Apr
21
2023

How Are Employee Stock Options and RSUs Different?

By | Building Your Career, Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on How Are Employee Stock Options and RSUs Different?

Employee stock options (ESOs) and restricted stock units (RSUs) are two different types of equity compensation. An employee stock option gives an employee the option to buy company stock at a certain price, by a certain date. By contrast, an RSU is the promise that on a future date the employee will receive actual company stock.

Sometimes, employees get a choice between ESOs and RSUs. Understanding how each stock plan works, how they differ — particularly when it comes to vesting schedules and taxes — can help you make a decision that best aligns with your financial goals.

What Are Employee Stock Options (ESOs)?

Employee stock options (ESOs) give an employee the right to purchase their company’s stock at a set price — called the exercise, grant, or strike price — by a certain date, assuming certain terms are met, usually according to a vesting schedule.

If the employee doesn’t exercise their options within that period, they expire.

Companies may offer stock options to employees as part of a compensation plan, in addition to salary, 401(k) matching funds, and other benefits. ESOs are considered an incentive to help the company succeed, so that (ideally) the stock options are worth more when the employee chooses to exercise them.

In an ideal scenario, exercising stock options allows an employee to purchase shares of their company’s stock at an exercise price lower than the current market price — and realize a profit.

Note that while some of the terminology used with regard to employee stock options may sound similar to standard stock options, don’t get the two confused. Options are derivatives traded based on the value of underlying securities, e.g. stocks, bonds, ETFs.

How do ESOs Work?

Generally, ESOs operate in four stages — starting with the grant date and ending with the exercise date, i.e. actually buying the stock.

1. The grant date

This is the official start date of an ESO contract. You receive information about how many shares you’ll be issued, the strike price (or exercise price) for those shares, the vesting schedule, and any requirements that must be met along the way.

2. The cliff

If a compensation package includes ESOs, they’re generally not available on day one. Contracts often include requirements that must be met first, such as working full time for at least a year.

Those 12 months when you are not yet eligible to exercise your employee stock options is called the cliff. If you remain an employee past the cliff date, you get to level up to the vesting period.

Some companies include a 12-month cliff to incentivize employees to stay at least a year. Other companies may have a vesting schedule.

3. The vest

The vesting period is when you start to take ownership of your options and the right to exercise them. Vesting can either happen all at once or take place after a cliff (as noted above), or gradually over several years, depending on your company’s plan.

One common vesting schedule is a one-year cliff followed by a four-year vest. On this timeline, you’re 0% vested the first year (meaning you aren’t eligible for any options), 25% vested at the two-year mark (you can exercise up to 25% of the total options granted), and so on until you own 100% of your options. At that point, you’re considered fully vested.

4. The exercise

This is when you pull the financial trigger and actually purchase some or all of your vested shares.

ESO’s Expiration Date

While the expiration date of stock options isn’t always front and center, it’s important to bear in mind. The strike price you’re given as part of your options package expires on a certain date if you don’t exercise your shares.

One common timeline is 10 years from grant date to expiration date, but specific terms will be in the contract, and it’s important to vet the timing of your ESOs — as part of your career as well as your tax and your long-term financial plan. Again, if you let your stock options expire, you lose the right to buy shares at that price.

Pros and Cons of Employee Stock Options (ESOs)

If you land a job with the right company and stay until you’re fully vested, exercising your employee stock options could potentially lead to gains.

For example, if your strike price is $30 per share, and at the time of vesting the stock is trading at $100 or more per share, you’re getting a great deal on shares.

On the other hand, if your strike price is $30 per share and the company is trading at $10 per share, you might be better off not exercising your employee stock options until the price goes up (when and if it does; there are no guarantees).

That’s why ESOs are considered a form of employee incentive: You may work harder to help the company grow, if you know your efforts could translate to a bigger stock price.

Tax Implications of Employee Stock Options

Given that stock options can generate gains, it’s important to know how they are taxed so you can plan accordingly.

Generally speaking, employers offer two types of stock options: nonqualified stock options (NSOs or NQSOs) and incentive stock options (ISOs).

Nonqualified Stock Options

NSOs are the most common and often the type offered to the general workforce. NSOs have a less favorable tax treatment, because they’re subject to ordinary income tax on the difference between the exercise price and the market price at the time you exercise your options and purchase the stock.

NSOs are then taxed again at the capital gains rate when you sell the shares.

Your individual circumstances, tax filing status, and the terms of your stock options may also play into how you’re taxed, so you may want to consult a professional.

Incentive Stock Options

ISOs are “qualified,” meaning you don’t pay any taxes when you exercise the options — unless you’re subject to the alternative minimum tax (AMT).

You will owe taxes, however, if you sell them at a profit later on. (If you don’t sell, and if the stocks gain or lose value, those are considered unrealized gains and losses.) Any money you make when you sell your shares later would be subject to capital gains tax. If you hold your shares less than a year, the short-term capital gains tax rate equals your ordinary income tax rate, which could be up to 37% for the highest tax bracket.

For assets held longer than a year, the long-term rate is lower: 0%, 15%, or 20%, depending on your taxable income and filing status.

What Are Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)?

Restricted stock units, or RSUs, simply grant employees a certain number of shares stock by a certain date. When employees are granted RSUs, the company holds onto the shares until they’re fully vested.

The company determines the vesting criteria — it can be a time period of several years, a key revenue milestone, and/or personal performance goals. Like ESOs, RSUs can vest gradually or all at once. When the employee gets their shares, they own them outright; employees don’t have to buy RSUs.

How Do Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) Work?

RSUs are priced based on the fair market value of the stock on the day they vest, or the settlement date. The company stocks you receive from your company will be worth just as much as they would be if you purchased them on your own that same day.

If the stock is worth $40 per share, and you have 100 shares, you would get $4,000 worth of shares (assuming you’re fully vested and have met other terms).

Again, the main difference between stock options and restricted stock units is that you don’t have to purchase RSUs.

As long as the company’s common stock holds value, so do your RSUs. Upon vesting, you can either keep your RSUs in the form of actual shares, or sell them immediately to take the cash equivalent. Either way, the RSUs you receive will be taxed as income.

And, of course, if you later sell your shares you may realize a gain or a loss and there will be tax implications accordingly.

Pros and Cons of Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

One good thing about RSUs, similar to ESOs, is the incentive to stay with the company for a longer period of time. If your company grows during your vesting period, you could see a substantial windfall when your settlement date rolls around.

But even if the stock falls to a penny per share, the shares still awarded to you on your settlement date. Since you don’t have to pay for them, it’s still money in your pocket.

In fact, you may only lose out on money with RSUs if you leave the company and have to forfeit any units that aren’t already vested, or if the company goes out of business.

Tax Implications of RSUs

When your RSU shares or cash equivalent are automatically delivered to you on your settlement date(s), they’re considered ordinary income and are taxed accordingly. In fact, your RSU distributions are actually added to your W-2.

For some people, the additional RSU income may bump them up a tax bracket (or two). In those cases, if you’ve been withholding at a lower tax bracket before your vesting period, you could owe the IRS more money.

As with ESOs, if you sell your shares at a later date and make a profit, you’ll be subject to capital gains taxes.

ESOs RSUs
Definition An employee can buy company stock at a set price at a certain date in the future. An employee receives stock at a date in the future (does not have to purchase them).
Pricing The strike price is set when ESOs are offered to an employee, and they pay that price when they exercise their shares. The share price is based on the fair market value of the stock on the day the shares vest, and employees get the full-value shares.
Tax implications The difference between the strike price and the stock’s value on exercise is considered earned income and added to your W-2, where it’s taxed as income. If you sell your shares later at a profit, you may also be subject to capital gains tax. RSU shares (or cash equivalent) are considered ordinary income as soon as they are vested, and are taxed accordingly.

If you sell the shares later, capital gains tax rules would apply.

The Takeaway

Employee stock options (ESOs) and restricted stock units (RSUs) are two different types of equity or share-based compensation, and they each have their pros and cons.

An employee stock option gives an employee the option to buy company stock at a certain price, by a certain date. An RSU is the promise that on a future date the employee will receive actual company stock (without having to purchase the shares).

Because these types of compensation are often considered incentives, they’re designed to encourage employees to stay with the company for a certain amount of time. As such, employees often don’t get their options (in the case of ESOs) or the actual shares (in the case of RSUs) until certain terms are met. There may be a vesting schedule or company benchmarks or other terms.

Having the option to own stock in your employer company has the potential to provide attractive financial benefits, especially if you believe in the company and its future. This belief in a company’s growth potential is what may drive investors to buy a company’s stock, even if they don’t work there.

If you’re interested in owning and trading stock, it’s easy when you set up an Active Invest account with SoFi Invest®. Members can trade stocks and ETFs.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Probability of Member receiving $1,000 is a probability of 0.028%.

SOIN0423024

Read more
Apr
20
2023
phone

Ways to Be a Frugal Traveler

By | Budgeting & Goals, money | No Comments

If you love to travel, chances are, you have your eyes open for good deals. Wouldn’t you like to get a hefty discount off the usual airfare rates? Sure. An upgrade from a standard hotel room to a junior suite with a terrace? But of course! And clever hacks that help your dollars go further whether you’re sipping a cocktail, signing up for a surfing class, or shopping? Yes, yes, and yes.

Being a frugal traveler can deliver those perks and pad your bank account. With a little research and knowledge of some insider tips and tricks, you can have a great experience on vacation and cut costs, too.

Want to be a more frugal traveler? To snag some bargains on your next trip, try these smart tactics.

Time Your Trip Right

One of the first steps in becoming a frugal traveler is picking a place where you want to go and can also afford to go. The good news is that no location is necessarily off-limits, as long as you can be flexible on the timing of your vacation.

While you’re not likely to get a great deal on a hotel on Cape Cod for Fourth of July weekend or a cheap flight to the Caribbean over Christmas, you may be able to score a sweet deal if you decide to go to either of those places during what is referred to as “shoulder season.”

The term “shoulder season” is used by professional travelers and agents around the world to denote the time in between busy seasons in any given destination.

It may be viewed as a less desirable time to visit by some travelers, but to the seasoned voyager, it’s often seen as the ideal time to go. Not only may you find better deals on flights, accommodations, and more, but you can also avoid the intense crowds you may encounter during the high season.

Take Mexico as an example. According to Frommer’s, Mexico’s high season begins around December 20, peaks over New Year’s, then winds down at the end in April.

If you plan a visit during this time, you can expect to pay a premium on just about everything, from your plane ticket to those tacos al pastor, as you’re competing with other travelers for space.

If you opt to visit just prior to this, say in November, or just after, in May or June, you will likely be able to find better deals. Since there will be fewer people around, you might be able to take excursions with smaller groups, get restaurant reservations at highly sought-after spots, and even luck out with a free room upgrade at your hotel.

Recommended: How Families Can Afford to Travel on Vacation

Find Flight Deals

One of the most expensive parts about traveling is the actual act of travel itself. While driving can sometimes be a cheaper mode of transportation, it might not be an option depending on the destination you have in mind.

But there are still ways you can save. Here are a couple of travel hacks that may help you get better deals on airfare.

Use the big travel sites. Sites like Expedia, Booking.com, and Kayak search multiple airlines for the best deals and can often offer you clever ways to lower your costs. For instance, they can tell you whether prices for your itinerary are likely to rise or fall in the near future. They can show you how much you can save if you are flexible with your dates or are willing to fly out of a nearby airport rather than your closest possible hub. For instance, if you’re Paris-bound from the New York City area, you might get a better deal departing from Newark, NJ, vs. JFK airport in the city itself.

What’s more, these sites sometimes offer clever hacks, such as flying outbound on one airline and back on another to save you cash. They can also keep you posted on new deals that become available on your route if you’re not ready to buy right away.

Sign up for email alerts. Some good news for busy travelers: There are other sources for flight pricing alerts beyond the big travel sites. For instance, if you are willing to subscribe to an email newsletter, you might try Next Vacay. It’s a website where users can input their destination, then simply wait for the site to send them daily emails with flight deals. You may also want to check out Skyscanner, which allows users to set alerts for price drops so you can strike when the iron is hot.

Some of these services will send you deals for both your destination and others in case you need a little inspiration. You may also want to download a few travel apps that will send you price alerts as well.

Work that airline credit card. If you have a preferred airline or airline network, you can earn points or miles with an airline credit card that can be applied to the cost of flights or help you snag upgrades.

Book at the right time. There used to be a rule that Tuesdays were the best (cheapest) day to go flight shopping, but a recent Google Flights study found that you won’t really save much that way, maybe just 1.9%.

However, you are likely to get a nice price if you purchase your ticket well in advance of your travel date (around three months for domestic travel and often six to 10 months for international) or else be spontaneous and book your flights last minute. And it is true that you are likely to save if your flights are on a midweek date or a Saturday; that can shave the price versus heading off on vacay on a Friday, along with everyone else.

Get up to $300 when you bank with SoFi.

No account or overdraft fees. No minimum balance.

Up to 4.20% APY on savings balances.

Up to 2-day-early paycheck.

Up to $2M of additional
FDIC insurance.


Score Deals on Accommodations

Ready to save on hotel costs on your next vacation? Try these smart tactics:

•   Hotels base prices on supply and demand, so when there is less demand (say, in shoulder season), prices tend to fall. Beyond the season, you can also try looking into checking in and out on less popular days.

If you can check in at a vacation destination on a Monday and out on a Friday, for instance, you may be able to save, since mid-week pricing can be cheaper than weekends.

•   Even if you’re booking at a travel site, it’s also a good idea to frequently check the website of any hotel you’re interested in staying at. There, they may announce different deals and sales. At the very least, you may be able to spot a free room upgrade or free breakfast.

•   It can also be wise to sign up for a travel credit card. These can help you earn points to apply to future travel and offer perks at your favorite hotel chain.

Entertain Yourself on a Frugal Vacation

While you’re traveling, you’re likely going to want to participate in activities. And you can likely find ways to save on those also.

In a new place, try googling a few free walking tours, which can give you a wonderful sense of a place without having to spend a dime (though it may be polite to tip your tour guide afterwards).

For cheap or discounted tickets to local attractions, consider checking out sites like Groupon, Airbnb Experiences, Meetup, and local tourism boards.

You may also want to ask your hotel front desk at check-in for tips on things to do and see. Hotels often have partnerships with area attractions and may be able to provide you with a discount.

For restaurants, it can be a bit harder to save, but if there’s one fancy place you’ve simply been dying to try, you can often save a fair amount by going for lunch rather than dinner.

Recommended: How to Balance the Urge to Travel and the Need to Save

Set a Travel Budget

Establishing a budget, and then starting to save for your vacation, can be a key part of the frugal traveler planning process. That’s because your budget can help determine not only where you can go, but what you can do while you are there.

A travel budget can help you to narrow down your choices and also make sure that you are able to enjoy your trip without having to worry that you are spending more than you can afford.

Below are some categories you may want to include in your budget:

Transportation costs: When budgeting for a trip, you’ll want to decide if you’re going to fly, drive, or take the train. For driving (perhaps you’re going to be touring some national parks), consider costs like gas and wear and tear on your car. If you don’t have a vehicle you can use, look for ways to save on renting a car, such as not picking it up at the airport but at a nearby location. You’ll need to account for taxes, insurance, and other related expenses. For flying, you’ll want to be sure to include ticket price, baggage fees, airport parking, and destination car rental or taxi.

Lodging: Accommodation costs can seem clear, but you’ll want to be sure to ask about any resort fees and taxes so you can add it to your budget.

Food: It can be a good idea to come up with a cost for breakfast, lunch, and dinner (including tips) for everyone you’re traveling with. If your hotel offers free breakfasts, you can put that cost towards another meal. Or maybe you’re renting an apartment and can cook while traveling. You’ll still need a grocery budget.

Activities: You’ll want to have a budget for daily activities and entertainment for each participant in your group. Many museums, for instance, can have steep entrance fees, so you may want to search ahead to see what likely costs are. If you’re planning a special outing, like a Jeep tour to see cave paintings in the Southwest, don’t forget to allow for a tip for the driver.

Extras: You never know when an emergency, a fun activity, or an unplanned happy hour will arise. Adding a buffer to your vacation budget can help you prepare for these extra expenses. You might also want to budget for travel insurance or see if your credit card travel insurance offers good coverage.

Once you add up all the costs, you can start saving up for your vacation. You could even create a secondary savings account titled “travel fund” so you’ll be even more excited to save.

The Takeaway

Vacations can be costly, especially if you’re traveling with a family. But with a little bit of research and advance planning, you may be able to significantly reduce the price of your next trip.

Simple frugal traveler tricks, like traveling off-peak, signing up for travel newsletters, booking your flight around two months ahead, and pre-scouting free and discounted local activities, can help you reduce costs without having to skimp on fun.

You can also make traveling more affordable by setting a budget, saving up for your trip in advance, and staying as close as possible to your spending plan while you are away.

SoFi Travel has teamed up with Expedia to bring even more to your one-stop finance app, helping you book reservations — for flights, hotels, car rentals, and more — all in one place. SoFi Members also have exclusive access to premium savings, with 10% or more off on select hotels. Plus, earn unlimited 3%** cash back rewards when you book with your SoFi Unlimited 2% Credit Card through SoFi Travel.

SoFi, your one-stop shop for travel.

**Terms, and conditions apply: The SoFi Travel Portal is operated by Expedia. To learn more about Expedia, click https://www.expediagroup.com/home/default.aspx.

When you use your SoFi Credit Card to make a purchase on the SoFi Travel Portal, you will earn a number of SoFi Member Rewards points equal to 3% of the total amount you spend on the SoFi Travel Portal. Members can save up to 10% or more on eligible bookings.


Eligibility: You must be a SoFi registered user.
You must agree to SoFi’s privacy consent agreement.
You must book the travel on SoFi’s Travel Portal reached directly through a link on the SoFi website or mobile application. Travel booked directly on Expedia's website or app, or any other site operated or powered by Expedia is not eligible.
You must pay using your SoFi Credit Card.

SoFi Member Rewards: All terms applicable to the use of SoFi Member Rewards apply. To learn more please see: https://www.sofi.com/rewards/ and Terms applicable to Member Rewards.


Additional Terms: Changes to your bookings will affect the Rewards balance for the purchase. Any canceled bookings or fraud will cause Rewards to be rescinded. Rewards can be delayed by up to 7 business days after a transaction posts on Members’ SoFi Credit Card ledger. SoFi reserves the right to withhold Rewards points for suspected fraud, misuse, or suspicious activities.
©2024 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender. NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC), (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).


SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2024 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.20% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/31/2024. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOCC0323049

Read more
Apr
19
2023
Overhead man on tablet

Guide to Understanding and Tracking Robo-Advisor Returns

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Guide to Understanding and Tracking Robo-Advisor Returns

Robo-advisors — which provide algorithm-generated portfolios to help individuals manage their money — can deliver a range of returns for investors, just like any investment. The fact that these platforms are automated doesn’t mean they provide predictable returns.

Robo-advisors are only automated in the sense that they use sophisticated technology to manage basic portfolios, typically composed of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or other low-cost investments.

The underlying funds in a robo portfolio are the same or similar to those that regular investors can purchase on their own, thus investors still need to consider the impact of gains and losses, taxes, and fees when thinking about returns.

How Robo-Advisors Help Investors

A robo-advisor is an automated, algorithm-based service that typically offers investors a questionnaire to assess their risk tolerance, time horizon, and investment goals. Based on the investor’s inputs, the automated platform suggests a portfolio that, ideally, matches the investor’s goals and preferences.

Robo-advisor algorithms typically employ some of the principles of modern portfolio theory (MPT) and other quantitative techniques that establish and manage a range of pre-set portfolio options. Investors generally have a choice between more aggressive or more conservative portfolio allocations, but they typically cannot alter the makeup of an automated portfolio (unless that’s a feature specifically offered by a certain platform).

The algorithms used by robo-advisors are often updated to reflect changes in the market, and most rebalance on a regular cadence (e.g. annually) to maintain the desired asset allocation.

Robo Advisor Tools

Robo-advisors may also offer tools to help investors make decisions about their finances. These can include portfolio analysis tools, risk tolerance assessment tools, and educational resources. Investors can use these tools to monitor their portfolios and make informed decisions.

Robo-advisors typically charge an advisory fee for their services, usually a percentage of the total portfolio value. However, the fees are generally much lower than those traditional financial advisors charge.

The goal of robo-advisors is to provide a low-cost and convenient investing option to a wide range of customers, including those who may not have the resources or desire to work with a human, financial advisor.

💡 Recommended: What Is Automated Investing?

Evaluating Robo-Advisor Performance

Evaluating the performance of a robo-advisor is critical for investors interested in using them to build wealth. Although some robo services claim to have proprietary algorithms based on investment theories developed by Nobel Prize-winning economists, these formulas simply inform the technology on the backend; they don’t guarantee a certain return or performance.

An investor should evaluate robo-advisor performance by considering its historic returns and other key metrics. By assessing the following metrics, investors can better understand the robo-advisor’s performance and how it aligns with their investment goals:

•   Cost: The annual cost to invest with a certain robo advisor is one of the most important factors influencing returns that investors can control.

Robo advisors are generally lower cost than, say, working with a live financial advisor. But automated services charge annual advisory fees, in addition to the expense ratios of the investments in the portfolio. Because fees eat into returns over time, it’s always important to know what the costs are up front.

•   Returns: It may be useful to compare the rate of return of a robo-advisor’s portfolios to those of relevant benchmarks. For instance, investors can look at the returns of their robo-advisor portfolio versus the S&P 500 Index returns. If the robo-advisor performs better than the S&P 500, it may indicate a well-run robo-advisor.

However, past performance is not predictive of future results, but it can provide a general idea of how the robo-advisor’s investments have performed over time.

•   Diversification: Evaluate the diversification of the robo-advisor’s portfolios within and across different asset classes. Portfolio diversification can help manage risk by spreading investments across different types of securities.

•   Rebalancing: Investigate how often and how the robo-advisor’s portfolios are rebalanced and how frequently the underlying investments are reviewed.

•   Customer Service: Check if the robo-advisor provides access to a human advisor or customer support, as this can be an important factor if you need help or have questions.

What Is the Average Robo-Advisor Return?

The average return for a robo-advisor portfolio can vary depending on several factors, such as the portfolio’s specific investments (i.e. its allocation), the robo-advisor’s investment strategy, and overall market conditions.

In general, robo-advisors tend to invest in low-cost index funds and ETFs, which often track the broader market. Therefore, a robo-advisor portfolio’s returns may be similar to a mix of comparable index funds minus any advisory fees charged by the robo-advisor, plus the fees of the underlying funds.

💡 Recommended: ETFs vs Index Funds: Differences and Similarities, Explained

Nonetheless, returns can vary widely depending on the robo-advisor and the portfolio. For example, as of December 31, 2022, the 5-year annualized trailing return for robo-advisors with portfolios with a 60/40 allocation ranged from 2.84% to 5.12%, according to The Robo Report by Condor Capital.

Robo-Advisor Returns

Below are the returns of some robo-advisors compiled by Condor Capital’s The Robo Report. The returns shown in the table are of portfolios with a 60% stock and 40% bond asset allocation, after fees, as of December 31, 2022. All returns for periods longer than one year are annualized.

Robo-Advisor 5-Year trailing returns
Acorns 3.04%
Ally Invest 3.29%
Axos Invest 4.18%
Betterment 3.24%
Charles Schwab 3.15%
E*Trade Core 3.47%
Ellevest 3.75%
Fidelity Go 4.49%
Merrill Edge Guided Investing 3.99%
Personal Capital 4.04%
SoFi 4.13%
Vanguard P.A.S. 4.06%
Wealthfront (Risk 4.0) 5.12%
Zacks Advantage 4.76%
Source: The Robo Report by Condor Capital Wealth Management, as of 12/31/22

Understanding Robo-Advisor Fees

Understanding the different kinds of investment fees associated with robo-advisors, and how they compare to other investment options is critical for investors.

Investment fees are often expressed as a tiny percentage, e.g. 0.25% or 0.50%. But over time fees eat into a portfolio’s returns, making it harder for investors to build wealth. Analyzing robo-advisor expenses will help investors to determine if the robo-advisor is a cost-effective solution for their investment needs.

Note that all investment costs should be spelled out clearly for the investor.

•   Advisory Fees: This is the fee charged by the robo-advisor for managing the investor’s portfolio. It is typically a percentage of a portfolio’s assets under management and many robo-advisors charge less than 0.50%. Some robo-advisors offer fee-free options to their clients.

•   Expense Ratios: An expense ratio is the fee charged by the underlying funds in the portfolio, such as ETFs. It is expressed as a percentage, ranging from 0.05% to 0.50% or more. Some robo-advisors include low-cost ETFs with expense ratios under 0.10%.

•   Account Minimums: Some robo-advisors may have minimum account balance requirements. A minimum account balance means investors must deposit a certain amount to open an account, which can be a headwind to opening an account if the investor starts with a small amount of capital.

•   Commissions: Some robo-advisors charge a commission when buying or selling securities, while others do not.

•   Other Fees: Some robo-advisors may charge additional fees for services such as tax-loss harvesting or closing an account.

Pros and Cons of Robo-Advisors

Robo-advisors are often appealing to many investors because of their hands-off nature. However, as with any financial product or service, there are pros and cons to using a robo-advisor.

Pros and Cons of Robo-Advisors
Pros

 Cons
Relatively low cost Limited personalization
Convenient, and easy to use Limited or no access to personal advice
Diversification Fewer investment options
Automatic rebalancing Minimum balance requirements can limit access to certain features

The pros of using robo-advisors include the following:

•   Low cost: Robo-advisors typically have lower fees than traditional financial advisors, making them an attractive option for people who want to invest but avoid paying high fees. Some robo-advisors charge as little as 0.25% of assets under management, while traditional financial advisors may charge 1% or more. This can make a significant difference over time, especially for people with smaller portfolios.

•   Convenience: Robo-advisors are available 24/7 and can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection, which makes it easy for people to manage their investments. This convenience can be especially beneficial for people with limited time to manage their investments.

•   Diversification: Robo-advisors use algorithms to create diversified portfolios with a mix of different index funds and ETFs in various asset classes, which can help investors reduce risk and improve returns.

The cons of using robo-advisors include the following:

•   Limited personalization: Robo-advisors use algorithms to create portfolios, which may not take into account an individual’s unique financial situation or goals. A lack of personalization can be a problem for people with complex financial situations or who have specific investment goals that a robo-advisor may be unable to accommodate.

•   Insufficient access to human advice: Investors may prefer to speak with a human advisor for financial advice and guidance. While some robo-advisors provide access to a financial advisor to help investors, these services can be limited or dependent on a minimum balance. As such they may not meet the needs of some users.

•   Fewer investment options: Some robo-advisors may have limited investment options compared to traditional financial advisors or a self-directed brokerage account. For instance, robo-advisors tend to invest in ETFs rather than individual stocks. If an investor wants to put money into a specific stock or asset, they may want to open a self-directed brokerage account in addition to a robo-advisor portfolio.

Want to start investing?

Our robo-advisor service can offer a portfolio to suit
your needs and risk level – with no SoFi advisory fees!

Can Investors Lose Money With Robo-Advisors?

As with any investment, investors can lose their money with robo-advisors.

There are some precautions that investors can consider when weighing different robo-advisors. The industry is still growing, and computer-generated financial advice may not meet all their needs. In addition, face-to-face meetings can help consumers better understand their financial profile and investment risks.

Also, if a robo-advisor shuts down, consumers may be forced to sell or accept a possibly unrelated replacement service.

Why Do People Use Robo-Advisors?

People use robo-advisors because they are often cheaper than traditional financial advisors, provide a more objective approach to financial decision-making, and offer greater convenience when managing investments.

Investors who are comfortable with the underlying technology that these services use may appreciate having certain investment chores automated for them.

For example, some robo-advisors will automatically rebalance the portfolio according to the investors’ risk tolerance, and investment goals. This ease of rebalancing can help investors maintain their desired risk level and ensure that their portfolio stays aligned with their investment goals.

Additionally, some robo-advisors use automated tax-loss harvesting to help investors minimize their tax liability. Tax-loss harvesting is a technique that involves selling investments that have lost value to offset capital gains from other investments, which can help reduce the amount of taxes you owe. SoFi does not offer automated tax-loss harvesting.

Investing With SoFi

Robo-advisors are a relatively new type of investment service that use algorithms and technology to create and manage portfolios for investors. In recent years, robo-advisors have become increasingly popular as more and more people look for low-cost, convenient ways to invest their money. This has lowered the barrier to entry for many individuals, including younger people, to start investing.

If you’re interested in using a robo-advisor to help you build your portfolio, SoFi can help. With SoFi Invest® automated investing, we recommend a portfolio of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) for you based on your goals and risk tolerance. We’ll rebalance your investments regularly, so your money is always invested how you want it to be. And SoFi doesn’t charge an advisory fee.

See why SoFi is this year’s top-ranked robo advisor.

FAQ

Do robo-advisors work?

Robo-advisors can be effective tools to help people manage their money and achieve their financial goals. Robo-advisors are generally cheaper and more convenient than traditional human financial advisors. However, it is important to research each robo-advisor to insure it is the best fit for your needs, and that you’re comfortable with what a robo platform can and cannot do.

What are the differences between a robo-advisor and a financial advisor?

Robo-advisors are usually less expensive than financial advisors. Robo-advisors typically have lower advisory fees and minimum deposit requirements, while financial advisors often require a minimum deposit and charge a percentage of the assets they manage. Another difference is that robo-advisors provide automated and algorithm-based advice, while financial advisors provide personalized advice and guidance tailored to individual needs and goals.

Are robo-advisors good for retirees?

Robo-advisors can be a good option for some retirees because they can provide a low-cost, automated way to manage investments. However, if a retiree wants more personalized advice or help with tax and estate planning, there may be better options than a robo-advisor.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.


Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by email customer service at https://sofi.app.link/investchat. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.
Shares of ETFs must be bought and sold at market price, which can vary significantly from the Fund’s net asset value (NAV). Investment returns are subject to market volatility and shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of an ETF will not protect against loss. An ETF may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.
Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOIN0423020

Read more
Apr
18
2023
man on laptop with latte

How to Compare Robo Investing Fees

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on How to Compare Robo Investing Fees

Robo-advisor services are known for offering lower fees than traditional brokerages, but the cost of investing with an automated platform also includes underlying expenses investors need to consider. In addition, different robo platforms may charge different fees.

Robo-advisors are computer algorithms that generate automated portfolios for consumers. Robo-advisor fees are listed as a percentage of the assets under management, but also include the expense ratios of the funds in the portfolio, as well as any brokerage fees.

Typical management fees range between about 0.20% to 0.30% annually, and investment costs add on roughly another 10 to 50 basis points. The amount of money an investor puts into the robo-advisor, or the minimum balance, also often dictates how much the fee rate is.

Understanding How

Here’s how robo-advisors work: While the term robo-advisor can mean different things depending on the company that offers the service, investors usually fill out an online questionnaire about their financial goals, risk tolerance, and investment time frames.

On the back end, a computer algorithm then recommends a portfolio of different securities based on those parameters. The portfolio is pre-set, typically with an allocation that’s either more aggressive or more conservative based on the person’s preferences.

A portfolio for someone nearing retirement age would typically have a different allocation versus a portfolio for someone in their 20s, for example. Depending on these details, the service might automatically rebalance the portfolio over time, execute trades, and may even conduct tax-loss harvesting. SoFi’s automated portfolio does offer automatic rebalancing, but not automatic tax-loss harvesting.

First launched in 2008 or 2009, the robo-advisor industry has expanded rapidly in the last 15 years. Assets under management in the U.S. robo-advisor market are projected to reach about $2.76 trillion in 2023, according to Statista (estimates vary). For comparison, the asset-management industry as a whole has $90 trillion.

How Robo-Advisor Fees Work

Robo-advisor fees are calculated using the expense ratios of the underlying funds, and the percentage of assets subtracted each year for costs associated with managing the investment.

In recent years, expense ratios in the asset-management world have been pressured lower as cheaper index-tracking competitors have flooded the market. That’s arguably a benefit of ETFs that some investors have experienced.

Today’s robo-advisor platforms generally charge management fees of 0.25% on an annual basis, which is typical for the industry. But investors will encounter a wide range of fees from robo advisors, owing to the investments used by that company to build their portfolio offerings.

Expense ratios can range from a few basis points to half a percentage point on top of the management fee.

Minimum balance requirements, as well as additional features like automated rebalancing or access to a live advisor, can also play into the cost you’re going to pay.

💡 Recommended: What Are ETFs and How Do They Work?

Other Factors to Consider About Robo-Advisors

When picking a robo-advisor, investors can consider several factors like minimum balance, historical performance returns, as well as benefits such as automated rebalancing, and access to a human advisor (which is typically limited on these platforms, or depending on how much money you’ve invested).

In addition to the management fees, some robo-advisors typically charge a brokerage and a set-up fee as well. The ETFs within each portfolio have their own expense ratios that add to the cost of investing.

Tax implications may also be a consideration. Some robo platforms offer automatic tax-loss harvesting, which may help a portfolio to be more tax efficient.

Why Are Robo-Advisor Minimum Balances Important?

Minimum balances are important in the asset-management industry because they can be the gate-keeper to individuals who want to entrust money with a financial advisor. Traditional asset management firms often have large minimum balance requirements for clients. At the high end, private wealth managers could require minimums of $5 million.

The reason being that traditional wealth management advisors offer their clients a well-coordinated team of professionals (e.g. tax accountants, estate planners, and so on).

The opposite is true of automated platforms. Robo advisors rely on an algorithm, charge lower fees and have lower minimums, but they provide few, or very limited additional services other than the automated porfolio itself.

The lower minimum balances of robo-advisors have opened the door for newer or younger investors who may not have yet grown their investable assets, and whose financial needs may not be complex.

The minimum balances are also intrinsically tied to how robo-advisors make money, since the annual management fees is a percentage taken from an investor’s assets under management. The automated portfolio, which is usually made up of low-cost index funds an ETFs, also includes the expenses of those underlying funds.

Robo-Advisor Fee Comparison

Here are the fees and tiered fee structures of some robo-advisors compiled from the fourth-quarter 2022 edition of Backend Benchmarking’s Robo Report, which has been cited by numerous business publications. All data as of 12/31/22.

Robo-Advisor Advisory Fees
(does not include expense ratio of underlying funds or other costs)		 Minimum Balance
Acorns $3/month for Personal
$5/month for Personal Plus		 No minimum
Ally Financial 0.30% annually; no management fee for cash-enhanced portfolio $100
Axos Invest 0.24% $500
Betterment $4/month or 0.25% annually for $20,000 on deposit (or $250 monthly deposits); 0.40% for premium Digital: no minimum; Premium: $100,000
E*Trade Core 0.30% annually $500
Ellevest $5 or $9/month based on tier level Digital: no minimum; Private Client: $1 million
Fidelity Go no fee for balances less than $25,000; 0.35% for balances $25,000 and above $10 minimum; access to live advisory services: $25,000 min.
FutureAdvisor 0.50% $5,000
Personal Capital 0.89%; tiered pricing at higher asset levels $100,000
Schwab Intelligent Portfolios: No fee (digital only); Intelligent Portfolios Premium: $300 initial planning fee, $30/month subscription Intelligent Portfolios: $5,000; Intelligent Portfolios Premium: $25,000
SigFig No fee for first $10,000; 0.25% annually for balance over $10,000 $2,000
SoFi No advisory fee $1
TD Ameritrade Automated Investing: 0.30% plus minimum account fee of $75/year. Automated Investing Plus: 0.60% plus minimum account fee of $250/year Automated Investing: $5,000; Automated Investing Plus: $25,000
Titan Invest 1% annually for $10,000 or more; $5 monthly for $10,000 or less $100 for Titan Flagship; $10,000 for Titan Opportunities and Titan Offshore
USBank Automated Investor 0.24% $1,000
Vanguard Digital Advisor 0.20% annually [includes underlying fund fees and management fees] $3,000
Wealthfront 0.25% annually $500 [some portfolio features may require a higher minimum]
WellsFargo 0.35% [discounted pricing may be available] $500
Zacks Advantage 0.70%; discounted tiered pricing with higher deposits $25,000

Source: Backend Benchmarking

Want to start investing?

Our robo-advisor service can offer a portfolio to suit
your needs and risk level – with no SoFi advisory fees!

Robo-Investing For High-Net-Worth Individuals

The table above shows several examples of tiered fee structures where robo-advisors have higher minimums. Such robo-advisors may be targeting high-net-worth individuals (HNWI), or investors who have a liquid net worth of $1 million or more.

Traditionally, HWNI have been targeted by private wealth managers but robo-advisors have also marketed to them, particularly millennial HNWI. Robo-advisors can be an automated alternative to the face-to-face tailored financial advice and planning that private wealth managers typically offer to such consumers.

The Takeaway

Robo-advisors are famous for their rock-bottom fees. However, investors will find that there’s actually a wide range in costs and how robo-advisors charge for their services. The minimum balances investors are required to make can determine what sort of fees investors pay. Many robo platforms offer tiered pricing, depending on how much money is on deposit.

Investors will also pay additional fees for the cost of investing in ETFs and a potential set-up payment. Investors often pay extra for services such as portfolio rebalancing, tax-loss harvesting and educational opportunities.

Both experienced and novice investors can try robo-advising, and automated platforms may support a range of short- or long-term goals. SoFi Invest offers both active investing and automated investing options.

See why SoFi is this year’s top-ranked robo advisor.

Advisory services provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment advisor.
SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by email customer service at https://sofi.app.link/investchat. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.
Shares of ETFs must be bought and sold at market price, which can vary significantly from the Fund’s net asset value (NAV). Investment returns are subject to market volatility and shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of an ETF will not protect against loss. An ETF may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Fund Fees
If you invest in Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) through SoFi Invest (either by buying them yourself or via investing in SoFi Invest’s automated investments, formerly SoFi Wealth), these funds will have their own management fees. These fees are not paid directly by you, but rather by the fund itself. these fees do reduce the fund’s returns. Check out each fund’s prospectus for details. SoFi Invest does not receive sales commissions, 12b-1 fees, or other fees from ETFs for investing such funds on behalf of advisory clients, though if SoFi Invest creates its own funds, it could earn management fees there.
SoFi Invest may waive all, or part of any of these fees, permanently or for a period of time, at its sole discretion for any reason. Fees are subject to change at any time. The current fee schedule will always be available in your Account Documents section of SoFi Invest.

SOIN0323033U

Read more
Apr
18
2023

Improving Your Relationship With Money

By | Budgeting & Goals, Financial Independence, Money & Life | Comments Off on Improving Your Relationship With Money

It might seem strange to think about having a relationship with money. But it makes sense when you consider that everyone has feelings about money and those feelings can deeply impact our financial behavior.

Your parents, friends, and life experiences have likely helped you develop different perceptions and biases about money. Those attitudes can influence the financial decisions — both large and small — that you make throughout your life. These decisions, in turn, can have a significant impact on your financial health.

When you have a healthy relationship with money, you feel confident, in control, and satisfied with your financial situation. An unhealthy relationship with money, on the other hand, can lead to avoidance, impulsiveness, anxiety, and increased levels of stress. Indeed, research shows that money is a top cause of stress for many Americans. In a February 2022 study from the American Psychological Association (APA) , 65 percent of respondents said money is a significant source of stress, up from 57 percent in February 2021. Worries about money can lead to, or worsen, depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues.

Exploring and understanding your relationship with money can be the first step to improving that relationship and enhancing your financial (and overall) well-being.

Why the Psychology of Money Matters

It’s almost impossible to separate money and emotions. Those feelings may come from the way we grew up and what our parents showed us and told us about money. Or they may come from what we’ve learned about money over the years. Regardless of their roots, negative emotions — like fear, guilt, jealousy and shame — can get in the way of making smart financial decisions. Some examples of how this can play out:

•   The market plummets and fear tells you to get out — which is likely the opposite of what up should do.

•   You’re living paycheck to paycheck but guilt tells you that you should take the kids on vacation anyway.

•   You’ve racked up a lot of credit card debt but feel so ashamed about overspending, you freeze up and avoid your finances altogether.

•   A friend posts photos of their beautifully decorated home on social media and jealousy prompts you to buy furniture you can’t afford.

Emotions aren’t necessarily bad, however. Positive emotions, such as gratitude, serenity, and compassion, can inform our financial habits and decisions in positive ways. Feeling grateful for the money we earn can help us establish a disciplined savings plan. A sense of responsibility and optimism helps motivate long-term financial planning.

The more you understand how emotions impact your relationship with money, generally the easier it is to manage your wealth to achieve your goals.

Recommended: The Future of Financial Well-Being in the Workplace

Finding Your Money Personality Type

Money management habits tend to fall into five financial personality types. Your money “type” can impact your relationship with money and the decisions you make about how to spend, save, and invest it. Often, we fall into a combination of types and not just one. You may find you identify with one or more of these money mindsets.

The Spender

Spenders have no qualms about buying things. They like spending money on material items and experiences that bring them joy, whether it’s the latest iPhone or a vacation in Hawaii.

Spenders are generous with their friends and likely to support charitable causes. However, they often make spontaneous spending decisions and tend to live beyond their means. Many spenders are also investors and aren’t afraid of a risky portfolio.

Potential pitfalls: If you spend everything you make, you can end up going broke. Also, if you spend impulsively (rather than plan your purchases), your spending may not line up with what you truly value.

The Saver

Unlike spenders, savers don’t like to part with money. They continually sock away their paychecks, sometimes with no actual goal in mind. Saving simply makes them feel more secure in life.

Savers don’t keep up with the latest trends and will happily shop around, comparing prices to find the best deal. They will often drive used cars, pay their credit card balance in full each month, and watch their bank accounts grow. Savers tend to be conservative investors.

Potential pitfalls: If you save everything you make, you’re going to miss out on a lot of experiences that can bring happiness and purpose to your life. You could possibly live your whole life without spending much of what you’ve worked so hard to save.

The Avoider

Avoiders don’t like to deal with finances and don’t spend much time thinking about money. It isn’t because they don’t care about money — their head-in-the-sand approach to finance often stems from anxiety about money or a feeling that they don’t deserve to have money.

Avoiders will generally ignore their accounts so that they don’t have to think about money. They tend to let bills pile up and have difficulty making money decisions. Just the idea of going through their financial statements and budgeting makes them feel uneasy.

Potential pitfalls: That lack of attention can result in overdrawn accounts, late payments, and racked-up debt. Avoidance may also mean missed long-term opportunities such as not signing up for a 401(k) match.

The Gambler

These folks are willing to make giant leaps of faith with their money, whether it’s investing in crypto or spending more than they can afford on a home (because it’s bound to go up in value). The thrill of risk and the promise of reward bring them pleasure.

Gamblers also tend to be instinct-driven and don’t pay much attention to sound financial advice. Their risk-taking doesn’t necessarily come from a place of irresponsibility but rather strong gut feelings and a sense of optimism that everything — including their finances — will turn out fine in the long run.

Potential pitfalls: Gamblers are willing to lose it all – and they just may, which can be a huge problem if they are the primary earner in a household. They may also compensate for losses by borrowing against their retirement money or children’s college fund.

The Risk Averse

Unlike gamblers, risk-averse people prize security, financial stability, and planning. Fear of losing money or that they are not doing a good enough job managing their money is at the heart of this money type. A volatile stock market stresses them out, and they’ll spend hours finding the source of a $1.90 error on their bank statement. Above all, the risk-averse wants to be in control.

This group is usually very organized about money, which serves them well. They also tend to prefer safe investments and will be thorough in their research prior to investing.

Potential pitfalls: A more conservative, risk-averse approach can hold you back from worthwhile opportunities to grow your money. Problems can arise if you are too risk-averse to make sound long-term investments.

6 Ways to Improve Your Relationship with Money

Like all relationships, cultivating a good relationship with money takes time and effort. Below are six tips that can help you build a better relationship with money and feel more satisfied — and less stressed — about your financial situation.

1. Examine Your Behaviors

Take a look at your money patterns in the past few months to a year. Are you spending more than you are taking in each month? Have you been making impulsive purchases or investment decisions? Are you avoiding financial decisions, such as how much to contribute to your retirement account?

If you’re unsure what your patterns look like, you may want to track your spending for a few months to get an idea of what money is coming in and going out of your accounts. An easy way to do this is to link your accounts to a budget planning or money tracker app, such as SoFi. These tools automatically categorize your spending and provide a bird’s eye view of your finances. This can help you quickly spot trends in your financial behavior.

Recommended: Are you financially healthy? Take this 2 minute quiz.💊

2. Consider How Emotions Have Impacted Your Financial Decisions

For many people, emotions surrounding money are most acute when they are faced with a big financial decision. It might be when you’re buying a home or making another major purchase, such as a car, or when choosing how to invest your money.

Think back to what emotions you’ve felt while making important financial decisions. Were you focused on what you wanted when you made a large recent purchase, as opposed to what you actually needed? Did your decision line up with your long-term financial goals? Were you gambling on the next big investment trend hoping for a huge reward?

If you see that your emotions are causing you to make poor choices, consider how you can work through those emotions in future scenarios.

3. Set Some Financial Goals

One of the best ways to manage your relationship with money is to know what you want to accomplish financially. If you aren’t working towards anything specific, you may spend more than you should, or the opposite — never reap the rewards of your hard work.

Keep in mind that you can have multiple financial goals with different timelines. Consider where you’d like your finances to be in one year, three to five years, and 10 or more years. Here are some examples of goals you might set:

•   Short-term: Building an emergency fund, buying a new car, or going on vacation

•   Mid-term: Paying off credit card and student debt or putting a downpayment on a home

•   Long-term: Saving for a child’s education or growing your nest egg with retirement planning

Once you’ve come up with a list of achievable and measurable goals, you’ll want to create an action plan to make them happen. This could mean cutting cable to save extra monthly cash, setting up a recurring monthly transfer from your checking to your savings account, and/or contributing more to your 401(k).

4. Communicate with Your Partner

Talking honestly and positively about finances with your significant other can help you have a healthier relationship with that person and also with money. Sharing how you feel about money and the attitudes you learned from your own family can help you and your partner understand each other better.

To get started, you may want to sit down together and talk about what money means to you, what your parents taught you about money, what you want to accomplish with it, and what your fears about money are. Having an understanding of your partner’s beliefs and perceptions can help you avoid conflict and set the stage for healthy discussions about your joint finances. You and your partner can then work together towards shared goals.

You may also want to set up a weekly or monthly money meeting with your partner to go over current challenges and anticipate future needs

5. Talk to a Financial Planner

Working with a professional can be an effective way to take emotions out of your financial decision-making. A financial planner will generally assess your current financial situation, then work with you to develop an individualized financial plan. They can help you set and work towards long-term financial goals, create a budget, build wealth through an investment portfolio, and put protections in place to help secure your future.

6. Review What Resources Your Employer Might Offer

Many companies now offer a range of financial wellness tools and resources that workers can use to strengthen their finances and make sure they’re on the right path for long-term goals. These benefits might include help with student loan repayment, a 401(k) with employer matching, and access to free financial planning and coaching.

If you work for a company that has a benefits portal, that can be a good place to start to see what’s open to you. Ideally, you don’t want to leave anything (money or support) on the table.

The Takeaway

Everyone feels emotions about money. Exploring and understanding your relationship with money can help you take steps to overcome emotional obstacles, reduce money stress, and build a more secure financial future.

Sofi at Work offers a variety of financial wellness and financial education resources to help employees make objective decisions about money and build a positive foundation for financial success.

Photo credit: iStock/stockfour

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Products available from SoFi on the Dashboard may vary depending on your employer preferences.

SoFi Relay offers users the ability to connect both SoFi accounts and external accounts using Plaid, Inc.’s service. When you use the service to connect an account, you authorize SoFi to obtain account information from any external accounts as set forth in SoFi’s Terms of Use. Based on your consent SoFi will also automatically provide some financial data received from the credit bureau for your visibility, without the need of you connecting additional accounts. SoFi assumes no responsibility for the timeliness, accuracy, deletion, non-delivery, or failure to store any user data, loss of user data, communications, or personalization settings. You shall confirm the accuracy of Plaid data through sources independent of SoFi. The credit score is a VantageScore® based on TransUnion® (the “Processing Agent”) data.

Advisory tools and services are offered through SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. 234 1st Street San Francisco, CA 94105.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans, Personal Loans, Private Student Loans, and Mortgage Loans are originated through SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC), (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org ). The Student Debt Navigator Tool and 529 Savings and Selection Tool are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. 2750 E. Cottonwood Parkway #300 Cottonwood Heights, UT 84121. ©2024 Social Finance, LLC. All rights reserved. Information as of April 2024 and is subject to change.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOBD0423001

Read more

CATEGORIES

  • All
  • No categories
Close modal

See what SoFi can do for you and your finances.

Select a product below and get your rate in just minutes.

Student Loan
Refinancing

Personal
Loans

Online
Investments

Other

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. To qualify, a borrower must be a U.S. citizen or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., and meet SoFi's underwriting requirements. Not all borrowers receive the lowest rate. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. If approved, your actual rate will be within the range of rates at the time of application and will depend on a variety of factors, including term of loan, evaluation of your creditworthiness, income, and other factors. If SoFi is unable to offer you a loan but matches you for a loan with a participating bank, then your rate may be outside the range of rates listed above. Rates and Terms are subject to change at any time without notice. SoFi Personal Loans can be used for any lawful personal, family, or household purposes and may not be used for post-secondary education expenses. Minimum loan amount is $5,000. The average of SoFi Personal Loans funded in 2023 was around $33K. Information current as of 2/26/24. SoFi Personal Loans originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). See SoFi.com/legal for state-specific license details. See SoFi.com/eligibility for details and state restrictions.

✝ To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

©2024 Social Finance, LLC All rights reserved.
TLS 1.2 Encrypted
Equal Housing Lender