Jan
25
2024
What is private equity?

Private Equity: Examples, Ways to Invest

By | Financial Independence, Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Private Equity: Examples, Ways to Invest

Private equity is financing from investors to invest in or buy companies that aren’t listed on a public market and then make improvements to those companies. Their goal is to sell the companies for more than they bought them for. Many people aren’t as familiar with this style of investment as they are with the public trading done through the stock market.

If you’ve ever wondered, what is private equity?, read on to learn more about what it is, how it works, and how to invest in private equity.

What Is Private Equity?

Private equity (PE) is a type of investment where qualified investors can purchase shares of companies that are not publicly traded on a stock exchange or regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). They typically do this through investment partnerships or funds managed by private equity firms.

With publicly traded companies, investors purchase shares of the company on a public market such as the New York Stock Exchange. With private equity, qualified investors can combine their assets to invest in private companies that aren’t typically available to the average investor.

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How Do Private Equity Firms Work?

Private equity firms have funds that allow various investors to pool their assets in order to invest in or buy private companies and manage them.

These investors are referred to as limited partners. They are often high-net-worth individuals or institutions such as insurance companies. Equity firms usually require a sizable financial commitment from limited partners to qualify for this investment opportunity.

The equity firm uses the assets from investors to help the companies they invest in achieve specific objectives — like raising capital for growth or leveraging operations.

To help further these objectives, equity firms offer a range of services to the companies they invest in, from strategy guidance to operations management. The amount of involvement and support the firm gives depends on the firm’s percentage of equity. The more equity they have, the larger the role they play.

In helping these private companies reach their business objectives, private equity firms are working toward their own goal: to end the relationship with a large return on their investment. Equity firms may aim to receive their profits a few years after the original investment. However, the time horizon for each fund depends on the specifics of the investment objectives.

The more value a firm can add to a company during the time horizon, the greater the profit. Equity firms can add value by repaying debt, increasing revenue streams, lowering production or operation costs, or increasing the company’s previously acquired price tag.

Many private equity firms leave the investment when the company is acquired or undergoes an initial public offering (IPO).

Types of Private Equity Funds

Typically, private equity funds funnel into two categories: Venture Capital (VC) and Leveraged Buyout (LBO) or Buyout.

Venture Capital Funds

Venture capital (VC) funds focus their investment strategy on young businesses that are typically smaller and relatively new with high growth potential, but have limited access to capital. This dynamic creates a reciprocal relationship between VC fund investors and emerging businesses. The start-up depends on VC funds to raise capital, and VC investors can possibly generate large returns.

Leveraged Buyout

In comparison to VC funds, a leveraged buyout (LBO) is typically less risky for investors. LBO or buyouts target mature businesses, which tend to turn out larger rates of return. On top of that, an LBO fund typically holds ownership over a majority of the corporation’s voting stock, otherwise known as controlling interest.

Can Anyone Invest in Private Equity?

When it comes to how to invest in private equity, only qualified or accredited investors are allowed to become limited partners in a private equity fund. Because private equity funds are not registered with the SEC, they don’t require SEC security disclosures. Thus, investors must understand the highest risk of such investments and be willing to lose their entire investment if the fund doesn’t meet performance expectations.

Since the initial investment is typically pretty high, and may be well into the millions of dollars, an individual must meet strict criteria to qualify as an individual accredited investor. A person must make over $200,000 per year (for two consecutive years) as an individual investor or $300,000 per year as a married couple. Alternatively, an investor can qualify as accredited if they have a net worth of at least $1 million individually or as a married couple to qualify (excluding the value of their primary residence), or if they hold a Series 7, 65, or 82 license. Other examples of accredited investors include insurance companies, pension funds, and banks.

How to Invest in Private Equity

Many private equity funds require very large investments that are out of reach for many individuals. And directly investing in private equity funds is not possible for investors who are not accredited. However, there are an increasing number of options for average investors seeking to gain exposure to private equity, including:

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs): Investors can invest in ETFs that have shares of private equity firms.

Publicly traded stock: Some private equity firms have publicly traded stock that investors can buy shares of. This includes PE firms like the Carlyle Group, the Blackstone Group, and Apollo Global Management.

Funds of funds: Mutual funds are restricted by the SEC from buying private equity, but they can invest indirectly in publicly traded private equity firms. This is known as funds of funds.

Interval funds: These closed-end funds, which are not traded on the secondary market and are largely illiquid, may give some investors access to private equity. Interval funds may invest directly or indirectly through a third-party managed fund in private companies. Investors may be able to sell a portion of their shares back to the fund at certain intervals at net asset value (NAV). Interval funds typically have high minimum investments.

💡 Quick Tip: All investments come with some degree of risk — and some are riskier than others. Before investing online, decide on your investment goals and how much risk you want to take.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Equity

While private equity funds provide the opportunity for potentially larger profits, there are some key considerations, costs, and high risks investors should know about.

Advantages

Here are some possible benefits of private equity investments.

Potentially Higher Returns

With private equity, returns may be greater than those from the public stock market. That’s because PE firms tend to invest in companies with significant growth potential. However, the risk is higher as well.

More Control Over the Investment

Private equity investors are typically involved in the management of the companies they are invested in.

Diversification

Private equity investments allow investors to invest in industries they may not be able to invest in through the public stock market. This may help them diversify their holdings.

Disadvantages

The drawbacks of investing in private equity include:

Higher Risk

Private companies are not required to disclose as much information about their finances and operations, so PE investments can be riskier than publicly traded stocks.

Lack of Liquidity

Private equity funds tend to lack liquidity due to the extensive time horizon required for the investment. Since investors’ funds are tied up for years, equity firms may not allow limited partners to take out any of their money before the term of the investment expires. This might mean that individual investors are unable to seek other investment opportunities while their capital is held up with the funds.

Contradicting Interests

Because equity firms can invest, advise, and manage multiple private equity funds and portfolios, there may be conflicts. To uphold the fiduciary standard, private equity firms must disclose any conflicts of interest between the funds they manage and the firm itself.

High Fees

Private equity firms typically charge management fees and carry fees. Upon investing in a private equity fund, limited partners receive offer documentation that outlines the investment agreement. All documents should state the term of the investment and all fees or expenses involved in the agreement.

Private Equity Comparisons

Private equity is one type of alternative investment, but there are others. Here’s how a few of them compare.

Private Equity vs IPO Investing

From an investor’s standpoint, private equity investing means you’re putting money into a company, and hopefully making money in the form of distributions as the company becomes profitable.

Investing in an IPO, on the other hand, means you’re buying stocks in a new company that has just gone public. In order to make money, the company’s stock price needs to rise, and then you need to sell your stocks in that company for more than you initially paid.

Private Equity vs Venture Capital

Venture capital funding is a form of private equity. Specifically, venture capital funds typically invest in very young companies, whereas other private equity funds typically focus on more stable companies.

Private Equity vs Investment Banking

The difference between these two forms of investing is of the chicken-and-egg variety: Private equity starts by building high-net-worth funds, then looks for companies to invest in. Investment banking starts with specific businesses, then finds ways to raise money for them.

The Takeaway

Private equity firms manage funds that invest in private companies that might otherwise not be available to investors. Sometimes these companies are small and new with high growth potential; in other cases, the companies are well-established, and may offer a higher rate of return.

Not everyone qualifies to invest in private equity. If you do qualify, it’s important to remember that while private equity funds may offer the opportunity for profitability, they also come with some hefty risks. As with any investment, it’s a good idea to make sure you fully understand the risks of investing in a private equity fund before moving forward.

Ready to expand your portfolio's growth potential? Alternative investments, traditionally available to high-net-worth individuals, are accessible to everyday investors on SoFi's easy-to-use platform. Investments in commodities, real estate, venture capital, and more are now within reach. Alternative investments can be high risk, so it's important to consider your portfolio goals and risk tolerance to determine if they're right for you.


Invest in alts to take your portfolio beyond stocks and bonds.

FAQ

What’s the history of private equity?

Pooling money to buy stakes in a private company can be traced back to 1901, when JP Morgan bought Carnegie Steel for $480 million and merged it with two other companies to create U.S. Steel. That is considered one of the earliest corporate buyouts. In 1989, KKR bought RJR Nabisco for $25 billion, which, adjusting for inflation, is still considered the largest leveraged buyout in history.

How does private equity make money?

Private equity firms make money by buying companies they consider to have value and potential for improvement. PE firms then make improvements, which in turn, can increase profits. These firms also benefit when they can sell the company for more than they bought it for.

How much money do you need to invest in private equity?

Private equity funds typically have very high minimum investments that are often tens of millions of dollars. Some firms may have lower requirements around $250,000. In addition to putting up the minimum investment amount, an individual needs to be an accredited investor with a net worth of at least $1 million or an annual income higher than $200,000 for at least the last two years.


An investor should consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, and expenses of the Fund carefully before investing. This and other important information are contained in the Fund’s prospectus. For a current prospectus, please click the Prospectus link on the Fund’s respective page. The prospectus should be read carefully prior to investing.
Alternative investments, including funds that invest in alternative investments, are risky and may not be suitable for all investors. Alternative investments often employ leveraging and other speculative practices that increase an investor's risk of loss to include complete loss of investment, often charge high fees, and can be highly illiquid and volatile. Alternative investments may lack diversification, involve complex tax structures and have delays in reporting important tax information. Registered and unregistered alternative investments are not subject to the same regulatory requirements as mutual funds.
Please note that Interval Funds are illiquid instruments, hence the ability to trade on your timeline may be restricted. Investors should review the fee schedule for Interval Funds via the prospectus.
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25
2024
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Understanding Lower-Risk Investments in Today’s Market

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Understanding Lower-Risk Investments in Today’s Market

There’s no such thing as a safe investment, but some types of investments may be less risky than others. For instance, bonds tend to be less risky than stocks, though that’s not always the case. Depending on an individual investor’s risk tolerance, knowing which investments tend to be more conservative and which tend to be riskier, can be important to forming an investment strategy.

The Essence of Conservative Investing

It’s difficult to identify the least-risky investments on the market since they’re all subject to different types of investment risk. Your personal risk tolerance as an investor also comes into play, as you may have a much higher or lower appetite for risk compared to someone else. When viewed through that lens, an investment that seems relatively conservative to you might seem risky to someone else.

Defining Lower-risk Investment

You might assume that it simply means any investment that carries zero risk — but that’s not necessarily a definitive answer, or a realistic one, since all investments have risk. As such, when constructing a portfolio, it’s important to look at the bigger picture which includes an individual investment’s risk profile as well as an investor’s risk tolerance, as mentioned. Risk capacity, or the amount of risk required to achieve a target rate of return, can also play a part in investing decisions, and which can help investors define lower-risk investment options.

The Appeal of Fixed Income

Fixed-income securities can be particularly attractive to risk-averse investors. These types of securities tend to have lower associated risks, guaranteed returns, and maybe even tax benefits — but that’s balanced out by lower potential returns, and other types of risk. With that in mind, it may be a good idea to look at fixed-income investments right out of the gate for relatively conservative investment options.

Evaluating Risk in Investments

It’s not necessarily easy to evaluate an investment’s relative risk or risks. But investors can likely do well by learning about the types of risks that an investment may be associated with, and how those risks can line up with their strategy or portfolio.

Key Principles for Secure Investments

Perhaps the most important method involved in discerning how risky an investment is the specific type of risks it introduces to a portfolio.

Investors who choose products and strategies to avoid market volatility leave themselves open to a variety of risks. When researching less-risky investments, it’s important to consider how different risk factors may affect them. Here are some of the most common types of risk you might encounter when building a diversified portfolio.

•   Inflation risk. This is the risk that your purchasing power can erode over time as inflation increases.

•   Interest rate risk. Fluctuating interest rates can influence returns for less-risky investment options such as bonds.

•   Liquidity risk. Liquidity risk refers to how easy (or difficult) it is to liquidate assets for cash if needed.

•   Tax risk. Task risk can influence an asset’s return, depending on how it’s taxed.

•   Legislative risk. Changes to investing or tax regulations could affect an investment’s return profile.

•   Global risk. Certain investments may be more sensitive to changing geopolitical events or fluctuations in foreign markets.

•   Reinvestment risk. This risk refers to the possibility of not being able to replace an investment with one that has a similar rate of return.

Risk vs Return: Finding the Balance

There’s a reason the sayings “nothing ventured, nothing gained” and “no risk, no reward” have been around so long. But having some knowledge of where various investments fall on that range of risks — as well as the types of risks to which a particular investment could be exposed — may help investors find the returns they need while still holding on to some sense of control.

Netting bigger potential rewards often means taking on more risk, investors may benefit from understanding the degree of risk they’re comfortable with and capable of enduring. That’s why it’s important to research every asset they add to their portfolio — or get help from a professional advisor when choosing between the riskiest and least-risky options.


💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.

Lower-risk Investment Options in 2024

Among lower-risk investments on the market in 2024, here is a sampling of what investors might want to choose from, or research further.

High-yield Savings Accounts

Typically offered via online banks, high-yield savings accounts pay a higher interest rate than other types of deposit accounts. That said, since current interest rates are extremely low, these accounts are providing scant returns.

High-Yield Savings Accounts Pros

•   You’re unlikely to lose your principal in a savings account.

•   High-yield savings accounts are FDIC insured, so you won’t lose your deposit if your bank closes.

•   Savings accounts are highly liquid, meaning you can access your money quickly at any time.
High-Yield Savings Accounts Cons

•   Since interest rates on these accounts are lower than inflation, your money could lose purchasing power over time.

•   High-yield savings accounts offer a lower rate of return compared to other conservative investments or those with moderately higher risk.

•   Some banks place limits on the number of withdrawals that you can make from a savings account each month.

Recommended: Breaking Down the Different Types of Savings Accounts

Bonds and Treasury Securities

Investors typically consider savings bonds one of the least-risky investment options. Investors can purchase EE savings bonds (the most common type of savings bond) from the U.S. Treasury Department for half the face value and accrue interest monthly based on a fixed rate.

The interest rate is set for the first 20 years after purchase, and the Treasury guarantees an EE bond will be worth at least its face value when those 20 years have passed. After that, the Treasury resets the interest rate and extends the maturity by 10 more years.

Investors don’t have to hold onto a savings bond for the entire 30 years, but they do have to wait at least a year before redeeming it. And they’ll forfeit three months’ interest if they redeem a savings bond during the first five years after its purchase. The current rate for EE bonds is 0.10% annually. The return may be more conservative, but it’s also slow.

Further, Treasury securities (bills, notes, and bonds) provide funding for the government in exchange for a fixed interest rate. So, they are sold and backed by the “full faith and credit” of the U.S. government.

Because the government has the means to repay its investors (by printing more money or raising taxes), it’s highly unlikely it will default on these obligations, so investors get a practically guaranteed return of their principal and any interest they have coming, as long as they hold onto the security until its maturity date. For those reasons, Treasury securities land in the less-risky investments category.

Different types of government securities come with different lengths of maturity, and their interest rates reflect those term lengths. Treasury bonds have a higher interest rate in exchange for a longer term (30 years), but that lengthy term can be a drawback.

US Treasuries Pros:

•   Since they’re backed by the government, securities are among the least-risky investment options.

•   Varying maturity terms allow for flexibility when using securities to diversify a portfolio.

•   Interest is guaranteed if investors hold U.S. securities to maturity.

US Treasuries Cons:

•   Though conservative, you likely will not see sizable gains from this type of investment.

•   Once you buy a Treasury security the terms won’t change, even if newer bonds are paying higher rates.

•   Selling a bond before it matures could be difficult if there are bonds with more favorable terms on the market.

Certificates of Deposit (CDs)

A certificate of deposit account or CD is a time deposit account. These accounts require you to save money for a set time period, during which you can earn interest. Once the CD matures, you can withdraw your original deposit along with the interest earned. You can open CD accounts at brick-and-mortar banks and credit unions or online financial institutions.

CDs are similar to a savings account, and they’re FDIC-insured, which means the government will cover the depositor’s principal and interest (up to $250,000) if the bank or savings association issuing the CD fails. But unlike other bank accounts, savers must leave their money in the account for a designated period of time — usually from a few months to a few years. The longer the term, the higher the interest rate. And if savers take out the money early, they might have to pay a penalty (although there are some exceptions).

CD Pros:

•   Lower-risk as interest rates can be guaranteed for the CD’s maturity term.

•   FDIC coverage minimizes the risk of losing money if your bank closes.

•   The ability to earn interest on funds you don’t need to use for the near term.

CD Cons:

•   Withdrawing money from a CD before maturity can trigger an early withdrawal penalty.

•   When interest rates are low, CD interest earnings may not keep pace with inflation.

•   Some CDs may require larger minimum deposits to open.

Money Market Funds & Accounts

Money market funds are fixed income mutual funds that invest in short-term, lower-risk debt securities and cash equivalents. You may find them offered by banks though you’re more likely to encounter them at an online brokerage. They’re not to be confused with money market accounts, which are on demand deposit accounts also offered by banks and credit unions. Money market funds must comply with regulatory requirements regarding the quality, maturity, liquidity, and diversification of their investments, which can make them appealing to investors looking for a conservative and steady security that pays dividends.

But the less-risky and short-term nature of the investments within these funds means that returns are generally lower than those of stock and bond mutual funds with more risk exposure. That means they may not keep pace with inflation.

Money Market Fund Pros:

•   Money market funds are a conservative investment that carry less risk than traditional mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

•   Unlike CDs, savings bonds or U.S. Treasury securities, you’re not necessarily locked in to money market funds for a specific time period.

•   Money market funds can generate returns above high yield savings accounts or CDs.

Money Market Fund Cons:

•   A lower risk profile also means a lower return profile compared to other mutual funds or ETFs.

•   Risk doesn’t disappear entirely; you could still lose money.

•   Certain money market funds may offer greater liquidity than others.

Corporate Bonds

Corporate bonds may not be as conservative as CDs or government bonds, but investors generally consider them a lower risk than stocks. The term “investment grade” lets investors know a bond is a lower risk based on ratings received by either Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s. You can purchase corporate bonds through some online brokerage accounts.

Investors expect that a higher-quality investment-grade bond — rated AAA, AA+, AA, and AA- by Standard & Poor’s — will perform consistently and pay interest on a regular basis. Bonds rated A+, A, and A- also are considered stable, while those rated BBB+, BBB, and BB- may carry more risk but are still considered capable of living up to their debt obligations. Like other types of bonds, corporate bonds are susceptible to interest rate risk, and with a longer commitment, there’s typically more exposure to that risk.

Corporate Bond Pros:

•   Investors can earn interest from corporate bonds for reliable income.

•   May offer higher yields than other types of bonds, with longer terms generally producing higher yields.

•   Higher-grade bonds generally have a lower default risk, making them relatively less-risky investments with high returns.

Corporate Bond Cons:

•   Default risk could mean losing money if the bond issuer fails to uphold their end of the bargain.

•   Interest rate risk can negatively impact a corporate bond investor’s return profile.

•   Longer bonds may carry a higher degree of risk compared to bonds with shorter terms.

Preferred Stocks

Preferred stocks, or preferreds, may be an appealing option for conservative investors looking for a higher yield than CDs or treasuries have to offer. Preferreds are often referred to as a “hybrid” investment, because they trade like stocks but are like bonds in that they provide income. You can trade shares of preferred stock in some online brokerage accounts.

These investments generally pay quarterly dividends that you can use as income or reinvest for more potential growth. In a worst-case scenario, if a company can’t pay its preferred dividends for a while, the money owed accumulates as backpay. And when the company resumes payments, preferred shareholders get their accumulated dividends before those who own common stocks.

You can sell preferreds at any time, but they’re typically used as a long-term investment. Just as with corporate bonds, companies that are more financially stable will receive higher marks from credit ratings agencies, so investors can have some idea of what they’re getting into.

Still, the ins and outs of buying preferred shares can be complicated, so beginners may want to work with a financial professional who is experienced in this type of investment.

Preferred Stock Pros:

•   Preferred stock can offer consistent income in the form of dividends.

•   Preferred stock shareholders take priority for debt repayment in the event that the company goes bankrupt.

•   Investors can realize capital gains when selling preferred stock if shares have appreciated in value.

Preferred Stock Cons:

•   Companies that offer preferred stock can reduce or eliminate dividends so payouts are not necessarily always guaranteed.

•   Like other stocks, preferred stocks can be riskier investments than bonds or similar securities.

•   Preferred stock shareholders are not assigned voting rights.

Blue Chip Stocks

Stocks issued by big companies that have a reputation for performing well in good times and bad are typically known as blue chips. They aren’t immune from big losses, but they tend to handle market drops better than other stocks. You can purchase blue chip stocks through an online brokerage account.

These companies have a history of dependable growth and paying consistent dividends. Investors who want to do some research can get insight on blue chips by checking out the “Risk Factors” section of a company’s annual 10-K filing.

Companies must list their most significant risks, usually in order of importance. Some risks apply to the entire economy, some to that particular industry, and a few may be specific to that company.

Blue Chip Stock Pros:

•   Blue chip stocks are typically associated with stable companies, making them less susceptible to market volatility.

•   Some Blue chip stocks pay regular dividends

•   Blue chip stocks have the potential for long-term, steady growth which can allow investors to reap the benefits of capital appreciation.

Blue Chip Stock Cons:

•   Blue chip stocks are not entirely insulated against market volatility or its accompanying downside risk.

•   Blue chip stocks may have limited growth potential, as these are companies that are already well-established.

•   Investors interested in adding innovative companies to a portfolio may be disappointed by blue chips, as these are usually older companies with a set business model.

Investment Strategies for the Conservative Investor

An investor who takes a defensive posture, or attempts to stick to less risky investments is often referred to as “conservative” – which is different from a conservative political leaning. Conservative investing is, as noted, defensive, and seeks to preserve wealth by reducing risk in a portfolio.

The opposite of conservative investing is aggressive investing. Investors in one camp or another can and will use different strategies and assets that align with their risk tolerances and time horizons. Generally, a conservative investor is perhaps more likely to stick to a buy-and-hold strategy than, say, one that involves a lot of day-trading or options trading. That’s because, over time, a buy-and-hold strategy may prove less risky as the market tends to rise over time.

Balancing Your Portfolio with Lower-risk Investments

Along with a longer-term investment strategy, conservative investors may lean into less risky investments, which can include bonds, index funds, mutual funds, and more. They may still add some riskier investments or assets to the mix, in order to provide a little bit of additional growth potential, but the balance between the risk of some investments and the lower risk of others is what a conservative investor is aiming for.

How to Identify and Select Lower-risk Investments

Investors doing their best to seek out and choose relatively lower-risk investments for their portfolio will need to do their homework. That includes looking at some key metrics that may help discern how volatile an asset’s value could be.

A good place to start is by looking at an asset’s standard deviation, which can help determine the volatility associated with an investment. Experienced investors can go even deeper, looking at Sharpe ratios, Betas, and Alphas – which are fairly high-level metrics.

Due Diligence and Diversification

When deciding how much risk to take, investors typically consider several factors, including their age, personality, and purpose. Investors who can’t handle a lot of risk for any or all of those reasons may wish to lean toward those investments that are typically the most conservative.

But another way to help protect a portfolio is through diversification: choosing investments from different asset classes, in different sectors, and with different risk factors. For example, you may choose to invest in a mix of conservative investments such as bonds or U.S. Treasury securities alongside higher risk investments, such as individual stocks or cryptocurrency.

Having some lower-risk assets in a portfolio can minimize the impact of volatility in other assets. Typically, investors with a long time horizon (such as young investors saving for retirement) can take on more risk in their portfolios, while those with shorter-term goals may want a more conservative approach. Investors with a low tolerance for risk may prefer conservative investments during times of uncertainty.

Diversification can help to balance risk so you don’t have to make an either-or choice with regard to a risky investment or conservative investment. The various assets in your portfolio can counterbalance one another as the market moves through changing cycles.

Special Considerations for Lower-risk Investments in 2024

As noted throughout, there are some special considerations investors will want to make when looking at their lower-risk investment options.

For one, depending on market trends, returns on lower-risk investments may be disappointing to some investors. As discussed, assets with lower associated risks tend to be associated with lower growth or returns. Conversely, higher-risk investments may have higher associated gains. Think about the difference in how the value of a stock might increase compared to the value of a bond – assets accrue value in different ways and at different rates.

Another thing to think about is inflation, which is the tendency of money to lose value over time. One of the reasons that many people invest is to try and see their wealth grow faster than the rate of inflation (which is, traditionally, around 2% annually, but may be higher or lower). If they’re successful, their wealth grows, rather than erodes, over time.

There’s a lot to consider when trying to outpace inflation, including the balance of risks and rewards, as mentioned. But many investments that can offer relatively high yields or dividends (like certain bonds) can also be at risk of interest rate changes. During times of high inflation (as experienced in the U.S. and much of the world in 2021, 2022, and 2023), central banks may increase interest rates to slow the economy.

That change in interest rates may cause some investments to lose value. Again, this is a consideration many investors, especially in 2023 and 2024, should be aware of.

Next Steps for the Prudent Investor

For conservative investors, or even those who are merely looking to add a dimension of lower risk to their portfolios, there are a lot of potential strategies and investment types out there. But, again, there’s no single “correct” thing to do for every investor – you’ll need to give some serious thought to your risk tolerance, time horizon, overall financial goals, and weigh the pros and cons of conservative investing accordingly.

As for next steps? It may involve speaking with a financial professional for some guidance. It may also just entail taking a look at your existing holdings, looking for areas where you can mitigate risk, and rebalancing or reallocating your resources accordingly.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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25
2024

What Is a Fully Funded PhD Program and How Do I Find One?

By | Student Loans, student_loan | Comments Off on What Is a Fully Funded PhD Program and How Do I Find One?

If you are motivated, you may decide to pursue a PhD program in your given field of study. However, you are probably aware that doing so not only requires time and energy but can also be an expensive proposition. According the Education Data Initiative, the average cost of a doctorate degree (which typically takes four to eight years) is $150,835. The average student loan debt for this kind of degree is $112,080.

That can be a daunting sum, but a fully funded PhD program can offset part or all of these costs. In addition to financing tuition and fees, these programs usually provide a stipend to help cover living expenses. Some may also pay for any research and travel necessary for students to complete their graduate degrees.

Since this can make a huge difference in a prospective student’s financial outlook, here’s a closer look at fully funded PhD programs, how they work, and how they can help lower the cost of a degree.

Key Points

•   Fully funded PhD programs cover all tuition fees and often provide a stipend for living expenses.

•   These programs may also support research and travel necessary for students to complete their degrees.

•   Prospective students should explore various funding sources, including federal grants, state and local grants, and private scholarships.

•   Debt forgiveness programs, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, are available for qualifying graduates in specific sectors.

•   Applying for fully funded positions is competitive, and candidates are advised to thoroughly research and apply to programs that align with their academic and professional goals.

What is a PhD Program?

PhD programs, also known as doctoral programs, are often a next step after a master’s degree. They give students the opportunity to do graduate-level research in the field of their choice and earn the highest degree possible (sometimes referred to as a terminal degree). They span a variety of subjects, such as engineering, English, public health, and computer science.

The application process for a PhD program can be competitive, and the programs themselves can be very time-consuming, taking (as mentioned above) on average between four and eight years. Working while pursuing these specialized degrees can be challenging, which is why it can be so helpful when a program offers an annual stipend.


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What Does Fully Funded Mean?

In a fully funded PhD program, the student typically receives full tuition reimbursement and a stipend to help cover the cost of living while pursuing the degree. Programs have varying funding requirements.

In some cases, students may receive a “no-strings-attached” fellowship. This means they receive funding but don’t owe the university anything aside from their research.

In many cases, to receive funding, a student will need to work part-time for the university by providing teaching or administrative assistance. These experiences can give students an opportunity to build out their resume while helping them pay for graduate school.

More often than not, these graduate fellowship positions are the main way to receive full funding to attend a PhD program and are commonly offered in research-based degree programs. Some fellowships may be offered in the form of scholarships or stipends, which are not usually taxed as income by the IRS (Internal Revenue Service).

Schools may also offer assistantships, where students earn an income from the university. Generally, these positions are given to doctoral students who are doing research in order to complete their theses or dissertations. Assistantships can be taxed as income.

While all PhD programs have their own unique funding packages, many fully funded programs are designed to help students cover a variety of costs. Here are some common ones.

Tuition and Fees

Typically, fully funded PhD programs provide students with so-called “tuition waivers.” The waivers cover the cost of attending the university, including tuition and fees. In some cases, book stipends, reduced-fare transit passes, and other benefits are included to lessen the student’s financial burden.

Recommended: How to Pay for Grad School

Living Expenses

Whether through fellowship funding or a university job, students in a fully funded PhD program can receive a stipend to pay for food, rent, transportation, and other living expenses.

Depending on a student’s cost of living and lifestyle choices, these lump sums might not be enough to fully cover costs. This may be especially true during the summer, when stipends are less likely to be given out. If their program does not offer summer funding, students might choose to work part-time or take out loans to make ends meet.

Recommended: Using Student Loans for Living Expenses Off Campus

Health Insurance

While many doctoral programs include health insurance benefits, some do not. As you’re exploring graduate school programs, it’s a good idea to find out if it provides this important type of coverage.

Generally, student health insurance packages only cover care and services at on-campus facilities. Some programs automatically enroll their students in one type of healthcare plan, and others allow students to choose their plan during the annual open enrollment period.

If a student is married or has dependents, they may be able to add them to their student health insurance plan for an additional cost.

Research and Travel Funding

If necessary, some programs allow doctoral students to apply for funding to help them conduct their research or travel to conferences, archives, or summer programs. This is something students apply for on an as-needed basis and is not a guarantee.

In some cases, students will pay the costs up front and then be reimbursed. Grants and scholarships can also help cover research and travel expenses.

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How to Find a Fully Funded PhD Program

There are sites that allow you to search for various PhD programs around the world. But one of the best ways to discover which programs are fully funded can be by conducting your own research.

•   Before submitting an application to a PhD program, learn more about the university’s resources, faculty members, and requirements for graduation. Look into the specifics of the funding options available at each university you plan to apply to, as PhD programs may address funding differently. Often, schools will include information about these opportunities on their website.

•   While some universities automatically give grants or fellowships to their admitted students, others make their students complete a separate funding application. These applications can require submitting letters of recommendation or personal statements and can have deadlines that are different from the application deadline for the doctoral program.

Examples of Fully Funded PhD Programs

It’s possible to find fully funded PhD programs across a variety of subjects at many different schools. From a PhD in biological sciences at Harvard to education at Stanford to nursing at Duke, fully funded PhD programs cover an array of study areas.


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Paying Down Student Loan Debt

If you have student loan debt from an undergraduate or master’s degree that you want to pay down before or during a PhD program, you might consider exploring student loan refinancing. Refinancing could help you save money in interest over the life of the loan and pay down your debt faster.

Student loan refinancing involves taking out a new loan at a new interest rate and/or a new term that can be more favorable than the current rate or terms you currently have. It is possible to refinance both federal and private student loans.

But there are two important caveats:

•   When you refinance federal student loans with private loans, you forfeit access to federal benefits and protection, such as forbearance, forgiveness, and income-driven repayment plans.

•   Also, if you refinance for an extended term, while your monthly payments may decrease, you can pay more in interest over the life of the loan.

Think carefully about these points when deciding if refinancing could be the right option for you.

The Takeaway

Pursuing the highest possible graduate degree can be expensive, but a fully funded PhD program can offset all or part of the costs. Programs vary from school to school, but they typically cover the cost of tuition and may include a stipend to help finance living expenses and more. In some cases, PhD candidates will be required to do research or teach as part of the agreement to receive funding. Students can also explore other ways to cover the cost of school, including scholarships or grants.

In addition, PhD candidates who are paying off student loans from an undergraduate or master’s degree may want to consider student loan refinancing. Doing so with federal loans via a private loan means forfeiting federal benefits and protections. Also, refinancing for an extended term could mean paying more interest over the life of the loan.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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25
2024
6 Scholarships for Moms: How Can Moms Pay for College?

6 Scholarships for Moms: How Can Moms Pay for College?

By | Family Finances, Student Loans, student_loan | Comments Off on 6 Scholarships for Moms: How Can Moms Pay for College?

When you want to improve your income potential or change your career to offer your kids more opportunities, you’ll have to manage a myriad of responsibilities — possibly with a full course load to boot. Going back to college can demand a lot from moms physically, mentally, and financially.

The financial impact of going back to school as a mom can seem staggering, so consider scholarships for moms as one way to make an impact.

Keep reading to learn more on scholarships for moms, scholarships for single moms, and scholarships for working moms. We’ll also walk through how to find these scholarships and look into other ways of paying for college.

Key Points

•   Scholarships are available specifically for moms, including single and working mothers, to help alleviate the financial burden of returning to school.

•   Eligibility for scholarships often includes being an independent student, which may require meeting specific criteria such as age, marital status, and having dependents.

•   Various scholarships exist, such as the Soroptimist’s Live Your Dream Award and the Patsy Takemoto Mink Education Foundation, targeting low-income mothers pursuing education.

•   Companies may offer educational benefits such as scholarships or reimbursement for employees, making it worthwhile for working moms to inquire about available opportunities.

•   In addition to scholarships, completing the FAFSA can open doors to federal grants, loans, and work-study options to further assist in funding education.

Who Is Eligible for Scholarships?

Almost anyone can get a scholarship, but you must meet the eligibility requirements set forth by the scholarship guidelines. Some scholarships will require students to be independent students. Independent students are defined by the U.S. Department of Education as those who are:

•   At least 24 years old

•   Married

•   Graduate or professional students

•   Veterans of the U.S. armed forces

•   Active duty members of the armed forces

•   Orphans, those in foster care, or wards of the court

•   People who have legal dependents other than a spouse

•   Emancipated minors

•   Homeless or at risk of becoming homeless

However, non-governmental organizations may have other requirements. Therefore, it’s important to take a look at the qualifications for each individual scholarship.

Recommended: A Guide to Unclaimed Scholarships and Grants

Types of Scholarships for Moms

Nontraditional students interested in receiving financial aid should first submit the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®). Colleges and universities will receive the results of the FAFSA and use that information to inform their aid decisions. The FAFSA is the first step in applying for federal financial aid, including grants, federal student loans, work-study, and other institutional aid. These could help you offset the cost of tuition and other education-related expenses. The FAFSA must be filled out each year the student is enrolled in school.

Other scholarships may require you to apply independent of the FAFSA — that is, the results of the FAFSA may not matter. However, many mom scholarships may require you to prove that you earn a low income. (Low-income thresholds depend on the size of your family and number of children, according to the United States Census Bureau.)

You can tap into many types of scholarships for moms, including single mom scholarships, scholarships for working moms, and other types of scholarships for women going back to college, as outlined below.

Single Mom Scholarships

Yes, organizations offer scholarships for single moms! Take a look:

Soroptimist’s Live Your Dream Award

If you provide the primary financial support for yourself and your dependents, you can qualify for the Soroptimist’s Live Your Dream Award, as long as you show evidence of financial need. You must also enroll or be accepted into a vocational/vocational skills training program or undergraduate degree program and be motivated to achieve your education and career goals.

Applicants must live in one of the following Soroptomist territory countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guam, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Taiwan, United States of America, or Venezuela.

Award amount: $1,000 to $10,000
Deadline: Application open from August 1 to November 15

Patsy Takemoto Mink Education Foundation for Low-Income Women and Children Education Support Awards

The Patsy Takemoto Mink Educational Foundation for Low-Income Women and Children
Education Support awards offer college scholarships for single moms to low-income women with children who are pursuing education or training.
​
The criteria for the award state that you must:

•   Be a woman at least 17 years of age.

•   Be a mother with minor children.

•   Pursue your first degree at a post-secondary education level (vocational, associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, or doctoral degree) — this degree must add to the level of education accomplished (such as a bachelor’s degree after an associate’s degree or an advanced degree after a bachelor’s degree).

•   Pursue a degree or credential at an institution that does not discriminate on the basis of sex/gender, LGBTQ+ status or identity, race or ethnicity, religion, disability, or immigration status.

•   Enrolled in a nonprofit, accredited institution or program in the U.S.

•   Be low-income (earn less than $20,000 total in family income for a family of 2, less than $24,000 for a family of 3, or less than $28,000 for a family of 4).
​
​​Awardees are selected based on financial need, personal circumstances, educational path, vocational and occupational goals, service/activist, and/or civic goals.

Award amount: $5,000
Deadline: Information about the 2024-25 application will appear in May 2024.

Rosenfeld Injury Lawyers LLC Single Mother Scholarship

Rosenfield Injury Lawyers LLC offers two scholarships to single mothers returning to school, one for a single mother who will attend an undergraduate or community college program and another for a single mother who will attend accredited law school.

To qualify, you must write a 500+-word essay about the advantages of returning to school while raising children and how motherhood has prepared you for the challenges of becoming a student. You must also:

•   Submit a copy of your transcript that displays your grade point average (GPA) — unofficial transcripts are accepted.

•   Authorize Rosenfeld Injury Lawyers LLC to post the material on its website and social media channels.

You may use the scholarship money for education-related expenses, including tuition and registration, textbooks, and other fees and supplies.

Award amount: $1,000
Deadline: TBD for the 2024-25 academic year


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Scholarships for Working Moms

If you’re a working mom, you may want to first consider your current job’s scholarship opportunities. Some companies offer scholarships and/or education reimbursement for their employees.

Company foundations usually create scholarship programs for employees, employees’ children or relatives, or the children of deceased or retired employees. While not necessarily just geared toward working moms, they can still provide a major financial benefit of working and going to school. Visit your company’s human resources for more information about scholarships or other educational assistance you can qualify for. Note that some companies allow employees to take advantage of their education benefits right away, but yours may require you to work at your company for a specified length of time.

Take a look at the scholarship below, geared specifically for working moms.

Job-Applications.com Working Parent College Scholarship Award

Working parents currently in college or another accredited postsecondary educational institution can qualify for the Job-Applications.com scholarship by meeting specific criteria. You must:

•   Be enrolled as a part-time student who is in an accredited U.S. post-secondary educational institution (college, university, or trade school, or a similarly accredited program).

•   Have a current cumulative grade point average of 3.0 or higher at that institution.

•   Have worked an average of at least 12 hours for each of the previous four weeks during the application process.

•   Be a residential parent of at least one minor child.

•   Be a legal U.S. resident.

•   Be at least 18 years of age or older.

You must also submit a 600- to 1,000-word essay about the keys for balancing parenthood, working, and succeeding in college.

Award amount: $1,000
Deadline: TBD for the 2024-25 academic year

Scholarships for Moms Going Back to College

Moms pursuing graduate work may also need help finding grad school scholarships.

Society of Women Engineers Scholarship Program

Those who identify as a female/woman and who study at a community college, bachelor’s or graduate degree program with the intention of preparing for a career in engineering, engineering technology, or computer science may qualify for the Society of Women Engineers Scholarship Program .

To qualify, you must:

•   Plan to study at an undergraduate/community college or plan to get your master’s or Ph.D. at an ABET-accredited program.

•   Major in engineering, technology, or computing.

•   Must attend full time (though exceptions are made for reentry and nontraditional applicants).

•   Not be fully funded for tuition, fees, books, or the equivalent.

Award amount: $1,000 to $10,000
Deadline: TBD for the 2024-25 academic year

Chrysalis Scholarship

The Chrysalis Scholarship , funded by the Association for Women Geoscientists, helps women who experienced an interruption in their education due to raising children or other life circumstances and need financial help to obtain their graduate degrees in a geoscience-related field thesis or dissertation. The scholarship may cover drafting expenses, child care, defense travel, late-stage research and analyses, and more.

To qualify, you must:

•   Be a graduate student who has had an educational interruption due to life circumstances.

•   Approach the completion of your geoscience degree.

•   Plan to contribute to the geosciences and the larger world community.

Application materials include a letter of application in which you describe your background, career goals, and objectives, how you plan to use the scholarship, and the nature and length of the education interruption. You must provide letters of reference from your thesis/dissertation advisor and another scientist of your choice.

Award amount: $2,000
Deadline: TBD for the 2024-25 academic year


💡 Quick Tip: Even if you don’t think you qualify for financial aid, you should fill out the FAFSA form. Many schools require it for merit-based scholarships, too.

Applying for Scholarships for Moms

When you’re applying for scholarships, it’s important to get organized. Make a list of due dates on your calendar and estimate how much time it’ll take you to complete each application. Research scholarships early so you don’t miss out on scholarship opportunities.

Read the eligibility guidelines carefully. Contact the organization sponsoring the scholarship if you have specific questions related to eligibility. Some scholarships may not get many applicants, so if you meet almost all the requirements, ask if you can apply anyway. You might be pleasantly surprised to find that the committee or organization will allow you to apply.

Finally, follow all the instructions. Stick to the word limit for the essay and send supporting materials as requested.

Recommended: What a Merit Scholarship Is and How to Get One

Finding Other College Scholarships for Moms

Put your feelers out for every type of scholarship that might apply to you — they don’t even need to be strictly “mom-related.” If you qualify in another way, such as for your interest in zoology or criminology, keep those options open. Look into the following sources for scholarships, as well:

•   Colleges and universities: Colleges and universities offer many different types of scholarships and grants. Make an appointment with an admission counselor and/or the financial aid office to learn more about scholarships you can apply for at each institution you’re interested in attending.

•   Charity organizations: Look into organizations in your community, such as the local Rotary Club. You just might scoop up a few scholarships based on the organizations you know. Ask around!

•   Professional organizations: What do you plan to major in? Check to see if professional organizations of your chosen industry offer scholarships and grants. It’s also possible to get internships and careers from these professional organizations right out of the gate after graduation.

Recommended: How to Pay for College

Other College Financing Methods

You might need other sources of financial aid to close the cost gap after scholarships for college are factored in. Generally, the first step, as mentioned, is filling out the FAFSA. The FAFSA is completely free and offers other financial aid beyond scholarships, including need-based and non-need-based federal financial aid.

Other options for paying for college include:

•   Federal grants: Students who demonstrate financial need may qualify for federal grants. You do not need to pay these back. For example, you could qualify for a Federal Pell Grant or the Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education (TEACH) Grant. Take a look at the eligibility requirements to determine whether you qualify.

•   Federal student loans: You may qualify for federal student loans through the U.S. Department of Education and through the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program. Direct Unsubsidized Loans are non-need-based, while Direct Subsidized Loans are awarded to students who demonstrate financial need.

•   Private student loans: Federal student loans, scholarships, and other funding sources may not fully cover the cost of attendance for students. In that case, students may tap into private student loans. However, private student loans do not have the same benefits or borrower protections as federal student loans (like deferment options or the ability to pursue certain federal loan forgiveness programs). For this reason, private student loans are generally pursued only after all other options have been thoroughly considered.

Recommended: Types of Federal Student Loans

The Takeaway

Scholarships for moms going back to college is one way to help fund your degree. You can find scholarships by asking your college or university about their options, looking into your local community, asking professional organizations in your field, and using an online scholarship search tool. Other options for paying for college include federal student loans, grants, and work-study.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

Photo credit: iStock/Portra

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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2024
How to Recertify Your Income Based Repayment for Student Loans

How to Recertify Your Income Based Repayment for Student Loans

By | Debt Payoff, Fresh Out of School, Student Loans, student_loan | Comments Off on How to Recertify Your Income Based Repayment for Student Loans

If you have federal student loans, you can enroll in an Income-Driven Repayment (IDR) plan, which may make your monthly payments more affordable. That’s because the amount is calculated based on your income and the size of your family.

Income-Driven Repayment is the umbrella term for several federal repayment programs tied to salary, while Income-Based Repayment refers to one specific plan. (Yes, it’s a bit confusing.)

Once you are enrolled in an IDR, you will need to “recertify” annually, by providing updated information about your salary and family size — essentially reapplying for the plan. The government uses this information to calculate your payment amount and adjust it if necessary.

You can easily recertify online or by mail. Read on to find out when to recertify your income-driven repayment, how to do it, and more.

What Is Income-Based Repayment?

As noted above, the correct umbrella term is Income-Driven Repayment, which encompasses four different plans. These are available to federal student loan borrowers to help make their payments more manageable. It’s an option to keep in mind when choosing a loan or if your current federal loan payments are high relative to your income. The program is intended to make the amount you pay on your student loan each month more affordable.

The four income-driven repayment programs offered for federal student loans are:

•   Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) Plan — formerly the REPAYE Plan

•   Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Repayment Plan

•   Income-Based Repayment (IBR) Plan

•   Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) Plan

For all of these plans, your payment amount is generally based on a percentage of your discretionary income, which is defined by the U.S. Department of Education (DOE) as “the difference between your annual income and 150% of the poverty guideline for your family size and state of residence.” There is a Loan Simulator tool you can use to see what your payments would be for each of the repayment programs.

IDR payments are determined as 10% of your discretionary income if you are a “new borrower,” who received their loan on or after July 1, 2014. You must also have no outstanding balance on a Direct Loan or Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL).

If you’re not a new borrower, payments are generally 15% of your discretionary income.

With an IDR plan, your payment will never be more than the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan amount, which is the typical repayment plan for the Federal Direct Loan program and FFELs.

Each income-driven repayment plan has a different loan term. For IDRs, it’s 20 years for new borrowers and 25 years for those who aren’t considered new borrowers. Any loan balance that remains unpaid at the end of the repayment period will be forgiven.

Recommended: Guide to Student Loan Forgiveness

Which Federal Loans Are Eligible for an Income-Driven Repayment Plan?

IDR plans are available for the following types of federal loans:

•   Direct Subsidized Loans

•   Direct Unsubsidized Loans

•   Direct PLUS Loans made to graduate or professional students

•   Direct Consolidation Loans that did not repay any PLUS loans made to parents

•   Subsidized Federal Stafford Loans

•   Unsubsidized Federal Stafford Loans

•   FFEL PLUS Loans made to graduate or professional students

•   FFEL Consolidation Loans that did not repay any PLUS loans made to parents

•   Federal Perkins Loans, if consolidated.

Income-Driven Repayment plans are not available to FFEL PLUS loans or Direct PLUS loans that are made to parents. They are also not available for Direct Consolidation Loans or FFEL Consolidation Loans that repaid PLUS loans to made parents.

You don’t need to consolidate your student loans to apply for an income-based repayment plan.

Recommended: Refinancing Student Loans Without a Cosigner

Take control of your student loans.
Ditch student loan debt for good.

The New SAVE Plan

Editor's Note: The SAVE Plan is still in limbo after being blocked in federal court. SAVE enrollees are in interest-free forbearance until at least April 2025. Two closed repayment plans — Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) and PayAs You Earn (PAYE) — are reopened to those who want to leave forbearance. We will update this page as information becomes available.

The DOE recently rolled out a new income-driven repayment plan called SAVE (Saving on a Valuable Education). It replaces the old plan known as REPAYE (Revised Pay As You Earn). Under the SAVE plan, the income exemption increases from 150% to 225% of the poverty line.

Those enrolled in SAVE pay 5% to 10% of their discretionary income toward their monthly student loan payments, and their loans will be discharged after 20 years for undergraduate loans, and 25 years for graduate loans. For comparison, on an IDR plan, borrowers pay between 10% and 15% of their discretionary income and loans are forgiven after 20 to 25 years.

Borrowers who have $12,000 or less in federal loans will receive forgiveness after 10 years of on-time payments (even if their payment is $0 each month). Borrowers with more than $12,000 in loans should add a year for every additional $1,000 of debt they owe. So if they have $14,000 in loans, they will receive forgiveness after 12 years of on-time payments under the SAVE plan.

Under SAVE, if you are a single borrower earning $32,800 or less or a family of four earning $67,500 or less (amounts are higher in Alaska and Hawaii), your monthly payments will be $0. According to the DOE, borrowers earning more than this will save at least $1,000 per year compared to the other income-driven repayment plans.

What’s more, under the SAVE plan, interest will not accrue if you make your payment on time each month. For example, if your interest charge is $50 each month, and your payment is $30, you won’t be charged the remaining $20.

Like other IDR plans, the SAVE plan will need to be recertified every year.

What Is Student Loan Recertification?

Since your repayment plan is based on your income and the size of your family, you need to reconfirm these details every year.

If you apply for an income-driven repayment plan online, the DOE will ask you for consent to access your tax information. If you give consent, they will automatically recertify your loan every year.

If you choose to apply manually (printing out a PDF and mailing it into your loan servicer), you will need to manually recertify every year with your loan servicer.

If your financial situation changes ahead of recertification — like you lose your job — you can reach out to your loan servicer and ask them to immediately recalculate your payments.

How to Recertify Income-Driven Repayments

You can apply for income-driven repayments and recertify your status by going online to StudentAid.gov. Filing your application online ensures that it is sent to each of your loan servicers if you have more than one. Alternatively, you may send paper applications to each of your loan servicers if you haven’t filed a tax return in the last two years or your income has changed significantly since you filed your last return.

To file online, go to the student aid website above, click on “Manage My Loans,” and then click on “Recertify an Income-Driven Repayment Plan.” You’ll need to log in with your federal student aid ID.

Next you’ll answer questions about your family, including family size, your marital status, and your spouse’s income, if applicable. You can connect your account directly to your tax return to verify your income information. And if your income has changed since your last tax return, you can upload more recent pay stubs.

To recertify by mail, you can download the Income-Driven Repayment Plan Request form, which you can find in the Federal Student Loan Forms library. Fill out the form and attach the required documents. You’ll send the request to the address provided by your loan servicer.

When to Recertify Income-Driven Repayment Plans

The government paused income-driven repayments as part of its COVID-19 relief program. Paused payments still count toward IDR forgiveness.

Borrowers were not required to recertify before payments restarted. So if a borrower’s recertification date fell between October 2023 and March 1, 2024, it was pushed out by one year. For example, if your recertification date was January 1, 2024, your new recertification date is January 1, 2025.

If your income has decreased or your family status has changed in the past three years, you may want to recertify earlier. You can fill out a recertification form at any time if you’re struggling to make your payments because your financial situation has changed.

If you fail to recertify your IBR plan by the annual deadline, your monthly payment will switch to the amount you will pay under the Standard Repayment Plan. You’ll be able to make payments based on your income again when you update your income information.

The Takeaway

Income-Driven Repayment plans are available to most federal student loan borrowers and can be a great way to make sure your student loan repayments work with your budget. Recertification is a critical step borrowers need to take each year to inform the government of changes to your situation that might affect your payment size.

Refinancing is another way to manage your student loan debt, especially if you have private student loans that don’t qualify for government assistance programs.

If you’re considering refinancing federal loans, just be sure the amount you save outweighs the benefits of income-driven programs, potential student loan forgiveness, or other federal loan protections, all of which you lose access to when you refinance with a private lender. Our Student Loan Refinance Calculator can help you run the numbers.

Visit SoFi to explore options for student loan refinancing. SoFi offers a competitive rate, flexible terms, no hidden fees, and no prepayment penalty — and you can view your rate in 2 minutes.

FAQ

Can you recertify student loans early?

Federal student loan borrowers who are on an income-driven repayment plan need to recertify their loans once a year. You can recertify early, and it may be a good idea if your family has grown or your income has decreased.

How do I recertify my student loans?

You can recertify your student loans online at the Federal Student Aid website (studentaid.gov), or by downloading and mailing in the Income-Driven Repayment Plan Request form with any supporting documentation. If you mail in the request, you’ll need to send a copy to each of your loan servicers.

When should I recertify my student loans?

Your recertification date is the date one year after you started or renewed your IDR plan. Your loan servicers will send you a notice that it’s time to recertify your loan.

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Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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