated employees or the ADP for those employees plus 2%

If a company fails the ADP test or the second nondiscrimination test, known as actual contribution percentage, then it has to remedy that to avoid an IRS penalty. This can mean making contributions to the plan on behalf of non-highly compensated employees.

How Much Should I Contribute to Retirement?

If you’re ready to start saving for retirement, using your employer’s 401(k), one of the most important steps is determining your personal deferral rate. The appropriate deferral percentage can depend on several things, including:

•   How much you want to save for retirement total

•   Your current age and when you plan to retire

•   What you can realistically afford to contribute, based on your current income and expenses

A typical rule of thumb suggested by financial specialists is to save at least 15% of your gross income toward retirement each year. So if you’re making $100,000 a year before taxes, you’d save $15,000 in your 401(k) following this rule. But it’s important to consider whether you can afford to defer that much into the plan.

Using a 401(k) calculator or retirement savings calculator can help you to get a better idea of how much you need to save each year to reach your goals, based on where you’re starting from right now. As a general rule, the younger you are when starting to invest for retirement the better, as you have more time to take advantage of the power of compounding returns.

If you don’t have a 401(k), you can still save for retirement through an individual retirement account (IRA) and set up automatic deposits to mimic paycheck deferrals and give you the benefit of dollar-cost averaging.

Contribution Limits

It’s important to keep in mind that there are annual contribution limits for 401(k) plans. These limits determine how much of your income you can defer in any given year and are established by the IRS. The IRS adjusts annual contribution limits periodically to account for inflation.

For 2023, employees are allowed to contribute $22,500 to their 401(k) plans. An additional catch-up contribution of $7,500 is allowed for employees aged 50 or older. That means older workers may be eligible to make a total contribution of $30,000.

For 2024, employees can contribute $23,000 to their 4091(k), and those 50 and older can make an additional catch-up contribution of $7,500.

The total annual 2023 contribution limit for 401(k) plans, including both employee and employer matching contributions, is $66,000. For 2024, the total annual contribution limit is $69,000.

The money that you contribute to the 401(k) is yours, but you might not own the contributions from your employer until a certain period of time has passed, if your plan uses a 401(k) vesting schedule.

You’re not required to max out the annual contribution limit and employers are not required to offer a match. But the more of your salary you defer to the plan and the bigger the matching contribution, the more money you could end up with once you’re ready to retire.

The Takeaway

Contributing to a 401(k) can be one of the most effective ways to save for retirement but it’s not your only option. If you don’t have a 401(k) at work or you want to supplement your salary deferrals, you can also save using an Individual Retirement Account (IRA).

An IRA allows you to set aside money for the future while snagging some tax breaks. With a traditional IRA, your contributions may be tax-deductible. A Roth IRA, meanwhile, allows for tax-free distributions in retirement.

Ready to invest for your retirement? It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Help grow your nest egg with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

What is a good deferral rate for 401(k)?

A good deferral rate for 401(k) contributions is one that allows you to qualify for the full employer match if one is offered, at a minimum. The more money you defer into your plan, the more opportunity you have to grow wealth for retirement.

What is an automatic deferral?

An automatic deferral is a deferral of salary into a 401(k) plan or similar qualified plan through paycheck deductions. Your employer automatically redirects money from your paycheck into your retirement account.

What is the maximum default automatic enrollment deferral rate?

This depends on your employer. Some employers may set the threshold higher to allow employees to make better use of the plan.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Achieving Your Career Goals This Year

By | Building Your Career, Life & Career | No Comments

Are you ready to take your professional growth to the next level in 2024?

Whether you’re hoping to get a raise, clinch that promotion, or switch careers, the beginning of a new calendar year can be a great time to sit down and reflect on where you’ve been, where you want to go, and how you’re going to get there.

Why bother setting professional development goals? Without a specific direction in mind, it can be easy to fall back on what you’ve always done, or just take any opportunity that comes your way without thinking critically about what you want. This can leave you feeling unsatisfied and rudderless in your professional life.

Even if you’re just starting out, you have more agency over your work life than you might think. Setting clear and specific goals can set you on the right path, help you take control of your career, and lead you to the job you’ve always dreamed of.

To help unleash your full potential, here’s a look at four examples of career goals to consider for this year.

Get That Raise

When was the last time you got a pay increase? If it’s been longer than a year, it may be time to speak up. To build a case for a bump up in pay, consider doing some research into the going rates for your job in your area. If your compensation is below par, you can use this information as leverage for requesting an increase.

You can also increase your odds of getting a raise if you can effectively communicate your value to management. Rather than say you need more money, you might point out the hours and dollars you’ve saved the company, how you’ve improved productivity, or the additional responsibilities you’ve taken on since your last pay increase.

Asking for a raise isn’t easy, but you can do it. Even if the answer is no, you’ve started the conversation. This gives you the opportunity to ask what specific actions would be needed to merit a raise. If tight budgets are the issue, you might ask about a one-time bonus, either now or after a set time period.

Recommended: Guide on What to Do When You Get a Pay Raise: 12 Tips

Build Your Professional Network

The saying “it’s not what you know but who you know” has some truth to it. So in addition to polishing your professional skills, consider making 2024 the year you focus on expanding your professional community. You can build your network by attending networking events and connecting with other like-minded professionals via social media. You might also ask colleagues, friends, and family members to introduce you to contacts that may be a good professional fit.

Meeting professionals and keeping in contact with them can help you learn more about the industry, including job opportunities down the line. Individuals in your network may also be willing to serve as mentors and help you develop important career skills.

Climb the Ladder

Earning a promotion enables you to assume a more important role in your company, earn a higher salary, and gain a heightened sense of accomplishment. If your goal is to land one, start taking extra measures to become a prime candidate for your desired position. That might mean going above and beyond in your role, seeking out opportunities to get noticed, and demonstrating your leadership skills.

If you haven’t recently had a performance review with your manager, the new year is a great time to set one up. Let them know that you would like to discuss your career path, and come prepared with data on what you’ve accomplished and a clear ask on where you’d like to go next.

Recognize that while you may not get what you’re asking for tomorrow, you’re taking an important first step in the process. This meeting will allow you to get clear on what you’d need to do to earn a promotion, and discuss a timeline for next steps.

Recommended: Working Remotely Could Hurt Your Chances to Get Promoted

Move On

Not getting any traction on a pay bump or promotion? This might be the year to pursue a more challenging role at a different company. If you’re ready to move on (and, ideally, up), start scoping LinkedIn and networking with recruiters or HR representatives in your field.

Not happy with your current career? Pursuing an entirely different career path might be your main professional goal. You could find greater satisfaction and happiness in a new career, as well as a higher salary and more opportunities. Consider what your ideal career is and how you can reach it from your current job. What challenges seem exciting to you? What are you well-prepared to do, and what would you rather avoid? What other experiences can you draw on as examples of your skill set — for example, previous jobs, volunteer work, side hustles? Reach out to professional connections you have in other industries to determine whether they might be a good fit for you.

Recommended: New Year, New Goals: Set and Achieve Your Career Resolutions

Tips to Achieve Your Career Goals

Whatever your professional objective for the coming year, here are some steps that can help you get there.

•   Write down your goal and steps involved. It’s important to get your goal out of your head and down on paper. In addition, think through and list out the steps you’ll need to achieve it. This will help you remember and accomplish each step. Post your list where you will see it often.

•   Set deadlines. Turn “some day” into a specific day by setting deadlines for each step in your plan. Deadlines will keep you on your toes, and give you a sense of accomplishment as you meet your targets.

•   Reward yourself. Taking steps toward your career goals requires hard work and commitment. Think of small rewards to give yourself when you complete any step to help you stay motivated and on task.

•   Have a goal partner. Consider recruiting a friend or coworker to help you stick to your plan. Discuss your goals, and check in with them when you complete steps. If possible, do the same for your partner.

•   Connect with a coach. If you’re feeling unsure about your career direction, a professional coach can be a big help. Coaches are skilled at asking impactful questions to help you reflect and build more self-awareness. A coaching experience can provide clarity on what’s important to you and empower you to set realistic, flexible career goals.

The Takeaway

Setting — and working towards — goals isn’t easy, especially when it comes to your career. But the process can really pay off, both literally and figuratively.

Creating clear professional objectives prompts you to think about what you want, so you can pursue a position or career that truly satisfies you. While you may not achieve your goal overnight, simply having professional goals can give your work direction and purpose — you have an action plan and are working towards something you really want to achieve in your life.

To explore more work topics, check out SoFi at Work’s resource hub.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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How Soon Can You Refinance Student Loans?

By | Fresh Out of School, Student Loans, student_loan | No Comments

Typically, student loan borrowers cannot refinance their debt until they graduate or withdraw from school. At that point, federal student loans and the majority of private student loans have a grace period, so it can make sense to refinance right before the grace period ends.

Depending on your financial situation, the goal of refinancing may be to snag a lower interest rate and/or have lower monthly payments. Doing so can alleviate some of the stress you may feel when repaying your debt. In this guide, you’ll learn when you can refinance and what options are available, plus the potential benefits and downsides of each.

What Do Your Current Loans Look Like?

Before deciding whether or not to refinance your student loans, you need to know where your loans currently stand. Look at the loan servicers, loan amounts, interest rates, and terms for all loans before making a decision.

Contact Info for Most Federal Student Loans

The government assigns your loan to a loan servicer after it is paid out. To find your loan servicer, visit your account dashboard on studentaid.gov, find the “My Aid” section, and choose “View loan servicer details.” You can also call the Federal Student Aid Information Center at 800-433-3243.

Loans Not Owned by the Department of Education

Here’s how to get in touch:

•   If you have Federal Family Education Loan Program loans that are not held by the government, contact your servicer for details. Look for the most recent communication from the entity sending you bills.

•   If you have a Federal Perkins Loan that is not owned by the Education Department, contact the school where you received the loan for details. Your school may be the servicer for your loan.

•   If you have Health Education Assistance Loan Program loans and need to find your loan servicer, look for the most recent communication from the entity sending you bills.

Private Student Loans

Private student loans are not given by the government, but rather banks, credit unions, and online lenders. You’ll need to find your specific lender or servicer in order to find out your loan information.

Can You Refinance Student Loans While Still in School?

You may be able to refinance your student loans while still in school with certain lenders, but doing so may not make the most sense for your situation.

If you’re worried about interest accruing on your unsubsidized federal loans and/or private student loans while in school, you can most certainly make interest-only payments on them in order to keep the interest from capitalizing.

One important note: With federal student loans, any payments you make while still in school or during the grace period will not count as a qualifying payment toward loan forgiveness, if you plan on using that.


💡 Quick Tip: Ready to refinance your student loan? With SoFi’s no-fee loans, you could save thousands.

Which Loans Can Be Refinanced While Enrolled?

You can refinance any type of student loan while enrolled in school, assuming that the lender allows it. If you’re still in school and want to refinance, a lender will want to make sure you have a job or job offer on the table, are possibly in your last year of school, and have a solid credit profile. You could also consider refinancing your student loans with a cosigner if you do not meet the lender’s requirements on your own.

A couple of important points if you are considering refinancing federal student loans with a private lender:

•   Doing so means you will forfeit federal benefits and protections, such as forbearance and forgiveness, among others.

•   If you refinance for an extended term, you may have a lower monthly payment but pay more interest over the life of the loan. This may or may not suit your financial needs and goals, so consider your options carefully.

Which Loans Can’t Be Refinanced While Enrolled?

If you find a lender willing to refinance your student loans while still in school, they most likely won’t exclude a certain type of loan. However, it is best not to refinance federal student loans while enrolled. Federal Subsidized Loans, for example, do not start earning interest until after the grace period is over. Since you aren’t paying anything in interest, it doesn’t make sense to refinance and have to start paying interest on your loans immediately.

If you plan on using federal benefits, such as income-driven repayment plans or student loan forgiveness, refinancing student loans could be a bad idea. Refinancing gives you a new loan with a new private lender, thereby forfeiting your eligibility to federal benefits and protections, as noted above.

Is It Worth Refinancing Only Some of Your Loans?

Yes, it can be worth refinancing only some of your loans. The student loans you may want to focus on refinancing may include ones that have a variable rate (and you prefer a fixed rate), ones with a relatively high interest rate, or ones where you’ve had a less-than-ideal relationship with the servicer and are looking for a new experience.

When you might want to think twice about refinancing:

•   If you have federal loans and plan on using an income-based repayment plan, for example, it makes sense not to include those loans in the refinance.

•   If you have a low, fixed interest rate currently, you should probably keep those loans as is. The main reason to refinance is to secure a lower interest rate or a lower payment. Keep in mind, though, that by lowering your payment, you typically are extending your term. This can mean that you end up paying more in interest over the life of the loan.

Pros and Cons of Refinancing Student Loans

Pros Cons

•   Possibly lower your monthly payment

•   Possibly lower your interest rate

•   Shorten or lengthen the loan term

•   Switch from variable to fixed interest rate, or vice versa

•   Combine multiple loans into one

•   Lose access to federal benefits and protections

•   Lose access to remaining grace periods

•   May be difficult to qualify

•   May end up paying more in interest if you lengthen the term

Examples of Refinancing Before Earning a Degree

As stated above, there are some lenders that may allow you to refinance before you graduate or withdraw from school. These lenders may currently include Citizens Bank, Discover, RISLA, and Earnest.

Graduate students are also eligible to refinance their undergraduate student loans, assuming they meet the lender’s requirements or use a cosigner. Parents with Parent PLUS Loans are also typically allowed to refinance their loans prior to their child graduating. Rules will vary by lender, so make sure to do your research and choose a lender that will work with your unique situation.


💡 Quick Tip: Federal parent PLUS loans might be a good candidate for refinancing to a lower rate.

Alternatives to Refinancing

If refinancing your student loans isn’t the right option for you, there are alternatives to refinancing you can explore.

•   The main alternative is student loan consolidation, which combines your federal student loans into one loan with one monthly payment. The main difference between consolidation and refinancing is the interest rate on a federal loan consolidation is the weighted average of the rates of the loans you are consolidating, rounded up to the nearest one-eighth of a percentage.

•   You typically won’t save on interest, but you can lower your monthly payment by extending the loan term. Doing this, however, means you’ll probably pay more in interest over the life of the loan.

•   Student loan refinancing refers to paying off current loans with a new loan from a private lender, preferably with a lower rate. This rate is not the weighted average of the loans, but rather is based on current market rates, your credit profile, and your debt-to-income ratio.

•   Other alternatives to refinancing include making interest-only payments while still enrolled in school or requesting a student loan forbearance if you’re struggling to make your payments. Forbearance means you can reduce or pause payments for a designated period of time.

You’ll want to know all your student loan repayment options — and the pros and cons of consolidating or refinancing your loans, prior to making a decision.

A calculator tool for student loan refinancing can come in handy when estimating savings, both monthly and over the life of your loan.

Weighing Perks and Interest Rates

Before deciding whether refinancing is right for you, it’s important to again highlight this important point: If you refinance your federal student loans with a private lender, those loans will no longer be eligible for programs like income-driven repayment plans, federal forbearance, and Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

But if you can get a lower interest rate, refinancing may be a good fit. Most refinancing lenders offer loan terms of five to 20 years. Shortening or elongating your loan term can affect your monthly payment and the total cost over the life of your loan.

For some borrowers, lengthening the term and lowering the monthly payment will be a valuable option, even though it can mean paying more interest over the life of the loan. Only you can decide if this kind of refinancing makes sense for your personal finances.

The Takeaway

When can you refinance student loans? As soon as you establish a financial foundation or bring a solid cosigner aboard. Can you refinance your student loans while in school? Yes, however, not all lenders offer this and it may not make sense for your situation. It’s also important to understand the implications of refinancing federal student loans with a private lender. If you do not plan on using federal benefits and protections and are comfortable with the possibility of paying more interest over the loan’s term, it might be a move worth considering.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.


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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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