May
24
2023
What Does Life Insurance Cover?
Thinking about your family’s financial security? Life insurance could help put a plan in place for the unexpected and cover a myriad of expenses.
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Student Loan Consolidation and Refinancing
May
24
2023
What Does Liability Auto Insurance Typically Cover?
Most states require licensed drivers to carry auto liability insurance — and for good reason. Liability coverage helps pay for the damages to other people involved in a car accident if it’s determined you were responsible.
State law may leave it up to the individual to decide if they want to carry the kind of insurance that will help pay to repair their own wrecked car or injured body. But in most cases, drivers won’t have an option when it comes to liability coverage.
Since your automobile could cause physical or material harm to others, you’ll generally be expected to carry enough insurance to cover those potential costs or, in some states, provide proof of financial responsibility.
What Is Liability Car Insurance?
If you’re found at fault — or “liable” — for an accident, liability insurance helps pay the other driver’s expenses.
There are several other types of car insurance coverage available to drivers, so it’s easy to get them confused. Collision coverage, for example, pays to repair damage to your own car after an accident. And comprehensive coverage helps pay for damage to your car that’s caused by other factors, such as hail, a fire, or theft.
Auto liability insurance is all about the other guy. It’s not there to cover your costs or the costs of anyone who was riding in your car when the accident occurred.
Recommended: How Much Auto Insurance Do I Really Need?
What Costs Does Liability Insurance Cover?
In general, there are two types of liability insurance offered on most standard policies:
Bodily Injury
This type of liability coverage protects the at-fault driver by paying for the other person’s emergency and continuing medical expenses related to the accident. It also might cover loss of income or funeral costs, or legal fees if there’s a lawsuit.
Property Damage
Property damage liability coverage helps pay for repairs to the other person’s car or other property (their home, a business, a fence, a bicycle, etc.) when the policyholder causes an accident.
Are There Limits on What an Insurer Will Pay?
Yes. The amount an insurer will pay for a claim depends on the coverage limits a policyholder chooses. Note that the amount of coverage you’re required to carry varies from state to state, and you might choose to purchase a higher level of coverage than your state mandates.
Coverage caps are usually broken down into three categories:
Bodily Injury Liability Limit Per Person
This is the maximum amount an insurer will pay out for each individual who is injured in a car accident (other than the at-fault driver who is the policyholder).
Bodily Injury Liability Limit Per Accident
This is the maximum amount an insurer will pay overall for medical expenses if multiple people are hurt in an accident. Again, it does not include medical costs for the at-fault policyholder.
Property Damage Liability Limit
This is the maximum amount an insurer will pay to repair any damage a policyholder caused to another person’s property. Any amount over that limit will likely be the responsibility of the policyholder.
How Much Liability Insurance Should a Driver Have?
You cannot buy less than the minimum amount of liability insurance your state legally requires. But some states require significantly less coverage than others.
For example, the minimum liability insurance requirements in California are $15,000 for injury/death to one person, $30,000 for injury/death to more than one person, and $5,000 for damage to property.
But the minimum requirements in Maine are more than twice those amounts: $50,000 per person for bodily injury, $100,000 per accident for bodily injury, and $25,000 for property damage. (A combined single limit of $125,000 will also satisfy the minimum limit requirement in Maine.)
General recommendations from the insurance industry suggest consumers purchase at least $100,000 of bodily injury liability per person and $300,000 per accident.
Keep in mind that when you’re shopping, you may not be able to choose standalone limits for each category of liability coverage. Most insurers set their coverage limits as part of a package, and you may have to make your purchase from those pre-established plans.
For example, a 25/50/10 policy would set the bodily injury limit per person at $25,000, the bodily injury limit per accident at $50,000, and the property damage limit at $10,000. Any costs that exceed those set amounts would be the responsibility of the policyholder.
Some people also consider purchasing an “umbrella” policy that would cover any excess costs if liability limits are exhausted. This type of policy can help protect you from large liability claims or judgments if you’re sued. And your umbrella policy may cover you as well as other members of your family or household.
According to the Insurance Information Institute, the average cost of a claim after a private passenger car accident in 2020 was $20,235 for bodily injury and $4,711 in property damage. But a claim could go much higher, if there are multiple victims, for example, or if there are serious injuries or someone is killed.
Recommended: What Is the Average Monthly Cost of Car Insurance by Age in the U.S.?
What’s the Difference Between Full Coverage and Liability Only?
An auto insurance policy that includes liability, collision, and comprehensive coverage is sometimes called “full coverage,” because it covers both your costs and the costs of others involved in an accident.
Most states require liability coverage. But if your car is paid off, your state may not require collision (which helps to repair or replace a car that’s damaged in an accident) or comprehensive (which pays if the car is stolen or damaged by fire, vandalism or some other non-collision scenario).
And if your car isn’t worth much, you might decide to forgo one or both when purchasing car insurance. If your car is financed, however, the lender could require full coverage even if the state doesn’t.
Some states also may require other types of coverage:
• Uninsured motorist and underinsured motorist coverage can help cover your medical expenses if you’re in an accident with a driver who has little or no insurance.
• Uninsured motorist property damage coverage can help repair damage to your car if you are hit by an uninsured motorist.
• Personal Injury Protection (PIP) and/or Medical Payments (MedPay) can offer protection if you or your passengers are hurt or killed in an accident.
Do You Need Liability Coverage If You Live in a No-Fault State?
A dozen states have instituted “no-fault” laws for drivers. Coverage rules and limits may vary from state to state, so you should be clear on the specifics of what your state requires.
Generally, when you live in a no-fault state and you’re in a car accident, everyone involved files a bodily injury claim with their own insurance company, regardless of who was at fault. Still, every no-fault state requires some level of liability coverage.
Drivers in no-fault states also typically must have Personal Injury Protection (PIP) insurance included in their car insurance policy to cover their own potential medical bills and expenses. PIP plans cover medical expenses for the car’s driver and passengers, which can include hospital bills, medication, rehabilitation, and other injury-related costs.
PIP insurance doesn’t replace bodily liability coverage in every state, and it doesn’t cover property damages. Your insurance company pays for repairs to your car if you have collision coverage. Or you may have to make a property damage claim against the at-fault driver’s insurance.
What If You Have an Accident in Another State?
Ready for a road trip? If you have an accident, your liability insurance may increase to match the minimum limits in whatever state you’re in, and in Canada. But you may want to check with your insurance company if you like to travel, especially if you have a bare-bones policy.
What’s Covered If Someone Else Is Driving Your Car?
The short answer is that the auto insurance covering the vehicle, not the person driving, is usually considered the primary insurance. So if you let someone else drive your car and that person causes an accident, your insurance company probably would be responsible for paying the claim.
Your liability coverage wouldn’t pay the medical bills of the person driving your car or the repairs to your car, although those costs may be covered by other parts of your policy. But it likely would be your liability insurance that pays for the driver of the other car’s medical bills and property damage.
Again, state laws may affect who is responsible in this situation, so it can help to know the rules before letting someone else drive your car.
How Much Does Liability Coverage Cost?
The price you’ll pay for liability coverage could be based on several factors, including how much you buy and where you live. Your age may also play a factor — younger drivers may pay more for coverage, for instance. You can do a little online shopping to search the best rates for your area.
But a better question might be “How much will it cost to bump up my liability insurance beyond the state-mandated minimums?” Getting twice as much coverage won’t necessarily cost twice as much. If the price fits your budget, you may want to consider carrying more coverage than the law requires.
Upping coverage might increase your comfort level, considering the expenses that might be involved in a major accident, even if you have insurance. The extra coverage may cost more, but if you’re a safe driver you may qualify for better rates. You can research car insurance online and compare quotes to find one that fits your budget.
The extra coverage may cost more, but if you’re a safe driver you may qualify for better rates.
The Takeaway
If you’re held responsible for a car accident, liability insurance will help pay the expenses of the others involved. Most states mandate this coverage, including “no-fault” states. But the amount of coverage you must carry may vary from state to state, so when you’re researching automobile insurance, it can be useful to know your state’s rules.
Shopping around for insurance in your area can help you figure out how much coverage you really need and what your premium might be. SoFi’s online auto insurance comparison tool lets you see quotes from a network of insurance providers within minutes, saving you time and hassle.
Insurance not available in all states.
Gabi is a registered service mark of Gabi Personal Insurance Agency, Inc.
SoFi is compensated by Gabi for each customer who completes an application through the SoFi-Gabi partnership.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
SOPT21005
May
23
2023
Guide to Saving Money on a Disney World Vacation in 2024
There’s no denying that a Disney World vacation is at the top of many a travel bucket list. But Orlando’s ultimate amusement park can also be expensive, especially if you’re traveling with the whole family. While some costs are unavoidable, there are ways to save money at Disney World.
It can be challenging to get discounts on park tickets themselves, but there are a few tricks you can use to cut costs overall. Read on for the full rundown on how to save money at Disney World.
Tips for Saving Money at Disney World
For many kids and adults, a trip to Disney World is a once-in-a-lifetime dream vacation. Many parents look forward to the day they can take their kids to Disney just to see the looks on their faces when they walk into the Magic Kingdom.
Here are a few ways that you can save money at Disney World.
Taking Advantage of a Free Disney Dining Plan
One of your biggest expenses at Disney World is meals. Food can be quite expensive in the park, since they know that you’re a captive audience.
You can bring your own food to Disney World, but it usually isn’t a great option for many people. Occasionally, Disney runs sales where a Disney Dining Plan is included in the cost of your ticket. While it may not make sense for every situation, it’s worth checking out in order to save money on food.
Travel Off-Season
The cost of Disney World park tickets is the same no matter when you go, but hotel rates vary throughout the year. Your Disney World hotel cost will depend on a number of factors, but a good rule of thumb is that the more popular times (spring break, summer vacation, holidays) also come with higher prices. Consider staying during the off-season or during shoulder season, when prices may be lower and there may be smaller crowds.
Another option is using credit card rewards to pay for hotels. Some hotel credit cards offer a signup bonus that can provide enough points to pay for most or even all of your Disney World trip.
Stick to Your Budget
It’s a smart idea to set a budget in advance for your Disney World vacation and to create a separate travel fund. Not only can this help you save the money to afford your trip, it can also keep you from splurging too much while you’re there.
Saving money on a trip to Disney World doesn’t have to mean cutting down on the fun. Just make sure you budget appropriately and identify what is and is not important to you. This will help you stick to the important credit card rule of keeping your balance in check.
Choose Low-Cost Souvenirs
Like in-park food, souvenirs are another area where you’ll pay for convenience. If you have extra days in Orlando, consider shopping off-property for Disney souvenirs — like at the official Disney’s Character Warehouse store. If you’re traveling with kids, consider giving them an upfront “souvenir budget” and letting them choose how they want to spend it.
Recommended: 6 Souvenirs You Won’t Regret Buying (and 5 You Might)
Buy Discounted Disney World Park Tickets
Because Disney World park tickets are usually in such high demand, there aren’t a lot of opportunities to buy them at a discount. To snag Disney World savings in this area, one option is to use cash back rewards toward the cost of Disney park tickets.
Another option is to look for stores that sell Disney gift cards. You can use Disney gift cards for almost anything at Disney World, and some stores will occasionally discount them. Even if you pay full price for a gift card, you might be able to get credit card rewards or credit card points with your gift card purchase.
Use Travel Rewards on a Disney World Vacation
Applying for a rewards credit card that offers credit card miles or cash back rewards can subsidize your Disney World budget.
The two areas where travel rewards can help you save are flights and hotels. If you apply for an airline credit card, the miles you get might help cover your flights. Similarly, the hotel points you earn from a hotel credit card can help pay for your lodging while on a Disney World vacation.
The Takeaway
A Disney World vacation can be quite expensive, especially if you’re traveling with a family. This makes it important to learn all the tips you can to save money at Disney World. Look to use your credit card travel rewards toward flights and lodging costs, and consider a cash back credit card to help cover the other costs like park tickets, souvenirs, and food during your vacation.
One opportunity for saving money at Disney World is to use credit card rewards to help pay for your vacation with a cash back credit card. With the SoFi credit card, you can earn unlimited 2% cash back rewards. Cardholders earn 1% cash back rewards when redeemed for a statement credit.1 Plus, you can earn even more when you set up direct deposit on your SoFi Checking and Savings account.
FAQ
How can I spend less at Disney World?
There’s no denying that Disney World is an expensive place, but you have a couple of options if you’re trying to spend less at Disney World. One is to use your credit card points to help offset the cost. The other is to set a budget for the necessary costs that are important to you. Having a budget can help prepare you mentally to spend less.
How can I get airline miles to cover my flights to Disney World?
Airline credit cards are great for earning airline miles to help pay for flights. Look at the cost of airline tickets to Orlando from where you live, and see how many airline miles it would take to fly there. Then, look at signing up for an airline credit card to help get you the miles that you need.
When is the best time of the year to visit Disney World?
There isn’t only one set time of year that is the best to visit Disney World — it will depend on your specific situation and how flexible you can be with your travel plans. Typically, Disney World will be more crowded (and hotels more expensive) during peak travel periods like summer, spring break, and holidays. Conversely, you may experience smaller crowds and lower prices if you travel in the off-season.
How can I save on souvenirs at Disney World?
If you’re buying souvenirs inside the parks themselves, there’s no denying that the prices will be expensive. One way to overcome the souvenir sticker shock is to determine what kind of souvenirs are important to you and set a budget to cover that amount. You can also consider buying some Disney souvenirs at the Disney outlet store (Disney’s Character Warehouse).
Photo credit: iStock/miniseries
1See Rewards Details at SoFi.com/card/rewards.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.
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The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.
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As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.
SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.
SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.
Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.
Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
SOCC0323052
May
22
2023
Guide to Options Sweeps
What Are Options Sweeps?
Options sweeps are large options trades executed by well-capitalized, typically institutional investors, quickly and across the best available order prices. When an option sweep is placed, the executing broker will hit all available counterparties, by order of best outstanding prices, until the investor-specified order size is filled.
The typical retail investor typically will not execute options sweep trades, given the massive amount of funding and leverage they entail. Instead, options sweep trades can serve as an indicator of underlying interest around a certain security. As they typically reflect institutional investor actions, option sweep trades are indicators of what the “smart money” is doing.
What an options sweep implies is up to interpretation and depends on the order size, type of option, and average price at which the options sweep was executed. We cover how options sweeps work and how retail investors should interpret them.
How Do Options Sweeps Work?
When options sweeps are executed, the trade will be visible to market participants. The details around the trade, namely its size, the type of option traded, and the approximate price of the trade, are viewable by traders with the capability to scan for them. However, the specific entity entering the trade and the order type (whether it’s a buy or sell) will not be disclosed.
Option sweeps aren’t really considered one of the strategies for trading options. But given the massive amount of capital needed to properly transact an options sweep, and the fact that these are typically entered as block trades, entities that use option sweeps are likely to be well-capitalized institutional investors.
Consequently, options sweeps are viewed as indicators of aggressive bets made by “smart money,” and can stir up investor interest due to the perceived informational advantage that professional money managers have over retail investors learning to trade options.
Under the right circumstances, they can provide useful insight into implied short-term price swings that large institutional investors might be hedging against. This makes it a popular tool for short-term traders.
How to Interpret Options Sweeps
Options sweeps serve as indicators of unusual options activity surrounding the underlying investment.
Options trades may imply aggressive actions by institutional investors, and traders who detect options sweeps may use them to inform their actions.
How an options sweep should be interpreted depends on the type of option being traded, its expiration date (American- and European-style options are different), and the price near where the options sweep was executed.
Regardless of what an options sweep may suggest, investors should bear in mind that institutional investors are fallible like retail investors. In other words, sometimes the “smart money” isn’t so smart. Despite the informational asymmetry, option sweeps should be interpreted with a grain of salt. Make sure to conduct your own due diligence before trading, looking at bearish or bullish stock indicators and so on.
Option Type
When a trader buys to open a call option, this generally implies a bullish bet on the price of a security, as call options offer upside potential beyond the stated strike price.
Conversely, when a trader buys to open a put option, this implies a bearish bet on the direction of the underlying security, as put options offer downside protection beyond the stated strike price.
Price
While it’s evident that a trade was made when an options sweep occurs, the trade won’t explicitly disclose whether the options were bought or sold by the institutional investor.
To gauge whether or not an options sweep was a buy or sell order, and to better understand options pricing, traders can contextualize based on whether the average execution price was traded “near the bid,” or “near the ask.”
Trades made near the bid are typically sell orders, while near the ask trades are typically buy orders. This follows the traditional trading logic of “sell at the bid” and “buy at the ask.”
Combination Trades
Not all option trades are simply buy calls or buy puts. Combination trade strategies using multiple options are very common. It might be very difficult to interpret the strategy of the option sweep investor, and even more difficult to determine if your own investing strategy aligns.
Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.*
Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.
*Check out the OCC Options Disclosure Document.
How to Detect Options Sweeps
Options sweeps are difficult to detect without the aid of dedicated trade scanners that monitor options flow activity.
Many third-parties and brokerage accounts that offer advanced trading capabilities may include this as part of a subscription fee, or as a part of their trading suite.
If you don’t have access to these paid programs, there are still ways to detect unusual options activity on stocks you follow.
First, options are useful hedging tools for institutional investors and are therefore typically used during times of heightened market volatility.
You can watch for open options interest on calls and puts, expiring close to earnings reports or dividend announcements. Beyond company-specific announcements, traders can often gauge options interest close to market-moving events, economic reports, or even Federal Reserve statements.
While this won’t necessarily inform the direction of an upcoming trade, it will certainly shed some light on where volatility is likely to occur as the expiration date on the options approach.
Who Uses Options Sweeps
Options sweeps are used almost exclusively by large well-capitalized institutional traders.
Due to the large amount of capital needed to execute an options sweep, and the massive risk profile that this entails, it’s unlikely that anyone without a substantially large bankroll would be able to conduct an options sweep trade.
Virtually all retail investors would be excluded from the list of candidates capable of executing options sweeps.
The Takeaway
While options sweeps are not usually executable by everyday investors, their existence still serves as a useful indicator of institutional activity.
Unusual options activity has historically been a popular short-term metric for gauging the direction of stocks. While there’s no guarantee as to the accuracy of the implied price moves, they’re nonetheless another useful tool in the arsenal for short-term options traders.
If you’re ready to try your hand at options trading, You can set up an Active Invest account and trade options online from the SoFi mobile app or through the web platform.
And if you have any questions, SoFi offers educational resources about options to learn more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, and members have access to complimentary financial advice from a professional.
FAQ
Are call sweeps considered bullish?
Call option sweeps are large purchases or sales of call options that can be considered either bullish or bearish, depending on the price where the trade completes.
All options trades have both a bid and an ask price; the bid price indicates the price you’d receive for selling to open the option while the ask price indicates the price you’d pay to buy to open the option.
If a call sweep is shown executing near the bid price, that means that an institutional trader likely sold a large number of call options at the bid price, which may imply a bearish signal.
Conversely, if a call sweep is shown executing near the ask price, that indicates that an institutional trader likely purchased a large number of call options at the ask price, which could imply a bullish signal.
How can you find options sweeps?
Finding options sweeps isn’t as simple as searching for trade ideas. Detecting option sweeps requires scanning software that can sleuth through public trade data for unusual options activity.
There are a number of options activity scanners available on the web and through third-party information services; in most cases, these require paid subscriptions.
Many popular online brokerage accounts also sometimes offer their own activity scanners as part of their suite of advanced trading platforms.
What does it mean for a sweep to be near the ask?
If a sweep is near the ask, this means a large sweep order was made to trade securities near the ask price.
This may be interpreted as a “bullish” signal that the stock price may rise in the short term.
Photo credit: iStock/Drazen Zigic
SoFi Invest® INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below:
Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
SOIN0322023
May
22
2023
Cost of Carry, Explained and Defined
What Is Cost of Carry?
Cost of carry refers to any and all ongoing costs that you need to pay in conjunction with holding a given investment. Transaction costs, which are incurred upon the purchase or sale of the asset, are typically not considered a carrying cost.
Cost of carry can come in a variety of different forms — here are a few types of carrying costs that you’ll want to be aware of:
• Storage costs, if you are investing in the futures market for physical goods
• Interest paid on loans used for an investment
• Interest in margin accounts when borrowing to invest in stocks or options
• Costs to insure or transport physical goods
• The opportunity cost of investments
Most if not all investments have carrying costs, and savvy investors will take them into account when deciding whether an investment is worth it. Even if a particular investment doesn’t have obvious carrying costs, there is always the opportunity cost of making one investment over the other.
How Cost of Carry Works
The way that cost of carry works depends on the type of investment that you are considering. If you are investing in the futures markets for tangible goods like coffee, oil, gold, or wheat, you may have carrying costs associated with these physical goods. For example, if you buy a commodity like crude oil, you must pay the costs for transporting, insuring and storing that oil until you sell it.
To accurately calculate your trading profits you must include those carrying costs.
In a purely financial transaction like buying stock or trading options, there can still be carrying costs involved. You may have to pay interest if you are borrowing money with a margin account. You may also incur what are called opportunity costs. Opportunity costs refer to the money you could have made if you had invested your money in other areas.
If you are holding $10,000 in your stock account waiting for an option assignment, you can’t use that $10,000 for other investments.
Which Markets Are Impacted by Cost of Carry?
Cost of carry is a factor in a variety of different types of investments. Options trading has carrying costs from interest costs if you trade in a margin account to holding costs.
Investing in commodities may require a cost of storing, insuring, or transporting your goods. You should be aware that most types of investments also have opportunity costs.
Cost-of-Carry Calculation
The simplest cost-of-carry calculation just includes all of your carrying costs as a factor when you analyze the profitability of a particular investment. So, if
• P = Purchase price of an investment
• S = Sale price of the same investment
• C = carrying costs while holding the investment
The profit of this investment could be expressed as Profit = S – P – C.
Futures Cost of Carry
The futures market has two different prices for each type of commodity. The spot price refers to the price for immediate delivery (i.e. on the spot). A futures price is the price for goods at some specified time in the future. Because most futures contracts of commodities come with non-zero carrying costs, the futures price is usually (but not always) higher than the spot price.
Options Cost of Carry
When trading options the costs of carry fall into a few categories:
• Interest costs – Some investors borrow money to purchase options, i.e. a loan from a friend, a bank loan, or a brokerage margin account.
Whatever the source of the money, the interest paid to service the borrowing is a carrying cost.
• Opportunity costs – You’ve chosen to invest in options. But where else could you have invested that money? Because most alternative investments carry risk, as does investing in options, it’s difficult to make an apples-to-apples comparison.
In finance, we look at risk-free investing rates to assess the opportunity cost. “Risk-free” is defined as the return available by investing in U.S. Treasuries. In the past, 30-year bonds were the standard, but 10-year returns and even the return on short-term Treasury notes may also be used.
• Forgoing Dividends – One of the disadvantages of owning options compared to owning stock, is that you are not eligible for dividends as an option holder. The market makes an effort to price dividends into the option premium, but just as interest rates can fluctuate, so can dividend rates.
Examples of Cost of Carry
Here is a simple example of cost of carry and how it might affect an investment in purchasing Brent Crude Oil.
Say you buy a contract for 1,000 barrels of Brent Crude at $80/barrel. Six months later, the price of oil has gone up to $90/barrel, and you sell. You might think that you have earned a $10,000 profit, but that is not accounting for the cost of carrying the oil.
If it cost you $3,000 to store and insure those barrels of oil for the six months that you owned them, those carrying costs must be subtracted from your profit. You also are liable for delivering the oil, which might cost another $1,000. Considering the cost to carry, your actual profit was only $6,000. While these costs are easiest to understand with physical goods like commodities, most types of investments have carrying costs.
Cash and Carry Arbitrage
Like crypto arbitrage, there sometimes exists a type of arbitrage called cash-and-carry arbitrage. In cash-and-carry arbitrage, an investor will purchase a position in a stock or commodity and simultaneously sell a futures contract for the same stock or commodity.
If the futures price is higher than the combined amount of the stock price plus carrying costs, you can secure a relatively risk-free profit via cash and carry arbitrage.
Cost of Carry and Net Return
As we’ve discussed already, the cost of carry can have an impact on the net return of any investment. When determining your total profit and the return on investment (ROI), you need to account for any and all costs that you incur as part of the investment.
These might include transaction costs like commissions as well as carrying costs. Subtract all such costs from your gross profit to calculate the net return of your investment.
Can You Do Anything About Cost of Carry?
Since the cost of carry directly and negatively affects your total profit, you may be wondering if you can do anything about it. While there are carrying costs with almost every type of investment, one way to minimize the cost of carry is to avoid investments that have significant carrying costs.
On the other hand, if your specific situation allows you to have below market carrying costs, you may be able to earn a profit with cash and carry arbitrage.
The Takeaway
The cost of carry is a term used in options and futures trading that refers to the ongoing costs incurred in an investment while you are holding it.
With physical commodities, the cost of carry refers to storage, insurance, delivery and other costs specific to the fulfillment of your contract.
When applied to options trading the carrying costs are financial in nature, such as, interest costs, opportunity costs, and forgoing dividends.
If you’re ready to try your hand at options trading, you can set up an Active Invest brokerage account and trade trade options from the SoFi mobile app or through the web platform.
And if you have any questions, SoFi offers educational resources about options to learn more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, and members have access to complimentary financial advice from a professional.
FAQ
How can you calculate cost of carry?
The cost of carry refers to any costs that you incur during the course of your investment. In commodities trading, this generally refers to costs like storage, insurance, or delivery of the commodity. In other types of investments, the cost of carry could include interest charges or the opportunity cost of using your money.
Do bonds have a cost of carry?
Yes, nearly all investments, including bonds, have some sort of cost of carry. In the bond market, the cost of carry generally refers to the difference between the face value of the bond plus premiums minus applicable discounts.
How are ordering and carrying costs different?
Ordering costs are the costs that you pay as part of the ordering process. In a stock or option transaction, any broker’s commissions that you pay would be considered ordering costs. While ordering costs are usually incurred only once (at buy and/or sale), carrying costs are the costs that you must pay to hold an investment throughout its duration.
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