What Is Zero-Based Budgeting?
Does it seem as if the second you earn money, it goes flying off to pay for food, gas, utility bills, dining out, student loans, and everything else on your plate?
It can be hard to track where your hard-earned cash goes, and that’s where a budget can help. A budget provides a framework to see how much is coming in and what it’s being spent on, and it gives you the chance to recalibrate so you can, say, put more into savings.
Zero-based budgeting is one method that can help you account for every collar so you better understand your cash flow situation. This in turn can help you better manage your money and hit your financial goals.
How Zero-Based Budgeting Works
When building a zero-based budget, your income minus your expenses should equal zero. In other words, with zero-based budgeting, every dollar of your income has purpose.
This doesn’t mean you won’t have any money in your bank account, since you might want to allocate some of your budget to savings. Rather, using this method could help you know exactly how much you will spend, save, and invest in any given month. And depending on your monthly needs, these figures may change or stay the same.
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How to Build a Zero-Based Budget
As with most budgeting techniques, you might want to start the zero-based budgeting process by making a list of your expenses. Start with your fixed and necessary expenses first, such rent, utilities, groceries, transportation, insurance payments, and debt payments.
You know that these payments have to be covered each month, so you could allocate income to each necessary expense. Tally these expenses and subtract them from your total income. The resulting figure could be the amount available for discretionary expenses.
Next, you could allocate those remaining discretionary funds. These expenses could include money that you pay to yourself to save for short-term goals such as an emergency fund.
Or you might target longer-term goals such as stocking an online retirement account, or other farther-along savings goals, such as a down payment on a house.
Other expenses might include entertainment, clothing, and non-essential items.
Keep in mind that some expenses might be seasonal, such as vacations or holiday gifts. You might want to determine how you’d like to save for these expenses. You may choose to allocate funds in a single month, or it may make sense to set aside a small amount over each monthly period. It might take a little bit of extra planning to figure out how much you’ll need and how to divide up the cost.
Some expenses may also be variable — for example, say you’re hit with an unexpected bill when your car needs a new transmission — and these can be tricky to deal with. One way you could build them into the budget is to have a line item such as “savings for variable expenses” to help you cover them. This line item would be different from your other savings.
A simple example of a zero-based budget for someone who makes $6,000 a month might look like this:
| Rent/Housing | $3,500 |
| Utilities | $200 |
| Car payment | $300 |
| Gas | $200 |
| Groceries | $400 |
| Savings | $750 |
| Eating out | $200 |
| Entertainment | $150 |
| Student loan payments | $200 |
| Credit card payments | $100 |
| Total | $6,000 |
In this example, the person’s income less their total expenses — $6,000 minus $6,000 — equals $0. As mentioned above, every dollar has a job to do.
Finally, remember that with a zero-based budget every dollar should have a purpose. So if at the end of figuring out your expenses, you find yourself with some extra cash, it needs to go somewhere. You might want to put a little extra toward savings or pay off some debt quicker.
But if you don’t allocate the funds, they might get spent. The problem is you may not know where you spent that money, and keeping track of it is the whole point of this exercise.
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Tracking Your Budget
You might want to keep an eye on your spending throughout the month to make sure you’re sticking to your budget. This process could be dynamic. If you find that you don’t need to spend as much on one budget item one month, you could shift that extra cash into another category the next month.
If you find yourself needing extra money to cover an expense, you could look for places to save. If you find yourself with little wiggle room in your budget and need to add to or boost your existing expenses, you might want to increase your budget with extra sources of income, like a side hustle.
A Zero-Based Budget on an Irregular Income
Many people earn a variable income, whether that means being a seasonal worker or a freelancer whose earnings ebb and flow. A variable income can pose some challenges to building a zero-based budget, but they’re not insurmountable. First, you could consider maintaining a buffer of cash, or a cash cushion, to help cover your expenses as your income expands and contracts.
You could then use your previous month’s budget as a base for the current month, using the buffer to cover any shortfalls. You might want to replenish this buffer when you have extra money in a month. You may also try building your budget based on a low estimate of your monthly income to increase the odds that you’ll be able to stay within your budget.
An irregular income means that you might spend more time adjusting your budget as you income fluctuates.
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Other Budgeting Strategies to Consider
There are other budgeting methods that may be worth a try. One rule of thumb, called the 50-30-20 rule, allocates percentages of your income to different categories. When using this rule, 50% of income goes to necessities, like housing, utilities, and food. The next 30% of income goes to discretionary spending, and the final 20% is allocated to retirement accounts and savings.
You may also consider a budgeting system known as reverse budgeting, in which you focus on savings goals rather than expenses. To use this method, you might want to determine your short- and long-term savings goals, such as a downpayment on a house, paying down student loan debt, and retirement.
You could figure out how much you need to save for those goals and then automate the savings. The money could be taken from your checking account and put into a savings account each month. You might use the money left in your checking account to pay for necessary expenses first, and the rest you could use however you’d like.
The Takeaway
Budgeting can help you take a closer look at how you’re spending your money and how you want to be spending it. By taking time to work through a budget, you could make sure that your money is going exactly where it needs to go.
Budgeting can also help you stop spending on things that aren’t important to you (things you may not even realize you are spending money on) and can help you fund the things you care about most.
It’s a good idea to find a budgeting strategy that works for you and that you’ll stick with. Budgeting apps can be a good solution to help you track your purchases, and some financial institutions offer excellent ones. An online account like SoFi Checking and Savings is one example: You spend and save in one convenient place and can keep track of your money on the dashboard. What’s more, your money earns a competitive annual percentage yield (APY) and you pay no account fees, both of which can help your money grow faster.
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