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You’ve been getting up early weekend after weekend to go to open houses and have spent hours looking at online listings. You’ve finally found a place that you like, but before you make an offer, one good idea is to do some research on what to look for when buying a home.

Most people don’t want to buy a home that is going to require a lot of work or be difficult to finance because it’s structurally unsound or unsafe. The home might look great on the surface, but it’s recommended that a buyer order the proper home inspection(s) to see if it actually measures up prior to lifting any property contingencies. It can be stressful or even derail the home purchase to find out that you’ll need to make all sorts of costly renovations that make you go over budget or have to look for renovation financing vs. traditional financing, after you’ve worked hard to find that dream home.

Signs Your Dream Home Could Be a Nightmare

There are a lot of things to look for when buying a home. But these are 10 common home inspection red flags that would put even your dream home on the buyer-beware list because of the home repair costs and stress involved in fixing the issues. (Passing the home inspection will also be an important part of getting through the real-estate purchase contract process.) Consider these factors as you continue your search for your new nest, and especially if you’re a first-time homebuyer, lean on professional inspectors for help.

1. Structural Problems

If there is a problem with the foundation or load-bearing walls in your new home, structural repairs involving health and safety issues could derail your home loan by making the property ineligible for financing, or could wind up costing thousands of dollars. But structural problems aren’t just expensive to fix, they could also be considered unsafe — which is why they should be at the top of any list of things to check when buying a home.

Look for major cracks in the foundation, problems with doors closing, door frames not being perfectly rectangular, or walls or floors that seem to sag. You’ll want to spend the money for a professional home inspection. If the inspection reveals there is a larger issue, a structural engineer’s report may be able to provide additional insight.


💡 Quick Tip: When house hunting, don’t forget to lock in your home mortgage loan rate so there are no surprises if your offer is accepted.

2. Water-Damage Woes

The biggest cause of rot and mold is moisture. So if your potential new home has leaking pipes or a roof that lets in water, it won’t just be expensive to replace your roof or find where the leak is coming from — the leak could have already created other problems.

Water stains and mold are home inspection red flags. Not only can mold have implications for your health, it could indicate a bigger problem with the house. If you see either of them, look into the cause of the stain, because a new roof or new plumbing could set you back a significant amount of money. Dry rot and related problems like mold can also fall under health and safety issues and, as a result, affect the home’s eligibility for most types of home mortgage loans.

3. Poor Drainage

Poor grading and drainage can potentially cause huge problems with the foundation or basement of your home, so it should be high on your list of home inspection red flags. When it comes to bad drainage, things to look for when buying a home can include but are not limited to: pooling water around the foundation; leaking in the basement; gutters that are blocked or overflowing; and soil being moved by water in any flower beds around the home. While there are ways to fix poor drainage and improper grading if it’s minor, you might struggle with larger drainage problems if the home is in a low-lying area.

4. Bad Plumbing

The last thing you want is for your sink to spring a leak. Plumbing problems could have an array of causes, including improper installation or older pipes that need to be replaced or are leaching metals into your water supply. Plumbing that regularly leaks could cause water damage, which, as noted previously, could have some pretty serious consequences (like mold and rot). The home inspector will generally test the plumbing system, but as you look at houses, be observant and try running all the faucets and flushing the toilets. Keep an eye out for any signs of possible water damage and be aware of any funky smells.

5. Pests

There are a few ways to avoid buying a pest-infested home, such as having a home inspector look for pests. If the general home inspection calls out pest issues, it is recommended to go a step further and request a pest inspection report from a licensed pest inspector.

If the inspector finds signs of bugs, it might be possible to request that the seller fix the infestation before you close the house. Sometimes, pest infestation can mean a significant discount, which may be appealing to some buyers. But getting rid of certain kinds of bugs can be very costly, complicated, toxic, and even require you to leave your home while the fumigation takes place. So the discount may not actually be as rosy as it seems. Lenders do not usually close on a traditional home loan with a serious pest issue because it may present a health and safety issue.

6. Electrical Problems

A general home inspection will cover basic electrical items, but some buyers opt for an additional electrical inspection. Depending on when the home was built, there could be improper or even dangerous wiring throughout the house. That could affect eligibility for home financing due to health and safety issues, increase the fire risk in your home, or affect how you budget for buying the house.

7. Neighborhood Troubles

You might have found a beautiful home, but what if the location isn’t ideal? If your home is in a neighborhood that has a high number of vacant properties, a high crime rate, or a poorly rated school system, your investment might not pay off. Ask your real estate agent and neighbors about the neighborhood, stop by at different times, search for the area’s crime statistics, and check out the reputation of local schools.


💡 Quick Tip: Not to be confused with prequalification, preapproval involves a longer application, documentation, and hard credit pulls. Ideally, you want to keep your applications for preapproval to within the same 14- to 45-day period, since many hard credit pulls outside the given time period can adversely affect your credit score, which in turn affects the mortgage terms you’ll be offered.

8. Homeowners Association Problems

If you’re moving into a development with dues, you’ll want to know more about the homeowners association (HOA). Your lender will likely require you to obtain a completed Homeowners Association Questionnaire, and once this form is completed, it could answer many of the questions you may have, such as: How much are the HOA fees? What are the rules around making changes to your property? Is there any pending litigation against the condo association? Can you rent out your place or use it as an Airbnb when you go on vacation? Before you put in an offer, it’s a good idea to find out the answer to these or any other issues of importance to you and your family.

9. DIY Improvements

Watch out for shoddy renovations. If the house looks like it has undergone a recent facelift, have a close look at the workmanship. If there are visible shortcuts, there may be other areas of the house that weren’t properly renovated that could cause you headaches in the future. Check them carefully and make sure the major improvements or additions were done with the proper permits.

10. Older Windows

Older windows could translate into higher heating and cooling costs for your home. Moisture leakage can cause mold issues over time. Those costs add up, so you’ll want to add windows to your list of things to look at when buying a home. On your house tour, look for windows that stick, have discoloration around the indoor casing, or are warping. Updating windows (or replacing them completely) could be costly.

The Takeaway

In certain situations, a buyer may consider making an offer on a house even with one or two of these home inspection red flags. But before committing to a property that needs TLC, you’ll want to add up what the potential repairs may cost. Doing the math now could mean fewer financial surprises when you move in. And in some cases, it may be possible to negotiate with the seller so that major issues are addressed before the closing.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

Photo credit: iStock/Jitalia17

*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

On a salary of $65,000 per year, as long as you have very little debt, you can afford a house priced at around $175,000 with a monthly payment of $1,517 with no down payment. This number assumes a 6% interest rate and a standard debt-to-income (DTI) ratio of 36%. Your homeowner’s insurance, property taxes, and private mortgage insurance would be included in your monthly payment.

But there are many factors that go into home affordability beyond your $65,000 salary. Let’s take a look at how they play in concert with one another.

What Kind of House Can I Afford With $65K a Year?

Not everyone who earns $65,000 will have the same housing budget. You may qualify for a larger (or smaller) home mortgage loan, depending on a number of qualifications. These include:

•   Your DTI ratio

•   How much your down payment is

•   The cost of taxes and insurance where you live

•   What interest rate you qualify for

•   What type of loan you’re getting

•   If your lender is willing to underwrite a higher DTI level

When all is said and done, earning $65,000 may qualify some people for a home priced as high as $250,000. And if you’re buying with a partner who also has income, that changes the picture as well. You’ll need to understand how the factors on the list above affect what kind of loan you qualify for.

💡 Quick Tip: A VA loan can make home buying simple for qualified borrowers. Because the VA guarantees a portion of the loan, you could skip a down payment. Plus, you could qualify for lower interest rates, enjoy lower closing costs, and even bypass mortgage insurance.†

Understanding Debt-to-income Ratio

Your DTI ratio, quite simply, is all your monthly debt payments added together and then divided by your monthly income. If you have a lot of debt, the ratio is high. If you don’t carry a lot of debt, the ratio is low. When you’re trying to get a loan, the lower, the better.

What lenders look for is your ability to repay a mortgage. Every debt that you carry and need to repay each month takes away from what you could be putting toward a mortgage. That’s why they aim for a DTI less than 36%. It is conservative, but it ensures the borrower can meet their obligations.

For a $65,000 annual income with a monthly income of $5,416, a DTI of 36% works out to be $1,950. Your mortgage payment and all of your monthly debts, such as credit card payments, student loans, and car payments should fit within the $1,950 budget.

How to Factor in Your Down Payment

A down payment can increase home affordability in a big way. The more you’re able to put down, the higher purchase price you can qualify for. This is true especially for down payments over 20%. If you have the ability to put down that much on a home, you don’t have to pay for mortgage insurance each month, which qualifies you for a higher-priced home.

SoFi’s mortgage calculator is helpful for seeing how a down payment can affect your monthly payment and how much house you can afford.

Factors That Affect Home Affordability

A number of factors beyond your down payment and DTI ratio affect how much home you’ll be able to afford. You’ll want to take a close look at:

•   Interest rates Lower interest rates qualify you for a higher purchase price on a home. This is why borrowers seek out a mortgage refinance when rates are low. This is also why you’ll want to take great care of your credit score.

•   Credit score When your credit score is stellar, you’ll qualify for the lowest interest rates your lender can offer. This will save you a significant amount of money over the life of a loan, not to mention help you qualify for a higher mortgage. Paying less in interest means you can pay more for a home.

•   Taxes, insurance and homeowners association dues Your lender will take these numbers into account when determining how much they can lend you.

•   Loan type How much house you can afford can depend on the loan type.

•   Lender Your lender can help with home affordability. Some lenders make it possible to qualify for a higher mortgage by increasing the allowable DTI ratio — in certain cases it can be as high as as 50%.

•   Location If you’re really looking for home affordability, you might want to consider a more affordable area. Check out a list of the best affordable places to live in the U.S.

Recommended: The Cost of Living by State

How to Afford More House With Down Payment Assistance

Another of the tips to help you qualify for a mortgage: A down payment assistance (DPA) program could help you afford more house. DPAs assist with the down payment or closing costs associated with buying a home. Sometimes they come as a grant you don’t have to ever repay, and sometimes they’re underwritten as a second mortgage that may or may not need to be repaid (depending on the program).

You’ll see DPAs offered by housing authorities, either at the state or local level. You may need to be a first-time homebuyer or qualify with lower income to take advantage of these programs.

How to Calculate How Much House You Can Afford

There are some generally accepted guidelines that can help you get an idea of the amount of mortgage you’ll be able to qualify for.

The 28/36 Rule: This rule states that your home payment should not be more than 28% of your income and your total debts should not exceed 36% of your income. It’s also known as the front-end (28%) and back-end ratio (36%).

Front-end ratio (28%): At 28% of your income, a monthly housing payment from a monthly income of $5,416 should be no more than $1,517 ($5,416*.28).

Back-end ratio (36%): At 36% of your income, your debt-to-income ratio on a monthly income at $5,416, should be no more than $1,950 ($5,416*.36).

The 35/45 Rule: If your lender is more flexible, they may instead follow the 35/45 ratio, which allows for a higher mortgage payment. It’s just like the 28/36 rule, but this one allows your housing payment to be 35% of your monthly income. Your debt-to-income ratio can be as high as 45%. With a monthly income of $5,416, the housing allowance (35% of your income) increases to $1,895 and the total monthly debts (45% of your income) increases to $2,437.

If you want to skip the manual calculations, you can always use a home affordability calculator.

💡 Quick Tip: Backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), FHA loans provide those with a fair credit score the opportunity to buy a home. They’re a great option for first-time homebuyers.1

Home Affordability Examples

Making $65,000 a year gives you around $5,416 of monthly income, but there’s a lot of varying situations. Some people have car loans, student loans, or credit card debt. Each of these affect home affordability. Your lender’s job is to help you afford a mortgage and still meet all your monthly debt obligations.

In these examples, we use the 36% debt-to-income ratio to determine payments and home affordability. (Keep in mind that your lender may be able to qualify you for a higher amount if they’re willing to accept a higher debt load.) For each example, taxes ($2,500), insurance ($1,000), and APR (6%) remain the same for a 30-year loan term.

Example #1: Some Debt, High Down Payment

Monthly credit card debt: $50
Monthly car payment: $300
Student loan payment: $200
Total debt = $550

Down payment = $20,000

Maximum DTI ratio = $5,416 * .36 = $1,950
Maximum mortgage payment = $1,400 ($1,950 – $550)

Home affordability = $180,000

Example #2: Thrifty Saver

Monthly credit card debt: $0
Monthly car payment: $0
Student loan payment: $200
Total debt = $200

Down payment: $20,000

Maximum DTI ratio = $5,416 * .36 = $1,950
Maximum mortgage payment = $1,750 ($1,950 – $200)

Home budget = $197,000

How Much House Can You Afford Quiz

How Your Monthly Payment Affects Your Price Range

The monthly payment you’re able to qualify for directly affects how big a mortgage you can get. With a lot of monthly debt payments, it might be tough to qualify for the home you want. Interest rates also play a huge role in what your monthly payment is going to be. Even after you’ve bought a home, you’ll want to take care of your credit so you can refinance into a lower rate when interest rates drop.

“If you have multiple debts, you want to make your minimum payments so you don’t hurt your credit score,” Kendall Meade, a Certified Financial Planner at SoFi said. “If you have cash left over after that, you should develop a strategy for which debts to pay off first,” she suggested.

Recommended: Home Loan Help Center

Types of Home Loans Available to $65K Households

Different types of mortgage loans can affect home affordability. This is due to the fact that they have different interest rates and different requirements for down payments, mortgage insurance, and creditworthiness.

•   FHA loans Federal Housing Administration loans come with required mortgage insurance, but if you have a situation where you need credit flexibility, FHA is the way to go. FHA loans allow for credit scores as low as 500, though you’ll still need to find a lender that’s willing to work with you.

•   USDA loans United States Department of Agriculture loans offer no-down-payment options and competitive APRs—but only for those who live in the right areas. They’re specifically for rural communities, but there may be some areas near you that qualify.

•   Conventional loans Conventional financing is usually one of the least expensive in terms of financing costs, but your finances need to be in order to qualify.

•   VA loans Like USDA loans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs loans have no-down-payment options, flexible credit requirements, and the lowest interest rates out there. If you’re a qualified servicemember or veteran, you’ll generally want to go with a VA loan because they’re so much better than the other options.

The Takeaway

Affording a home in this market is tough no matter what salary you make. If you make $65,000 a year, you’re earning more than the average single. Yet you may still have a few steps to take before you can afford a home: Think about paying down debt as this makes a big impact on how much home you can afford. Also think about making moves to improve your credit score, find down payment assistance programs, or locate a lender who can work with your situation. With the right moves, a home is within reach on a $65,000 salary.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

Is $65K a good salary for a single person?

A $65,000 salary is above the median income of $56,929 for a single person, according to data from the U.S. Census. While you might be doing better than most singles in terms of salary, whether you feel comfortable will depend on your lifestyle and spending habits.

What is a comfortable income for a single person?

A comfortable income for a single person is determined by your lifestyle. For some, $40,000 is plenty. For others, $200,000 is not enough.

What is a liveable wage in 2024?

For a single person in San Francisco, a living wage works out to be $26.63 per hour, according to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Living Wage Calculator. In Pennsylvania, a single person could get by on $16.41. However, for a family with three kids that depends on a single earner in Dallas, Texas, the living wage is $43.65 per hour.

What salary is considered rich for a single person?

According to the IRS, an income of $540,009 puts you in the top 1% of all earners.

Photo credit: iStock/PeopleImages

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

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On a salary of $40,000 per year, you can afford a house priced at around $100,000-$110,000, assuming you have some money — say, $10,000 or $15,000 — for a down payment and are not already carrying debt, such as a car loan or student loan. The number can change quite a bit when you factor in your specific numbers:

•   Your debt

•   Your down payment

•   Your taxes, insurance (and homeowners association dues, if applicable)

•   Your interest rate

•   Your loan type

•   Your lender

Understanding how these factors play into home affordability can get you closer to finding a home you can afford on your $40,000 salary.

What Kind of House Can I Afford With $40K a Year?

On a $40,000 salary, you want to get the nicest home you can. But what amount of home mortgage loan you qualify for depends on a number of factors, including your debt, income, interest rate, down payment, type of loan, and lender.

Understanding Debt-to-income Ratio

You may have heard that debt can seriously derail your plan to buy a house, but you might not know exactly how it does that. Here’s the scoop: A potential lender will calculate your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio by adding all your monthly debts and dividing that number by your monthly income.

Your DTI ratio determines how much home you can afford. If you have more debt, you can’t afford a bigger monthly housing payment, which means you’ll qualify for a smaller home loan. For example, if your total debt amounts are $3,000 each month and your income is $6,000 per month, your debt-to-income ratio would be 50%. This is well above the 36% guideline many mortgage lenders want to see.


💡 Quick Tip: To see a house in person, particularly in a tight or expensive market, you may need to show the real estate agent proof that you’re preapproved for a mortgage. SoFi’s online application makes the process simple.

How to Factor in Your Down Payment

A down payment can also drastically impact home affordability. If you have a larger down payment, you’ll be able to afford a higher-priced home. With a down payment of 20% or more, you’ll be able to avoid the added expense of private mortgage insurance (PMI), which will in turn increase the loan amount you’ll be able to qualify for.

Try using a mortgage calculator to see how different down payment amount can affect how much home you’ll be able to qualify for.

Factors That Affect Home Affordability

To complete the picture of home affordability, you’ll also need to consider these factors:

•   Interest rates A higher interest rate means you’ll qualify for a smaller home purchase price. A lower interest rate increases how much home you’ll be able to afford.

•   Credit history and score You’ll also see that your credit score directly affects home affordability. With a good credit score, you’ll qualify for a better rate, which means you’ll qualify for a higher mortgage.

•   Taxes and insurance Higher taxes and insurance can also affect home affordability. Your lender has to take into account how much you’ll be paying in taxes and insurance and include it as part of your monthly payment.

•   Loan type Different loan types have different interest rates, down payment options, and credit requirements, which can affect home affordability.

•   Lender Your lender may be able to approve you at a higher DTI ratio — some lenders will allow the DTI to be as much as 50%.

•   Area The cost of living in your state is a top factor in determining home affordability. Price varies greatly around the country, so you may want to consider the best affordable places to live in the U.S. if you’re open to moving.

How to Afford More House With Down Payment Assistance

If you make $40,000, how much house you can afford also depends on what programs you’re able to qualify for. Down payment assistance programs can help with home affordability. These programs offer a grant or a second mortgage to cover a down payment. These programs are often offered by the state or city you live in. They may be restricted to first-time homebuyers or low-income borrowers, but these programs are worth looking into. Examples include Washington state’s Home Advantage DPA and Virginia’s HOMEownership DPA. Look for programs in your state, county, and city. You may also want to read tips to qualify for a mortgage.


💡 Quick Tip: Backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), FHA loans provide those with a fair credit score the opportunity to buy a home. They’re a great option for first-time homebuyers.1

How to Calculate How Much House You Can Afford

There are some guidelines lenders use to qualify borrowers for a mortgage. Knowing how home affordability is calculated can help you understand what income you need to make and what debts you need to pay off to qualify for a mortgage. Lenders often follow the 28/36 rule, looking for a housing payment less than 28% of a borrower’s income and total debt payments less than 36% of your income. Here’s how to calculate it.

Back-end ratio (36%): The back-end ratio is your debt-to-income ratio. Add together all of your debts (including the new mortgage payment) to make sure all debts are under 36% of your income. If your monthly income is $3,333 ($40,000/12 = $3,333), your debts (including the mortgage payment) should be no more than $1,200 ($3,333*.36).

Front-end ratio (28%): With a monthly income of $3,333, this number works out to $933.

The 35/45 Rule: It’s possible to qualify for a larger mortgage based on the 35/45 guideline, which is used at the discretion of your lender. With a monthly income of $3,333, the housing allowance (35% of your income) increases to $1,167 and the total monthly debts (45% of your income) increases to $1,500.

An easy way to calculate how much home you can afford is with a home affordability calculator.

Home Affordability Examples

For homebuyers with a $40,000 annual income (a $3,333 monthly income), traditional guidelines of a 36% debt-to-income ratio give a maximum house payment of $1,200 ($3,333 * .36). Each example has the same amount for taxes ($2,500), insurance ($1,000), and APR (6%) for a 30-year loan term.

Example #1: Too much debt

Monthly credit card debt: $100
Monthly car payment: $300
Student loan payment: $300
Total debt = $700 total debt payments

Down payment = $20,000
Maximum DTI ratio = $3,333 * .36 = $1,200
Maximum mortgage payment = $500 ($1,200 – $700)

Home budget = $54,748

Example #2: Low-debt borrower

Monthly credit card debt: $0
Monthly car payment: $100
Student loan payment: $0
Total debt = $100

Down payment: $20,000
Maximum DTI ratio = $3,333 * .36 = $1,200
Maximum mortgage payment = $1,100 ($1,200 – $100)

Home budget = $141,791

How Your Monthly Payment Affects Your Price Range

As shown above, your monthly debt obligations affect how much house you can afford. With a lot of debt, it’s hard to make a mortgage payment that qualifies you for the home you want.

It’s also important to keep in mind how interest rates affect your monthly payment. By paying so much interest over the course of 30 years, even small fluctuations in interest rates will affect your monthly payment. That’s why you see your neighbors scrambling to refinance their mortgages when interest rates drop.

Recommended: Home Loan Help Center

Types of Home Loans Available to $40K Households

There are different types of mortgage loans available for households in the $40K range:

•   FHA loans: With Federal Housing Administration loans, you don’t have to have perfect credit or a large down payment to qualify. In fact, you can apply for a FHA loan with a credit score as low as 500.

•   USDA loans: If you live in a rural area, you’ll definitely want to look at United States Department of Agriculture loans. You may be able to qualify for a USDA mortgage with no down payment and competitive interest rates.

•   Conventional loans: For borrowers with stronger financials, conventional loans are some of the least expensive mortgages in terms of interest rates, mortgage insurance premiums, and property requirements. They’re backed by the federal government, and if you’re able to qualify for a conventional mortgage, it could save you some money.

•   VA loans: For qualified veterans and servicemembers, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs loan is quite possibly the best out there. There are zero down payment options with great interest rates. If your credit is hurting, you still might be able to get a loan since the VA doesn’t have minimum credit score requirements (though the individual lender may).

The Takeaway

With proper planning, a salary of $40K should be able to get you into a home in many U.S. markets. However, you’ll want to make sure you keep a close eye on your credit score and save up for a down payment or find programs to help with one. Over time, the small, determined steps you take will lead you to your goals.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

Is $40K a good salary for a single person?

You work hard for your salary, and a $40,000 salary for a single person is a good start, though it is below the median income for a single person, which is $56,929, according to data from the U.S. Census.

What is a comfortable income for a single person?

Comfortable depends on the cost of living where you live and your personal needs, but it can range from around $45,000 per year in Mississippi to $112,000 in Hawaii.

What is a liveable wage in 2024?

Your liveable wage depends on your area, working household members, and children. For example, it can range from $15.89 per hour for a single living in Beaumont, Texas, to $44.99 per hour for a household with three children in St. George, Utah.

What salary is considered rich for a single person?

A salary of $234,342 would put you in the top 5% of all earners in the U.S.

Photo credit: iStock/stevecoleimages

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

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One rule of thumb when buying a home is to not spend more than three times your annual salary. If you earn $60K a year, that means you can afford to spend around $180,000 on a house, maybe a bit more if you have little or no other debts. However, depending on where you want to live, interest rates, and how much debt you’re carrying, that figure could change significantly.

This article looks at the factors you should consider when deciding how much house you can afford. Following this guide is the best way to get a realistic idea of how much house you really can get on a salary of $60,000.

What Kind of House Can I Afford With $60K a Year?

A salary of $60,000 is below the national median income of $74,580, according to Census data. While you will probably qualify for a mortgage in most states with that salary, it won’t buy you much of a home in areas with a high cost of living, such as New York or California.

How much house you can afford on $60,000 a year depends on how affordable your city is, your debt-to-income ratio (DTI), interest rates, and how much you can save for a down payment.


💡 Quick Tip: Buying a home shouldn’t be aggravating. SoFi’s online mortgage application is quick and simple, with dedicated Mortgage Loan Officers to guide you through the process.

Your Debt-to-Income Ratio

Another rule of thumb is the 28/36 rule. This rule holds that you should spend no more than 28 percent of your gross income on overall housing costs (including mortgage, taxes, and insurance) and no more than 36 percent on all debt combined (mortgage, credit card bills, car payment, student loan, etc.).

So, if you earn $60,000, your housing costs should be less than $16,800, or $1,400 a month, and your debt and housing costs should not exceed $21,600, or $1,800 a month. This calculation reflects your DTI ratio. To get a sense of how much you might be able to borrow and still walk away under your 28/36 maximums, try putting your numbers into a home affordability calculator.

Lenders look at how much debt you have when they determine if you qualify for a mortgage. From the lender’s point of view, the less you are paying each month in debt, the less likely you are to default on your mortgage loan, and the better the loan terms they can extend. A higher ratio means you are using more of your income to cover existing debt.

Your Down Payment

How much do you have saved up for a down payment? Your down payment directly affects how much you will have to pay each month in principal and interest. According to the National Association of Realtors®, the average first-time buyer pays about 6 percent of the home price for their down payment, while repeat buyers put down 17 percent. The more you put down, the lower your monthly housing cost. Whatever your salary, you can borrow more and buy a more costly house if your monthly payments are less.

Home Affordability

How affordability is a measure of how affordable homes are in a certain area. Some areas have a higher cost of living, higher average house prices, and higher property taxes. For example, New Jersey has high property taxes, but South Carolina and Mississippi tend to have low property taxes. It also costs more to buy necessities in New Jersey than South Carolina or Mississippi.

Your credit score is another factor to consider in the home affordability equation. A higher credit score will mean you should qualify for a lower interest rate with a lender and better loan terms. Better loan terms mean (you guessed it) lower monthly payments, which might give you the bandwidth to borrow a little more.

How to Afford More House with Down Payment Assistance

Federal, state, and local government, private entities, and charitable organizations offer down payment assistance in the form of low-rate loans, cash grants, tax credits, and interest rate reductions. Some of the programs are offered to specific professionals, such as nurses or teachers, first-time homebuyers, and some programs are neighborhood-based.

Property tax abatement and federal tax credits to first-time buyers are applied automatically. However, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) maintains a semi-complete list of programs listed by state, county, and city. Note that applying for down payment assistance can add weeks or months to the homebuying process.

Here are typical down payments for various types of mortgages. Learn more by visiting a home loan help center.

•   Conventional mortgages require a down payment that can be as low as 3%.

•   FHA loans backed by the Federal Housing Administration require 3.5% down.

•   VA mortgages from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs require 0% down.

•   United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) loans offer loans to people in rural areas with no down payment.

Home Affordability Examples

Below are some hypothetical examples for buyers who make $60,000 a year with different savings for a down payment and monthly debt payments. The interest rate is 7%, and property tax rates are assumed to be average.

The Saver with a Down Payment

Gross annual income: $60,000
Amount of money for a down payment: $12,000
Monthly debt: $250
Property taxes: 1.12%

SoFi estimates that you can afford a home that costs $120,000. Bear in mind that you can expect to pay closing costs of around $4,800 in addition to the monthly charges below. Here is a breakdown of the costs:

Home Loan: $108,000
Down Payment: $12,000
Total Monthly Payments $953

•   Principal and Interest: $719

•   Property Taxes: $113

•   Private Mortgage Insurance: $90

•   Homeowners Insurance: $31

The Buyer with A Bigger Down Payment and Some Debt

Gross annual income: $60,000
Amount of money for a down payment: $25,000
Monthly debt: $300
Property taxes: 1.12%

In this scenario, you might comfortably afford a home that costs $250,000 (again, closing costs would come into play). Here is a breakdown:

Home Loan: $225,000
Down Payment: $25,000
Total Monthly Payments $1,615

•   Principal and Interest: $1,127

•   Property Taxes: $234

•   Private Mortgage Insurance: $66

•   Homeowners Insurance: $71


💡 Quick Tip: Don’t have a lot of cash on hand for a down payment? The minimum down payment for an FHA mortgage loan is as low as 3.5%.

How to Calculate How Much House You Can Afford

Keeping a budget to track your monthly expenditures is the first step to calculating how much house you can afford. Once you know how much you are spending each month on food, entertainment, your car, clothing, and utilities, you can add up these expenses and subtract them from your monthly income (don’t include rent here). What you have left is the amount you can afford to spend on housing expenses.

If you spend no more than 25 to 28% of your monthly income on housing, and your monthly income is $5,000, you can afford to spend $1,400 on mortgage and housing expenses.

You can also try putting different numbers into a mortgage calculator to see how different combinations of down payment amount or home cost affect monthly payments.

How Your Monthly Payment Affects Your Price Range

Your monthly payment is made up of principal and interest. If you can afford to pay more each month, you can afford a bigger house. That is, provided you don’t have too much debt. However, if you can, coming up with a bigger down payment in the beginning will likely reduce the interest rate offered by your lender and your monthly payments. You should feel comfortable with the cost of your monthly housing expenses going into a home purchase, but if your earnings or credit score increase notably after a few years, you can always look at a mortgage refinance.


💡 Quick Tip: Backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), FHA loans provide those with a fair credit score the opportunity to buy a home. They’re a great option for first-time homebuyers.

Types of Home Loans Available to $60K Households

Conventional loans, FHA loans, USDA, and VA loans are the common loans available.

•   Conventional loans. These are the most common. They typically require a credit score of at least 620. Some will allow a down payment as low as 3 percent, but that will mean your monthly payments will be higher because you will have to borrow more.

•   FHA loans. FHA loans provide a percentage of the cost of a home depending on the buyer’s credit score. Home buyers with a credit score over 580 can borrow up to 96.5 percent of a home’s value. Home buyers whose credit scores are between 500 to 579 can qualify for a loan as long as they have a 10 percent down payment.

•   USDA: These loans serve borrowers earning below a certain income level who want to buy homes in designated rural areas.

•   VA: VA loans require no down payment and are offered to qualified military service members, veterans, and their spouses.

The Takeaway

The 28/36 rule holds that if you earn $60k and don’t pay too much to cover your debt each month, you can afford housing expenses of $1,400 a month. Another rule of thumb suggests you could afford a home worth $180,000, or three times your salary.

When calculating how much a lender might extend to you depends on your debt-to-income ratio, the cost of living and property taxes in the area you want to live, interest rates, and how much you have saved for a down payment.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

Is $60K a good salary for a single person?

A salary of $60,000 is below the national median income which was $74,580 in 2022, according to Census data, the national median income was. On this income, you might struggle to buy a home in areas with a high cost of living unless you have a large down payment.

What is a comfortable income for a single person?

Average monthly expenses for one person in 2022 totaled $3,693, or $44,312 annually, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor, so earning more than this amount would be a comfortable income as long as the cost of living where you live isn’t significantly above average, which varies widely among the states. But what any individual considers comfortable will depend on their spending habits.

What is a liveable wage in 2023?

A liveable wage, according to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was $104,07 per year before taxes in 2022. This for a family of four or two working adults with two children.

What salary is considered rich for a single person?

An income of $540,009 per year puts a person in the top 1% earnings category, according to the most recent IRS data.

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SOHL0124053

There are numerous types of stocks, categorized by company characteristics, size, region, sector, and more. Equipped with an understanding of different stock types, an investor can start building a diversified portfolio. Though all stocks can experience volatility and potentially lose value, holding a mix of different types of shares can mitigate the risk of being too heavily invested in any one category.

An Overview Of Stocks

A stock represents a percentage of ownership in a publicly traded company. So essentially, investors can own small pieces or “shares” of companies.

Generating returns via the stock market can usually happen in one of two ways. First, the value of the stock can increase over time, something known as capital appreciation. The second is through dividend payments, where companies make cash payouts periodically to all owners of that company’s stock. Some people make investments based on a company’s ability to pay consistent dividends, or “income.” Utility and telephone companies often fit into this bucket.

When you own a stock, you hold equity (or ownership) in that company. That’s why stocks are sometimes referred to as equities. Each individual share represents an equal proportion of ownership. Owners of stocks are often referred to as stockholders or shareholders.

💡 Quick Tip: Are self-directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).

Categories of Stocks

There are several ways that different stocks are categorized, which is important to know if you’re brushing up on the stock market basics. Stocks are also sometimes classified by styles of investing. These categories often have to do with how that company makes money and how the stock is valued. You may often hear this associated when discussing value vs. growth stocks.

Value Stocks

Value stocks are stocks that are considered to be trading below their actual worth, and are a key component in value investing. Investors hope that by buying companies that are priced below their “true” value, they can profit as the gap narrows over time.

Growth Stocks

Growth stocks are companies that are growing at a fast pace or those that are expected to continue growing at a faster rate than other stocks or competitors. Investors can encounter higher valuations in growth investing.

Common Stock

Common stock represents shares of ownership in a corporation. When an investor receives common shares, they are typically also granted voting rights to the company and can participate in shareholder voting processes — usually one vote for each share. For investors, it can be helpful to understand the differences between common versus preferred stock.

Preferred Stocks

Preferred stocks make regular dividend payments, but holders of preferred shares often have zero or limited voting rights. If a company becomes financially insolvent however, preferred stockholders have a claim on assets before common shareholders do.

Exchange-traded Funds (ETFs)

Exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, group multiple securities into a single share. For instance, a stock ETF will hold numerous companies, while a bond ETF can hold many individual bonds, whether it’s a collection of Treasurys or high-yield debt. ETFs are popular because of the cheap, instant diversification they offer.

There are many types of ETFs, too, including low cost ETFs, and ETFs with their holdings concentrated in certain sectors.

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)

An initial public offering (IPO) is the process of a private company listing and debuting on a public stock exchange. Investors can buy IPO shares on their first day of trading.

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs)

SPACs are shell companies that go public on the stock exchange, and then try to find a private operating business to purchase.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

REITs are companies that own and operate real estate, usually focusing on one type of property, such as warehouses, hotels or office buildings. There are pros & cons to investing in REITs. For example, one pro is that they tend to pay consistent dividends. Cons include sensitivity to interest rates, and taxed dividends.

Blue-Chip Stocks

Blue-chip stocks are stocks that large, well-established companies issue and usually have a long-standing history of growth. They’re generally considered to be financially sound, and may be considered lower-risk than other stocks.

Cyclical and Non-Cyclical Stocks

Cyclical investing concerns making stock selections surrounding economic changes, and cyclical stocks are those that may see their performance closely align with larger economic shifts. Non-cyclical stocks, on the other hand, do not see their performance tied to larger economic changes.

Defensive Stocks

Defensive stocks may be used as a part of a defensive investing strategy, and usually involves investing in stocks that may be seen as lower-risk. This can include blue-chip stocks, or stocks from sectories like utilities and consumer staples.

Penny Stocks

Penny stocks are low-priced stocks that generally trade for less than $5 per share, and many trade for less than $1. They’re usually risky, and highly-speculative stocks.

Income Stocks

Income stocks are a category of stocks that tend to offer regular, steady income to investors. That income generally comes in the form of dividends.

Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG)

ESG stocks are those that may have certain non-financial criteria that appeal to certain investors. ESG stocks are shares of companies that are socially and environmentally responsible, though there is no universally-shared or accepted set of ESG criteria.

Different Market Caps

The sizes of stocks are classified by the market capitalization of the company’s publicly traded stock. Market cap is calculated by multiplying the stock price by the total number of outstanding shares.

Generally speaking, larger companies tend to be older, more established, and have greater international exposure — so a higher percentage of a large-cap company’s revenue comes from overseas. Meanwhile, smaller-cap stocks tend to be newer, less established and more domestically oriented. Smaller-cap companies can be riskier but also offer more growth potential.

Similarly, if you’re interested in buying mid-cap stocks, that means you’re investing in mid-sized companies — generally speaking.

While the market-caps that determine which companies are small or large can shift, here’s a breakdown that gives some rough parameters.

   Micro-Cap: $50 million to $300 million

   Small-Cap: $300 million to $2 billion

   Mid-Cap: $2 billion to $10 billion

   Large-Cap: $10 billion or higher

   Mega-Cap: $200 billion or higher

Types of Stock Classes

There are also stock classes that investors should be aware of, and those generally involve Class A, Class B, and Class C shares, which all may be issued by the same company. The specifics of each category will vary from company to company, too.

For some rough guidelines, though, Class A shares tend to have more voting power and higher priority for dividends. Class B shares may have lesser voting power than Class A shares, but no preferential treatment for dividends. Class C shares are often given to employees as a part of a compensation package, and may have associated trading restrictions.

💡 Quick Tip: What makes a robo advisor effective? Typically these automated investing services offer automatic deposits, a diversified portfolio of low-cost ETFs, and automatic rebalancing — all of which are designed to help you reach a specific goal. They can be less flexible and cost more than some other options, however.

Stocks By Sector

Additionally, stocks are often grouped by the industry that that company works within. According to the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS), there are 11 recognized sectors, with numerous industries within those sectors. They include (but are not limited to):

   Energy: Energy equipment and services, oil, gas, and consumable fuels. If you want to invest in energy stocks, this is the category to look at.

   Materials: Chemicals, construction materials, containers and packaging, metals and mining

   Industrials: Aerospace and defense, building products, machinery, construction and engineering, electrical equipment, industrial conglomerates

   Consumer Discretionary: Automobiles, automobile components, household durables, leisure products

   Consumer Staples: Food products, beverage, tobacco, household products

   Health Care: Health care equipment and services, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, life sciences

   Financials: Banks, insurance, consumer finance, capital markets, financial services

   Information Technology: IT services, software, communications equipment

   Communication Services: Diversified telecommunication services, media, entertainment

   Utilities: Electric utilities, gas utilities, water utilities, independent power and renewable electricity producers

   Real Estate: Real estate management and development, various REITs (retail, residential, office, etc.)

Again, these categories can be helpful to investors looking to diversify their portfolios. If you want to add some real estate stocks, or even invest in tech stocks, sector investing may be something to research further.

Note, too, that there may be other categories or sectors of stocks not listed above, such as retail stocks.

Stocks by Country

Different overseas stocks can be classified by the country or region in which they’re headquartered, even if the company’s operations are global. Individuals looking to invest in international stocks have found that they can do so easily with ETFs, which hold numerous foreign companies within a single share.

Regions that are commonly used in the world of stock investing are:

EAFE is an acronym which stands for Europe, Australasia, and the Far East. Investors may see this used when making investment choices, as the MSCI EAFE is a common index used for international stock funds. These countries are all “developed” nations, which means they have established financial markets, stable political climates, and mature economies.

Emerging-market stocks, which stocks with companies based out of countries whose economies are described as developing. Brazil, Russia, Mexico, China, and India are just a few emerging markets. Emerging markets may be riskier to invest in but may pose an opportunity for high rates of growth.

The Takeaway

There are numerous types of stocks on the market, and it can be important for investors to understand the differences between them. The stock market can be volatile and prone to dramatic declines, but in order to shield themselves from the risks, investors often create diversified portfolios by stocking their holdings through various different stock types.

Diversification is easier to do if an investor understands the different types of stocks that exist in the U.S. equity market. From mega-cap stocks to ETFs to emerging-market companies, there are a myriad of investing opportunities in the equity market.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

FAQ

What are the benefits of investing in different types of stocks?

Investing in different types of stocks can be beneficial to investors as it can diversify their portfolio, which may help reduce investing risk as the market fluctuates.

What is the riskiest type of stock?

Penny stocks are likely the riskiest type of stock, as they are shares of companies that are new, unproven, and highly volatile. While there’s a big potential upside to investing in penny stocks, the risks are significant.

What stocks are best for beginners?

While it’ll depend on the individual investor, beginner investors may want to look at investing in blue chip stocks, ETFs, or other stocks that have either built-in diversification, or a long track record of viability, which can be a sign of lower associated risks.

What are the risks and opportunities of investing in emerging markets?

Emerging markets can be volatile or unstable, and there may be political, monetary, and economic risks that investors are unaware of in those markets.

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