Labels like prime and subprime help denote loans that are designed for people with different credit scores. Prime loans are built for borrowers with good credit, while subprime loans are designed for those with less-than-perfect credit. While subprime loans can help this group finance big purchases like a home or a car, they also come with potentially significant downsides.
Here are key things to know about prime and subprime loans to help you make better borrowing decisions.
Prime Loan vs Subprime Loan
When you’re shopping for a loan, lenders will consider your credit history to help them determine how much default risk they’d be taking on were they to loan you money.
Your credit score is a three-digit representation of your credit history that lenders use to understand your creditworthiness. While there are different credit scoring models, the FICO® score is one of the most commonly used. Lenders and other institutions may have different rules for which credit scores determine prime vs subprime loans.
For example, Experian, one of the three major credit reporting bureaus, defines a prime loan as requiring a FICO score of 670 to 739. With a score of 740 or above, you’re in super prime territory. Borrowers with a FICO score of 580 to 669 will likely only qualify for subprime loans.
Here are some key differences between the two that borrowers should be aware of.
Interest Rates
Borrowers with lower credit scores are seen as a greater lending risk. To offset some of that risk, lenders may charge higher interest rates on subprime loans than on prime loans.
What’s more, many subprime loans have adjustable interest rates, which may be locked in for a short period of time after which they may readjust on a regular basis, such as every month, quarter, or year. If interest rates are on the rise, this can mean your subprime loan becomes increasingly more expensive.
Down Payments
Again, because subprime borrowers may be at a higher risk of default, lenders may protect themselves by requiring a higher down payment. That way, the borrower has more skin in the game, and their bank doesn’t need to lend as much money.
Loan Amounts
Subprime borrowers may not be able to borrow as much as their prime counterparts.
Higher Fees
Fees, such as late-payment penalties or origination fees, may be higher for subprime borrowers.
💡 Quick Tip: Before choosing a personal loan, ask about the lender’s fees: origination, prepayment, late fees, etc. One question can save you many dollars.
Repayment Periods
Subprime loans typically carry longer terms than prime loans. That means they take longer to pay back. While a longer term can mean a smaller monthly payment, it also means that you may end up paying more in interest over the life of the loan.
Prime Loan vs Subprime Loan: What Type of Loans Are They?
Prime and subprime options are available for a variety of loan types. For example, different types of personal loans come as prime personal loans or subprime personal loans. When you’re comparing personal loan interest rates, you’ll see that prime loans offer lower rates than subprime. Common uses for personal loans include consolidating debt, paying off medical bills, and home repairs.
You can also apply for prime and subprime mortgages and auto loans. What is considered a prime or subprime score varies depending on the type of loan and the lender.
By checking your credit score, you can get a pretty good idea of whether you’ll qualify for a prime or subprime loan. That said, as mentioned above, the categories will vary by lender.
The process for applying for a prime or subprime loan is similar.
Get Prepared
Lenders may ask for all sorts of documentation when you apply for a loan, such as recent paystubs, employer contact information, and bank statements. Gather this information ahead of time, so you can move swiftly when researching and applying for loans.
Research Lenders
Banks, credit unions, and online lenders all offer prime and subprime loans. You may want to start with the bank you already have a relationship with, but it’s important to explore other options too. You may even want to approach lenders who specialize in subprime loans.
To shop around for the best possible rate, you may be able to prequalify with several different lenders. This only requires a soft credit inquiry, which won’t impact your credit. That way you can see which lender can offer you the best terms and interest rates. Applying for credit will trigger a hard inquiry on your credit report, which will temporarily lower your credit score.
Consider a Cosigner
If you’re having trouble getting a subprime loan, you may consider a cosigner with better credit, such as a close family member. They will be on the hook for paying off your loan if you miss any payments, so be sure you are both aware of the risk.
Subprime Loan Alternatives
There are alternatives to subprime loans that also carry a fair amount of risk. Some, like credit cards, are legitimate options when used responsibly. Others, like payday loans, should be avoided whenever possible.
Credit Cards
Credit cards allow you to borrow relatively small amounts of money on a revolving basis. If you pay off your credit card bill each month, you will owe no interest. However, if you carry a balance from month to month, you will owe interest, which can compound and send you deeper into debt.
💡 Quick Tip: Swap high-interest debt for a lower-interest loan, and save money on your monthly payments. Find out why SoFi credit card consolidation loans are so popular.
Predatory Loans
Payday loans are a type of predatory loan that usually must be paid off when you receive your next paycheck. These lenders often charge high fees and extremely high interest rates — as high as 400%, or more. If you cannot pay off the loan within the designated period, you may be allowed to roll it over. However, you will be charged a fee again, potentially trapping you in a cycle of debt.
The Takeaway
Subprime loans can be a relatively expensive way to take on debt, especially compared to their prime counterparts. If you can, you may want to wait to improve your credit profile before taking on a subprime loan. You can do this by always paying your bills on time and by paying down debt. That said, in some cases, taking on a subprime loan is unavoidable — you may need a new car now to get you to work, for example — so shop around for the best rates you can get.
Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.
SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Personal Loan overall.
FAQ
Why are subprime loans bad?
Subprime loans are not necessarily bad. However, these loans typically charge higher interest rates and fees than their prime counterparts. Borrowers may also be asked to put down a higher down payment, and they may be able to borrow less.
What is the difference between subprime and nonprime?
Nonprime borrowers have credit scores that are higher than subprime but lower than prime.
What type of loan is a subprime loan?
A variety of loan types may include a subprime category, including mortgages, auto loans, and personal loans. All loans in the subprime category likely have higher interest rates and fees.
Photo credit: iStock/Nikola Stojadinovic
SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.
Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.
Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.
After all the work that goes into applying to college — researching schools, submitting transcripts, taking entrance exams, and writing essays — students probably welcome a feeling of relief once that application is officially submitted.
The relief may be instant, but also fleeting. The next phase of getting into college can be painstaking because it’s the waiting phase. Acceptance letters don’t have one standard date for being sent out. Admissions decisions can be delivered as early as December for early action or early decision applicants and as late as April for regular admission applicants.
Learn more on different types of college admissions applications and see how their submission deadlines and acceptance date periods differ.
Types of Applications
Just as there isn’t a standard date for acceptance letters to be sent out, there isn’t one standard submission date for applications, either. There are a few early submission options available, as well as regular submission and rolling admissions. The due date of the application will depend on which type of application is being submitted, and this will also determine when you receive the school’s decision.
Options for applying early include early decision, early action, and single-choice early action.
Early Decision
The early decision application is binding, meaning that students who are accepted are committed to enrolling. Because this application is binding, students can only apply to one school as an early decision. These applications are due in November and the decisions go out in December. If students decide to apply with this early decision option, this school should be their top choice and the one they’d prefer to go to over all others.
Early Action
The early action application is similar to the early decision in regard to the due date (due in November) and decision timeframe (decisions go out in December), but it differs in that it isn’t binding. It’s okay to apply to multiple schools via early action, and if you’re accepted you’re not required to enroll until the normal reply date of May 1.
This option is similar to the early decision in that students can only apply to one school this way, but it’s not binding. If students choose to apply to a school via single-choice early action, it’s a way of saying they’re especially interested in attending that school. The deadline and acceptance period is the same as the other early options.
When it comes to applying early, no matter which type of early application you choose, the applications will usually be due in November and decisions will be sent out in December.
Regular Decision
Regular decision college applications are the most common of the application options. For these applications, the deadline is usually in January or February and the decision letters go out by April. The deadline for submitting your application will differ between schools, so make sure to check the website for each school and mark the dates on a calendar.
Rolling admission allows students to apply until the school runs out of space. Applications may be accepted until April or later. Students are encouraged to apply using the same deadline as the regular decision, though, to have a better chance of being accepted before the colleges run out of spaces.
Some colleges will also have differing numbers of spots open based on specific majors. If the major the student lists on an application is impacted at some schools, it might be better to apply by the deadline for regular applications since impacted majors are likely to have more students apply than there are spots available. The average turnaround for rolling admission is about four to six weeks, so the date that decisions are sent out will depend on when students submit their application.
After waiting for one to two months to receive a school’s decision, it can be frustrating to open that letter or email and see that there’s more waiting to do. Being on the school’s waitlist isn’t necessarily bad, however.
There are many reasons that students end up on the waitlist. They may have met the academic criteria to get into the school, but the school might not have space yet for these students.
Most schools will require students to contact them and accept their spot on the waitlist to be considered for admission, so don’t forget that step.
Since the number of students that can be accepted from a waitlist depends on the number of students who choose to enroll, students on the waitlist won’t hear back until after decision day.
Decision day is May 1, and it’s the day that seniors are required to notify their school that they accept their admission and will enroll.
After the decision day, the schools will know how many students will enroll, and then they’ll be able to start accepting students from the waitlist if there’s space. This means students on the waitlist can expect to hear back from their school by the end of May, but sometimes it can take up until the fall semester starts to hear back.
Paying for College
Planning for college goes beyond getting accepted. Once accepted, students have to figure out how to pay for college, including tuition, books, and housing. Luckily, there are many good options for financing higher education, which can include financial aid from the government (grants and/or loans), scholarships, and private loans.
The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) is the form students will need to complete as the first step in applying for student aid. Depending on a student’s Student Aid Index (SAI), they may be eligible for federal student loans, grants, or work-study.
Grants don’t usually have to be repaid, but loans do. The amount of aid students can receive from the federal government will depend on their financial need, so not everyone will be eligible.
Federal student loans come with some benefits that are not guaranteed by private student loans, like lower fixed interest rates and flexible repayment options. Federal loans also offer borrower protections, such as deferment and forbearance, and student loan forgiveness programs for those that qualify.
Scholarships
Scholarships can be merit-based, meaning they’re awarded based on some kind of achievement, or need-based. There are many scholarships available, and it’s perfectly acceptable to apply to as many as possible to further the chances of receiving one — or more. Some scholarships are specific to a school or the local community, so check your school’s website for information.
Private Student Loans
Private student loans may be another option for paying for college. Since every financial institution is different, do some research and explore options available. Loan amounts and rates will depend on an applicant’s financial situation, including their credit history and income. Those with little of either may need a cosigner to be approved for a private loan.
Even if the cost of attendance might be covered by scholarships, grants, or federal student loans, there may be other costs of living a student might need assistance for. That’s where private student loans can be helpful when considered responsibly.To learn more about private student loans, college-bound students might want to check out this guide to private student loans.
Keep in mind, though, that private student loans do not offer the same protections as federal student loans, so it’s best to explore federal loans before relying on private ones.
The Takeaway
It can take a few weeks to a few months to hear back for a college admissions decision, depending on the type of application you submitted. Early applicants — such as early decision or early action — will generally hear back in December while regular decision applicants will receive their admission decision in April.
Taking some time to think about college costs and how to pay for the upcoming years of education can be a wise way to spend that time waiting for all of those acceptance letters to come rolling in. Options for paying for college include cash savings, grants and scholarships, federal student loans, and private student loans.
If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.
Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.
FAQ
How long does it take to hear back after applying to college?
It usually takes four to six weeks to hear back after applying to college, depending on the school’s admissions process and the type of application. Early decision applicants may receive a response in November or December, while regular decision applicants typically hear back between March and April.
What’s the difference between early decision and early action?
Early decision is a binding agreement where, if accepted, you must attend the college, while early action is non-binding, allowing you to apply to multiple schools and decide later.
Do colleges send rejection letters?
Yes, colleges send rejection letters to applicants who are not accepted. These letters are typically sent around the same time as acceptance letters, either by mail or email, depending on the school’s process.
SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.
SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.
SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.
Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .
When taking out a personal loan, one of the key decisions you’ll have to make is what term to select. A loan’s repayment term (i.e., how long you have to pay it off) can significantly impact your monthly payments, the total amount of interest you pay, and how quickly you become debt-free. Understanding how different term lengths affect loan repayment can help you make an informed choice that aligns with your budget and financial goals.
Below, we walk you through how personal loan term lengths work, and the pluses and minuses of going with a shorter- versus a longer-term loan.
What Does Personal Loan Term Length Mean?
Put simply, the term length of a personal loan is how long you have to pay it off. More specifically, it’s a period of time that starts when you receive the loan funds and ends when your final payment is due.
Personal loan terms vary depending on the lender and the amount of the loan, but typically range from two to seven years. Lenders will often give you a choice of loan terms. The length you choose will determine your monthly payment amount and the total amount of interest you’ll pay over the life of the loan. It can also impact the interest rate you’ll pay.
How Do Personal Loan Terms Work?
When you take out a personal loan, you’ll receive the full amount of the loan (called the principal) up front. Typically, you need to start paying back the principal, plus interest, in monthly installments within 30 days. These monthly payments will continue throughout the term of the loan.
Generally, the larger the loan, the longer the term will be. For example, a $500 personal loan will often have a term of one year or less, while a $15,000 loan might have a three- to four-year term. Loans of $30,000 or more can have terms ranging from five to seven years.
There are a number of things to consider when taking out a personal loan. These include:
• Loan amount: It’s important to take out a loan that’s enough to cover your needs but not more than you’ll need, since you’ll be paying interest on these funds. While you can find personal loans as small as $500, many lenders have loan minimums of $1,000 to $2,000.
• Interest rate: Rates for personal loans can range anywhere from 5.99% to over 29.99%. The rate you’ll pay will depend on the lender, the loan amount, the loan’s term, and your credit score. Generally, you’ll get a lender’s lowest rate if you have a good or excellent credit score and select the shortest available term.
• Repayment term: The less time you’re in debt, the less time interest has to accrue. Thus, going with a shorter loan term can lower the overall cost of a personal loan. However, it means your monthly payments will be higher. Repayment terms can also impact personal loan rates, with longer terms typically linked to higher rates, since they pose more risk to the lender.
• Collateral: Personal loans are typically unsecured, which means you don’t have to pledge a valuable asset (collateral) to back up the loan. There are some secured personal loans, however. Since collateral lowers a lender’s risk, secured loans tend to have lower interest rates than unsecured loans. However, should you fall behind on payments, the lender can seize your collateral to recoup their losses.
• Origination fee: Some lenders charge origination fees to cover the processing costs of the loan. These fees can range from 1.00% and 8.00% of the total loan amount. In some cases, you need to pay this fee in cash at closing; in others, the lender adds it to the amount you’re financing or subtracts it from your loan before it’s dispersed. Some lenders, however, don’t charge origination fees for personal loans.
• Prepayment penalty. If you pay off your personal loan early, a lender might charge you a prepayment penalty to make up for the loss in interest. But not all lenders charge a prepayment penalty.
Pros of Short Term Loan Length
Here’s a look at some of the advantages of taking out a personal loan with a shorter repayment term.
Faster Debt Repayment
One of the main advantages of a short-term loan is that you can become debt-free more quickly. By committing to higher monthly payments, you reduce the loan balance faster, which can free up your income for other uses sooner.
Lower Total Interest Costs
Because you are paying off the loan more quickly, there is less time for interest to accrue. As a result, shorter-term loans typically result in lower total interest costs, saving you money in the long run.
Potential for Lower Interest Rates
Since shorter terms reduce risk to the lender, you may be able to get a lower interest rate by choosing a shorter loan term. This can further decrease the overall cost of the loan.
Cons of Short Term Loan Length
Short-term personal loans also have some downsides, Here are some to keep in mind.
Larger Monthly Payments
One of the main drawbacks of a short-term loan is that you’ll have higher monthly payments. This might be challenging if your budget is already tight. It also means you’ll have less money to save and invest.
Less Financial Flexibility
With higher monthly payments, there is less room in your budget for unexpected expenses. This can be problematic if you encounter financial difficulties or need to redirect funds for emergencies.
Smaller Loan Amounts
Short-term personal loans tend to be for smaller amounts and may not be sufficient to cover your expense.
Here’s a look at some of the advantages of choosing a personal loan with a longer term.
Smaller Monthly Payments
A longer term spreads the repayment over a more extended period, resulting in lower monthly payments. This can make the loan more manageable, especially if you have a tight budget or your income fluctuates.
Frees Up Funds
Lower monthly payments give you more flexibility in your budget, freeing up funds for other goals, such as saving, investing, or covering other expenses. This can be beneficial if you anticipate future financial needs or want to maintain a comfortable lifestyle while repaying the loan.
Larger Loan Amounts
Longer-term personal loans typically give you access to larger loan amounts. This can work well if you have a big expense, such as consolidating credit card debt, a wedding, or a home renovation.
Cons of Long Term Loan Length
There are also some disadvantages to going with a longer loan term. Here are some to keep in mind.
Higher Costs
While longer terms generally make monthly payments smaller, extending the time you take to repay a loan typically leads to higher overall interest costs.
Extended Debt Duration
A longer loan term means you’ll be in debt for many years. This prolonged commitment could potentially become a drag on your budget or impact your financial planning, such as saving for retirement or other long-term goals.
Longer terms lead to increased risk for lenders. As a result, they may charge higher interest rates, which can further increase costs.
Choosing the Best Loan Term Length
When deciding on the best term length for a personal loan, you’ll want to factor in your monthly budget, financial goals, and the total cost of the loan. Here are some tips to help you decide on the best term length for a personal loan.
• Assess your financial situation: You might start by taking a look at your current monthly income, expenses, and savings targets. From there, you can determine how much you can afford to pay each month without compromising your lifestyle or future goals.
• Compare interest rates: It’s a good idea to shop around for lenders offering the best interest rates for different term lengths. A slightly higher interest rate might be acceptable if it results in more manageable monthly payments.
• Calculate total costs: There are online calculators that can help you compare the total interest paid for different term lengths. Understanding the long-term cost implications can help you make an informed decision.
• Consider flexibility: Check if the loan allows for early repayment without penalties. This flexibility can be handy if your financial situation improves and you want to pay off the loan faster.
The Takeaway
The right personal loan term length for you will depend on several factors, including your budget and future goals. Generally, going with a shorter term makes sense if you can afford a higher payment, want to save money on interest, and prefer to get out of debt quickly. However, you might be better off with a longer term if you need a more affordable monthly payment and want more flexibility, since you can typically pay your loan off ahead of schedule (just watch for any prepayment fees).
Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.
SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Personal Loan overall.
FAQ
Can personal loans be 10 years?
Yes, personal loans can have terms up to 10 years, although they are less common. Long-term personal loans typically range from two to seven years, but some lenders offer 10-year terms for specific purposes or higher loan amounts.
While a 10-year term can provide lower monthly payments, it often results in higher total interest paid over the life of the loan. Before you sign a long-term loan agreement, you’ll want to carefully consider the total cost and your ability to commit to such an extended repayment period.
Is it OK to pay off a personal loan early?
Yes, it’s generally okay to pay off a personal loan early, and can even be beneficial. Paying off your loan ahead of schedule can save you money on interest and free up money for other goals.
However, it’s important to check your loan agreement for any prepayment penalties. Some lenders charge fees for early repayment to compensate for the lost interest. If there are no penalties or the savings outweigh the fees, early repayment can be a smart financial move.
Do personal loans hurt your credit?
Personal loans can have both positive and negative impacts on your credit. Initially, applying for a loan results in a hard inquiry, which can temporarily lower your credit score. Taking on new debt may also affect your credit utilization ratio.
However, consistently making on-time payments can benefit your credit over time by demonstrating responsible credit behavior. Taking out a personal loan may also diversify your credit mix, which could also positively impact your credit. The key is to manage the loan responsibly and avoid missing payments to maintain or improve your credit profile.
Photo credit: iStock/Pekic
SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.
Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .
A letter of credit is a document from a bank or financial institution guaranteeing that a buyer’s payment to a seller will be made on time and for the correct amount. As part of a sales agreement, a seller may require the buyer to deliver a letter of credit before a deal takes place.
Letters of credit are often vital in international trade where the two parties involved are not yet familiar with one another. Letters of credit facilitate new trade and prompt payments.
Read on to learn more, including:
• What a letter of credit is
• How a letter of credit works
• What the different types of letters of credit are
• The pros and cons of letters of credit
• How to get a letter of credit.
What Is a Letter of Credit in Banking?
A letter of credit in banking is a document that a bank issues to a seller that guarantees payment from their customer for an order or service. The bank where the buyer’s business account is held usually assumes responsibility for the payment for the goods. However, the conditions laid out in the letter of credit must be fulfilled. If the buyer is unable to fulfill the purchase, the bank must pay the seller the purchase amount. The bank or financial institution charges the buyer a fee for guaranteeing the payment and issuing the letter.
Letters of credit are common in international trade situations because various factors can affect cross-border transactions. For example, the deal might involve different legal frameworks, a lack of familiarity between the parties involved, and geographic distance.
If you are a buyer who is planning to be involved in international trade, you will likely want to open a bank account that can provide you with a letter of credit when you need it.
How a Letter of Credit Works
When used properly, letters of credit can work to minimize credit risk and help international trade go smoothly. A vendor selling products or services overseas may want assurance that a buyer of their products or services will pay. Perhaps the buyer is new to them or just a new business, period.
So how does a letter of credit work? It serves as a guarantee from a bank that payment will be made to the vendor once the requirements are met. The letter lays out the conditions of payment, such as the amount, the timing of the payment, and the delivery specifications. The letter may help the business placing the order build their credit, too.
The bank charges the buyer a fee for issuing a letter of credit (often around 0.75% to 1.5% of the amount of the deal). It also does the due diligence to verify the buyer’s creditworthiness. The bank requires collateral or security from the buyer for the payment guarantee. In essence, the bank acts as a third party facilitating the deal.
• Commercial Letter of Credit: This is a method in which the issuing bank pays the seller directly. For a stand-by letter of credit, which is a secondary method of payment, the bank only pays the seller if the buyer cannot transfer funds.
• Revolving Letter of Credit: With this type of letter of credit, the bank guarantees payment for a number of transactions, such as a series of merchandise shipments within a set period of time.
• Traveler’s Letter of Credit: With this kind of letter, travelers can make withdrawals in a foreign country because the issuing bank guarantees to honor any withdrawals.
• Confirmed Letter of Credit: A seller using a confirmed letter of credit involves a secondary bank, typically the seller’s bank. This bank guarantees payment if the first bank fails to pay.
There is also an irrevocable letter of credit. This is a letter of credit that can’t be changed or canceled unless all parties agree.
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Letter of Credit Example
Here’s an example of a letter of credit: A bank provides commercial letters of credit and stand-by letters of credit within two weeks. The funds are secured through deposits at the bank, and the terms are renewable. These documents can help reassure parties doing business internationally with new businesses or clients who have recently started a business.
The Money Behind a Letter of Credit
So where do the payment funds for a letter of credit originate? The party paying for the goods or services typically deposits funds in advance to the bank that issues the letter of credit to cover the payment. Alternatively, the amount might be frozen in the payer’s account or the payer might borrow from the bank using a line of credit.
When Does Payment Happen?
Payment usually occurs when the seller has completed all the stipulations in the letter of credit. For example, the seller might have to deliver the goods to a specific address or onto a ship for transportation in the case of international trade. In the latter case, shipping documents would serve as proof that the requirements for payment have been fulfilled. They might then trigger the payment transaction.
What to Watch Out for
Here are some common mistakes sellers may make when relying on a letter of credit for payment.
• Failing to check all of the requirements in the letter of credit.
• Failing to understand the documents required for the deal.
• Failing to confirm whether the time limits for delivery and payment are reasonable.
• Failing to meet the time limits.
• Failing to get the necessary proof of delivery documents to the bank.
Letters of Credit Terminology
Here are some terms and phrases to know if you may be using letters of credit.
• Advising bank: This is the bank that informs the seller that the letter of credit has been completed. The advising bank is also called the notifying bank.
• Applicant: The party or buyer of products or services who applies for the letter of credit from the bank.
• Beneficiary: The party, or seller, who will receive payment. The seller usually requests a letter of credit to guarantee payment.
• Confirming bank: The bank that guarantees the payment of the required funds to the seller. If a third party is involved, the confirming bank is often the seller’s bank.
• Freight forwarder: A shipping company that provides the transportation documents to the seller.
• Intermediary: These are companies that link buyers and sellers and may use letters of credit to ensure transactions are executed.
• Issuing bank: The bank that issues the letter of credit.
• Negotiating bank: If a third party is involved, the negotiating bank works with the beneficiary and the other banks involved. They likely determine the letter of credit requirements to complete the transaction.
• Shipper: The transportation company that ships goods.
• Stand-by letter of credit: A secondary letter of credit that’s used when a deal requirement has not been met. For example, if payment does not occur within the specified timeframe, a stand-by letter of credit would then be used to help guarantee that the deal goes through.
Pros and Cons of Letters of Credit
A letter of credit provides security for both parties involved in a trade, but it can also add costs and time to business transactions.
Pros
Cons
• Reduces the risk that payment will not be made for goods or services, thereby providing security
• Allows for additional requirements to be built into a letter of credit, such as quality control and delivery stipulations
• Provides transaction security for both the buyer and the seller
• Forges new trade relationships
• Incurs bank fees for the letter of credit, typically for the buyer, which increases the cost of doing business
• Adds time by preparing a letter of credit; transactions can be delayed
• May require a separate letter of credit for each transaction
• Typically stipulates that the buyer provides collateral to the bank
How to Get a Letter of Credit
Getting a letter of credit usually requires a few steps. It’s wise to get the necessary paperwork together first. Various documents will usually be listed as requirements for a trade, such as a shipping bill, a commercial invoice, insurance documents, a certificate of origin, and a certificate of inspection.
Here are the steps typically taken to obtain a letter of credit.
1. The buyer and seller come to agreement on the sale terms and the use of a letter of credit.
2. The buyer contacts their bank where they have a checking account and requests a letter of credit and provides necessary documents.
3. The issuing bank prepares the letter based on the terms of the sales agreement and sends it to the confirming bank or advising bank, which is typically in the seller’s home country.
4. The confirming bank verifies the terms and forwards the letter to the seller.
5. The goods can then be shipped, and the exporter sends documentation to the advising or confirming bank.
6. Document verification and settlement of payment can then occur.
When to Use a Letter of Credit
A letter of credit is beneficial for sellers entering into a new trade relationship or an international trade relationship. It can provide assurance that the seller will receive payment because the issuing bank guarantees payment once the requirements have been met. Sellers may also use the guarantee of payment to borrow capital to fulfill the buyer’s order.
The Takeaway
A letter of credit is usually requested by an exporter or seller to minimize credit risk. The buyer of the goods or services applies to a bank and requests a letter of credit based on the sales agreement. This document helps guarantee that payment will be made. It can provide priceless peace of mind when conducting international trade or doing business with a new customer.
Another path to financial peace of mind: Choosing the right bank account. Whether you’re looking for a business account or a personal account, it’s wise to shop around to find the best banking fit for your needs.
Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.
Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.20% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.
FAQ
How much does a letter of credit cost?
A typical fee for a letter of credit is typically 0.75% percent to 1.5% of the amount of the deal, but the rate will vary depending on the country and other factors.
How do you apply for a letter of credit?
Once the terms of a trade are agreed upon between the buyer and the seller, a buyer contacts their bank to request a letter of credit. They then gather the required documentation and fill out an application with that bank.
Why do you need a letter of credit?
The parties involved in a trade typically use a letter of credit to minimize risk. For the seller, a letter of credit can guarantee payment for goods once certain requirements have been met and the buyer confirms their creditworthiness as a trade partner.
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Coming up with enough cash for a down payment to buy a house is often the biggest hurdle for prospective homebuyers. To avoid paying for mortgage insurance, you typically need to put down 20% of the purchase price. These days that can be a hefty sum: The average home sales price in the second quarter of 2024 was around $500,000, which means a typical buyer will need to accumulate at least $50,000 to purchase a home.
If you don’t have that kind of cash sitting around, using a personal loan might sound like a great solution. Unfortunately, many mortgage lenders do not permit you to do this. Even if you can find one who does, it may not be a good idea. Here’s what you need to know about using a personal loan for a down payment.
Why Can’t I Use a Personal Loan as a Down Payment?
As part of the mortgage application process, a lender will want to verify the sources for your down payment. Being able to provide documentation that you have enough money in savings to cover your down payment (and then some) gives the lender confidence in your strength as a borrower and your ability to repay the loan.
If you fund a down payment through a personal loan, however, a lender may see it as a sign of potential financial instability, which raises their risk. As a result, some types of mortgages — including conventional mortgages and FHA mortgages — forbid the use of personal loans as a down payment for a home.
Why Is It Bad to Use a Personal Loan for a Down Payment on a House?
Even if you are able to find a mortgage lender who allows you to use a personal loan for a down payment, doing so can have several negative consequences. Here are the primary reasons why it’s considered a bad idea.
• It can increase your DTI: Having a personal loan on your credit reports impacts your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio — how much of your monthly income goes to repaying debts. A higher DTI ratio can make it more challenging to qualify for a mortgage or reduce the amount for which you can qualify.
• It might increase your interest rate. Taking out a personal loan to cover a down payment signals to a mortgage lender that you’re financially stretched and may not be able to afford homeownership. This makes you a greater risk. To protect themselves, a lender may offer you a higher rate than a borrower using savings for their down payment.
• Higher monthly payments: Personal loans typically have shorter terms and higher interest rates than mortgages. Using a personal loan for a down payment means additional debt on top of a mortgage, which could be difficult to manage and lead to financial strain.
• Greater risk of default. If your budget is stretched due to multiple debts, you could potentially fall behind on your personal loan, mortgage payments, or both. If that happens, you risk defaulting on your debt, damaging your credit, and in a worst-case scenario, losing your home.
What Are Alternatives to a Personal Loan for a Down Payment?
Instead of using money from a personal loan for a down payment on a house, here are other ways to fund this milestone purchase.
Savings
If you’re not in a rush, you may want to push back your home purchase and ramp up your savings. To ensure consistency with your savings, consider setting up an automated transfer from checking to a dedicated savings account for a set day each month. You might also want to put any windfalls — like a tax refund, work bonus, or cash gift — toward your down payment fund to get to your goal faster.
Many mortgage lenders allow down payment funds to come from gifts provided by family members. If you have relatives who are willing and able to assist, this can be a viable option. Since a lender may ask you to substantiate any large deposits into your bank account, it’s a good idea to ask the giver to provide a letter to your lender detailing the amount and confirming that it is a gift and not a loan.
Down Payment Assistance Programs
Various local, state, and federal programs offer down payment assistance to eligible homebuyers. These programs can provide grants, low-interest loans, or forgivable loans to help cover your down payment and closing costs. They’re typically geared toward first-time homeowners who are low- to middle-income. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) allows you to search local home-buying programs by state on the HUD website.
Look Into Loans That Require a Smaller Down Payment
There are some types of mortgages that do not require a large down payment. FHA loans (which are insured by the Federal Housing Administration), for example, allow eligible borrowers to put down as little as 3.5%. USDA loans (targeted to certain suburban and rural homebuyers) and VA loans (designed for U.S. service members and their surviving spouses) don’t require any down payment.
Some retirement accounts, like a 401(k) or IRA, allow you to take out a loan or make a withdrawal for a home purchase. While this option can provide the necessary funds, it’s essential to understand the implications, such as potential taxes, penalties, and the impact on your retirement savings. It’s a good idea to consult with a financial advisor to determine if this could be a good option for your situation.
Taking out a personal loan might seem like a good way to get the funds for a down payment on a home. The problem is that many mortgage lenders won’t permit you to use a personal loan for down payment and, if they do, may charge you a higher interest rate or lower your loan amount, as they will view you as a risky borrower.
Personal loans are generally better left for other purposes, such as covering emergency expenses, consolidating credit card debt, or making home repairs or improvements (once you become a homeowner). If you are considering getting a personal loan, be sure to shop around to find the right offer. Personal loans from SoFi, for instance, offer competitive fixed interest rates.
SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Personal Loan overall.
FAQ
Can you use a personal loan for closing costs?
It may be possible to use a personal loan to cover closing costs when buying a home. These costs, which may include appraisal fees, title insurance, and attorney fees, can add up quickly. Just keep in mind that some mortgage lenders may not approve a borrower for a mortgage if they have recently taken out a personal loan, as it shows you may not be in a strong financial position to take on other new debt.
Do banks check what you spend your loan on?
Banks typically do not check or monitor what you spend the funds from a personal loan on. Once the loan is approved and the funds are transferred to your bank account, it is up to you to use the money as agreed upon in the loan agreement.
Keep in mind, however, that misusing the funds from a personal loan can have financial and legal consequences. If you use the loan money for something other than what was outlined in the loan agreement, you are technically in violation of the terms of the loan. This could potentially lead to penalties, legal action, or damage to your credit score.
What happens if you don’t use all of your personal loan?
If you don’t use all of your personal loan, you’re still responsible for repaying the full amount borrowed, along with interest. If your lender doesn’t charge a prepayment penalty, you might consider using the excess funds to pay off your loan ahead of schedule — this can reduce the total amount of interest you’ll pay for the loan.
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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
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