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Despite what the name might suggest, homestead exemptions aren’t some kind of dusty old prospector or settler law. They are statutes that, in a bankruptcy filing, are designed to protect a primary residence from creditors.

If the Smiths file a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, how much equity they can protect with an exemption will be one of the factors determining whether they will be able to keep their home.

In a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, they won’t lose their home, but they will have to pay creditors an amount equal to the value of the property they can’t protect with an exemption, or their disposable income, whichever is more.
Before declaring bankruptcy, it’s best to consider the alternatives.

This guide will provide an overview of homestead exemptions as applied to bankruptcy, state by state.

What Is Homestead Exemption?

If you’re wondering what a homestead exemption is, it’s a provision in a state’s law that can legally protect a home from creditors in situations such as declaring bankruptcy or enduring the death of a homeowner’s spouse.

In these ways, a homestead exemption can both literally provide you with shelter (a roof over your head) and protection financially, possibly avoiding a situation in which you must lose your residence. That said, this exemption will not prevent foreclosure if a homeowner defaults on their mortgage.

You may be curious about what is the Homestead Act and if it’s the same thing as homestead exemption. They are two different things: The Homestead Act was an 1862 law that granted 160 acres of Western land in the U.S. to anyone who promised to farm it. It was designed to settle the West and drive economic growth.

What States Have a Homestead Exemption?

It’s easier to name the states that don’t have a homestead exemption than those that do since the vast majority of them offer this protection.

Currently, the only states without specific homestead exemptions are New Jersey and Pennsylvania. If you live in one of those states, then you know where you stand on potential shields with homestead exemptions.

If you live in any of the other 48 states, know that there are many more asterisks to hunt for, depending on your situation and financial plans.

Even if you live in a state that offers homestead exemptions, you may want to find ways to save money on your mortgage. These strategies can help you weather financial storms, such as considering refinancing a home loan and requesting a new tax assessment.

Recommended: The Pros & Cons of Buying a Starter Home

Which State Has the Best Homestead Exemption?

While there is no literal “best” state to homestead in because there are so many individual factors to weigh in assessing what’s advantageous, it is true that some states are more favorable than others for seeking the exemption.

Before reading the following, an asterisk: Because homestead exemptions are protections for primary residences, you cannot claim an exemption on an investment property or vacation home.

Some states allow bankruptcy filers to use federal bankruptcy exemptions instead of the state exemptions.

The federal homestead exemption amount is calculated every three years. For the period from April 1, 2022, to March 31, 2025, it allows you to protect up to $27,900 of the equity in your home. In cases where you and your spouse file taxes separately, do not live together, maintain separate homesteads, or (according to at least one court) do not have a direct financial connection with each other, each spouse can claim a separate homestead, up to the amount allowed by an individual.

Recommended: Getting Approved for a Personal Loan After Bankruptcy

Also, most states allow a “wildcard” exemption, which allows you to protect any kind of property from bankruptcy proceedings. This can be of particular help if one or more of a debtor’s other exemptions falls short of protecting their equity. A wildcard exemption amount can be divided among multiple items.

As of April 1, 2022, the federal wildcard exemption is $1,475, plus up to $13,950 of any part of the federal homestead exemption that has not been used.

Since there’s so much variability in local, regional, and state codes and how they define the homestead exemption, it’s wise to consult local authorities or websites detailing the law’s specifics when you are in a situation that may trigger these laws.

Recommended: Understanding Bankruptcy: Is It Ever the Right Option?

Here’s a rundown of what you might call homestead states that offer some of the strongest protections via exemptions. “Strongest” here is being interpreted as either affordances for high exemptions or greater flexibilities in the law — but other factors, such as cost of living, should also be a consideration:

1. California. California has two systems for the homestead exemption. Under one system, homeowners can exempt up to $600,000 of equity in a house. In the other system, they can exempt up to $31,950 of home equity. Determining what you can access requires research and/or legal counsel.

2. Florida. Under the Florida exemption system “homeowners may exempt an unlimited amount of value in their home or other property covered by the homestead exemption. However, the property cannot be larger than half an acre in a municipality or 160 acres elsewhere.” The exemption can also be claimed by the spouse or children of a deceased owner.

3. Iowa. An unlimited value in one home or a one-unit apartment can be sought in protection. The property must be in a city or town and is limited to one-half acre or 40 acres elsewhere.

4. Kansas. An unlimited amount of value can be sought in protection, but homeowners are limited in the amount of land they can protect. Homeowners can protect up to 1 acre of property if they live within city limits or up to 160 acres of farmland.

5. Minnesota. You can protect up to $450,000 of equity in your home and land or up to $1,125,000 of equity if your land (up to 160 acres) is used for agricultural purposes.

6. Oklahoma. Residents can exempt the entire value of their homes, but the homestead can’t be larger than a half acre if you live in a city, town, or village or up to 160 acres if you live elsewhere. (If you use more than 25% of the total square footage of your property for business, your exemption is limited to $5,000.)

7. Rhode Island. The exemption applies for up to $500,000 of equity.

8. South Dakota. If your home is less than 1 acre in a town or 160 acres in any other type of area, all of your equity is exempt.

9. Texas. For residences on 10 acres or less in a city, town, or village or 100 acres or less in the country, Texas offers an unlimited homestead exemption.

10. Washington. This state’s generous homestead exemption varies depending on the county the homeowner lives in, from $172,900 in Ferry to $729,600 in King County, where Seattle is.

Recommended: What Is Cost of Living?

Homestead Exemptions in Other States

Here’s all the rest of the states and what homestead exemptions they offer:

1. Alabama. The Alabama Department of Revenue indicates that at the state level, homestead exemptions have a maximum value of $16,450. It only applies on land area that is not more than 160 acres.

2. Alaska. Homeowners may exempt up to $70,200 of their home or other property covered by the homestead exemption.

3. Arizona. Homeowners can exempt up to $150,000 for a house and the land it’s on, a cooperative or condominium, a mobile home and the land it’s on, provided the person lives in the dwelling.

4. Arkansas. You can seek an unlimited amount of equity in 80 rural acres or one-quarter of an urban acre.

5. Colorado. Up to $75,000 of equity in a home or other property, such as a mobile home, is protected. The amount increases to $105,000 if the homeowner, spouse, or dependent is disabled or 60 or older.

6. Connecticut. The state of Connecticut protects up to $75,000 of equity in real property, a co-op, or a manufactured home occupied at the time of filing bankruptcy. The exemption rises to $125,000 if a creditor is collecting for hospital costs.

7. Delaware. Exempts up to $125,000 in real property or a manufactured home that was used as a principal residence.

8. Georgia. Homeowners may exempt up to $21,500 of their home or other property covered by the exemption. They can also apply $10,000 of any unused portion of the exemption to another property they own—a “wildcard” exemption.

9. Hawaii. If you’re the head of a household or over 65, you can exempt up to $30,000 of equity. If you’re not the head of the family, you may protect up to $20,000 of equity in your home.

10. Idaho. A filer can protect up to $175,000 in equity in a home or mobile home.

11. Illinois. Protects up to $15,000 in equity in your home, which includes a farm, mobile home, lot with buildings, condominium, or cooperative.

Recommended: How Often Can You Refinance Your Home?

12. Indiana. A debtor can exempt up to $19,300 in real estate or personal property used as a residence. In addition, if you are married and filing jointly, that figure rises to $38,900.

13. Kentucky. Up to $5,000 of equity can be claimed.

14. Louisiana. Homeowners are allowed to exempt up to $35,000 of home equity, and more if their debts were due to what’s considered a catastrophic or terminal illness or injury.

15. Maine. Up to $80,000 of equity in property used as a residence can be claimed. The amount can be increased to $160,000 in equity if you have a minor dependent residing with you, or if you are 60 or older or disabled.

16. Maryland. Exempts residential property value up to $25,150 (husband and wife may not double).

17. Massachusetts. The state automatically protects up to $125,000 in home equity, and up to $500,000 for those who file and receive the increased exemption (this amount also applies to the elderly or disabled).

18. Michigan. Each homeowner and their dependents can exempt up to $40,475 in a property covered by the homestead exemption. If the homeowner is 65 or older or disabled, the exemption amount increases to $60,725.

19. Mississippi. An exemption of up to $75,000 of equity in the real estate you live in can be claimed, as long as the property is less than 160 acres.

20. Missouri. You can exempt up to $15,000 of equity in the real estate in which you live or will live, and spouses who file a joint bankruptcy can double the exemption.

21. Montana. Up to $350,000 in equity can be protected as applied to up to 320 farm acres, a quarter of a city acre, or one residential acre outside a municipality.

22. Nebraska. Up to $60,000 can be protected on a home, provided the owner is either a head of household, married, or over age 65, and the property does not exceed 160 acres.

Recommended: How Much Does It Cost to Refinance a Mortgage?

23. Nevada. Up to $605,000 in equity in a home can be claimed.

24. New Hampshire. You can protect up to $120,000 in equity.

25. New Mexico. Up to $60,000 of equity in your home can be protected; that increases to $120,000 being available to spouses who co-own property.

26. New York. The homestead exemption amount varies greatly depending on the county. If the property is in the counties of Kings, Queens, New York, Bronx, Richmond, Nassau, Suffolk, Rockland, Westchester, or Putnam, the exemption is $179,950. If the property is in the counties of Dutchess, Albany, Columbia, Orange, Saratoga, or Ulster, the exemption amount is $149,975. For any other county in the state, the exemption amount is $89,975.

27. North Carolina. Homeowners may exempt up to $35,000 of their home or other personal property. Homeowners who are 65 or older whose spouse is deceased may exempt up to $60,000, provided the property was previously owned by the debtor as a tenant by the entirety or as a joint tenant with rights of survivorship.

28. North Dakota. Homeowners can protect up to $100,000 of equity in their home when declaring bankruptcy.

29. Ohio. The state allows for the protection of up to $145,425 of equity as part of the homestead exemption. Spouses who file a joint bankruptcy may double that amount.

30. Oregon. A property owner may be exempt up to $40,000. Married couples, however, may be exempt up to $50,000.

31. South Carolina. The state’s law protects up to $63,250 in equity in a home or real estate used as a residence, with spouses who file a joint bankruptcy being able to double the exemption.

32. Tennessee. Homeowners can exempt up to $5,000 of equity — and that amount goes up to $7,500 for joint owners and $25,000 if there’s at least one minor child who is a dependent. People 62 and older can exempt up to $12,500 of equity in their home—$20,000 if married, and $25,000 if the spouse is also 62 or older.

33. Utah. Homeowners may exempt up to $43,300 to protect their home, provided it is their primary personal residence.

34. Vermont. An exemption up to $125,000 of the equity in a home, condo, or mobile home can be claimed; it can’t be doubled, however, in cases of joint bankruptcy filing.

35. Virginia. This state allows for protection of $5,000 of real estate or personal property as a “wildcard” exemption. That number doubles to $10,000 if the individual is age 65 or older.

36. West Virginia. Homeowners may exempt up to $35,000 of their home or other property. That figure increases to $70,000 if you are married, you and your spouse both own the property, and you file bankruptcy together.

37. Wisconsin. A single person can protect up to $75,000 of equity in a home; spouses can double the amount to $150,000.

38. Wyoming. In this state, up to $20,000 of equity in a home can be shielded from bankruptcy. This can double if you are married, you and your partner own the property together, and you file for bankruptcy jointly.

Still with us? If you don’t see a state listed above, that means it’s one of the two (New Jersey or Pennsylvania) that doesn’t offer any homestead exemptions for use in a bankruptcy filing.

The Takeaway

Homestead exemption rules can help protect your home in instances of a bankruptcy filing and can be very helpful during a difficult time. These guidelines differ greatly by state, but are worth investigating. If you can’t keep your head above financial water, these exemptions may allow you to keep your home.

Refinancing a mortgage may also provide some relief to a struggling homeowner. In addition to offering an array of mortgage loans, SoFi also can help you refinance at competitive rates and with a hassle-free process.

Find out how smart and simple a SoFi mortgage can be.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

SOHL0922003

It’s not your imagination: Buying a home has gotten more expensive over the last couple of years. In the fall of 2021, the Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price index rose a stunning 18.6% in a single year. Adding to the high cost of homeownership is the fact that home loan rates also soared. In the fall of 2022, the average interest rate on 30-year mortgages was 6.12%, while a year earlier, it was a super low 3.03%. In other words, you’re going to pay a lot more for both a house and the money you borrow to fund the purchase.

These economic fluctuations are among the reasons that many people are contemplating buying a fixer-upper. They hope to find a lower-priced house that they can rehab (or pay someone else to renovate) in order to own a piece of the American Dream for less.

However, though buying a fixer-upper home may seem like an enticingly affordable option, the cost of remodeling it could wind up being more than you’d planned.

Just how much does it cost to fix up a house? Let’s break down the most common costs associated with gutting a house and remodeling, so you can make an informed buying decision. Read on to learn:

•   What’s a fixer-upper?

•   What are the pros vs. cons of buying a fixer-upper?

•   How can you plan to renovate a home?

•   How much will a fixer-upper really cost?

•   How can you fund fixing up a home?

What Is a Fixer-Upper?

What exactly is a fixer-upper? It’s a home that’s in need of significant work. In many cases, these are older houses with much deferred maintenance or simply a lot of dated, well-worn features.

A fixer-upper might be a home from 100 years ago with an insufficient electrical and heating system, as well as a roof in need of replacement. Or it could be an apartment with a very old and dated kitchen and bathrooms. These residences might be livable, but they require an infusion of cash and work to make them comfortable by today’s standards.

Pros and Cons of Buying a Fixer-Upper

Buying a fixer-upper home has upsides and downsides. For some people, a fixer-upper can be a terrific way to enter the ranks of homeownership. For others, it could wind up being a frustrating source of bills and stress.

First, let’s consider the pros of buying a fixer-upper:

•   Lower price. This can make it easier to become a homeowner.

•   Lesser competition. Many home-shoppers may shy away from taking on this kind of project.

•   Control. The ability to renovate a home to suit your taste.

•   Profit. The opportunity to flip, or resell, the home and make money by doing so.

In terms of negatives, consider these points:

•   Money required to renovate. Although you may be able to buy a fixer-upper at a bargain price, you’ll have to come up with funds for the renovation.

•   Going over budget. Often, when renovations get underway, you’ll hit unexpected situations that require more money to properly complete the job.

•   Taking longer than expected. Closely related to the point above about going over budget financially is the fact that remodeling may take longer than anticipated, which can create issues.

•   Living in a construction site. If you occupy the home as work is done, it can be an uncomfortable experience.

Recommended: Things to Budget for After Buying a Home

Decide If This Is Your Home or a Flip

Many times, people looking to buy a fixer-upper home are in it for the short game of a flip. This means they are hoping to purchase a home well under market value, make a few renovations, and then quickly sell the home for a profit. And that’s all good—you just need to decide which camp you’re in.

If you are hoping to flip a house and make some money, know what you are getting into. As mentioned above, renovations can run over budget and take longer than scheduled. If all you are planning on doing to a house is refresh the paint and flooring and stage it beautifully, things may work out fine. But if you get started on structural work and discover a bigger issue than anticipated, it could wreck your budget for reselling the property. That’s why it’s vital to get a thorough home inspection before you buy a fixer-upper. It’s also wise to walk through with a contractor (if you plan on hiring one) before purchase to size up costs; you’ll learn more about the potential price tag of renovations in a minute.

If you’re planning on buying a fixer-upper home and making it your forever home, you might have a longer timeline to make upgrades. You could tackle the kitchen one year; then redo the bathrooms the next. This could be easier on your budget, but it might mean living amid construction for a while.

And, of course, you don’t get the potential cash infusion by selling the home at a profit, which is the goal of many people who are searching for a fixer-upper. You do get a lovingly restored home to call your own, quite likely at a good price, which can be an excellent reward.

Recommended: How Much House Can I Afford Based on My Income?

Do Your Homework Before You Buy

It’s crucial to add up all the costs of potential renovations before you buy a fixer-upper house. You don’t want the dream of wanting your own home to cloud your judgment about the work that’s needed. If you don’t do a deep dive on pricing before you buy, you may end up in your own version of “The Money Pit” movie.

Consider the following:

•   Assess the upfront cost of the home and add up all potential material and labor needs — think both big and small, like plumbers, electricians, carpenters, all the way down to any new doorknobs you’ll buy along the way. Then, subtract that from the home’s renovated market value. Would this still be a profitable venture?

•   Keep in mind that inflation is currently running high so prices could get higher than what you believe they will cost during the time you are renovating.

•   It’s important to allow room in your budget and your timeline for overages. It’s not uncommon for home renovations to cost more and take longer than anticipated. It’s wise to have at least 3% to 5% extra in your budget (if not more) to cover additional costs, and wiggle room in your timing, too.

Recommended: How Do Home Improvement Loans Work?

Preparing to Invest in Home Renovations

Each home renovation is unique. If you buy a fixer-upper house, the price of rehabbing it can vary tremendously. One house might need new appliances, the walls painted, and the floors sanded. Another might need a new roof and a cracked foundation fixed…plus an electrical upgrade. The size of the home, its age, its location, and condition will all impact how much you’ll need to spend.

But, to give you a ballpark on costs, here are some statistics from Angi, the home renovation and repair site:

•   Renovating a three-bedroom home can cost between $20,000 and $100,000 on average.

•   Renovation costs are typically between $15 and $60 per square foot overall.

•   Remodeling a kitchen or bathroom can cost $100 to $250 per square foot.

•   A kitchen renovation costs $25,000 on average, and a bathroom remodel runs $10,000, but costs can run significantly higher depending on choice of materials, fixtures, and the like. renovation will be different, Realtor.com provides a general cost breakdown for different remodel hypotheticals.

Keep in mind that pricing may be higher if you live in or near a major city, as well.

Recommended: 6 Tips for Doing Home Addition Projects the Right Way

Common Fixer Upper Project Costs

Kitchen Remodels

According to HomeAdvisor’s 2022 data, the average cost of a kitchen remodel currently sits at $25,000, but costs can range from $5,000 to $65,000 or more.

The three elements that contribute most to cost are the countertops, cabinets, and flooring. The more you lean into custom and luxury options, the higher the price will go.

Bathroom Renovation

The average bathroom renovation ranges from $3,000 for small cosmetic updates to $30,000 for a complete gut do-over, with the average price tag coming in at $11,000. A big expense is moving the plumbing lines. If you can keep the layout as-is, you’ll save up to 50%.

Roof Installation

A roof should typically last two to three decades on a home — or longer if you choose the right material. The average cost for replacing a roof is about $8,000, but that will vary with the size of the home and the material you choose.

For instance, if you opt for a premium product, like slate, you’ll find that the average costs for a 3,000-square-foot roof can be $30,000.

Recommended: How to Buy Homeowners Insurance

How to Handle the Cost of a Fixer Upper

These numbers can seem overwhelming, but remember, you’re bringing out your home’s maximum potential, whether for you to enjoy or to capitalize on via a future sale.

You have a few options for how to finance the renovation of a fixer-upper:

•   You could put less money down and take out a larger mortgage. This would allow you to have some cash on hand to pay for the remodeling.

•   You can buy the house and then take out a home improvement loan, which is a kind of personal loan used to finance your home projects.

•   You could purchase the fixer-upper and then apply for a home equity line of credit, or HELOC. These are revolving lines of credit that may offer attractive terms (low interest, long repayment) but keep in mind you are using your home’s equity as collateral. You typically need 15% to 20% equity in your home to qualify.

•   Another option that’s similar to a HELOC is a home equity loan. The difference is that a home equity loan typically distributes a sum of money, which is repaid in installments over a period of time.

The Takeaway

A fixer-upper can be a good investment for some home shoppers, whether they want to renovate the home and live in it or sell it at a profit. However, it’s important to evaluate your costs up front, before signing a contract, to make sure you don’t wind up with a money pit and can make your renovation dreams come true.

One thing that can help you afford your fix-it-up plans is a SoFi home improvement loan. What’s more, these are unsecured loans, meaning you’re not required to put up collateral against the loan. And with fixed monthly payments, you can better plan for the road ahead. Now, all you need is a hammer and you’re ready to go.

Thinking about renovating a fixer-upper? SoFi personal loans can help you turn your new purchase into a dream home.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOHL0922004

The growing cost of college means that parents or grandparents who intend to pay part or all of the tab for a child need to chart a course. A tax-advantaged 529 plan is one way to save for future education costs.

Although 529 plans have been around since 1996, many parents still aren’t sure how they work. Yet they are worth knowing about in detail.

Read on to get the full story on 529 plans and whether opening one is the right move for you.

529 Plan Basics

Also known as a qualified tuition program, a 529 plan allows a parent (or anyone else) to prepay a student’s college tuition or contribute to an education savings account.

Contributions are not tax-deductible at the federal level, but some states do offer a tax deduction for a state-specific plan. Distributions are tax-free if they are used for qualified education expenses for the beneficiary.

There are two kinds of 529 plans — named, by the way, for Section 529 of the federal tax code — and every state offers at least one. Learn the difference.

Prepaid Tuition Plan

A prepaid tuition plan allows you to prepay tuition and fees at certain colleges and universities at today’s prices for a child’s future educational needs. Such plans are usually available only at public schools and for in-state students. Only nine are accepting new applicants, and the funds saved are typically not able to be used for room and board.

The main benefit of a prepaid college plan is that you could save big on the price of college by prepaying before prices go up. And contributions are considered gifts, so deposits up to a certain threshold each year ($17,000 in 2023, or $34,000 for a married couple splitting gifts) qualify for the annual and lifetime gift-tax exclusion.

A few special-case guidelines to note:

•   If your child doesn’t attend a participating college or university, you will likely be able to use the funds you set aside at another school. Another option may be to transfer the plan to an eligible sibling. What if no one in the family plans on attending college? Most plans will refund your money, perhaps minus a cancellation fee.

•   If your state government doesn’t guarantee the plan, you may lose the payments you’ve made if the state runs into budget shortfalls.

•   Prepaid tuition plans may charge an enrollment fee and ongoing administrative fees.

•   Although most of the plans can’t be used for room and board, Florida Prepaid Plans, for example, offer a prepaid dormitory plan of two semesters of dorm fees for each year of state university coverage.

An alternative to the state-sponsored plans is the Private College 529 Plan, which has over 300 participating institutions nationwide.

Recommended: Private vs Public College

Education Savings Plan

The second type of 529 plan is an education savings plan. Here’s how it works:

•   You can contribute monthly, quarterly, or annually, or deposit a lump sum. Beyond parents making regular payments, 529 plans can be a clever way for the extended family to give a meaningful gift on birthdays or holidays. There is no limit on how much you can add yearly, but you’ll have to fill out gift tax Form 709 if you contribute more than the annual gift amount.

•   While contributions are not deductible on the federal level, many states provide tax benefits for saving in a 529 plan, such as deducting contributions from state income taxes or giving matching grants. Check your local tax laws to see if you qualify.

•   Once you contribute, you will likely have a range of investment options to choose from. These vary from state to state and may include mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

•   You may want to tailor your choices to the date you expect to withdraw the money — you can possibly be more aggressive if you have a longer timeline, but may sway more conservatively if you only have a few years. One option is to choose a target-date fund, which would automatically adjust your portfolio to become more conservative as your child’s college years approach. That usually means a greater share of stocks initially and more bonds and cash over time.

•   Money can be withdrawn tax-free from a 529 savings plan to pay for any “qualified higher education expense,” which includes tuition, fees, books, computers, and room and board.

•   You can make withdrawals as long as your child is enrolled at least half-time at an accredited school, regardless of where in the United States it is, and occasionally abroad. Parents can also withdraw up to $10,000 a year to pay for K-12 tuition expenses and for student loan repayment.

•   If you withdraw money for the above expenses, you won’t have to pay federal income tax, and often state income tax, on your earnings. If you withdraw the funds for other reasons, you’ll have to pay taxes, and you may or may not be able to avoid the 529 withdrawal penalty, a 10% federal tax penalty on the earnings.

•   Starting in 2024, families with leftover savings in a 529 college savings account may be able to roll it to a Roth IRA tax- and penalty-free. That is one of several retirement savings changes that are part of the Secure 2.0 Act.

One last note: It is possible to change the beneficiary of a 529 plan to another eligible family member. For example, you can switch to a younger child if your oldest got a scholarship. That’s another 529 account benefit to note.

How 529 Savings Plans Compare With Other Options

Why create any investment plan for your child? Time. By investing funds, 529 accounts give your money the chance to grow over time.

If you just leave your savings in cash or even a high-interest savings account, you may actually be losing money as the years go by, as it likely won’t keep up with inflation.

The 529 plan also has advantages when it comes to calculating financial aid. When you complete the FAFSA, the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, money in these accounts owned by either a dependent student or by a parent is considered a parental asset on the FAFSA. Approximately the first $10,000 won’t be counted toward the expected family contribution.

For more than that, only up to 5.64% of the amount saved counts when the government calculates the “expected family contribution” in deciding on the financial aid package. (For other student assets, up to 20% of the savings can count in the calculation.)

So while a 529 may slightly reduce financial aid, it will likely save more overall by reducing the number of federal or private student loans needed.

New rules affect grandparent-owned 529 plans. Distributions have counted as student income on the next year’s FAFSA, assessed at up to 50%. But starting with the 2023-2024 school year, grandparents’ 529 plan savings will have no impact on the student, which might incentivize parents to contribute to grandparent-owned plans instead of the other way around.

Now let’s look at some options.

Recommended: Financial Aid for Higher-Income Families

Coverdell Account

Like a 529 plan, a Coverdell account, also called an Education Savings Account (ESA), is a tax-advantaged savings account to pay for qualified education expenses.

Unlike a 529 account, total contributions from all sources to a Coverdell account cannot exceed $2,000 annually per beneficiary. Another difference is income limits: You can only use an ESA if your modified adjusted gross income is less than $110,000 (singles) or $220,000 (married couples filing jointly).

You can only make contributions until the child reaches age 18, and all funds must be withdrawn by the time the beneficiary reaches age 30. A 529 plan generally does not restrict the age of the beneficiary.

Basic Brokerage Account

Instead of a 529 plan, some families may favor a brokerage account, which affords the freedom to choose whatever investments they want and the ability to use proceeds for any need a young person has.

The main benefit of a 529 plan is that you don’t have to pay capital gains tax on any distributions used for qualified education expenses. Many families, however, pay a 0% long-term capital gains tax rate anyway. (Long-term capital gains apply to a security held for a year or more. The day-to-day increases or decreases in an asset’s value before it is sold are unrealized gains and losses.)

For 2023, married couples filing jointly with taxable income of $89,250 or less and single filers with $44,625 or less may qualify for the 0% long-term capital gains rate.

A 529 account, then, may be of greatest use to families that need an additional tax shelter.

Recommended: How to Reduce Taxable Income for High Earners

Traditional IRA

Withdrawals from a traditional IRA before age 59½ that are used for qualified higher education expenses are not subject to the 10% early distribution penalty — but you will still pay income tax on the distribution.

Money in a qualified retirement plan is not reported on the FAFSA, but distributions may be reported as untaxed income, and income is weighted much more heavily than assets for financial aid. Remember that a 529 savings plan will have a limited impact on the financial aid offer a student receives.

It is generally thought that retirement plans should be used for just that, and not for college expenses.

Roth IRA

With a Roth IRA, you can withdraw contributions tax- and penalty-free at any time, but distributions will be reported as untaxed income on the FAFSA, reducing eligibility for need-based financial aid.

You generally must be at least age 59½ and have had the Roth account for at least five years to withdraw earnings tax- and penalty-free. If you are under 59½, you may be able to avoid a penalty (but not taxes) if you withdraw earnings to pay for qualified education expenses.

Some people opt to max out their Roth IRA contributions and then invest additional money in a 529 plan.

UGMA and UTMA Accounts

You can open a Uniform Gifts to Minors Act or Uniform Transfers to Minors Act account on behalf of a child under age 18. The adult custodian controls the money, but gifts and transfers irrevocably become the property of the child.

As with a 529 plan, annual contributions to a UGMA or UTMA account are unlimited, and gifts below the annual gift threshold do not need to be reported to the IRS on gift tax Form 709.

Unlike college savings plans, there is no penalty if the account assets aren’t used to pay for college. Once the minor reaches adulthood, the money is turned over to the former minor, who can use the assets for college or anything else.

But custodial accounts have drawbacks when compared with 529 savings plans: The accounts offer no tax benefits when contributions are made. Earnings are subject to taxes. And a custodial account is counted as a student asset on the FAFSA and will weigh more heavily against financial aid eligibility than parents’ assets or assets held in a 529 account or an ESA.

Choosing a 529 Savings Plan

Every state offers a 529 savings plan, but not all are created equal. When trying to find the best 529 college savings plan, you may want to think about the tax benefits and the fees.

First, you may want to understand whether you qualify for a state income tax deduction or credit for your contributions, based on your state of residence and the plan. Check your state laws and consult a tax professional to learn more about your particular situation.

Some states, such as New York, only offer deductions to in-state taxpayers who use their plan. Other states, including Pennsylvania, allow residents to take a deduction regardless of which state’s plan they use.

Some states, like Indiana, offer income tax credits instead of deductions. And other states, such as North Carolina, don’t offer any deductions for 529 contributions.

The next thing you could consider are the fees associated with your plan, which could include enrollment fees, annual maintenance fees, and asset management fees. Some states let you save on fees if you have a large balance, contribute automatically, are a state resident, or opt for electronic-only documents.

The Takeaway

For many students, the cost of college can be eased with a tax-advantaged 529 savings plan. The accounts allow for tax-free growth of funds that can help dreams of affording higher education come true.

529 plans are still rarely used, though, whereas most college students take on loans to get through school. If savings and federal student aid don’t cover all the costs of college, a private student loan could be a solution.

Federal programs like income-driven repayment and deferred interest on some federal student loans do not apply to private student loans, but a private student loan can help fill gaps in need.

SoFi offers private student loans for undergrads, graduate students, parents, MBA and law students, and future health care professionals that come with competitive rates and no fees.

Check your rate on a student loan from SoFi, named a best private student loan company by U.S. News and World Report.

FAQ

Are 529 plans worth it?

A 529 plan can be a worthwhile college savings vehicle, depending on a family’s situation. If the student is definitely going to attend college and if the state of residence offers tax benefits for these savings, or a prepaid tuition plan, it can be a good option.

Why shouldn’t you invest in a 529 plan?

For some people, a 529 may not be the best option. If a family is unsure whether a child will attend college, lives where there aren’t state-level tax breaks for these programs, or thinks they can earn higher returns elsewhere, they might not want to open a 529 college savings plan.

Is a 529 plan better than a savings account?

A savings account offers more flexibility than a 529 college savings plan, but it won’t offer the tax advantages that a 529 does. With a 529 account, contributions will grow tax-free, and withdrawals for qualified education expenses are also not subject to taxes.

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Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

* The SoFi 0.25% autopay interest rate reduction requires you to agree to make your scheduled monthly payments by an automatic monthly deduction (ACH) from a savings or checking account. The benefit will discontinue and be lost for periods in which you do not pay by automatic deduction from a savings or checking account. The discount will not reduce the monthly payment; instead, the discount is applied to the principal loan balance and is intended to help pay the loan down faster. Enrolling in autopay is not required to receive a loan from SoFi.

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Mortgages come with different loan terms, and a short 10-year mortgage could be beneficial for some borrowers vs. the common 30-year variety. It’s important to consider your personal finances and goals, since the mortgage length affects the interest rate and monthly payment.

This guide will compare the pros and cons of different mortgage lengths and explore how to get a 10-year mortgage term. Read on to learn if paying off a home loan in a decade is the right fit for you.

How Does a 10-Year Mortgage Work?

A homebuyer or refinancer chooses a mortgage term based largely on the monthly payment they can handle and how long they plan to keep the property. In general, the shorter the term, the higher the payment.

The term length isn’t the only differentiating factor among mortgages. There’s also the choice of fixed-rate vs. adjustable-rate mortgages.

With a 10-year fixed-rate mortgage, the interest rate is set for the life of the loan. Through mortgage amortization, the monthly payment on a fixed-rate mortgage stays the same (excluding changes in taxes or insurance if included in escrow payments), making it easy to budget years worth of housing costs.

The amortization schedule determines how the monthly payment is allocated between the principal and interest. Initially, payments primarily go toward interest. Near the end of the loan term, most of the payment will be on the loan principal, with minimal interest remaining.

Adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) work differently. A 10-year ARM has a fixed interest rate for 10 years, followed by a fluctuating interest rate until the loan is paid off.

You might see a 10/1 ARM or 10/6 ARM. With a 10/1 ARM, the interest rate is fixed for 10 years and then readjusted every year for the remaining term (usually 20 more years). A 10/6 ARM operates similarly but readjusts every six months rather than annually.

Recommended: How a 5/1 ARM Works

Reasons to Choose a 10-Year Mortgage

No two homebuyers or refinancers have the same financial goals and situation, but there are some common reasons for choosing a 10-year mortgage.

Borrowers may prefer a 10-year mortgage to save on total interest paid. This could be a good option for buyers with higher incomes who can afford larger monthly payments with money still left over for savings and other expenses.

When interest rates are low, homeowners with an existing 20- or 30-year mortgage might choose to refinance to a 10-year mortgage to get out of debt sooner and pay less interest. This scenario could be more beneficial if you plan to remain in your home longer, allowing time to recoup the closing costs of refinancing.

A shorter mortgage term can be helpful for people who are approaching retirement, too. Paying off a mortgage while you’re still earning a salary (and in less time) allows soon-to-be retirees to save money on interest payments. After 10 years, retirees can enjoy their paid-off house or sell the property to further pad their savings and downsize.

Pros of a 10-Year Mortgage Term

Considering a 10-year mortgage term? Here are some of the potential upsides of going with a decadelong mortgage term.

•   Faster Payoff: You’ll own your home outright in just 10 years.

•   Competitive Rates: 10-year mortgage rates are often lower than rates for mortgages with longer terms.

•   Less Interest Paid: A shorter mortgage term means less interest is accrued, and thus paid, over the life of the loan.

•   Building of Equity: Putting more money toward your mortgage right away can grow home equity faster, which can be borrowed against later for home improvements or other expenses.

Cons of a 10-Year Mortgage Term

Taking out a 10-year mortgage isn’t without its drawbacks. Here are some downsides to be aware of when considering this type of home loan.

•   Higher Monthly Payments: A condensed mortgage term comes with higher monthly payments, putting borrowers at risk if they lose a job or incur emergency expenses.

•   Risk of Becoming “House Poor”: Putting more money toward your mortgage could prevent you from achieving other financial goals, such as saving for retirement or college tuition.

•   Less of a Tax Deduction: Borrowers who use the mortgage interest deduction on taxes will only be able to do so for 10 years.

•   Less Property Choice: Buyers may qualify for a smaller loan amount with a 10-year mortgage than a longer-term loan, reducing the number of homes they can afford.

10-Year Mortgage vs 30-Year Mortgage: How They Compare

It’s helpful to compare mortgage options during the homebuying process. This means looking at different lenders and mortgage term lengths.

The 30-year fixed-rate mortgage is the most popular way to finance a home purchase, with 90% of mortgages lasting 30 years. It’s also the route most borrowers using first-time homebuyer programs take.

Let’s take a closer look at how 10-year mortgages and 30-year mortgages compare.

Interest Rates

Fixed-rate mortgages keep the same interest rate over the life of the loan, helping to make payments predictable.

Lenders use a variety of factors to calculate interest rates, such as credit score, down payment, and economic conditions. Generally speaking, paying the loan back in less time is viewed as less risky for the lender. Thus, 10-year mortgages typically come with lower interest rates than 30-year mortgages.

Monthly Payment

With fixed-rate mortgages, equal installment payments are collected each month by a mortgage servicer.

While 10-year mortgages often have lower interest rates, the monthly payment is significantly higher thanks to the condensed payment schedule. Put another way, the monthly payment for a 10-year mortgage is usually double that of a 30-year mortgage.

For example, a $300,000 mortgage at a fixed rate of 5% with a 10-year term would have a monthly payment of $3,182. Meanwhile, borrowing $300,000 at a fixed rate of 5% with a 30-year term would amount to a $1,610 payment each month. This calculation excludes property taxes, homeowners insurance, and any private mortgage insurance.

You can use this online mortgage calculator tool to estimate your monthly payment.

Getting Qualified

Your debt-to-income ratio (DTI), which is calculated by dividing your monthly debts by your gross monthly income, is an important indicator of your ability to repay the loan.

A DTI of 36% or less is recommended for homebuyers, though borrowers with a DTI of 43% may still qualify for a mortgage.

When applying for a 10-year mortgage, the larger monthly payment will increase your DTI, which could affect your ability to qualify, or at least how much you qualify for. Borrowers may qualify for a larger loan amount with a 30-year mortgage because the monthly payment is lower.

Should Inflation Affect Whether You Choose a 10-Year or Longer Mortgage?

Inflation has an impact on the cost of everything. Homebuyers and refinancers need to know that rising inflation affects mortgage rates.

Choosing a longer mortgage term with lower monthly payments can help safeguard a budget from the effects of inflation.

Most borrowers have the option of making extra principal payments, as their finances allow, to repay the loan faster and save on interest. The same ideas behind how to pay off a 30-year mortgage in 15 years apply to paying it off in 10.

Borrowers can also refinance to a 10-year mortgage later if rates are lower and they have the income to manage the higher monthly payment.

Recommended: Home Loan Help Center

The Takeaway

Opting for a 10-year mortgage can help pay off your home quicker and save money on interest. On the flipside, you’ll have to dedicate more of your budget to payments, potentially at the cost of retirement savings and investments.

Still weighing your options? Check out SoFi Mortgages. Qualifying first-time homebuyers can put just 3% down; others, as little as 5% down.

FAQ

Is 10 years the shortest mortgage you can get?

Borrowers may access mortgages with terms of less than 10 years by working with their bank or credit union, since they have more flexibility and an existing customer relationship to customize a loan.

Are there 50-year mortgages?

Though uncommon, 50-year fixed-rate mortgages exist. With such an extended term, borrowers will pay significantly more in interest over the life of the loan than shorter-term home loans.

Photo credit: iStock/fizkes

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Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Opting to buy a used vehicle rather than the newest model on the lot can be a great way to save some money.

Used cars often cost significantly less than new cars. In addition, older cars are generally cheaper to insure (since they are worth less than new cars).

The process of shopping for, and financing, a used car, however, can feel intimidating. To demystify the process, we’ve got nine simple strategies that can help you find a reliable used car that fits your lifestyle and budget.

1. Setting a Budget for a Used Car

Before you start researching used cars, you may want to first think about how much you can afford to spend on a car and how you will pay for it.

If you will be paying cash, you may want to consider how much of your savings you can realistically put towards a car. If you don’t have quite enough, or the purchase would completely gouge your savings, you may want to spend a few more months saving up for a car.

If you will be getting a loan for the car, you’ll want to think about what would be a comfortable monthly payment.

One rule of thumb is to put at least 10% down and finance the car for three years. You may also want to try to keep your total monthly auto expenses no higher than 20% of your monthly take home pay.

You can use an online auto loan calculator to get a rough idea of how much you might need to spend each month on financing.

2. Getting Financing Before You Start Shopping

If you plan to get a loan to buy the car, it can be a good idea to get a pre-approved car loan from a bank, credit union, or another lender before you start shopping.

While you may opt to go with financing offered by a car dealership, having a pre-approved car loan offer in your back pocket can give you a great negotiating tool.

Dealers tend to mark up the interest rate to make a profit, but if you already have a deal in place, they will know they need to beat it in order to get your business.

Even if you’re going to buy a car through a private sale, having a pre-approved loan in place will allow you to jump on a great deal as soon as you find it.

Recommended: Buying a Car with a Personal Loan

3. Choosing Your Ideal Car

Now that you have a car buying budget in mind, you may want to look into what types of cars you can get for that money.

Do you need a truck, SUV, or sedan? You can save money outright by buying a smaller car and also down the line if it’s good on gas mileage.

If safety is a top priority, you may want to check out the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Ratings to see which cars perform the best in crash tests.

You can also narrow the field by making a list of must-have features, and then searching for cars that have them using a search tool like Edmunds Car Finder .

Once, you’ve narrowed your list to three target models that you can research in more detail. You may also want to read reviews about the cars you’re interested in on sites like Kelley Blue Book and J.D. Power. .

Recommended: How to Save Up for a Car

4. Shopping for a Used Car

Once you know how much you can spend and what kind of car is going to be a good fit for you, you can actually begin shopping for a used car. There’s no need to start driving to car lots all over town–you can browse through tons of vehicles online.

Good places to look include: used car superstores like Carmax or Carvana, used car dealerships, as well as new car dealerships (which often also sell used cars, though not always at the lowest prices).

You may also want to look at listings from local private party sellers, which you can find on Craigslist, eBay Motors, Facebook Marketplace, and Nextdoor.com.

5. Researching the Car

Once you’ve pinpointed a vehicle you might want to buy, it can be a good idea to find out as much as you can about the vehicle’s history.

You can get a vehicle history report from a company like Carfax or Autocheck , which can tell you if the car has any red flags, such reported accidents or flood damage, as well as information on the car’s maintenance and service history.

To get a report, you’ll need to get the car’s vehicle identification number (VIN) or license plate number from the seller. There is typically a fee for running a report (around $25) but many dealers will provide the report for free.

You may also want to run the VIN number through the United States Department of Transportation Recalls site to check for any safety recalls. If there have been any recalls, it’s a good idea to make sure that the issue has been fixed.

6. Going for a Test Drive

It can often be helpful to try before you buy, especially when it comes to buying a car. A car dealership will typically let you take a few cars for a drive so you can get a sense of how they feel.

You may want to call ahead before visiting a dealership to make sure they have the car on the lot that you’re interested in so you can see it that day.

A private seller will also likely allow you to take the car for a brief spin to see how you like it.

Some things to consider when going for a test drive:

•   How well the car accelerates and corners.
•   If the breaks are responsive.
•   If there are any unusual noises or vibrations that could indicate a mechanical issue.
•   How well the car fits you–is there enough leg room? Can you comfortably reach all of the controls?

7. Inspecting a Used Car

Even if you’re far from a car expert, it can be a good idea to do a visual inspection of the car. Is the car’s body and paint in good shape? Are the lights all working? Are there signs of cracks or water inside the lights?

You may also want to turn on the air conditioning and heating, radio, and navigation system and make sure they are all working properly.

When examining the interior, you’ll want to make sure it is in decent condition and there aren’t any unpleasant smells–a moldy smell can indicate flood damage and cigarette smells can be hard to get rid of.

8. Getting a Mechanic to Inspect the Car

Unless you are buying a certified used car with factory warranty coverage from a dealership, you may want to consider getting a car you are close to buying inspected by an independent auto mechanic.

While this does involve an investment of some cash (typically $100 to $200), it can potentially save you from dealing with a costly repair soon after you buy the car.

The inspection report may also give you some bargaining power when haggling over the price of the car.

9. Negotiating the Price of a Used Car

It’s rare that you’re going to come across a used car price where the seller is unwilling to budge, even a little.

Before you negotiate a car deal, however, you’ll want to have all your research ready, including how much the average make and model car for a particular year goes for, and any concerns or issues that came up during your personal and professional inspection.

If you’re negotiating with a dealer, it can be a good idea to keep the focus on total cost of the car, rather than bring a trade-in or financing into the mix.

Dealers may want to merge all of the numbers into one deal, which can be confusing–and also make a not-so-good deal look better.

When discussing price at a dealership, you may also want to make sure you are talking about the out-the-door price, including all fees (so there aren’t any surprises).

The Takeaway

Buying a used car can be a smart buying decision. To make sure you get a car that suits your needs and budget, however, you’ll want to research your options, come up with a target price range, and line up financing before you shop.

When shopping for used cars, it’s a good idea to learn a car’s history, test drive the car, and also have it professionally inspected.

Knowing the value of the car in the open marketplace can help you negotiate a good price. If you don’t like the deal, there’s nothing wrong with walking away.

Saving up for a new (to you) set of wheels? You may want to consider opening a bank account online with SoFi.

SoFi Checking and Savings allows you to separate your savings from your spending, while still earning competitive interest on all your money.

And with SoFi Checking and Savings’s “vaults” feature, you can create different vaults for different goals, including a “car savings” vault.

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¹SoFi Relay offers users the ability to connect both SoFi accounts and external accounts using Plaid, Inc’s service. Vehicle Identification Number is confirmed by LexisNexis and car values are provided by J.D. Power. Auto Tracker is provided on an “as-is, as-available” basis with all faults and defects, with no warranty, express or implied. The values shown on this page are a rough estimate based on your car’s year, make, and model, but don’t take into account things such as your mileage, accident history, or car condition.

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2022 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
SoFi Money® is a cash management account, which is a brokerage product, offered by SoFi Securities LLC, member
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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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