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Loans have become an integral part of American financial life. We need a mortgage to buy our first home, and an auto loan to purchase a car. More recently, people are turning to personal loans to cover surprise bills and avoid high-interest credit card debt. But just because you need a loan doesn’t mean a lender is going to give you the loan — and interest rate — you want.

If you’re struggling to qualify for a loan, a friend or family member may be able to help by becoming a co-borrower. By leveraging their income, credit score, and financial history, you may qualify for better loan terms. Let’s dive into the details.

Understanding Co-Borrowers

As you’re considering your options, a natural first question may be, what is a co-borrower? Essentially, a loan co-borrower takes on the loan with you, and their name will be on the loan with yours. They will be equally responsible for paying the loan back and will have part ownership of whatever the loan buys. When you take out a mortgage with someone, the co-borrower will own half the home.

Spouses often co-borrow when buying property, and when taking out a personal loan for a home improvement or remodeling project. In other circumstances, two parties become co-borrowers in order to qualify for a larger loan or better loan terms than if they were to take out a loan solo.

Having a co-borrower can help two people who both want to achieve a financial goal — like first-time homeownership or buying a new car — put in a stronger application than they might have on their own. The lender will have double the financial history to consider, and two borrowers to rely on when it comes to repayment. Therefore, the loan is a less risky prospect, which may translate to more favorable terms.

Recommended: All About Variable Interest Rate Loans

Qualifying as a Co-Borrower

If you’re planning to have a co-borrower on your personal loan application, it helps to understand what criteria you both must meet in order to be accepted by the lender. Let’s take a closer look at common factors lenders consider.

Credit Score

A credit score can have a significant impact on whether your loan application is approved and what terms you’re offered. There’s no magic number, but generally speaking, lenders prefer to see a score of 670 or higher. You and your co-borrower may want to check your credit scores for free before you apply.

Proof of Income and Employment

To help them determine whether co-borrowers can afford loan payments, a lender will likely want to see proof of a stable income and employment. You both may be asked to provide recent pay stubs, tax returns, and bank statements. You might also be asked to show a letter from your employers verifying your employment status, how long you’ve both been employed, and your salaries.

Debt-to-Income Ratio

Debt-to-income ratio, or DTI ratio, is a comparison of your monthly debts to your gross monthly income (before taxes). Lenders use this information to help determine how risky it would be to loan money to a borrower. It can affect your ability to borrow money and the interest rate you’ll receive. Generally, lenders like to see a DTI that’s no higher than 36%, though there may be some wiggle room.

In addition to the above, lenders also usually consider:

•   Financial history. This includes recent bankruptcies, judgments, and liens.

•   Age. Many lenders have a minimum age for co-borrowers, typically 21 to 25 years of age.

•   Citizenship. Co-borrowers generally must be either citizens or permanent residents of the U.S.

Co-Borrower Process

Applying for a loan with a co-borrower? The application process is fairly similar to the one you’d follow if you were applying alone.

A good first step is to reach out to your lender and start the prequalification process. If your co-borrower has a strong credit profile, that could improve your odds of qualifying for better rates and terms.

Next, you and your co-borrower will need to complete the loan application. You’ll also both undergo credit checks, and the lender will evaluate your finances. You may be asked to provide documentation like pay stubs, bank statements, or tax forms.

Within a few days or so, you’ll find out if you’re approved and what your loan terms are. Once you agree to the terms, your loan funds will be disbursed, usually within a week. Your lender will also share details about how to make monthly payments.

Co-Borrower vs. Cosigner

A cosigner plays a slightly different role than a co-borrower. A cosigner’s income and financial history are still factored into the loan decision, and their positive credit standing benefits the primary applicant’s loan application. But a cosigner does not share ownership of any property the loan is used to purchase. And a cosigner will help make loan payments only if the primary borrower is unable to make them.

Cosigning helps assure lenders that someone will pay back the loan. Typically, a cosigner has a stronger financial history than the primary borrower. This can help someone get approved for a loan they might not qualify for on their own, or secure better terms.

No matter which route you choose, there are potential credit implications to keep in mind. For example, when you apply for a loan, the lender will likely do a hard credit pull. This may cause credit scores to temporarily dip for you and your cosigner or co-borrower.

Both parties may also see a drop in their credit score if monthly payments are late or missed altogether. (And remember, cosigners will be on the hook for making loan payments if the main account holder can’t.) On the flip side, on-time payments can help boost or build credit scores.

When should you choose a cosigner vs. a co-borrower? The answer depends on your situation and goals. If you intend on sharing ownership of whatever you buy with the loan, then a co-borrower may be a good choice. If you simply need someone with a strong credit history to bolster your loan application, then consider using a cosigner.

Recommended: What Is Revolving Credit?

The Takeaway

Taking out a loan is a big decision, and doing so with a co-borrower carries additional risks. A co-borrower is a partner in the loan and any property the loan is used to purchase. If one borrower cannot make their payments, the co-borrower will be on the hook for the full amount. But if both parties can come to an agreement about how they’ll handle any financial hardships, co-borrowing can have major benefits. By pooling their income and debt, they may lower their debt-to-income ratio and qualify for a mortgage or personal loan with a lower interest rate and better terms.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.

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Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

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A defensive investment strategy is a way to manage a portfolio to try and minimize risk and protect capital. When the stock market is volatile, investors might wonder if their investment strategy makes sense for the specific conditions. After all, a volatile market may act as a drag on a portfolio, making it harder for an investor to meet their financial goals.

With all investing strategies, it helps to know the upsides and downsides before committing to a particular path. Defensive investing, like other investing strategies, has pros, cons, and timing factors to consider for when it might make the most sense to use this strategy.

What Is a Defensive Investment Strategy?

A defensive investment strategy is a way investors try to minimize losses on their investments. The goal of a defensive investment strategy is to reduce the risk of losing principal while still generating modest returns. Investors who are risk-averse or nearing retirement and want to preserve the value of their assets may employ a defensive investment strategy.

The strategy is what the name suggests: defensive. Instead of an aggressive or offensive strategy, which targets high-growth assets and has the potential for high risk, a defensive strategy focuses on preserving a portfolio’s capital while still pursuing modest growth in the form of a dividend or interest payments.

Generally speaking, an investor with a defensive strategy portfolio would likely try to diversify their holdings across industries and regions, invest in blue-chip stocks, regularly rebalance their portfolio, buy short-maturity bonds, and place stop-loss orders.

What Are Defensive Investments?

Defensive investments are designed to provide stable, long-term returns with minimum volatility. These types of investments are often considered to be less risky, and therefore, suitable for investors looking to preserve their capital.

Typical investments in a defensive portfolio include:

•   High-quality, short-maturity bonds (such as U.S. Treasury notes)

•   Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that mimic market indexes

•   Large, high-quality established company stocks (i.e., blue-chip stocks)

•   Dividend-paying stocks. These investments may provide lower returns than assets in a growth-oriented portfolio, but they can help investors preserve their wealth and generate a steady income stream.

Additionally, investors may hold cash and cash equivalents, like money market accounts and certificates of deposit (CDs), in a defensive portfolio. The advantage to these conservative investments is that they’re liquid assets, meaning that if an investor needs cash quickly, they’re easily convertible.

5 Examples of Defensive Investments and Strategies

There are several different types of defensive investments and strategies, each with its unique set of advantages and disadvantages. Some of the most common types of defensive investment strategies include:

Portfolio Diversification

Diversifying your portfolio spreads your investment across a wide range of asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, and cash. The idea behind portfolio diversification is that by investing in various assets – like defensive stocks, blue-chip stocks, and high-quality bonds – you can reduce the overall risk of your portfolio and protect yourself against market downturns.

Some defensive stock sectors include utilities, consumer staples, and healthcare.

Portfolio Rebalancing

Another tool for defensive investing is portfolio rebalancing. A portfolio’s asset allocation will change depending on how the assets perform. For example, if the stock market is particularly strong, stocks may become a higher percentage of a portfolio than desired.

Rebalancing is when an investor or portfolio manager adjusts investments to reflect the agreed-upon asset mix. For defensive online investing, it would likely be a smaller percentage of stocks and a higher percentage of bonds or other, more conservative investments.

Dollar Cost Averaging

A dollar cost averaging strategy is when you regularly invest a fixed amount of money in a particular asset, such as monthly or quarterly. This can help smooth out the market’s ups and downs and reduce your exposure to volatility.

Value Investing

Value investing is a strategy in which you focus on investing in companies with strong balance sheets and solid performance track records. Searching for value stocks can help protect your portfolio from the risks associated with more speculative investments.

Stop-Loss Orders

Defensive investing includes strategies such as using stop-loss orders to minimize losses. A stop-loss order is when an investor tells a stockbroker to sell a stock when its price falls to a predetermined level. Setting up stop-losses helps an investor shed falling stocks automatically to minimize losses.

Pros and Cons of Defensive Investing

A defensive investor may find the risk-averse nature of a conservative portfolio appealing, but it’s still critical to be aware of the pros and cons of this investing strategy.

Pros of Defensive Investing

Some of the advantages of using a defensive investing strategy include:

•   Capital preservation: Defensive investing focuses on preserving capital by investing in low-risk assets less likely to suffer significant losses in a volatile market. This can help investors avoid substantial losses and protect their wealth.

•   Potential income generation: Defensive investments often generate income through dividends or interest payments. This can provide investors with a regular stream of income they can use to meet their financial needs or to fund other investments.

•   Reduced volatility: Defensive investments are generally less sensitive to market fluctuations, making them less likely to experience significant price swings. This can make them a more stable option for investors who are risk-averse or have a low tolerance for stock volatility.

•   Diversification: A defensive investment strategy can help investors diversify their portfolios and reduce their overall risk. This can be especially beneficial for investors with concentrated holdings in a single asset or sector.

Cons of Defensive Investing

Some of the disadvantages of using a defensive investing strategy include the following:

•   Limited growth potential: Because defensive investments are generally less risky, they may offer a lower potential for high returns than investments in stocks or other growth-oriented assets. This means that investors who pursue a defensive strategy may miss out on opportunities for significant gains.

•   Underperformance in rising markets: Defensive investments may underperform in a bull market. Because these investments are designed to be less sensitive to market fluctuations, they may benefit less from increased market values. This can make them a less attractive option for investors who are looking to maximize their returns.

•   Loss of purchasing power: The income generated by defensive investments may not keep pace with inflation, which can erode the purchasing power of investors’ capital over time. This can make it difficult for investors to maintain their standard of living or meet their long-term financial goals.

•   Fewer investment options: Defensive investing typically involves investing in low-risk, income-generating assets such as government bonds and dividend-paying stocks. This limits the range of investment options available to investors and may not provide exposure to other asset classes or sectors that could offer higher returns.

When Is It Smart to Use a Defensive Investment Strategy?

When deciding how to invest, it’s important to know the options at hand, and when it’s best to employ a certain strategy.

For defensive investing, several factors come into play. If an investor is risk-averse, this type of conservative strategy may be recommended, as it typically offers less risk (but not no risk!).

There are a number of reasons why an investor might be risk-averse. For example, a retiree on a fixed income could fall into this category, or, someone who has limited funds and not much wiggle room for losing capital.

Another possibility is someone who is nearing retirement, and who wishes to preserve the gains they made with earlier investing. An investor who wants to conserve money, yet still aims to outpace inflation, might also choose this strategy.

Outside of individual preferences and situations, defensive investing could be helpful in times of market downturn and volatility. In turbulent environments, a defensive investment strategy can help investors sleep at night by keeping assets in less risky investments.

During times of economic stress, investors might opt for a defensive strategy to help them hang on to capital. While no investment is risk-free, shifting a portfolio to more conservative assets can help provide a cushion for volatility.

The Takeaway

A defensive investment strategy may be a useful way of mitigating risk and preserving the value of your investments. By understanding the different types of defensive strategies available, you can choose the approach that best suits your needs and goals.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

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