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College is expensive and costs continue to rise. In 1989, the average cost of a 4-year degree school term was $1,730. As of 2023, the average annual cost increased to an average of $9,377 for in-state students at a public four-year college.

With college costs continuing to skyrocket, many parents apply for federal Parent PLUS loans. Since these loans are issued in the parent’s name, it is important that parents understand the details of what these loans entail and how often you have to apply to ensure students receive proper funding.

So, to avoid missing an application deadline, here’s some helpful information about Parent PLUS loans and their application process.

Parent PLUS Loan Recap

A Parent PLUS loan is a type of Direct PLUS loan, which is offered to parents who have a student enrolled at least part-time in an eligible education program.

Borrowers may be able to borrow an amount that equals but does not exceed the full cost of attendance, minus any other financial aid such as scholarships and grants that your child has received.

These loans are federally-funded and not subsidized. This means that the loan will accrue interest while the student is in school. Parent PLUS loans offer fixed interest rates and won’t change throughout the life of the loan.

The interest rate for Parent PLUS loans disbursed for the 2023-24 academic year is 8.05%. It’s also important to note that as of October 1, 2019, Direct PLUS Loans have a fee of about 4.228% of the loan amount (which is deducted from each loan disbursement proportionately).

Qualifying For a Parent Plus Loan

To qualify for a Parent PLUS loan, borrowers must:

•   Be the biological or adoptive parent, or in some cases, the stepparent, of an undergraduate student enrolled part-time at an eligible school
•   Have poor credit history (unless the parent meets additional criteria). More information on what is considered an adverse credit history can be found on the Student Aid website .
•   Meet general eligibility requirements for federally-funded student aid

Keep in mind that even if a grandparent is primarily responsible for a student they are not eligible for a Parent PLUS loan, unless, grandparents have legally adopted their grandchildren and are legal guardians.

Applying for a Parent PLUS Loan

The first step to apply for a Parent PLUS Loan is to complete the FAFSA® form with the student. Then, parents can log in at StudentLoans.gov , choose the Parent Borrowers tab, and the “Apply for a PLUS Loan” link.

Most schools require you to apply for Direct PLUS Loans online, however, some may have different application processes that you must follow. Studentaid.gov provides a list of schools that allow you to apply online. If your school is not on this list, check with the school’s financial aid office to verify the application process you must follow.

Those who qualify for a Parent PLUS loan, will have to sign a Direct PLUS Loan Master Promissory Note (MPN) . This document verifies that the borrower agrees to the terms of the loan. Each school may have a different process, double check with the financial aid office to ensure you understand the specific process for your student’s school of choice.

Keep in mind, those borrowing more than one parent PLUS loan for separate children, will need to sign multiple MPNs.

Apply for A Parent Plus Loan Every Year

When you complete the FAFSA form , you are applying for financial aid for one school year. Therefore, to receive financial aid for the next year, you will have to submit a new FAFSA form to get new aid.

However, the website allows you to select a Renewal FAFSA form that remembers your information from the previous years, making it earlier to submit a new financial aid application.

Additionally, it’s important to pay attention to the FAFSA deadlines to avoid missing out on any financial aid opportunities. General recommendations suggest submitting the FAFSA form by the earliest financial aid deadline of the schools to which you are applying, usually by early February.

Each state may have their own deadlines, so it can help to verify your state’s specific date.

Pros of Parent PLUS Loans

First, eligible borrowers can take out a generous Parent PLUS loan, as long as it doesn’t exceed the total cost of attendance at the student’s school of choosing (minus other financial aid they qualify for).

Another advantage of the Parent PLUS loan is that the interest rates are fixed. This means that even if rates increase nationally, the interest rate on the loan is locked in at the rate determined at the time the loan was disbursed.

Having a fixed interest rate can make it easier to budget for the monthly payments when they become due since borrowers know exactly what to expect.

Additionally, when it comes to loan repayment, there are several flexible repayment options . For example, you could select a standard repayment plan with fixed monthly payments for 10 years or an extended repayment plan with either a fixed or graduated payment schedule over a 25-year term.

Parent PLUS loans are not eligible for income-driven repayment plans, unless they have been consolidated with a Direct Consolidation Loan . This is when multiple federal loans are consolidated into one single Direct Consolidation Loans. These loans are still federal loans and the new interest rate is the weighted average of the existing loans.

Borrowers can select the best repayment option based on the plans they qualify for and their goals for repayment. Whether the goal is to keep payments low or pay off the loan balance as soon as possible, borrowers can select a plan that best fits their needs. Generally, selecting a repayment plan that helps pay off the loan quickly will result in paying less interest over the term of the loan.

Cons of Parent PLUS Loans

Not everyone qualifies for a Parent PLUS loan. Although this isn’t necessarily a disadvantage to a Parent PLUS loan, it’s important to understand that you will have to meet all eligibility requirements to qualify. This includes passing a credit check.

Adverse credit indicators include defaults of debt, foreclosures, repossessions, debts discharged through bankruptcy, tax liens, wage garnishments, or previous write-offs of federal student debt.

However, you might be able to qualify if you apply with an endorser or a cosigner. Keep in mind, you also need to be a United States citizen or national.

Alternative Financing Options

If your application is denied due to poor or “adverse credit history,” there are still other financing options. Here are a few to consider:

Enlisting an Endorser

If a parent doesn’t qualify based on their own credit history, they can try to enlist a co-signer , called an endorser, on the Parent PLUS loan. The endorser agrees to take responsibility for the loan if the borrower fails to repay, and the loan will show up on the endorser’s credit report as his or her own debt. If you apply with an endorser, you will be required to complete PLUS credit counseling .

Looking for Free Money

It can be wise to continue to apply and look for scholarships, work-study, or grant rewards. There’s a myriad of ways to find reward opportunities such as contacting the school’s federal aid office, federal agencies , state grant agencies , or other organizations a student or parent is involved with.

New opportunities may become available every year, so it can be wise to continue to stay out on the look for funding opportunities.

Applying for Unsubsidized Federal Loans

If a parent is ineligible for a Parent PLUS loan, the student may be eligible to receive additional Direct Unsubsidized Loan funds up to the loan limits for independent students.

Federal student loans can be reliable borrowing options because they often have lower interest rates and could have better repayment terms than other loans available to students. However, it’s worth making sure that a student isn’t taking out more debt than they can handle after graduation.

Considering Private Loans

Lastly, if all other options fail, some families may want to consider private loans. These loans are offered through financial institutions such as banks, credit unions, and online lenders.

Keep in mind, private student loans tend to have less flexible repayment terms and higher interest rates than federal student loans.

For example, private lenders may require you to begin making payments before your child graduates. Conversely, with a Parent PLUS loan, parents can wait to make repayments until after their child has graduated.

Additionally, when applying for a private loan, the interest rate is generally based on factors like the borrower’s income and credit score.

If you think you may need to use private loans, don’t be discouraged, and instead, be informed about your options. First, it’s worth shopping around and comparing lenders for private loans.

Lenders’ terms will vary, so it can be helpful to get several quotes and ask about the interest rate (and whether it’s fixed or variable), the loan’s repayment terms, and what happens in the event there are financial difficulties that make it difficult to stick to the repayment plan.

If you do determine a private student loan is right for you, check out SoFi, where parent student loans are built to help you pay for your child’s education. SoFi loans have no fees, and qualifying borrowers can secure a competitive interest rate.

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SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

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A growth fund or growth stock mutual fund is invested primarily in growth stocks and focused on capital appreciation, or in other words: profit.

Just as growth investing is a certain investing style, a growth fund is a specific type of mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF) that reflects this more aggressive investment style. Growth funds primarily include shares of growth stocks, but can also include bonds or other investments designed specifically with higher returns in mind.

Unlike some value stock funds, growth funds rarely pay dividends. Instead, investors make money on the appreciation of the underlying stocks. Since growth mutual funds are considered riskier investments — with a higher risk of loss along with a higher potential for gains — holding these funds for the longer term may help mitigate the short-term impact of price volatility.

Before you decide whether growth funds would suit your strategy, it may help to learn more about how they work, as well as some of the pros and cons of these funds.

What Is Growth Investing?

Growth investing is a strategy that focuses on increasing an investor’s capital or earnings. For this reason, growth investors may invest in younger or smaller companies which are said to be in a growth phase, and whose earnings are expected to increase at an above-average rate compared to their industry sector or the overall market.

Growth stocks aren’t always new companies, though. Larger, more established companies can also fall into this category, assuming they are poised for expansion. Big companies could be in a growth phase due any number of factors, e.g., technological advances, a shift in strategy, a movement into new markets, acquisitions, and so on.

How much growth can you expect to get from good growth stock mutual funds? As with any mutual fund, the performance of these funds depends on their underlying assets and, in the case of actively managed funds, their portfolio managers’ strategies.

There are also growth index funds, which are passively managed. A growth index fund is a growth stock mutual fund that tracks the performance of a particular stock index that’s focused on growth (e.g., the CRSP Large Growth Index or CRSP Small Cap Growth Index).

To give you an example of how growth funds compare to the domestic equity market as a whole, the U.S. stock market had an average return of 14.83% from 2012 to 2021, according to the most recent data. For context, here is the performance of five growth mutual funds and ETFs over the last 10 years.

Remember that growth investing can be volatile since companies typically take some risks in order to expand. Also, some growth companies can get a lot of media or investor attention, which can contribute to price swings as investors buy and sell shares with the hope of seeing a profit.


💡 Quick Tip: How do you decide if a certain trading platform or app is right for you? Ideally, the investment platform you choose offers the features that you need for your investment goals or strategy, e.g., an easy-to-use interface, data analysis, educational tools.

Examples of Growth Stocks

Market capitalization — which indicates the number of outstanding shares a company has multiplied by its price per share — is not a specific hallmark or characteristic of growth stocks. Growth stocks can be large-cap corporations, mid-cap, or smaller companies. That said, most growth funds generally tilt toward larger companies.

Large-cap companies can scale their manufacturing to produce more products at cheaper prices, which increases their potential. Plus, big companies tend to reinvest the money they make into research and development, acquisitions, or expansion.

Information technology companies are often the largest holdings in U.S. growth mutual funds, but these funds may also hold healthcare and consumer discretionary stocks as well.

Smaller companies also have a lot of growth potential, as noted above — and some small-cap companies may be in the initial startup phase, which can sometimes generate outsize growth. And many mid-cap companies have been around longer and may have the ability to adapt to new market needs.

Recommended: Value Stocks vs Growth Stocks: Key Differences to Know

Benefits of Investing in Growth Mutual Funds

There are a few good reasons to consider growth stock mutual funds, and portfolio diversification is at the top of the list. It would be expensive for most individual investors to achieve the level of diversification offered by a pooled investment like a growth mutual fund. Investing in a single fund gives investors exposure to a wide range of stocks in different sectors.

Growth funds may also have long-term potential. For instance, growth stocks are more likely to see returns during an economic boom cycle, when many companies are growing and thriving.

While investors may not be able to count on dividend income from a growth mutual fund, they may still be able to sell the fund for more than what they paid for it. Whether that’s attractive to you can depend on your overall investment objectives, time horizon and risk tolerance.

Downside of Growth Mutual Funds

Like any other investment, there are potential drawbacks to keep in mind with growth stocks and their growth fund counterparts.

While growth stocks can potentially increase in value more quickly than other stocks, this also makes them a potentially risky and more volatile investment. A good growth stock mutual fund might return 18% one year and 6% the next. That kind of volatility isn’t for everyone.

In order for a growth stock to keep growing, the company must continue to earn money. This is challenging for any company to maintain over a long period of time. If there’s a recession, if a company has an unforeseen loss, or can’t continue to grow, the value of the stock will go down.

To manage this risk, investors may choose to hold growth stocks and growth mutual funds for the five to 10 years, so that they can ride out market fluctuations and potentially be more likely to make a profit.

It’s also important to keep in mind that some growth stocks could become overvalued by the market, which might impact a growth fund’s performance. In this scenario, an investor might buy shares in a growth fund, hoping for solid returns. But if one or more of the underlying companies in those funds ends up being overvalued, the stock’s performance might fall below investor expectations.


💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

Evaluating a Company’s Potential for Growth

Assessing a company’s potential for growth, either in the near or long term, is not an exact science. But it’s important to consider how likely a company is to grow when determining whether it’s a good fit for a growth portfolio. This typically involves looking at several key metrics, including:

•  Return on Equity (ROE). Return on equity is used to measure company performance. It’s calculated by dividing net income by shareholder equity over a set time period.

•  Earnings Per Share (EPS). Earnings per share represents a company’s total profit divided by its total number of outstanding shares. EPS is used to measure a company’s profitability.

•  Price to Earnings to Growth (PEG). The price to earnings to growth ratio represents the price to earnings (P/E) ratio of a stock divided by the growth rate of its earnings over a set time period. Growth funds tend to have a higher P/E ratio (price to earnings ratio), which is the cost of a company’s stock relative to its earnings-per-share (EPS) than other funds. This can make them more expensive, but their potential for growth might make the extra cost worth it.

When using these and other metrics to measure a company’s growth potential, it’s important to understand how to interpret them. For example, a company that has a higher earnings per share is generally viewed as being more profitable. Likewise, a high price to earnings ratio is considered to be an indicator of continued growth.

But investors should also consider how sustainable the outlook for profitability and growth truly is, given the context of a company’s revenue, debt, and cash flows.

Buying Growth Mutual Funds

When choosing which growth stocks or growth funds to invest in, there are several factors investors may choose to consider. These include:

•  Historical performance

•  Stocks and other securities held in the fund

•  Cost and potential earnings

Growth funds can often — but not always — be identified by the word growth in their name. Some investors might choose to put their money in blended funds, which combine growth stocks with less risky holdings. These funds allow investors to benefit from some of the upsides of growth funds without quite as much risk.

Certain growth funds are exchange-traded funds, or ETFs. Like any ETF, these funds can be traded during the day like stocks.

It’s important for investors to understand the risks before investing in any stock or fund, and to build a diversified portfolio of assets in order to mitigate risk. With a diversified portfolio, investors hold both riskier assets and safer assets, in an effort to reap the benefits of growth without losing too much along the way. It’s also vital to remember that past performance is not a guaranteed indicator of how well a stock or growth fund will perform in the future.

Investing for Growth or Value?

Growth investing and value investing are couched as different styles of investing, yet they share a similar profit-driven focus — just a different means of getting there. With growth investing, the overarching goal is to invest in companies that have solid potential for growth. With value investing, the goal instead is to find companies that have been undervalued by the market — and hopefully see them increase in value.

A value investor may seek out companies that they believe are bargains based on current market price. They then invest in these companies, either by purchasing individual shares or through value mutual funds, and hold onto those investments over time. The end goal is to eventually sell their shares for a profit down the line.

In addition to eventual capital appreciation, value stocks can also pay dividends to investors. Value stocks are typically more likely to be established companies rather than newer ones. The most important thing to know with value investing vs. growth investing is how to avoid a value trap. This is a company that appears to be undervalued, but actually has a correct valuation. The trap comes into play when an investor buys in, expecting the stock’s price to rise over time, only to be disappointed by a price that stays the same or worse, declines.

Determining When to Invest in Growth Mutual Funds

Dollar cost averaging is a way to invest small amounts of money consistently over time, rather than attempting to time the market, which helps investors to limit their risk exposure. However, if there is a stock market correction, it can be a good time to pick up some extra assets while they’re at particularly low prices.

Growth stocks tend to do well during bull markets, so while they may not see significant gains during a recession, they can still be an option to consider for long-term investments to pick up before the next economic boom.

The Takeaway

Growth stocks have a primary goal of capital appreciation. These stocks are expected to grow more quickly than other stocks in the market, and because of this, growth mutual funds are considered riskier investments than other mutual funds with a high risk of loss along with a higher potential for gain.

Growth funds holdings tend to have a higher P/E ratio (price to earnings ratio), which can make them more expensive investments, but their quick growth may make the extra cost worth it.

These types of funds are more likely to see returns during an economic boom cycle, vs a recession. During a recession or economic downturn, companies may not have the cash or earnings to be able to invest in growth, and the value of the stocks the fund could go down.

Investors who know the basics of growth mutual funds may be interested in adding some of these assets, or other types of mutual funds and ETFs, to their investment portfolio.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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