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Going to college is an exciting adventure, but it can also be incredibly nerve wracking, especially as a college freshman. With so much new and unknown ahead of you, it’s easy to let the stress build.

But being prepared for what’s ahead could help alleviate some of the first-year worries. This checklist is filled with things that you can do to prepare for your freshman year, starting with things like filling out the FAFSA, getting your packing list and school supplies together, and preparing financially for your life on campus.

Checklist for Preparing for Freshman Year

Acclimating to life on campus can be a big transition. Fortunately, there is a lot you can do to smooth the way before you even arrive.

Registering for Classes

Registration will likely take place before you get to campus for the school year. Some schools have freshman register during orientation, which gives them the opportunity to connect with an on-campus advisor. Once enrolled, check out the syllabus for each class to help you gauge expectations and determine what books and supplies you’ll need.

Recommended: 5 Ways to Start Preparing For College

Order Books and Other Supplies

Once you’re registered for classes, you’ll likely have a good idea of the books and supplies you’ll need. Cut costs on college textbooks by ordering used copies or renting the book.

Touching Base With Your Roommate

If you’re going to be living with a roommate, it’s a good idea to reach out to them before you get to campus. Open the lines of communication so you can discuss things like who’ll bring what (to avoid duplicate rugs, mini-fridges…). This is someone you’ll probably be spending a lot of time with so establishing a friendly relationship, setting roommate guidelines, and discussing how you’ll share expenses with your roommate are important.

Packing for College

Making your college feel like home may take some careful preparation. To create the ultimate college packing list, think of things you use regularly that you’ll need on-campus. This might include clothes, bedding for your Twin XL mattress, towels, toiletries, and more. Some schools may have restrictions on certain items, such as candles, so read any guidelines provided by the residential life office at your school.

Don’t forget to pack the supplies you’ll need for classes — depending on your course of study, this may include things like books, a computer, a calculator, lab safety equipment, or more.

Preparing Important Documents

Make sure you have identification information like your driver’s license or passport. Make a copy of your health insurance card so you’re prepared in the event of any issues.

Filling Out the FAFSA

The Free Application for Federal Student Aid, better known as the FAFSA, is the application students fill out each year to apply for federal financial aid, including grants, scholarships, work-study, and federal student loans. If you are a dependent student, the FAFSA will also generally require your parent’s financial information as well.

Some aid is awarded on a first-come-first-served basis, so it may be beneficial to submit your application as early as possible. Schools may use information from the FAFSA to determine awards for school-specific scholarships too.

Understanding how much aid, and what types of aid you can expect will be important as you craft a plan to pay for college. Some students may consider private student loans in the event that other funding streams, like savings, federal student loans, and scholarships aren’t enough to cover their tuition. While private student loans can help fill in any financial gaps, they don’t always offer the same borrower protections — like deferment or the option to pursue Public Service Loan Forgiveness — as federal student loans. As a result, they are generally only considered after all other sources of aid have been exhausted.

Getting Your Finances in Order

As a college student, this may be one of your first steps toward financial independence. Here are a few tips to help you prepare for the financial responsibilities that await you on campus.

Opening a Checking Account

As a college student, you may be living away from home for the first time. Now that you’re starting to be independent, you may find the need to open a checking account of your own (if you don’t have one already).

Some colleges have banks on campus that make it easy and convenient for you to open a checking account. It’s worth comparing different banks and credit unions before you make your final decision. Look at fees, minimum balance requirements, ease of online or app use, and branch locations.

Tracking Your Spending

Creating a budget can help you stay on top of your spending. If you’ve never stuck to a budget before, there’s no time like the present. Begin by listing all your monthly income, whether it comes from a job, helpful parents, or both. Then list your expenses, like car insurance, a phone bill, or books for school.

Also include your “fun” money, for things like dining out, shopping, or travel. But if your expenses are more than your income, you’ll need to make adjustments. You can find budget spreadsheets online or convenient apps to keep track of your spending if you don’t want to start from scratch.

And remember, a budget isn’t set in stone. It’s a living document that is always changing based on your financial situation. Try your best and always look to improve it.

Looking Into Getting a Credit Card (and Handling It Responsibly)

Now that you’re on your way to adulthood, it may be worth starting to build your credit history. If you can be responsible with the credit card, having one in college is one way to help you establish a baseline for your credit history.

If you do open a credit card, it’s important to make an effort to pay your bills on time and pay off the total amount you owe every month. Once credit card debt starts to build, it can be difficult to get out from under it, so it’s wise to take steps to avoid it in the first place.

Responsibly using a credit card is one thing that can help you establish and build credit history. Whether it’s to buy a home or a new car, a better credit score could help potential borrowers secure more favorable loan terms.

When You Get to Campus

Hopefully, all your preparation will help streamline your college transition. These final few tips could help you find your footing at school.

Exploring Campus and the Surrounding Area

College is a whole new world. Take some time to walk around and explore the campus. Where are the dining halls and libraries in relation to your dorm. As you explore the campus, map out where each of your classes are located. This may help mitigate some of your college nerves.

Venture off campus and check out the town. You may just find a cute cafe perfect for study sessions.

Connecting with Professors and Advisors

Your professors are there to teach and want you to succeed. Take a few minutes to get to know them and don’t shy away from office hours. Go often and early with any questions or concerns.

Finding Extracurriculars

Colleges usually have a variety of extracurricular activities and clubs for students to join. Visit any activity fairs and find the clubs that interest you. Maybe it’s working for the school TV or Radio station, intramural soccer, or an acapella club. Getting involved on campus can be a great way to get to know new people and make friends.

Establishing a Routine

As a college student you’re likely experiencing a ton of newfound freedom. While all this autonomy is exciting, establishing a routine that works for you. For example, if you find you are most productive in the morning, block that time for classes and any top priority assignments. Then a break for a quick workout or lunch, followed by some studying. In addition to studying and classwork, it’s important to create healthy habits and space for self-care.

Checking Your List and Following Your Needs

College is a time to get out of your comfort zone and challenge yourself. It’s a learning experience in every sense of the word. This college freshman checklist is just a starting point to help you get acclimated.

Don’t forget to check in on — and add to — your college checklist as you continue your education. It can be easy to get swept up in the excitement of college, but it’s important not to lose sight of your financial and professional goals. Commiting to your financial health and literacy now will help you even after graduation. Skills like budgeting and networking will always be applicable.

The Takeaway

With these tips in mind, you can put together a personalized freshman year checklist. This may include things like filling out the FAFSA, registering for classes, connecting with your roommate, and packing for the move to college. Getting ready for freshman year might seem overwhelming at first, but breaking down to digestible action items may make it feel more manageable.

Part of preparing for freshman year is figuring out how you’re going to pay for college. Once you fill out your FAFSA and receive your award letter, you’ll know where you stand, and whether you need to seek out any additional sources of funding.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and Conditions Apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 04/24/2024 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOIS0723032

An unrealized gain or loss is the change in market value of an asset from its purchase price, before it is sold.

College planning is an exciting time for you and your child. But, as exciting as it may be, there is a lot of preparation involved.

So, whether your child is entering into their freshman year of high school or a few months away from graduation, there is no better time to start planning than the present.

From figuring out your financials to helping your child prepare for admission exams, this college planning checklist for parents can help streamline your child’s transition from high school to college.

Starting a Savings Plan

College can be expensive. According to the Education Data Initiative, the average cost of college in the U.S. is $36,436 per year, including books, supplies, and daily living expenses. Indeed, the cost of going to college has more than doubled over the past two decades.

As prices continue to soar, it’s easy to become worried about how your child will pay for college or that they will have to take out a crushing amount of student debt in order to pay for the college of their dreams.

With this reality top-of-mind, it’s wise to start saving for your child’s college tuition and fees. But, while many parents may have the best intention of helping their children pay for their college expenses, they often fail to prepare.

So, even if your child is just now entering high school, you can still start saving and preparing for college costs. It’s never too late to start setting money aside for your children’s education.


💡 Quick Tip: You can fund your education with a low-rate, no-fee private student loan that covers all school-certified costs.

Paying Close Attention to Grades and Curriculum

Since grades and curriculum are crucial to getting an acceptance letter, you may want to keep close tabs on your student’s grades and study habits. From helping with studying to supporting homework expectations, getting involved with your kid’s coursework may help them perform better in school.

You may also want to encourage them to take Advanced Placement courses. Since AP courses allow you to tackle college-level material while your child is still in high school, your student may get ahead by taking some.

Also, if your student passes the AP exam at the end of the class, they could be rewarded with college credits. Racking up college credits could save you time and money in the future.

For example, if your child takes AP English in high school, they might be able to skip freshman-level English once they get to the college or university of their choice.

There are fees associated with taking AP exams. Fee reductions may be available for qualified applicants.

Recommended: ACT vs. SAT: Which Do Colleges Prefer?

Encouraging Involvement with the Community

College applications were up sharply for fall 2023, according to data collected by the Common App. With the increase in competition, your child will need to stand out. While the top factors in admission decisions tend to be academics, the next most important factors typically include a student’s demonstrated interest and extracurricular activities.

Encouraging your child to get involved in the community could also potentially help them write a solid college application, and even help them decide what they want to do with the rest of their lives.

For example, if your child loves to run, they may want to try out for the track team to round out their classes or volunteer as a track coach for a youth team. Or, if they prefer journalism instead of sports, they may want to try writing for the school newspaper.

Not only will getting involved help with their college application but it will help sharpen their skills. So, don’t be afraid to encourage them to explore their passions and get involved with the school and/or local community. You might even want to get involved with them.

Planning for the SAT and ACT

Another key component to receiving acceptance letters from colleges and universities is having acceptable SAT and ACT scores. Some schools require the Scholastic Aptitude Test known as the SAT, while others may require the American College Testing, known as the ACT. Some schools will accept either one, but it’s a good idea to check the preference of the schools your child will apply to.

To help your child prepare, you can encourage them to sign up for an after-school prep class or practice at home by using online resources such as Khan Academy’s free SAT practice program in partnership with The College Board.

Recommended: How to Help Your Child with SAT Practice

Researching Schools

One of the most important components of college planning for your child is helping them decide which university or college is the right fit. Fortunately, there are plenty of options available to help you find a school that will fit your child’s education and experience needs.

To get started in the decision-making process you may first want to help your child decide what degree they would like to achieve. If they know they want to be an engineer, you may want to focus on schools with good engineering programs.

Even if you may think their degree is too niche, there is often a program that will support it. Whether they want to study astrobiology or comic art, there is often a program for your child. However, if they are unsure of a major, they may want help finding a school with more program options available.

It’s also wise to consider factors such as location and the type of college experience your child wants to have. For example, if they want to go to a school close to home and commute to save money, that desire will limit the search parameters.

Remember, while you may be the voice of reason, the ultimate decision is up to your child — the student. Simply help them evaluate all of the key factors in making an informed decision.

Scheduling College Visits

College visits can be a big help when it comes to finding the right fit. With this in mind, you may want to help your child plan a college visit well in advance of making a decision. The College Board recommends scheduling your visits during your child’s junior year in the spring if you have already researched schools.

For seniors, it may be best to schedule visits in the fall through the winter months. This may help seniors narrow down their options.

Since you want your child to get a feel of the college experience, you’ll want to make sure classes are in session. Therefore, it’s also wise to avoid visits during holidays or break weeks.


💡 Quick Tip: Would-be borrowers will want to understand the different types of student loans that are available: private student loans, federal Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans, Direct PLUS loans, and more.

Investigating Financial Aid Options

Even if you have saved for your child’s education, you may want or need to explore other funding options, which could include your child taking on some of the cost.

Completing a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is one of the first recommended steps to applying for student financial aid, whether that is in the form of grants, scholarships, federal loans, or work-study. Filing for the 2024-2025 school year opens in December, 2023 (a delay from the usual October 1) and will continue until June 30, 2024.

It’s recommended to complete the form as soon as possible because there are differing deadlines to be aware of, including for individual colleges as well as federal and state deadlines. The sooner you submit your FAFSA, generally, the better your chances of receiving aid will be.

Colleges and universities will use the information reported on the FAFSA to determine how much aid a student is eligible for. Even if your child has not applied to a school yet, they can list that school on the FAFSA, so encourage them to include their dream school as well as those they consider safety schools.

A Student Aid Report (SAR), which is a summary of information provided on the FAFSA, will be sent within three weeks — sometimes sooner. Corrections to the FAFSA, if needed, can be made after reviewing this report. The SAR contains information about a student’s Expected Family Contribution (EFC) (which will soon be called the Student Aid Index or SAI). It is recommended that the report be kept for your records.

The schools listed on the FAFSA will have access to the information within a few days of when the form is submitted. If your student is approved for financial aid, they will receive financial aid award letters from each school they applied and were accepted to. These letters will include information such as the cost of attendance (COA), EFC/SAI, grants, scholarships, loans, and other financial aid that your child might be eligible for.

Comparing each financial aid award letter can help you and your child determine the financial obligation of attending each school. It is recommended to exhaust all federal aid options before considering a private loan. But if you are looking for supplemental funding for your child’s education, private student loans may be an option.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and Conditions Apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 04/24/2024 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

SOIS0723026

What Is a Stock Market Bubble?

A stock market bubble is often caused by speculative investing. As investors bid up the stock price, it becomes detached from its real value. Eventually, the bubble bursts, and investors who bought high and didn’t sell fast enough are left holding shares they overpaid for.

Stock market bubbles are notoriously difficult to spot, but they’re famous for potentially causing large-scale consequences, such as market crashes and recessions.

For investors on an individual level, entering the market in the later stages of a bubble could mean painful losses. But misdiagnosing a stock market bubble or exiting from positions too early can result in an investor missing out on potential gains.

Here’s a deeper dive into what causes stock market bubbles and how they develop.

Five Stages of a Market Bubble

Modern-day investors and market observers typically categorize market bubbles based on the principles of Hyman P. Minsky, a 20th century economist whose financial-instability hypothesis became widely cited after the 2008 financial crisis.

Minsky debunked the notion that markets are always efficient. Instead, he posited that underlying forces in the financial system can push actors–such as bankers, investors and traders–toward making bad decisions.

Minsky’s work discussed how bubbles tend to follow a pattern of human behavior. Below is a closer look at the five stages of a bubble cycle:

1. Displacement

Displacement is the phase during which investors get excited about something — typically a new paradigm such as an invention like the Internet, or a change in economic policy, like the cuts to short-term interest rates during the early 2000s by Federal Reserve Chair Alan Greenspan.

For instance, one example of displacement can be the enthusiasm for cryptocurrencies that picked up in 2017. While the cryptocurrency market technically began back in 2009, mainstream institutional and retail investors started gravitating toward crypto coins and tokens like Bitcoin in a bigger way in 2017.

2. Boom

That excitement for a new paradigm next leads to a boom. Prices for the new paradigm rise, gradually gathering more momentum and speed as more and more participants enter the market. Media attention also rapidly expands about the new investing trend.

This phase captures the initial price increases of any potential bubble. For instance, after Greenspan cut interest rates in the early 2000s, real-estate prices and new construction of homes boomed. Separately, after the advent of the Internet in the 1990s, shares of technology and dot-com companies began to climb.

3. Euphoria

The boom stage leads to euphoria, which in Minsky’s credit cycle has banks and other commercial lenders extending credit to more dubious borrowers, often creating new financial instruments. In other words, more speculative actions take place as people who are fearful of missing out jump in and fuel the latest craze. This stage is often dubbed as “froth” or as Greenspan called it “irrational exuberance.”

For instance, during the dot com bubble of the late 1990s, companies went public in IPOs even before generating earnings or sales. In 2008, it was the securitization of mortgages that led to bigger systemic risks in the housing market.

4. Profit-Taking

This is the stage in which smart investors or those that are insiders sell stocks. This is the “Minsky Moment,” the point before prices in a bubble collapse even as irrational buying continues.

History books say this took place in 1929, just before the stock market crash that led to the Great Depression. In the decade prior known as the “Roaring 20s,” speculators had made outsized risky bets on the stock market. By 1929, some insiders were said to be selling stocks after shoeshine workers started giving stock tips–which they took to be a sign of overextended exuberance.

5. Panic

Panic is the last stage and has historically occurred when monetary tightening or an external shock cause asset values to start to fall. Some firms or companies that borrowed heavily begin to sell their positions, causing greater price dips in markets.

After the Roaring 20s, tech bubble, and housing bubble of the mid-2000s, the stock market experienced steep downturns in each instance–a period in which panic selling among investors ensued.

Recommended: Should I Take My Money Out of the Stock Market?

The Takeaway

One of the prevailing beliefs in the financial world is that markets are efficient. This means that asset prices have already accounted for all the information available. But market bubbles show that sometimes actors can discount or misread signs that asset values have become inflated. This typically happens after long stretches of time during which prices have marched higher.

Stock market bubbles are said to occur when there’s the illusion that share prices can only go higher. While bubbles and boom-and-bust cycles are part of markets, investors should understand that stock volatility is usually inevitable in stock investing.

Investing has historically been an important part of wealth-building for individuals, and the benchmark S&P 500 Index has an average market return of 7% annually after adjusting for inflation.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Photo credit: iStock/fizkes

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