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Editor's Note: For the latest developments regarding federal student loan debt repayment, check out our student debt guide.

Income-contingent payment (ICR) plans are one kind of Income-driven repayment plan, which can help make federal student loan payments more affordable. The income-contingent repayment plan allows you to extend your loan repayment period while reducing monthly payments to help them better align with your income. Any remaining loan amounts due at the end of your ICR plan term may be forgiven.

An ICR may be a good fit if you’re just starting your career and aren’t earning a lot of money. You may also consider an income-contingent repayment plan if you’re hoping to qualify for federal Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF).

But is an ICR plan right for you? And what are the pros and cons of income-contingent repayment? Weighing the benefits alongside the potential downsides can help you decide if it’s an option worth pursuing managing your student loan debt.

What Is Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR)?

Income-driven repayment plans, including ICR, determine your monthly payment amount based on your household size and income. Depending on how much you make and how many people there are in your household, it’s possible that you could have no monthly payment at all.

Like other income-driven repayment plans offered by the Department of Education (DOE), an ICR plan aims to make it easier to keep up with federal student loan payments.

With income-contingent repayment, your monthly payments are capped at the lesser of:

•   20% of your discretionary income

•   What you would pay on a repayment plan with a fixed payment over the course of 12 years, adjusted for your income

Of the four income-driven repayment options, income-contingent repayment is the oldest plan, and it is the only one that sets the payment cap at 20% of a borrower’s discretionary income. With income-based repayment (IBR) and Pay as You Earn (PAYE), monthly student loan payments max out at 10% of your discretionary income. The Department of Education recently introduced a new IDR plan called Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE), and starting in July 2024, borrowers on the SAVE plan could see their payments reduced from 10% to 5% of income above 225% of the poverty line.

The interest rate for an ICR plan stays the same for the entire repayment term. The rate would be whatever you’re currently paying for any loans you’ve consolidated or the weighted average of all loans you haven’t consolidated.


💡 Quick Tip: Ready to refinance your student loan? With SoFi’s no-fee loans, you could save thousands.

How an ICR Plan Works

Income-contingent repayment can reduce your federal student loan payments, allowing you to pay 20% of your discretionary income each month or commit to making fixed payments based on a 12-year loan term.

You have up to 25 years to repay all loans enrolled in the plan. If you still have remaining payments after 25 years of monthly payments, the DOE will forgive the balance. But while you may not owe any more payments on the loan, the IRS considers student loan debts forgiven through ICR or another income-driven repayment plan to be taxable income, so you may owe taxes on it.

Income-contingent repayment plans base your monthly payment on your income and family size. This means that if your income, or your family size, changes over time, your monthly payments could change as well. With all of the federal IDR plans, borrowers must recertify their loan every year to show any changes to your income or family size.

If you’re enrolled in the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan, your monthly payments would be the same for the entire repayment term, and you never have to recertify your loan.

Here’s an example of what your payments might look like on an ICR plan versus a Standard Repayment plan, assuming you’re single, make $50,000 a year, get 3.5% annual raises, and owe $35,000 in federal loans at a weighted interest rate of 5.7%.

As you can see, an income-contingent repayment plan would lower your monthly payments. But it will take you longer to pay your loans off and you pay more than $3,000 in additional interest charges over the life of the loan. If you start earning more while you’re on the ICR plan, your payments could also increase.

If you get married, and you and your spouse file your taxes jointly, your loan servicer will use your joint income to determine your loan payment. If you file separately or are separated from your spouse, you’ll only owe based on your individual income.

Recommended: How is Income Based Repayment Calculated?

Who Is Eligible for an Income-Contingent Repayment Plan?

Anyone with an eligible federal student loan can apply for the income-contingent repayment plan. Eligible loans include:

•   Direct student loans (subsidized or unsubsidized)

•   Direct consolidation loans

•   Direct PLUS loans made to graduate or professional students

Other types of federal student loans may also be enrolled in income-contingent repayment plans if you consolidate them into a Direct loan first. For example, you could use an ICR plan to repay consolidated:

•   Federal Stafford loans (subsidized or unsubsidized)

•   Federal Perkins loans

•   Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) PLUS loans

•   FFEL consolidation loans

•   Direct PLUS loans for parents

The income-contingent repayment is the only income-driven repayment plan option that includes loans taken out by parents. So if you borrowed federal loans to help your child pay for college, you could enroll in an ICR plan (after consolidating your loans) to make the payments more manageable.

Two types of loans are not eligible for income-contingent repayment or any other income-driven repayment plan:

•   Private student loans

•   Federal student loans in default

If you’ve defaulted on your federal student loans you must first get them out of default before you can enroll in an income-driven repayment plan. The DOE allows you to do this through loan consolidation and/or loan rehabilitation. Either one can help you get caught up with loan payments and loan rehabilitation will also remove the default from your credit history.

Pros and Cons of ICR Plans

Income-contingent repayment is just one option for paying off student loans, and it may not be right for everyone. It’s important to look at both the advantages and potential disadvantages before enrolling in an ICR plan.

Pros of income-contingent repayment:

•   Can lower your monthly payments

•   Parent loans are eligible for income-contingent repayment, after consolidation

•   Extends the loan term to 25 years to repay student loans

•   Remaining loan balances are forgivable

•   Qualifying repayment plan for PSLF

Cons of income-contingent repayment:

•   Other income-driven repayment plans like PAYE or SAVE base monthly payments on 5 to 10% of your discretionary income

•   Taking longer to repay loans means paying more in interest

•   If your income changes, your payments could increase

•   Enrolling certain loans requires consolidation first

•   Forgiven loan amounts are taxable

If you’re interested in an income-driven repayment plan, it may be helpful to do the math first to see how much you might pay with different plans. An income-based repayment option, for example, might lower your payments even more than ICR so it’s worth running the numbers through a student loan repayment calculator.

The Takeaway

Income-contingent repayment plans are something you might consider if you have federal student loans. With an ICR plan, your monthly payments may be lower than they are with the Standard Loan Repayment Plan, allowing you more money for other bills.

You won’t receive a lower interest rate when you sign up for an income-driven repayment plan. The only way to change your interest rate is through student loan refinancing. But if you refinance your federal loans, you will lose access to benefits like ICR and other income-driven repayment plans.

When you refinance student loans, you take out a new loan to pay off your existing ones. If you’re able to secure a lower interest rate on the new loan and don’t extend the term length of the loan, you could pay less in total interest over the life of the loan while having lower monthly payments. This could give you more breathing room in your budget. If you have both federal and private loans, you may choose to place the federal loans in an income-driven repayment plan and then refinance the private loans.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

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Buying furniture can be a major expense, especially in this era of quickly rising prices. Some shoppers are holding off making purchases: Inflation is pinching consumers across all income levels, and home furnishings sales are falling.

Still, if you don’t have a bundle of cash earmarked for furniture shopping but need to decorate a space (hello, newlyweds, roomies, and downsizers), you can learn how to save money buying furniture and score great finds. Here, learn how to save money on furniture with surprising techniques, including:

•   Finding free pieces at the curb

•   Lucking out with returned or floor-model items

•   Getting the timing right for sales

How Much Do People Spend on Furniture a Year?

As of 2021, the average expenditure on furniture per family (or single person household) was about $716 in the United States. In more affluent households, the average annual spend was $1,490 in 2021.

Recommended: 10 Most Common Budgeting Mistakes

What Are Some Costs to Consider With Furniture?

When shopping for furniture, remember that it’s not just the cost of the table or chair you might be buying. You’ll also need to build in these extra expenses:

•   Taxes.

•   Shipping or delivery fees.

•   Extra costs for assembly or for getting a piece up the stairs or around the hall corner and into a room.

•   Possibly paying to have the old piece you are replacing (a bed or sofa, for example) removed.

•   Stain-resistant treatments on upholstered furniture, which generally add to the value and longevity of a sofa, chair, or headboard.

Recommended: Questions You Should Ask Before Making an Impulse Buy

Saving Money on Furniture: 13 Ways

Now, for the details of how to save money buying furniture. Here are some smart secrets to try.

1. Shopping Curb Discards

Many towns have bulky waste pickup days, and savvy people know to cruise curbs around town on those dates. You could find anything from still functional bookcases to an antique side table to patio furniture to a great lamp or two. It’s generally safer to avoid mattresses, box springs and upholstered furniture due to the possibility that bed bugs are lurking.

2. Signing Up at Sites You Love

Many online retailers are eager to get your email address and/or cell phone number as a “subscriber” so they can alert you to sales and special offers. In exchange for this information, they may dangle discount or free shipping codes for your first order. Yes, these messages can clog your inbox, but you can always unsubscribe once you score the furniture deals you want.

3. Buying Directly From the Manufacturer

Another idea for how to save money on furniture: Go straight to the source. For more than 50 years, shoppers have been buying well-made furniture from manufacturers at Hickory Furniture Mart in Hickory, North Carolina. The Mart unites local independent furniture retailers, including custom order showrooms, factory direct outlets, furniture outlets, and dedicated manufacturers’ galleries. Check their website to see the various vendors available.

Recommended: 15 Creative Ways to Save Money

4. Checking Out Furniture In Person Before Clicking Online

Many consumers are confident enough to order items online, but with big purchases like a sofa, it can help to see products up close (and sit on them) first. See if your local department store stocks the sofa you have seen online or other pieces made by that brand, so you can get a feel for the fabric, design, and construction. That could save you the time, effort, and cost of having to return an item.

5. Considering the Upcycling Option

Many things are upcycled now for a more sustainable planet with less of a carbon footprint. That means taking something that could have ended up in the trash and turning it into treasure. Paint a lamp and pop on a new shade, for example, or refinish a worn out table or dresser to refresh its good looks and perhaps pop on some new hardware, too.

6. Planning a Realistic Budget for Your New Home

Are you starting from scratch to furnish a home? Experts say a furnishing budget generally depends on the size of a new residence. You might make a budget based on a percentage of the total cost of your home. Your furniture/decorating budget might range from a low of 10% to a high of 50% of the home’s purchase price, depending on your finances. And certainly, with the shopping hacks listed here, you can whittle that down.

Recommended: Tips for Furnishing a New Home

7. Turning Down Store Credit Cards

Department or furniture store credit cards can often run up staggering interest rates, something you definitely do not want when buying furniture. If at all possible, save enough money to pay for furniture in full and with cash or debit card.

8. Building Your Own Furniture

Could you DIY something, like a bookshelf, wood bench, or Shaker-style dresser? Good old YouTube has videos to teach you.

Recommended: Why Saving Money Is Important

9. Buying Secondhand

Another idea for how to save on furniture: Buy used vs. new. For starters, check Facebook Marketplace or Craigslist for deals. Many people are paring back or moving and want to get rid of things without adding them to a landfill. You can also look for bargains at antique stores, flea markets, garage sales, and thrift shops.

Recommended: Tips for Buying Furniture on a Budget

10. Staying Tuned In to Sales Seasons

To cut costs, know when prices are likely to be lower. Desk chairs and office furniture are often on sale in the fall. Cyber Monday can be a huge opportunity for savings of all kinds. Ask the salesperson when prices will dip to make way for new merchandise on the sales floor.

Recommended: Best Time to Purchase Furniture

11. Creating a Gift Registry

You might be able to get loved ones to help a bit with the cost of furniture; group gifting options on your wishlist items could allow several people to chip in. This is, as you might guess, especially popular for couples starting their lives together. Crate & Barrel, for example, often offers perks, such as free shipping (at a certain spend threshold) and 15% discounts on wedding registry purchases.

12. Finding a Local Auction

Here’s another way to save on furniture: Check out local auctions. You might be able to find old treasures, from sideboards to headboards, that make great statement pieces at an affordable price. Estate sales are also good sources for items like these.

13. Shopping for Returned or Slightly Damaged Items

If you can live with furniture that isn’t brand new and untouched by anyone else, you could score some great deals. On the Pottery Barn website, for instance, search for Open Box Deals, which are returned items that sell at discounted prices. Sometimes it’s just that someone didn’t like the color. In furniture showrooms, inquire about slightly damaged items (perhaps a table has a scratch you barely notice) and also ask about floor models.

The Takeaway

With the right shopping skills in your toolkit, you can save money on buying furniture. By employing smart strategies, such as scouring estate sales and thrift shops, buying returned items, and negotiating on the sales floor, you can save a bundle on great-looking as you furnish your home.

3 Money Tips

1. If you’re saving for a short-term goal — whether it’s a vacation, a wedding, or the down payment on a house — consider opening a high-yield savings account. The higher APY that you’ll earn will help your money grow faster, but the funds stay liquid, so they are easy to access when you reach your goal.
2. If you’re creating a budget, try the 50/30/20 budget rule. Allocate 50% of your after-tax income to the “needs” of life, like living expenses and debt. Spend 30% on wants, and then save the remaining 20% towards saving for your long-term goals.
3. When you overdraft your checking account, you’ll likely pay a non-sufficient fund fee of, say, $35. Look into linking a savings account to your checking account as a backup to avoid that, or shop around for a bank that doesn’t charge you for overdrafting.

FAQ

Is it better to buy used or new furniture?

This is not a question of better or worse. Some shoppers prefer snagging deals on used furniture and enjoy hunting for pieces such as a vintage oak dresser at a thrift shop. Others want new pieces, either because they prefer the style or they like the idea of owning something that has no wear. It’s a matter of personal taste, though buying used pieces, in addition to costing less, may help keep pieces out of landfill and sync with eco values.

What should I look out for when purchasing furniture?

Search for styles, colors, and lines you love, as well as comfort and function. A desk won’t help you out if it doesn’t have the drawer space you need, and a sofa is a fail if it’s not comfy and solidly made. Also look for solid wood, not composites or laminates, if you want a long-lasting quality piece. Some pieces (such as an upholstered chair) may come with warranties against wear and tear and stains.

Where can I purchase used furniture?

As more people strive for sustainability and resist tossing away furniture, options abound for finding used pieces. Check thrift shops, donation centers, secondhand stores, estate sales, garage sales, Craigslist, and Facebook Marketplace.

Photo credit: iStock/Vanit Janthra

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SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

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Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

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