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Graduate school can be expensive. On top of tuition, you typically need to cover the cost of books and living expenses. At the same time, you may be juggling undergrad student debt.

One way to ease costs is to get a graduate assistantship. If you’re not familiar with the concept, a graduate assistantship is a salaried employment opportunity for graduate students. Graduate assistants work a set number of hours per week and, in return, receive a tuition waiver and/or a monthly living stipend.

Securing a graduate assistantship can buoy finances and boost connections. Read on to learn how graduate assistantships work and how to find one.

What Is a Graduate Assistant?

Graduate assistants are students enrolled in graduate or professional schools who assist departments or professors in a teaching, research, or administrative capacity. A graduate assistant might be paired with a professor who is actively engaged in research or work that might complement their career goals or current focus.

Graduate assistantships often benefit both the university and the student. The university is able to fill positions that might be more costly if filled by a traditional employee. The student typically receives a tuition waiver, monthly stipend, and/or a fixed sum of money to help them pay for graduate school. Some programs may also offer class credit for these jobs.


💡 Quick Tip: Fund your education with a low-rate, no-fee SoFi private student loan that covers all school-certified costs.

Things to Consider

Overall, graduate assistant programs are meant to offer value to potential students, and to defray at least a portion of the costs associated with pursuing a graduate degree.

When combined with scholarships, grants, and other financial awards, becoming a graduate assistant can make the costs of grad school more manageable. Some schools also offer tuition waivers — for some or all of the tuition — for qualifying graduate assistants.

Compensation packages vary depending on the school but tuition waivers are more commonly offered to graduate assistants who are employed by the school already, have financial or other hardships, or are veterans (or the spouse or dependent of a veteran).

Graduate assistantships that offer tuition waivers are often competitive, so it can be a good idea to explore the assistantship options offered by your college or department and apply as early as possible.

Another thing to keep in mind: A stipend typically counts as taxable income, though it isn’t considered wages (which means you won’t pay Medicare or Social Security taxes on it). So while assistantships do bring in some extra money, Uncle Sam will collect a portion of it.

As for tuition waivers, graduate assistants can exclude up to $5,250 worth of educational assistance benefits from their income each year, according to the IRS.

Also keep in mind that many universities prefer it if graduate assistants don’t seek additional, outside employment. It’s a common policy intended to protect a graduate student’s limited bandwidth — being a full-time student with an assistantship can feel like having two full-time jobs. Adding an additional part-time job on top of that could become too much of a strain.

Recommended: Finding & Applying to Scholarships for Grad School

Tips on How to Become a Graduate Assistant

How you go about becoming a graduate assistant will depend on the program and school. Acceptance letters often include at least some initial information pointing students toward any financial aid or assistantship the program might be offering.

You can also explore graduate assistantship opportunities by looking at the school’s or department’s website, as well as websites of professors. In addition, you can check the school’s job boards and social media sites, and even just do an online search using the name of your intended school and the phrase “graduate assistant.”

What if You Need More Funding?

Stipends and/or tuition waivers that come with graduate assistantships can make graduate school more affordable. However, if you still have gaps in funding, you may want to explore scholarships, grants, and federal or private student loans.

Graduate and professional students can apply for federal Direct PLUS Loans. Eligibility is not based on financial need, but a credit check is required.

Graduate and professional students may also apply for Direct Unsubsidized Loans; again, eligibility is not based on financial need.

To apply for federal loans for graduate school, you simply need to complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA.

Because graduate students face some of the highest federal student loan interest rates, and loan origination fees, you may also want to look into private graduate school loans and compare offers. Just keep in mind that private student loans don’t come with same protections, such as forbearance and forgiveness programs, offered by federal student loans.


💡 Quick Tip: Need a private student loan to cover your school bills? Because approval for a private student loan is based on creditworthiness, a cosigner may help a student get loan approval and a lower rate.

The Takeaway

Getting a graduate assistantship position can help cover the often high-cost of graduate school. These positions can involve being a teaching, administrative, or research assistant. Compensation may be in the form of a monthly stipend and/or a tuition waiver.

If you aren’t able to get a graduate assistantship, or you have secured one but it isn’t enough to fully cover your costs, you may want to look into other sources of graduate school funding, including private grants and scholarships and federal or private student loans.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

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Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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An income share agreement (ISA) is a type of college financing in which you repay the funds you receive using a fixed percentage of your future income. While ISAs can be useful for some students who lack other funding options, it’s important to fully understand how these agreements work, since you can potentially end up owing a lot more than you borrow.

Read on for a closer look at income share agreements, including their pros and cons, who might consider them, and how they compare to other types of college financing.

What Is an Income Share Agreement?

With an income share agreement (ISA), you receive money to pay for college and contractually agree to pay it back using a fixed percentage of your post-graduation income for a set period of time. ISAs are offered by some colleges. They are also offered through several private lenders.

The income percentage and terms of an ISA will vary depending on the lender. Typically, the repayment percentage will range between 2% and 10% of the student’s future salary, and terms can be anywhere from two to 10 years.

Unlike other types of student loans, ISAs do not accrue interest. However, students commonly end up paying back more than the original amount that they borrowed.


💡 Quick Tip: Fund your education with a low-rate, no-fee SoFi private student loan that covers all school-certified costs.

How Income Share Agreements Work

Typically, you start repaying an ISA after you leave school and pass a specific income threshold, often $30,000 to $40,000 per year. If you earn less than the threshold in any month, you can waive your requirement payment that month. Some ISAs will count months in which you earn less than the minimum salary toward your repayment term, while others will extend the length of your loan.

You can typically exit your ISA at any time, provided you’re willing to pay the maximum repayment cap for your plan upfront.

With an ISA, your payment rises when your salary rises. However, the repayment term and total repayment amount are usually capped. The cap is the most you’ll have to repay under your ISA. With many plans, though, the cap can be as high as two (or more) times what you borrowed.

Income Share Agreement Example

To illustrate how an income share agreement might work, let’s say you sign an ISA agreement for $10,000 with the maximum number of monthly payments of 88, an income percentage of 4%, an income threshold of $30,000 (or $2,500 per month), and a payment cap of $23,000.

In this case, you would pay 4% of your income for any month you earn at least $2,500 and continue to do so until you make 88 payments or pay a total of 23,000 — whichever comes first. If you only earn the minimum, you will end up paying back $100 a month for 88 months for a total repayment of $8,800 (which is less than what you borrowed). However, if you make $55,000, you’ll pay $183 per month for 88 months, for a total repayment of $16,133, which is $6,000 more than you borrowed.

Keep in mind that the income percentages, terms, and repayment caps can vary considerably from one ISA provider to the next.

Recommended: How to Pay for College With No Money Saved

The Advantages of Income Share Agreements

Some of the pros of income share agreements include:

•   ISAs typically do not require a cosigner or good credit, so they can be easier to qualify for than other types of financing.

•   Payments won’t exceed a certain percentage of your monthly income.

•   Your ISA contract could expire years earlier than a traditional student loan.

•   Schools that offer ISA programs are incentivized to help you earn the highest paying jobs.

•   Depending on your future income, you may end up paying less than you would pay with a traditional student loan.


💡 Quick Tip: Even if you don’t think you qualify for financial aid, you should fill out the FAFSA form. Many schools require it for merit-based scholarships, too. You can submit it as early as Oct. 1.

Potential Pitfalls of Income Share Agreements

There are also some significant cons to ISA loans that you’ll want to keep in mind:

•   In some cases, the ISA provider will cap payment more than twice the amount you receive.

•   Unlike other types of student loans, there’s uncertainty regarding how much your loan will cost.

•   In many cases, an ISA could cost more over the long run when compared to federal or private student loans.

•   Income-driven repayment plans are already an option with federal student loans, and federal loans also offer the potential for student loan forgiveness.

•   ISAs are not widely available and may be restricted to certain majors or programs.

Who Should Consider An ISA?

Income share agreements can end up being costly, especially if you enter a high-earning field and the ISA has a high payment cap. However, you might consider looking at ISA if:

•   You’ve maxed out federal loan options but are unable to qualify for private student loans.

•   You have a poor credit score and would receive high rates on student loans.

•   Your school offers an ISA with reasonable terms and a low payment cap.

•   You’re planning to earn a degree in a field that doesn’t have steep salary growth potential.

If these scenarios don’t apply to you, you’re likely better off using federal student loans to pay for higher education, or even private student loans if you have good credit. Before signing up, you’ll want to compare your options side by side and run the numbers to see which is the better deal.

Recommended: Private Student Loans vs Federal Student Loans

Considering Private Loans

You generally want to exhaust all your federal options for grants and loans before considering other types of debt, but if you’re looking to fill gaps in your educational funding, it may be worth considering private student loans before signing an ISA.

Private student loans are only offered through private lenders, and come with either fixed or variable rates. For borrowers with excellent credit, rates may be relatively low. Unlike federal loans, however, undergraduate private student loans often require a cosigner. The cosigner is an adult who agrees to take full responsibility for your student loans if you default. Cosigners are almost always required by private lenders since undergraduates have not had much time to develop a credit history.

If you expect to have a high salary after graduation and/or can qualify for a low rate on a private student loan, you could end up paying less than you would for an ISA.

The Takeaway

An income share agreement, or ISA, is an agreement between the borrower and the school or a lender that states the borrower will receive funds to pay for college and then repay those funds based on a certain percentage of their future salary for a set amount of time.

While ISAs may sound like a different type of college funding, they are, essentially, loans. And in many cases, you will end up paying back significantly more than what you borrow.

Generally, you would only want to consider ISAs after exhausting any undergraduate federal student loans and aid available to you. It’s also a good idea to compare ISA offers with traditional private student loans before deciding on the best funding option for your situation.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

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SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Junk bonds are a type of corporate bond that carry a higher degree of risk and generally have lower credit ratings. The bond issuers are more likely to default, making junk bonds speculative investments.

So why would investors buy a junk bond? For one simple reason: They have the potential to produce bigger returns compared to other bond options.

Junk bonds aren’t necessarily right for every investor, because they are so risky. Understanding how junk bonds work can help you decide if they belong in your investment portfolio.

How Do Junk Bonds Work?

Bonds are a form of debt. When a corporation or government entity issues a bond, they’re doing so for the purposes of raising capital. Investors buy the bonds, providing the capital, and in return, they expect to get paid that money back along with interest.

There’s an implied agreement between the investor and the bond issuer that the latter will make interest payments on time, but in addition, bonds can be secured or unsecured. Treasury bonds, for example, are unsecured bonds that are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.

Junk bonds, also referred to as high-yield bonds, represent a category of bonds that fall below investment-grade. In simple terms, this means there’s a greater risk that the bond issuer could default or fail to follow through on their promise to repay investors. Whether a bond is considered to be investment-grade or not depends on its credit ratings.

Credit Ratings and Junk Bonds

Bond credit ratings are issued by a number of organizations. These agencies determine which bonds are considered to be investment-grade and which are non-investment grade or speculative-grade.

In the United States, the majority of bond credit ratings are issued by three agencies, on an ABCD scale:

•   Moody’s Investors Services

•   Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings

•   Fitch Ratings

Bonds with a rating of BBB or higher (Baa on the Moody’s scale) are categorized as investment-grade. This means that in the eyes of the rating agency, default risk is low or in other words, investors are reasonably likely to get their money back from the bond issuer.

When bonds fall below the BBB rating range (Ba for Moody’s), they’re considered to be junk bonds. The further the rating drops, the riskier and more speculative the bond becomes. Here’s how junk bond credit ratings compare.

	Moody’s	S&P Ratings	Fitch Ratings
High Risk	Ba or B	BB or B	BB or B
Highest Risk	Caa, Ca or C	CCC, CC or C	CCC
In Default	C	D	DDD, DD or D

💡 Quick Tip: How do you decide if a certain trading platform or app is right for you? Ideally, the investment platform you choose offers the features that you need for your investment goals or strategy, e.g., an easy-to-use interface, data analysis, educational tools.

Why Do Investors Like Junk Bonds?

The riskier an investment is, the more potential it has to deliver higher returns. That lies at the heart of why some investors might prefer junk bonds over investment-grade bonds. Junk bonds can have varying maturities like other types of bonds. Typically, these are longer term bonds, with maturities lasting in the five- to 10-year range.

Investing in junk bonds could yield returns on the same level as stocks but with less volatility. That’s because you’re getting the promise of a fixed interest payment, rather than depending on which way the market swings on any given day to determine returns. If the bond issuer undergoes a financial turnaround and its credit rating improves, that can reduce the level of risk associated with its bonds.

Junk bonds can be attractive to investors in low interest rate environments as well. That’s because unlike other bonds, they’re less sensitive to interest-rate movements. Bond issuers may be highly motivated to raise capital so they can offer higher rates to attract investors. Investor risk may also be reduced when the economy is growing, since that can be conducive to improvements in the financial health of bond issuers.

Recommended: How Do Corporate Bonds Work?

Examples of Junk Bonds

Companies that issue junk bonds tend to be newer companies or established ones that may be struggling financially following bankruptcy. For instance, one company that has junk bond ratings in 2023 is Coinbase (NASDAQ:COIN), a cryptocurrency exchange. Because of the speculative and high-risk nature of crypto trading, the company has a junk bond rating. In early 2023, Coinbase’s junk bonds were downgraded even further by Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Junk Bonds

Investing in junk bonds has both pros and cons, just like other investments.

On the advantages side, investors have potential to earn higher yields from junk bonds than other types of bonds. There’s less volatility to contend with compared to stocks, and fixed interest payments could provide a steady source of income. Depending on the credit rating of the bond issuer, it’s possible that a junk bond could actually be less risky compared to a stock.

On the other hand, junk bond investing is speculative, so an investor has to be willing to accept the possibility of losses — specifically, default risk and the likelihood of the bond issuer missing an interest payment. In the worst-case scenario, the company could go bankrupt, meaning an investor may not get their initial investment back, much less the interest. One also has to consider the time component, since junk bonds are not designed to be held for the shorter term.

Junk Bond Advantages	Junk Bond Disadvantages
Investors could earn interest rates above what investment-grade bonds are paying.	Default risk is typically higher with junk bonds vs. investment-grade bonds.
Compared to stocks, junk bonds are less susceptible to volatility and may be less risky overall.	If the bond issuer goes bankrupt, the investment could end up being a total loss.
Fixed interest payments may provide a consistent stream of income for investors.	They’re not suited to short-term investing given the duration of junk bonds and pricing fluctuations.

How to Invest in Junk Bonds

If you’re considering investing in junk bonds, opening a brokerage account is a good place to start. If you already have an investment account, you can move on to purchasing junk bonds. There are a few different ways you can do this:

•   Purchase individual junk bonds, if your brokerage offers them.

•   Buy a junk bond mutual fund.

•   Invest in a junk bond exchange-traded fund (ETF).

Buying individual junk bonds can be risky, as it concentrates investment dollars in a single security. Higher minimum investments may limit the number of junk bonds an investor is able to purchase.

Investing in junk bond funds or ETFs instead may make it easier to spread out your investment dollars while spreading out risk. Junk bond funds and ETFs can offer exposure to a basket of junk securities which can help with diversification and risk management.

When comparing junk bond funds or ETFs, consider the underlying credit ratings for each security that’s represented. This can tell you whether the fund mostly holds high risk, higher risk or in default bond offerings. Also consider the expense ratios involved and the maturity terms so you’re choosing a fund that fits both your budget and timeline for investing.


💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

Are Junk Bonds a Good Investment?

Should you buy junk bonds? The answer depends largely on your personal risk tolerance. Junk bonds may be a good investment for investors who are comfortable taking more risk for a shot at higher returns. On the other hand, you may choose to steer clear of them if you’re looking for fixed-income investments that are on the safer side.

What’s important to consider before investing is the entire makeup of your portfolio as a whole and your financial goals. If you’re interested in junk bonds, think about how much of your portfolio you’re comfortable dedicating to them and how that could affect your overall risk profile.

The Takeaway

Investing in bonds can add a fixed-income element to an investor’s portfolio, which may be helpful for diversification. Alongside stocks, bonds may help you devise a more well-rounded investment strategy as you work toward your financial goals.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

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Photo credit: iStock/fizkes

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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