The debt-to-equity ratio (D/E) is one of many financial metrics that helps investors determine potential risks when looking to invest in certain stocks.
Companies also use debt, also known as leverage, to help them accomplish business goals and finance operating costs. Calculating a company’s debt-to-income ratio requires a relatively simple formula investors can use on their own or with a spreadsheet.
Key Points
• The debt-to-equity ratio (D/E) is a financial metric that compares a company’s total liabilities to its shareholder equity, indicating its reliance on debt for financing.
• Calculating the D/E ratio involves dividing total liabilities by shareholder equity, with the resulting figure helping investors assess potential risks associated with a company’s financial structure.
• A high D/E ratio may suggest a company is overleveraged, making it riskier for investors, while a low ratio could indicate underutilization of debt for growth opportunities.
• Different industries have varying acceptable D/E ratios, with capital-intensive sectors often operating with higher ratios due to their borrowing needs for growth.
• The D/E ratio is just one of many indicators investors should consider, as it should be contextualized within industry standards and accompanied by a broader analysis of a company’s financial health.
What Is the Debt-to-Equity Ratio?
The debt-to-equity ratio is one of several metrics that investors can use to evaluate individual stocks. At its simplest, the debt-to-equity ratio is a quick way to assess a company’s total liabilities vs. total shareholder equity, to gauge the company’s reliance on debt.
In other words, the D/E ratio compares a company’s equity — how much value is locked up in its shares — to its debts. Among other things, knowing this figure can help investors gauge a company’s ability to cover its debts. For example, if a company were to liquidate its assets, would it be able to cover its debt? How much money would be left over for shareholders?
Investors often use the debt-to-equity ratio to determine how much risk a company has taken on, and in return, how risky it may be to invest in that company. After all, if a company goes under and can’t cover its debts, its shares could wind up worthless.
💡 Quick Tip: When people talk about investment risk, they mean the risk of losing money. Some investments are higher risk, some are lower. Be sure to bear this in mind when investing online.
What Is Leverage?
To understand the debt-to-equity ratio, it’s helpful to understand the concept of leverage. A business has two options when it comes to paying for operating costs: It can either use equity, or it can use debt, a.k.a. leverage.
The company can use the funds they borrow to buy equipment, inventory, or other assets — or to fund new projects or acquisitions. The money can also serve as working capital in cyclical businesses during the periods when cash flow is low.
While it’s potentially risky to use leverage — a company might have to declare bankruptcy if it can’t pay its debt — borrowed funds can also help a company grow beyond the limitation of its equity at critical junctures.
The term “leverage” reflects the hope that the company will be able to use a relatively small amount of debt to boost its growth and earnings. Wise use of debt can help companies build a good reputation with creditors, which, in turn, will allow them to borrow more money for potential future growth.
Understanding Different Types of Debt
Not all debt is considered equally risky, however, and investors may want to consider a company’s long-term versus short-term liabilities. Generally speaking, short-term liabilities (e.g. accounts payable, wages, etc.) that would be paid within a year are considered less risky.
A company’s ability to cover its long-term obligations is more uncertain, and is subject to a variety of factors including interest rates (more on that below).
The Debt-to-Equity Ratio Formula
Calculating the debt-to-equity ratio is fairly straightforward. You can find the numbers you need on a listed company’s balance sheet.
To calculate the D/E ratio, take the company’s total liabilities and divide it by shareholder equity. Here’s what the debt to equity ratio formula looks like:
D/E = Total Liabilities / Shareholder Equity
How to Calculate the Debt-to-Equity Ratio
In order to calculate the debt-to-equity ratio, you need to understand both components.
Total Liabilities
This component includes a company’s current and long-term liabilities. Current liabilities are the debts that a company will typically pay off within the year, including accounts payable. Long-term liabilities are debts whose maturity extends longer than a year. Think mortgages on buildings or long-term leases.
Equity
The equity component includes two portions: shareholder equity and retained earnings. Shareholder equity is the money investors have paid in exchange for shares of the company stock. Retained earnings are profits that the company holds onto that aren’t paid out in the form of dividends to shareholders.
Excel Formula for Debt-to-Equity Ratio
Using excel or another spreadsheet to calculate the D/E is relatively straightforward. First, using the company balance sheet, pull the total debt amount and the total shareholder equity amount, and enter these numbers into adjacent cells (e.g. E2 and E3).
Then, in cell E4 enter the formula “=E2/E3”, and this will give you the D/E ratio.
Debt-to-Equity Example
To look at a simple example of a debt to equity formula, consider a company with total liabilities worth $100 million dollars and equity worth $85 million. Divide $100 million by $85 million and you’ll see that the company’s debt-to-equity ratio would be about 1.18. In other words, the company has $1.18 in debt for every dollar of equity.
When using a real-world debt to equity ratio formula, you’ll probably be able to find figures for both total liabilities and shareholder equity on a company’s balance sheet. Publicly traded companies will usually share their balance sheet along with their regular filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Putting the D/E in Context
Remember that arriving at this ratio is just that: a single number that reveals a certain aspect of a company’s potential performance, but doesn’t tell the whole story. It’s essential to compare a company’s D/E ratio to that of other companies in its industry.
In addition, there are many other ways to assess a company’s fundamentals and performance — by using fundamental analysis and technical indicators. Experienced investors rarely rely on one measure to evaluate a stock.
What Is a Good Debt-to-Equity Ratio?
Once you’ve calculated a debt-to-equity ratio, how do you know whether that number is good or bad?
As a general rule of thumb, a good debt-to-equity ratio will equal about 1.0. However, the acceptable rate can vary by industry, and may depend on the overall economy. A higher debt-to-income ratio could be more risky in an economic downturn, for example, than during a boom.
Recommended: Investing During a Recession
For example, if a company, such as a manufacturer, requires a lot of capital to operate, it may need to take on a lot of debt to finance its operations. A company like this may have a debt equity ratio of about 2.0 or more.
Other companies that might have higher ratios include those that face little competition and have strong market positions, and regulated companies, like utilities, that investors consider relatively low risk.
Companies that don’t need a lot of debt to operate may have debt-to-equity ratios below 1.0. For example, the service industry requires relatively little capital.
Modifying Debt-to-Equity Ratio
As noted above, it’s also important to know which type of liabilities you’re concerned about — longer-term debt vs. short-term debt — so that you plug the right numbers into the formula.
For example, if you have two companies, each with $2.5 million in shareholder equity, and $2.5 million in debt, their D/E ratios would be the same: 1.0.
But let’s say Company A has $2 million in long-term liabilities, and $500,000 in short-term liabilities, whereas Company B has $1.5 million in long-term debt and $1 million in short term debt. The long-term D/E ratio for Company A would be 0.8 vs. 0.6 for company B, indicating a higher risk level.
Depending on the industry they were in and the D/E ratio of competitors, this may or may not be a significant difference, but it’s an important perspective to keep in mind.
What Does a Company’s Debt-to-Equity Ratio Say About It?
A debt-to-equity-ratio that’s high compared to others in a company’s given industry may indicate that that company is overleveraged and in a precarious position. Investors may want to shy away from companies that are overloaded on debt.
Not only that, companies with a high debt-to-equity ratio may have a hard time working with other lenders, partners, or even suppliers, who may be afraid they won’t be paid back.
In some cases, creditors limit the debt-to-equity ratio a company can have as part of their lending agreement. Such an agreement prevents the borrower from taking on too much new debt, which could limit the original creditor’s ability to collect.
It is possible that the debt-to-equity ratio may be considered too low, as well, which is an indicator that a company is relying too heavily on its own equity to fund operations. In that case, investors may worry that the company isn’t taking advantage of potential growth opportunities.
Ultimately, businesses must strike an appropriate balance within their industry between financing with debt and financing with equity.
What Does It Mean for a Debt-to-Equity Ratio to Be Negative?
There could be several reasons for a negative debt-to-equity ratio, including:
• Interest rates are higher than the returns
• A negative net worth (more liabilities than assets)
• A financial loss after a large dividend payout
• Dividend payments that surpass investor’s equity in the firm
So, what does this mean for investors?
Negative D/E ratios may tell investors that the company indicates investment risk and shows that the company is not financially stable. Therefore, investing in such a company may result in a loss for investors.
💡 Quick Tip: Distributing your money across a range of assets — also known as diversification — can be beneficial for long-term investors. When you put your eggs in many baskets, it may be beneficial if a single asset class goes down.
Which Industries Have High Debt-to-Equity Ratios?
The depository industry (banks and lenders) may have high debt-to-equity ratios. Because banks borrow funds to loan money to consumers, financial institutions usually have higher debt-to-equity ratios than other industries.
Other industries with high debt-to-equity ratios include:
• Non-depository credit institutions
• Insurance providers
• Hotels, rooming houses, camps, and other lodging places
• Transportation by air
• Railroad transportation
Effect of Debt-to-Equity Ratio on Stock Price
The debt-to-equity ratio can clue investors in on how stock prices may move. As a measure of leverage, debt-to-equity can show how aggressively a company is using debt to fund its growth.
The interest rates on business loans can be relatively low, and are tax deductible. That makes debt an attractive way to fund business, especially compared to the potential returns from the stock market, which can be volatile. And sometimes an aggressive strategy can pay off.
For example, if a company takes on a lot of debt and then grows very quickly, its earnings could rise quickly as well. If earnings outstrip the cost of the debt, which includes interest payments, a company’s shareholders can benefit and stock prices may go up.
The opposite may also be true. A highly leveraged company could have high business risk. If earnings don’t outpace the debt’s cost, then shareholders may lose and stock prices may fall.
Having to make high debt payments can leave companies with less cash on hand to pay for growth, which can also hurt the company and shareholders. And a high debt-to-equity ratio can limit a company’s access to borrowing, which could limit its ability to grow.
Recommended: What Every Investor Should Know About Risk
Debt-to-Equity (D/E) Ratio vs the Gearing Ratio
The debt-to-equity ratio belongs to a family of ratios that investors can use to help them evaluate companies. These ratios are collectively known as gearing ratios.
Here’s a quick look at other gearing ratios you may encounter:
Equity Ratio
This ratio compares a company’s equity to its assets, showing how much of the company’s assets are funded by equity.
Debt Ratio
This looks at the total liabilities of a company in comparison to its total assets. On the surface, this may sound like the debt ratio formula is the same as the debt-to-equity ratio formula. However, the total debt ratio formula includes short-term assets and liabilities as part of the equation, which the debt-to-equity ratio discounts. Also, this ratio looks specifically at how much of a company’s assets are financed with debt.
Time Interest Earned
This ratio helps indicate whether a company has the ability to make interest payments on its debt, dividing earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) by total interest. Most of the information needed to calculate these ratios appears on a company’s balance sheet, save for EBIT, which appears on its profit and loss statement.
How Businesses Use Debt-to-Equity Ratios
Businesses pay as much attention to debt-to-equity as individual investors. For example, if a company wants to take on new credit, they would likely want their debt-to-equity ratio to be favorable.
Banks and other lenders keep tabs on what healthy debt-to-equity ratios look like in a given industry. A debt-to-equity ratio that seems too high, especially compared to a company’s peers, might signal to potential lenders that the company isn’t in a good position to repay the debt.
Publicly traded companies that are in the midst of repurchasing stock may also want to control their debt-to-equity ratio. That’s because share buybacks are usually counted as risk, since they reduce the value of stockholder equity. As a result the equity side of the equation looks smaller and the debt side appears bigger.
How Can the Debt-to-Equity Ratio Be Used to Measure a Company’s Risk?
While acceptable D/E ratios vary by industry, investors can still use this ratio to identify companies in which they want to invest. First, however, it’s essential to understand the scope of the industry to fully grasp how the debt-to-equity ratio plays a role in assessing the company’s risk.
Many companies borrow money to maintain business operations — making it a typical practice for many businesses. For companies with steady and consistent cash flow, repaying debt happens rapidly. Also, because they repay debt quickly, these businesses will likely have solid credit, which allows them to borrow inexpensively from lenders.
Therefore, even if such companies have high debt-to-equity ratios, it doesn’t necessarily mean they are risky. For example, companies in the utility industry must borrow large sums of cash to purchase costly assets to maintain business operations. However, since they have high cash flows, paying off debt happens quickly and does not pose a huge risk to the company.
On the other hand, companies with low debt-to-equity ratios aren’t always a safe bet, either. For example, a company may not borrow any funds to support business operations, not because it doesn’t need to but because it doesn’t have enough capital to repay it promptly. This may mean that the company doesn’t have the potential for much growth.
IPOs and Debt-to-Equity Ratios
Many startups make high use of leverage to grow, and even plan to use the proceeds of an initial public offering, or IPO, to pay down their debt. The results of their IPO will determine their debt-to-equity ratio, as investors put a value on the company’s equity.
So in the case of deciding whether to invest in IPO stock, it’s important for investors to consider debt when deciding whether they want to buy IPO stock.
The Limitations of Debt-to-Equity Ratios
Debt-to-equity ratio is just one piece of the puzzle when it comes to evaluating stocks. Whether the ratio is high or low is not the bottom line of whether one should invest in a company. A deeper dive into a company’s financial structure can paint a fuller picture.
A company’s accounting policies can change the calculation of its debt-to-equity. For example, preferred stock is sometimes included as equity, but it has certain properties that can also make it seem a lot like debt. Specifically, preferred stock with dividend payment included as part of the stock agreement can cause the stock to take on some characteristics of debt, since the company has to pay dividends in the future.
If preferred stock appears on the debt side of the equation, a company’s debt-to-equity ratio may look riskier. If it’s included on the equity side, the ratio can look more favorable.
In some cases, companies can manipulate assets and liabilities to produce debt-to-equity ratios that are more favorable. Additionally, investors may want to keep an eye on interest rates. If they’re low, it can make sense for companies to borrow more, which can inflate the debt-to-equity ratio, but may not actually be an indicator of bad tidings.
Finally, the debt-to-equity ratio does not take into account when a debt is due. A debt due in the near term could have an outsized effect on the debt-to-equity ratio.
As a result of temporary imbalances like these, investors may want to compare debt-to-equity ratios from various time periods to get an idea of a company’s normal wage, or whether fluctuations are signaling more noteworthy movement within the company.
Investing in Businesses With SoFi
Investors can use the debt-to-equity ratio to help determine potential risk before they buy a stock. As an individual investor you may choose to take an active or passive approach to investing and building a nest egg. The approach investors choose may depend on their goals and personal preferences.
Investors who want to take a more hands-on approach to investing, choosing individual stocks, may take a look at the debt-to-equity ratio to help determine whether a company is a risky bet.
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FAQ
What is a good debt-to-equity ratio?
Generally speaking a D/E ratio of about 1.0 doesn’t raise any red flags, but it’s important to consider the needs of the company, its industry, and its competitors, as any of these factors might justify a higher debt-to-equity ratio.
How do you interpret debt-to-equity ratio?
Taking a broader view of a company and understanding the industry its in and how it operates can help to correctly interpret its D/E ratio. For example, utility companies might be required to use leverage to purchase costly assets to maintain business operations. But utility companies have steady inflows of cash, and for that reason having a higher D/E may not spell higher risk.
What is considered a bad debt-to-equity ratio?
A D/E ratio of about 1.0 to 2.0 is considered good, depending on other factors like the industry the company is in. But a D/E ratio above 2.0 — i.e., more than $2 of debt for every dollar of equity — could be a red flag. Again, context is everything and the D/E ratio is only one indicator of a company’s health.
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