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When you take out any type of loan, you typically pay interest. This is the cost of borrowing money from a lender. The interest you pay for many student loans starts growing from the day the funds are released and continues until you’ve fully paid off the loan. This is why you pay more for most student loans than the amount you originally borrowed.

No-interest loans or interest-free loans, also known as scholarship loans, don’t charge any interest, so you only pay back exactly what you borrowed. They are typically offered by nonprofit organizations, state governments, and universities.

While these loans are relatively rare, and amounts tend to lower than other types of student loans, no-interest student loans do exist and may be worth looking into for the potential savings. Read on to learn how interest-free student loans work and where to find them.

What Is a No-Interest Student Loan?

Interest-free student loans are loans that do not accrue interest. Unlike grants and scholarships, the loan amount must be repaid. Because there are no interest charges, however, the amount repaid by the borrower remains the same as the original amount borrowed. Traditional student loans, whether federal or private, all come with interest rates that are either fixed or variable.

The interest rates on federal student loans are fixed and are set annually by Congress. For the 2023-2024 school year, the interest rate on Direct Subsidized or Unsubsidized Loans for undergraduates is 5.50%, the rate on Direct Unsubsidized Loans for graduate and professional students is 7.05%, and the rate on Direct PLUS Loans for graduate students, professional students, and parents is 8.05%.

While federal student loan rates are the same for every borrower, private student loan rates range based on the lender, the type of interest rate (fixed or variable), and the borrower’s credit score. Interest on private loans can run anywhere from 4.42% to 16.99% APR.

Whatever the interest rate on a student loan, you will end up paying more than you borrow. No-interest student loans can be an attractive alternative. Here are some places to look for interest-free loans:

•   Schools Some colleges and universities offer no-interest loans for current students to cover emergency expenses.

•   States You may be able to find an interest-free student loan through your state’s education agency. For example, Massachusetts offers students who demonstrate financial need and attend a qualifying school in Massachusetts a no-interest loan for up to $4,000 each academic year.

•   Nonprofit organizations Some foundations and nonprofits offer no-interest student loans. These loans can be set up in different ways. In some cases, you can get a small loan amount; in others, the organization will pay your remaining cost of attendance. Some are awarded based on merit, while others are awarded based on financial need.

💡 Quick Tip: Make no payments on SoFi private student loans for six months after graduation.

Applying for Interest-Free Student Loans

The application process for most interest-free loans resembles the application process for grants or scholarships more closely than a traditional loan application.

It’s a good idea to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®), even if you want to focus on loans without interest. Some interest-free loans use the FAFSA to determine financial need. And while federal loans generally accrue interest, they typically have lower rates than private student loans. Federal student loans also come with benefits, such as income-based repayment and forgiveness programs, that private student loans and no-interest loans may not offer.

Interest-free student loans are often local and state-based, rather than national. They may require proof of residency in a certain state. Some may also have an essay requirement, as well academic requirements, and might even require an interview.

The process is usually more intense than a regular student loan because funds are limited. Some state agencies and philanthropic organizations use the term “scholarship loan” to refer to interest-free loans. Scholarship loans may also be repaid through public service.

Keep in mind though that those organizations are still separate from the government, and do not offer the same repayment plans as the loans offered through the U.S. Department of Education.

Recommended: student loan interest deduction

Subsidized Loans: No Interest Until After Graduation

Interest-free loans are relatively rare, so it’s possible that students will still need to rely on federal student aid. There are two types of federal Direct Loans available to undergraduate students: subsidized and unsubsidized.

Subsidized loans are available to undergraduates who demonstrate financial need. The U.S. Department of Education pays the interest accruing on the loans while you’re in school, during your six-month grace period, and when your loans are in deferment.

On the other hand, unsubsidized loans are available to undergraduate and graduate students, and they don’t require that students demonstrate need in order to qualify. Interest accrues while you’re in school, and during grace periods, deferment, or forbearance — and you’re responsible for paying the interest.

Federal student loans also offer a few different payment plans, including income-driven repayment plans, so that borrowers can find the option that works best for them. There are also borrower protections like deferment or forbearance that can act as a safety net for borrowers who find themselves facing financial difficulties down the road.


💡 Quick Tip: Would-be borrowers will want to understand the different types of student loans that are available: private student loans, federal Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans, Direct PLUS loans, and more.

The Takeaway

No-interest student loans, sometimes called scholarship loans or interest-free loans, are loans awarded to students that do not accrue interest at all. While not common, there are some nonprofits, state agencies, schools, corporations, and religious organizations that offer interest-free loans to students.

In case you’re not able to find or qualify for a no-interest loan, it’s a good idea to fill out the FAFSA to access other forms of financial aid, including grants, scholarships, and federal student loans.

Sometimes, financial aid and scholarships don’t provide enough funding to pay for college. In that case, you might want to look into private student loans. While private student loans can be helpful tools when it comes to paying for college, they do not have the same borrower protections as federal student loans, so you generally only want to consider them after all other aid options have been reviewed.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

FAQ

What is a no-interest student loan?

A no-interest student loan is a loan that does not accrue interest, meaning borrowers repay only the amount they originally borrowed. These loans are sometimes called scholarship loans and are typically offered by nonprofit organizations, state agencies, or colleges rather than private lenders or the federal government.

Where can students find no-interest student loans?

No-interest student loans may be available through colleges and universities, state education agencies, or nonprofit and philanthropic organizations. Availability is often limited, and loan amounts may be smaller than traditional student loans. Eligibility requirements can vary and may include financial need, residency, academic standing, or service commitments.

How do you apply for an interest-free student loan?

The application process for interest-free student loans often resembles a scholarship application rather than a traditional loan application. Students may need to submit essays, demonstrate financial need, meet academic criteria, or participate in interviews. Completing the FAFSA may also be required or recommended, as some programs use it to assess eligibility.

Are subsidized federal student loans the same as no-interest loans?

Federal Direct Subsidized Loans do not accrue interest while a student is enrolled in school at least half-time, during the grace period, or during certain deferment periods. However, interest may accrue after those periods end. This differs from no-interest student loans, which do not charge interest at any point.

About the author

Julia Califano

Julia Califano is an award-winning journalist who covers banking, small business, personal loans, student loans, and other money issues for SoFi. She has over 20 years of experience writing about personal finance and lifestyle topics. Read full bio.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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You may have grown up calling manufactured homes mobile homes — and the two terms are sometimes still used interchangeably — but these dwellings have evolved.

They’re more customizable and arguably fancier than previous iterations. Still, it’s a good idea to look beyond the sticker price.

Characteristics of a Manufactured Home

First, to clarify a popular point of confusion, modular homes and manufactured homes are different types of houses.

Both are built partially or entirely in a factory, but modular homes — aka kit homes — must adhere to the same codes that site-built homes do.

Manufactured homes are intended to be permanent dwelling units. Starting in 1976, they began to be built to a code developed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and moved past the name “mobile homes” and the notion of trailers placed atop blocks.

The manufactured home, built on a permanent chassis, is tested to ensure that it can be transported properly before being attached to a foundation, or the underlying chassis may be “skirted” by blocks or siding.

The home may be movable, depending on its age and condition, but few are moved. Moving a manufactured home, if it is new enough to be moved, can cost $20,000 or more.

Pros and Cons of a Manufactured Home

Before buying a manufactured home, the housing choice of about 20 million Americans, take a look at the following advantages and disadvantages to help you in your decision-making.

Pros

•   Cost effective: According to the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, manufactured homes cost around 20% to 45% less than comparable site-built homes, excluding the price of land.

•   High quality: Manufactured homes must adhere to the HUD code, which applies to the home’s design, construction, durability, transportability, strength, and energy efficiency. Factories also need to adhere to standards and must inspect each step during construction.

•   Few delays: Because manufactured homes are built indoors in a controlled environment, the weather won’t interfere with the timeline to construct the home.

•   Home warranties: Most manufactured homes have some form of warranty to guarantee the quality of the home, usually for one to five years. The seller has its own warranties for transporting and installing the home.

•   Customizable: Most manufactured home makers allow homebuyers to customize some aspects of the home, such as certain finishes, porches, vaulted ceilings, and fireplaces.
Energy efficient: The HUD code ensures that manufactured homes have a high degree of energy efficiency.

•   Financing: The financing options include loans even if the buyer will not own the land the home will rest on.

•   Appreciation: Manufactured homes may not appreciate at the same rate as other types of homes and may even depreciate. The resale value depends on the location, and the age and condition of the home.

Cons

•   Limited customization: You can customize some parts of a manufactured home, but you may not have the options you want, depending on the builder.

•   Price increases: The average sales price of a manufactured home increased nearly 50% during the pandemic, driven by the demand for affordable housing.

•   Lot rent: Most residents own their homes but rent the land. Those who lease lots face uncertain increases in monthly costs. Park rents have been doubling and tripling.
Financing options may carry higher rates. Whether the home is considered real property or personal property makes a big difference.

A manufactured home built on or after June 15, 1976, and considered real property might qualify for a conventional or government-backed loan. To be considered real property, the home must be at least 400 square feet, permanently attached to a foundation, and on land that you own or plan to buy. The loans usually carry slightly higher interest rates than mortgages for traditional homes.

Financing options for manufactured homes classified as personal property include chattel loans, which come with a higher interest rate and a shorter term than most traditional mortgages. (A chattel mortgage also may be used for tiny house financing.)

FHA Title I loans and personal loans are other options for manufactured homes classified as personal property. Rates for unsecured personal loans will be higher than rates for secured loans like mortgages or chattel loans.

Finding a Manufactured Home

Most manufactured homes are sold through retailers instead of the builders. It’s also possible to purchase manufactured homes through real estate agents and online manufactured home marketplaces.

Think of buying a new manufactured home like going to a store where you can view model homes. You’ll be able to see your options, such as the number of bedrooms, layout, and customizable features. Depending on the retailer, you may even be able to apply for financing and arrange for delivery all in the same day.

Before signing on the dotted line, make sure you read the fine print, such as what warranties come with the home. You may be able to purchase both the land and home through a manufactured home community.

Who Should Get a Manufactured Home?

A manufactured home may be a good fit for a retiree or a first-time homebuyer who is looking for a more cost-effective housing solution than a condo or single-family home — especially if they own the land underneath them.

It also may be suited for those who want a new construction home and to be able to customize parts of the structure.

The Takeaway

A manufactured home may be a good choice for some buyers, and others may want to try to buy a condo, townhouse, or single-family home.

If you’re in the latter group or buying investment property, SoFi can help you get started by providing a rate quote with no obligation.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

What are the advantages of manufactured homes?

The main advantages of manufactured homes are the relatively low cost and the building standards they must meet.

Is a manufactured home considered real property?

A manufactured home is considered real property if you own both the land and the home, and the structure is permanently attached to a foundation.

Can I get a loan to buy a manufactured house?

Yes, though the type usually depends on whether the home is considered real or personal property. Classification as personal property is almost certain to preclude conventional financing. A borrower need not own the land for an FHA Title I loan from an approved lender. The loan may be used to buy a manufactured home, a lot on which to place the home, or a manufactured home and lot in combination. There are maximum loan amounts and terms.

Are manufactured homes safe?

Yes. Manufactured homes built after mid-1976 abide by HUD standards, and the agency significantly updated its manufacturing and safety standards in 2024. Most come with warranties.

Photo credit: iStock/clubfoto

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Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

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You usually can’t get a debit card for a savings account. Typically, debit cards are issued for checking accounts.

There’s a simple reason for that. Savings accounts are designed to hold money that you don’t plan to spend right away. Earning interest on deposits is the reward you get for adding money to your savings balance. Checking accounts, on the other hand, are designed for spending.

There’s a backdoor way to use a debit card for a savings account, but it requires you to have a checking account and transfer funds. Knowing the rules for debit cards and bank accounts can make it easier to manage your money.

What Accounts Offer Debit Cards?

Usually, you cannot get a debit card with standard or high-yield savings accounts. You can, however, get a debit card with other types of bank accounts, such as:

•  Traditional checking accounts

•  High-yield checking or interest checking

•  Money market accounts

•  Cash management accounts

•  Health savings accounts

You can find traditional checking accounts, high-yield checking, and money market accounts at traditional banks or online banks. Some banks also offer HSAs with a debit card so that paying for health care is easy and convenient.

A cash management account is a little different. These accounts, which you can find at a brokerage, blend features of savings and checking accounts. You can use them to pay bills, make purchases with a debit card, or hold funds that you plan to transfer into your investment account.

Debit Cards vs. ATM Cards

Debit cards and ATM cards may look the same at first glance, but there are some key differences between them.

•  A debit card is a PIN-enabled card that’s linked to a checking account or a money market account. You can use a debit card to make purchases, pay bills, or withdraw cash at ATMs. When you complete a debit card transaction, the money is deducted from your checking or money market account.

•  ATM cards are also PIN-based but they have less functionality than a debit card. You can use an ATM card to view your balance, withdraw cash, or make deposits at an automated teller machine. You cannot, however, use a debit card to make purchases.

Banks can issue ATM cards for checking accounts, though it’s more common to get a debit card instead. Some banks also offer ATM cards for savings accounts, though that’s more of an exception than the rule. If you have an ATM card for checking or savings, there may be an ATM withdrawal limit that dictates how much cash you can take out daily or weekly.

Accessing Your Savings Account Funds

If you want to access money in your savings account but don’t have a debit card, your options will depend on your bank’s policies. Generally, the alternatives can include:

•  You can use an ATM card if you’re issued one for transferring funds into a checking account and withdrawing from there. Or you can make a transfer on your financial institution’s website or in the app. That’s the backdoor method that was mentioned earlier. This process can be especially easy if you have linked checking and savings accounts at the same financial institution.

•  If you have a savings account at a traditional bank, you could also make withdrawals in person at the teller window.

When accessing savings account funds, it’s important to know what limits your bank imposes. For instance, it’s not uncommon for banks to limit you to six withdrawals from savings per month. If you go over that limit, the bank can charge an excess withdrawal fee for each additional transaction or convert your savings into a checking account.

Tips for Using Your Savings Account

Savings accounts are not meant to be complicated or confusing, but there are some rules to know about using them. These tips can help you make the most of your savings.

•  Choose the right bank to open a savings account. Online banks can offer higher interest rates on savings with fewer fees, compared to traditional banks. The trade-off is that you don’t have access to bank branches.

•  Know your limits. As mentioned, banks may limit you on the number of withdrawals you can make from savings per month. There may also be limits on how much you can transfer from savings to checking or withdraw in cash at a teller.

•  Link savings to checking. Linking your savings account to a checking account can make it easy to transfer funds between them. Just keep in mind that linking accounts is not an excuse to siphon away money from savings unnecessarily. This is especially true if your savings account is your emergency fund.

•  Automate deposits. Setting up automatic deposits to savings is an easy way to grow your balance. You can also use direct deposit to send some of your paycheck to savings or create a recurring transfer from checking to savings each payday.

If your bank offers an ATM card with a savings account, remember to check the ATM withdrawal limits. Also, it’s important to be aware of any added ATM fees you might pay for using another bank’s machine to withdraw cash.

Alternatives to Getting a Debit Card for Savings Accounts

If you can’t get a debit card for a savings account, you have some other options for managing your money. For instance, you could:

•  Link your savings account to a checking account (especially an interest-bearing one) for convenient transfers.

•  Set up a cash management account that combines features of a checking and savings account, including a debit card.

•  Open a money market account that includes a debit card and check-writing privileges.

•  You could also use a prepaid debit card to hold your savings. That can make it easy to access your money, but there are a few drawbacks. You won’t earn interest the way that you could with a savings account at a bank. Also, if your card is lost or stolen you might be out your entire savings if you don’t report the loss to the card issuer right away. Prepaid debit cards can also charge fees, which can nibble away at your savings balance.

These are some work-arounds since you usually can’t get a debit card with a savings account, and as you see, each can have its pros and cons.

The Takeaway

Savings accounts can help you set aside money toward your big (or small) financial goals. While you usually don’t get a debit card for savings accounts, you could still get a great rate for your money to make up for it. If you are determined to get something akin to a debit card with a savings account, you might look at such alternatives as money market or cash management accounts or link your checking and savings accounts for easy transfers and then withdrawals.

Another smart move: Bank with SoFi. We offer checking and savings in one convenient place, with debit card access.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

Do banks give debit cards for savings accounts?

Banks usually do not issue debit cards for savings accounts. Money market savings accounts may be an exception, as those can sometimes come with a debit card, paper checks, or both. Debit cards are most commonly associated with checking accounts.

Is there a card for a savings account?

A bank may offer an ATM card for a savings account. If you get a savings account with an ATM card, you could use your card to deposit or withdraw cash at ATMs. You would not, however, be able to make purchases with the card.

Can I use an ATM card to access my savings account?

You could use an ATM card to access a savings account if the bank issues one to you. If you don’t have an ATM card for your savings account, you may need to first transfer money to checking and then withdraw it using your debit card.

About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.

SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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There isn’t a simple yes or no answer as to whether your retirement accounts can be garnished. The Employment Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) protects certain retirement accounts from garnishment if you’re sued by a creditor. The Act does not extend to non-qualified accounts like IRAs. However, those accounts do enjoy certain protections in bankruptcy.

The IRS may be able to garnish or take your 401(k) funds, however, if you owe back taxes. The IRS can also dip into your IRA or any self-employed retirement accounts you own to collect on a past due tax bill. If you’re worried about being sued by a creditor or running afoul of the IRS, it’s important to know when retirement accounts may be subject to garnishment.

What Does Garnishment Mean?

Garnishment is a legal process in which one entity takes money from another under the authority of federal or state law to satisfy a debt. Both wages and bank accounts can be subject to garnishment in connection with debt collection lawsuits. A court order may be necessary to enforce a garnishment agreement.

Federal law can limit which wages or bank account deposits are exempt from garnishment and under what conditions. For example, if you receive Social Security benefits, they may be exempt if you’re sued for unpaid credit card debt. Those benefits are not bulletproof, however. And ignoring how your funds could be imperiled could be a critical retirement mistake.

The Social Security Administration (SSA) can withhold some of your benefits if your state presents a garnishment order for unpaid alimony, child support, or restitution. The Treasury Department can also withhold some of your benefits to offset unpaid tax debts. Generally, a garnishment order cannot be lifted until the debt in question is satisfied.

Can Retirement Accounts Be Garnished?

Retirement accounts can be garnished but there are specific rules that apply in determining which accounts are subject to garnishment. This is where it’s important to understand the different types of retirement plans.

As mentioned, certain retirement accounts are protected by ERISA. They’re usually referred to as qualified retirement plans. Examples of ERISA plans include:

•   Profit-sharing plans

•   401(k) plans

•   Money purchase plans

•   Stock bonus plans

•   Employee stock ownership plans

•   Defined benefit plans, including pensions

Generally speaking, money held in ERISA plans are protected from garnishment by creditors. The amount you can protect is unlimited, so whether you’ve saved $1,000 or $1 million in an ERISA plan, it’s safely out of reach of creditors.

There is an exception made in cases where the account owner is ordered by a court to pay restitution to the victim of a crime. In that instance, a federal ruling has deemed it acceptable to allow garnishment of ERISA plans to make restitution payments.

Non-qualified plans are not covered by ERISA protections. Non-qualified plans can include deferred compensation plans and executive bonus plans, but traditional and Roth IRAs can also fall under this umbrella.

The good news is that state law can include provisions to protect IRAs from garnishment. So if you’re sued for a $20,000 credit card debt, your creditor might not be able to touch any money you’ve stashed in a traditional or Roth IRA. Federal law also protects your online IRA or other type of IRA from garnishments relating to unpaid debts if you file for bankruptcy protection.

Reasons Your 401(k) May Be Garnished

It’s not common for a 401(k) to be garnished, thanks to ERISA. But there are some scenarios where it can happen. Here are some of the reasons why a 401(k) can be garnished.

You Have a Solo 401(k)

A solo 401(k) or one-participant 401(k) is a type of 401(k) plan that’s designed for people who are self-employed or run a business and have just one employee who is their spouse. These plans are not subject to ERISA rules, so they could be vulnerable to creditors which may include garnishment for unpaid debt.

Even though a solo 401(k) isn’t protected at the federal level, your assets could still be safe under state law. As mentioned, many states exempt retirement accounts from creditor garnishments. The exemption limit may vary from state to state, though some states protect 100% of retirement assets.

You Owe Child Support or Alimony

If you’re ordered to pay child support or alimony and fail to do so, the court could order you to turn over some of your 401(k) assets to make those payments. If you’re getting divorced, then your spouse may be able to claim part of those assets as part of the settlement.

They’ll generally need a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO) to do so. This document directs the plan administrator on how to divide 401(k) assets between spouses, according to the terms set by the divorce agreement.

You Owe Restitution

As mentioned, retirement accounts can be garnished in cases where you’re ordered by a court to pay restitution to someone. For example, say that you were negligent and injured someone in a car accident. The court might order you to pay restitution to the injured person.

If you don’t arrange another form of payment, the court might greenlight garnishment of your 401(k). The amount that can be garnished must reflect the amount of restitution you were ordered to pay.

Can the Government Take My 401(k) or IRA?

The federal government, specifically the IRS, can garnish your retirement accounts. So when can the IRS take your 401(k) or IRA? Simply, if you owe unpaid tax debt and have made no attempt to pay it. Garnishment and property liens are usually options of last resort, as the IRS might give you an opportunity to set up an Installment Agreement or make an Offer In Compromise to satisfy the debt.

Before the IRS can garnish your retirement accounts for unpaid taxes, it has to provide you with adequate notice. That means sending a written letter that specifies how much you owe. If you don’t respond to this notice, the IRS will send out a final notice giving you an additional opportunity to pay your taxes or schedule a hearing.

Should you still do nothing, that opens the door for the government to garnish your 401(k), IRA, and other retirement accounts. Note that the IRS can also garnish your Social Security retirement benefits but not Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits.

State tax agencies can seek a judgment against you for unpaid debt. While they can obtain a court order requesting payment, they cannot force you to withdraw money from a retirement account to pay. You could, however, still be subject to wage garnishments or bank account levies.

What Happens When Your Retirement Account Is Garnished?

When a retirement account is garnished, money is withdrawn and handed over to the recipient, which may be a creditor or the government. At that point, there may be nothing you can do to get that money back.

You should receive notification of the garnishment before it happens. That can give you time to make alternate arrangements to pay the debt. You could try to do that after the garnishment moves ahead, though it might be difficult to retrieve the money.

For example, if your 401(k) is garnished to pay back taxes you could contact the IRS to see if you might be able to reverse it by paying the tax debt, setting up a payment plan, or negotiating an Offer In Compromise. You could also attempt to make a claim for financial hardship which may help you to get the garnishment reversed.

Tips for Avoiding 401(k) Garnishment

Having your retirement accounts garnished can be unpleasant to say the least and it’s best avoided if possible. If you’re concerned about your 401(k) or other retirement accounts being garnished, here are some things you can do to try and prevent that from happening.

Pay Your Taxes on Time

One of the simplest ways to avoid a garnishment is to pay your federal taxes on time. If you’ve filed your return but you don’t have the money to pay what’s owed in full, you can potentially work out a payment agreement with the IRS, take out a loan, or charge it to a credit card.

You could also borrow from your 401(k) to satisfy unpaid tax debts. Using your 401(k) to pay down debt is usually not advised, since it can shrink your overall wealth and you might face tax penalties. However, you may prefer it to having the money taken from your account by the IRS.

Don’t Ignore IRS Notices

If the IRS sends you a letter requesting payment for unpaid taxes, don’t ignore it. Doing so could lead to a garnishment if the government makes additional attempts to get you to pay with no success. If you’re questioning whether the amount is accurate you may want to contact the IRS for verification or consult with a tax attorney.

Keep Up With Domestic Support Payments

When you’re ordered by a judge to pay child support or alimony, it’s important that you make those payments in a timely manner. As with back taxes, failing to pay could result in your 401(k) being garnished to satisfy the terms of the order in keeping with the divorce agreement or decree.

The Takeaway

There are certain retirement mistakes that are best avoided and having your savings garnished is one of them. Knowing when retirement accounts can be garnished can help you to preserve your assets.

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FAQ

Can the government legally take your 401(k)?

The federal government can garnish your 401(k) if you owe unpaid tax debts and all other attempts at collection have been unsuccessful. The IRS can also place levies against your property, including homes, vehicles, and other assets to force you to pay what’s owed.

Can a 401(k) be garnished by the IRS?

Yes, the IRS can garnish your 401(k) if you don’t pay federal taxes. Generally, the IRS will give you sufficient notice beforehand so that you have time to either pay the taxes owed or make alternate arrangements for handling your tax bill.

How do I protect my 401(k) from the IRS?

The simplest way to protect a 401(k) from the IRS is to pay your federal taxes on time and not disregard any notices or requests for payment you receive from the government. If you can’t pay in full, you might be able to set up a payment plan or an Offer In Compromise to avoid 401(k) garnishment.

About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.