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Making on-time payments is not only financially responsible, but it can help you with building and maintaining a high credit score. But what about paying your credit card early? Far from being bad, paying your credit card before the due date, or even making extra payments each month, might offer some benefits — including a positive impact on your credit score.

To decide if you should pay your credit card early, consider the benefits and weigh whether it’s financially worth it for you to pay your credit card bill before the statement closing date.

What It Means to Pay Your Credit Card Early

In a nutshell, paying your credit card early means you’re making your monthly payment before your due date. Or, it could mean putting extra payments toward your credit card before the billing cycle ends.

For instance, let’s say you check your credit card transactions online a few days before your billing cycle ends. You decide you want to pay about half of the balance right then, so you make a bank transfer through your online account, constituting an early credit card payment. Then, once you received your credit card bill after the grace period, you’d pay off the remaining balance.

Recommended: Tips for Using a Credit Card Responsibly

Understanding Your Credit Card Billing Cycle

Your credit card due date falls on the same date every month. Once you reach the end of your billing cycle, your credit card issuer will send you a statement letting you know the total amount that’s due, the minimum amount you’ll need to pay, and the credit card payment due date.

From the point your billing cycle ends up until your payment due date, you’re in what’s known as a grace period. During the grace period, you won’t be charged interest, assuming you’re paying off your balance in full by the due date of each billing cycle. This is a big perk, given how credit card debt is hard to pay off.

To determine the length of your credit card’s billing cycle, you can check your cardholder agreement or contact your issuer. You can also calculate the number of days between the start and end dates of the billing cycle — you should be able to find that on your credit card statement. In general, however, billing cycles last around 28 to 30 days.

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Potential Benefits of Paying Your Credit Card Early

If you’re wondering, ‘Is it bad to pay your credit card early?,’ there’s no need to worry.

In most cases, the decision to pay off your credit card bill early is beneficial to your credit.

Reduce Interest Charges

Credit card companies tend to charge their cardholders interest when they carry a balance from month to month. If you pay off your credit card early — especially if you pay off the balance in full before the end of the billing cycle — that means you could pay less in interest (or even no interest at all).

Every little bit can help, because the higher your credit card balance, the more interest you could end up paying. If you’re unsure of how much paying off your credit card early can help, consider using a credit card payoff calculator to help you determine your potential savings.

Recommended: How to Avoid Interest On a Credit Card

Reduce Credit Utilization

Credit utilization is the percentage of your total available revolving credit you’re using. A lower credit utilization means that you’re not using as much credit, which could signal to creditors that you’re financially stable enough that you don’t need to rely on credit. In other words, your credit score could go up when your credit utilization is low, and the opposite could happen when it’s high — it’s generally recommended to keep it below 30%.

By making an extra credit card payment earlier than when your current billing cycle ends, you may be able to lower your credit utilization ratio. Even if you’re making a payment before the due date, you could still lower your credit utilization which can positively impact your credit scores.

To calculate your current credit utilization, add up all of your current credit card balances and divide that amount by your total credit limit. For example, if you have three credit cards each with a limit of $5,000 — $15,000 in total — and respective balances of $1,500, $800, and $2,000 from using your credit cards. In this example, your credit utilization would be around 28%.

Recommended: Does Applying For a Credit Card Hurt Your Credit Score

Avoid Late Fees

Paying your credit card early — even if you’re not paying off your balance in full — means you’ll reduce your chances of getting charged a late payment fee. However, if you have a balance remaining from the previous billing cycle, note that early payments could go toward those previous charges first.

To be clear, you need to pay at least the credit card minimum payment stated on your credit card balance to avoid late fees. For instance, if you make extra payments but still have a balance leftover by the end of the billing cycle, your credit card could mail a credit card statement with the remaining balance due, plus a minimum amount you’re required to pay. In this case, you’d need to pay that amount before the due date to avoid paying late fees.

To make sure you’re still making on-time payments, consider scheduling payments, setting up autopay, or putting reminders on your calendar to help yourself remember to pay your credit card bill.

Recommended: When Are Credit Card Payments Due

When Is the Best Time to Pay a Credit Card Bill?

There isn’t a best time to pay a credit card bill, but it’s not a good idea to pay your credit card bill late — meaning after your due date has already come and gone.

There are a number of consequences of credit card late payment. Paying late means that you’ll get hit with late charges, and it could have a negative impact on your credit score. Depending on how late you are with paying your bill, your credit card issuer could also enact a penalty APR, which is higher than your regular one.

The Takeaway

Paying your credit card early can offer plenty of benefits. This includes potentially lowering your credit utilization, avoiding late charges, and reducing your interest charges.

To help you save more money when using your credit card, consider using a credit card that offers a competitive interest rate and allows you to earn rewards.

FAQ

Will paying my credit card bill early affect my credit?

Paying your credit card bill early can help to boost your credit score because on-time payments are one of the major factors that affect your FICO score. Plus, it could lower your credit utilization ratio, another major factor that goes into calculating credit scores.

Is it ever bad to pay my credit card early?

It’s not bad to pay your credit card early since it shows that you’re a responsible cardholder. As long as you make at least the minimum payment, you won’t get hit with late fees or other types of consequences, such as a negative mark on your credit report.

What happens if I pay the credit card bill before it is billed?

If you pay your credit card bill before the end of your billing cycle, the payment will either go toward the previous month’s statement — if you carry a balance — or toward the current balance. In any case, paying a credit card early will lower your statement total and could boost your credit by lowering your credit utilization ratio.

Can I pay my credit card the same day I use it?

Yes, you can. However, you may want to wait until the payment has been posted to make sure the amount you’re putting toward your bill is correct.

Photo credit: iStock/andresr

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .


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Getting out of credit card debt may be easier by taking advantage of balance transfers. Moving your high-interest debt to another credit card with a lower interest rate can save you on interest and also allow you to streamline multiple debt payments into one.

Before you take the leap, it’s important to know how to do a balance transfer on a credit card. It’s also critical to know what to look for when choosing a balance transfer card to help ensure that making this financial move pays off.

How Do Credit Card Balance Transfers Work?

Completing a balance transfer is one way that you can effectively pay a credit card bill with another card. A credit card balance transfer allows you to take the balance from one or multiple credit cards and transfer it to a new credit card.

Ideally, you’re transferring the balance to a credit card with a lower interest rate. Some balance transfer credit cards even offer a 0% introductory annual percentage rate, or APR, for a predetermined amount of time, which can allow you to focus on paying down your balance without accruing interest.

Balance transfers can also allow you to simplify your payment schedule by rolling all of your credit card debts onto one new card that you’ll then work on paying off. That way, you’ll only have to worry about one monthly payment rather than multiple due dates and minimum required payments. However, you’ll likely incur a balance transfer fee in order to move over your balance to the new card.

Keep in mind that while credit card balance transfers are helpful when it comes to potentially saving on interest and simplifying payments, they aren’t an instant way to get out of debt. You need to commit to using a credit card responsibly by making on-time payments and avoiding getting into more debt. You’ll also want to ensure that you can pay off your balance before any promotional APR offer ends, at which point the interest rate will increase.

What to Consider When Choosing a Balance Transfer Credit Card

Before opening a new credit card and requesting a balance transfer, you’ll want to know a few things. Specifically, make sure you know how long the introductory APR offer will last, if there is one, as well as the types of debt you can transfer and the fees you may need to pay. That way, you can ensure you choose a credit card that meets your needs.

Length of the Introductory APR Offer

Many credit cards, in an effort to gain your business, will offer introductory APRs for as low as 0% — though you’ll most likely need good or excellent credit to qualify for these cards. When doing your research, make sure to look at how long the introductory period is, as they can last anywhere from six to 21 months.

Due to how credit cards work, once the introductory period ends, the credit card issuer will charge you their normal APR — and it could be higher than your old credit card. That’s why it’s critical to assess whether the introductory period will provide enough time for you to pay off your balance in full.

Recommended: What is a Charge Card

Types of Debt You Can Transfer

Different credit card issuers will have varying policies on what types of debt you can transfer. Aside from credit card debt, you may be able to transfer other types of debt, such as:

•   Personal loans

•   Auto loans

•   Medical debt

•   Retail or store cards

•   Student loans

Additionally, keep in mind that issuers may not allow balance transfers from certain cards.

If you know there’s a certain type of debt you’d like to transfer, make sure to check with a credit card issuer to find out what is or isn’t allowed before signing up for a new card.

Balance Transfer Fees

Although you may not have to pay interest if you have a 0% APR introductory period, you may still have to pay a balance transfer fee. This fee is usually either a percentage of your transfer amount — typically 3% to 5% — or a flat fee, depending on the card issuer. For example, if you want to transfer $6,000 and the credit card issuer charges a 3% balance transfer fee, you’ll need to pay $180.

It’s important to factor this fee into the equation to ensure making a balance transfer will actually save you money. You should be able to find out what the balance transfer fee is by looking at the cardholder agreement for the credit card.

Timeline for Balance Transfers

Some credit card issuers have deadlines as to when you can conduct a balance transfer after opening a card. For instance, you may only have a matter of weeks from when you open the card to transfer over your balance.

The exact timeline will vary from issuer to issuer, so make sure to take a look at your issuer’s credit card rules, and be prepared to act when you get your new card.

How to Transfer A Credit Card Balance to Another Card: Step by Step

If you decide you want to transfer existing debt to another credit card, you’ll first need to take stock of your current debts and their interest rates. Also determine how much of your debt you want to transfer. From there, here’s how to do a credit card balance transfer.

1. Apply for a Balance Transfer Card

Once you’ve picked the balance transfer credit card you want, it’s time to apply for it. To do so, you’ll need to submit the required information, which may include your name, address, Social Security number and income.

Additionally, you may be subject to a hard credit inquiry, which could temporarily affect your credit score. If you’re approved, you can take the next steps.

Recommended: Does Applying For a Credit Card Hurt Your Credit Score

2. Transfer the Balance

Contact your new credit card issuer to ask what the exact steps are to conduct a balance transfer, and to find out whether it’s possible to transfer the amount you want to. When it comes to how to transfer a balance from one card to another, there may be several methods available to you, including:

•   Online transfer: You may be able to log into your online account and request a transfer by filling out a form. In some cases, you may be able to request a balance transfer online when you fill out your credit card application.

•   Phone transfer: You may be able to call the number on the back of your credit card and make a transfer over the phone. Make sure you have all the required details on hand before calling.

•   Balance transfer checks: Some credit card companies issue you checks to make the balance transfer. You’ll make the check payable to the credit card company from which you want to make the transfer. Just make sure to ask whether this will be considered a cash advance (that’s what you’d do if you were trying to transfer money from a credit card to a bank account, and it generally has a higher interest rate).

3. Wait for the Balance Transfer to Go Through

After you’ve made your request, you’ll need to wait for your new credit card to finish processing the balance transfer. In the meantime, keep your old credit card open and continue to make payments on any amount that’s due. That way, you’re not on the hook for a late payment, which could lead to late fees and have an effect on your credit.

Recommended: When Are Credit Card Payments Due

4. Pay Off Your Balance

Once the balance transfer is complete, you can start paying it down. Follow the terms stated on your cardholder agreement to ensure that you continue to qualify for the introductory APR — for instance, some issuers may revoke your rate if you make late payments.

Aim to pay off the entire balance before the introductory period is over and a higher interest rate kicks in.

Recommended: How to Avoid Interest On a Credit Card

Credit Card Balance Transfer vs Personal Loans: What’s the Difference?

Both credit card balance transfers and personal loans give you the opportunity to save on high-interest debt, but there are key differences between the two. For one, personal loans are a type of installment loan, where you borrow a lump sum of money and pay it back over time. Meanwhile, a credit card is a type of revolving credit that allows you to keep borrowing money up to your credit limit as long as you pay down your balance.

Personal loans tend to charge interest right when the loan is disbursed, whereas with a credit card, you may be able to take advantage of an introductory APR, if you qualify for one. However, balance transfers tend to have lower limits compared to personal loans. Plus, personal loans may offer lower interest rates compared to a credit card’s purchase APR, which is what will kick in after the promotional period ends.

Recommended: What is the Average Credit Card Limit

Doing a Credit Card Balance Transfer: What to Know

Getting a credit card balance transfer can help you manage your debt, but isn’t the answer for everyone. To decide whether it’s right for you, determine the amount of debt you want to transfer and see whether it’s likely the amount will be within the credit limit of your new credit card. If you have a high amount of debt, a personal loan may be a better choice.

In addition, a balance transfer only makes sense if you can qualify for a lower interest rate than you have with your current credit card. If your credit score isn’t that great, you may not qualify for an introductory APR offer. In this case, it may be better to seek alternatives, such as taking out a personal loan or sticking with your current credit card until you can raise your credit score and qualify for a better card.

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The Takeaway

Knowing the specifics of how to transfer a credit card balance can help you determine if doing so is financially smart. Take the time to calculate the fees you may be paying for a balance transfer, and compare that amount to how much you’d be saving on interest charges. If the fee you’d pay is much lower than the interest charges, transferring a balance from one card to another may be worth it.

Looking for a new credit card?

FAQ

Do balance transfers affect your credit score?

Balance transfers can affect your credit score since you’re applying for new credit, which may result in a hard credit inquiry. This can cause a temporary drop in your score.

How long does it take to transfer a balance from one credit card to another?

Typically, a balance transfer takes anywhere from five to seven days. However, it may take up to a few weeks to complete depending on your credit card issuer.

How do you qualify for a balance transfer?

You typically need a good or excellent credit score — meaning 670 or above — to get approved for a balance transfer credit card.

Photo credit: iStock/CentralITAlliance

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


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Typically, to qualify for a new credit card, you need to meet the card issuer’s underwriting requirements — including the minimum credit criteria. If you don’t have a long credit history or a strong credit score, asking if someone can cosign for a credit card for you can help you get approved.

However, this type of arrangement should be approached cautiously for various reasons. Before getting a credit card with a cosigner, here’s what you need to know.

What Is a Credit Card Cosigner?

A credit card cosigner is an individual who agrees to be responsible for a primary cardholder’s debt. If the primary cardholder fails to make payments or defaults on their debt, the cosigner is expected to assume their financial burden by repaying the outstanding debt, regardless of the circumstances that led to the account’s status.

Because of how a credit card works, a cosigner should ideally have a strong credit score and a solid credit history.

Why Might Someone Need a Cosigner to Open a Credit Card Account?

A person might decide to secure a cosigner for credit card applications if they have less than a “good” credit score (meaning below 670). This is because applicants who don’t have strong credit might find it harder to get approved for a new credit card at a low APR.

Additionally, credit card applicants must meet age requirements to get a credit card. Applicants who are under 21 years old are required to secure a cosigner if they can’t prove their ability to repay the card using their own income. This credit card rule from the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 — also known as the Credit CARD Act — was designed to avoid predatory lending practices toward young cardholders.

Even if an applicant is 21 or older, they might need a credit card cosigner if they don’t have sufficient income. Keep in mind, however, that many credit card companies don’t allow for cosigners, so searching for one that does could increase the amount of time to get a credit card.

Parties Involved in Cosigning a Credit Card Account

Aside from the credit card issuer, there are two parties involved when opening a new credit card with a cosigner: the cardholder and the cosigner.

The Credit Card Holder

The individual who is the primary cardholder is the person whose income, age, or credit doesn’t meet the card issuer’s minimum requirements. If they successfully acquire a willing cosigner for a credit card application, the account is under the cardholder’s name. The cardholder is also the individual who will receive the physical credit card to use toward purchases.

As the primary cardholder, they’re still considered the first party that’s responsible for making on-time monthly payments for at least the minimum balance due.

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The Cosigner

A cosigner is an individual who meets the card issuer’s underwriting requirements. They provide a financial guarantee that vouches for the cardholder. This financial responsibility is taken on by the cosigner as soon as the credit card application is approved.

Typically, cosigners don’t enjoy the perks of using the physical credit card. They don’t have access to the credit line, nor do they have ownership of the goods that were paid for using the credit card.

However, if the cardholder fails to pay back their credit card debt, the card issuer will immediately seek payment from the cosigner. Credit card companies can also report late payments and default notices to the credit bureaus, and those updates will adversely impact a cosigner’s credit score and appear on their credit report.

Pros and Cons of Credit Card Cosigning

As mentioned previously, there are reasons to approach becoming a credit card cosigner with caution. However, there are positives to cosigning as well.

Credit Card Cosigner vs. Authorized User

Getting a credit card with a cosigner is different from being added as an authorized user on a credit card under someone else’s account. A cardholder can choose to add an authorized user to either their new or existing credit card account.

Authorized users can get their own physical credit card with their name on it. They can use the card to pay for goods and services, in the same way a primary cardholder uses the card.

However, unlike a cosigned credit card, the authorized user doesn’t have any legal responsibility to repay the debt they’ve put on the card. In this arrangement, the primary cardholder still bears that responsibility. Still, any account activity — whether positive or negative — impacts the primary cardholder’s credit as well as that of the authorized user.

This option is often used to help someone build their credit or simply access borrowing power. For example, parents may add their child as an authorized user on a credit card.

Recommended: Tips for Using a Credit Card Responsibly

Credit Card Cosigning vs. Joint Accounts

Cosigners don’t have access to the line of credit. Through a joint account, however, both parties have equal borrowing power through the credit card, as well as equal financial responsibility for the debt incurred. In other words, both parties are responsible for paying outstanding balances on the credit card — even if the purchase was made by only one person.

Joint accounts are commonly used by individuals who share other financial responsibilities together, such as spouses, family members, or business partners. Since the account is shared and both parties are liable for the account, both of their credit scores and credit reports are impacted by the card’s activity.

Recommended: Does Applying For a Credit Card Hurt Your Credit Score

Alternatives to Cosigning a Credit Card

Outside of the above options, there are a couple of alternatives to applying for a credit card with cosigner support.

•   Secured credit cards: Secured credit cards are a useful credit-building tool for primary cardholders who would otherwise not qualify for an unsecured card. Credit card requirements for a secured credit differ a bit, as a deposit is needed that acts as collateral and usually becomes the card’s credit limit. The deposit is returned when the account is closed.

•   Guarantor loans: Unlike a cosigned credit card that holds the cosigner responsible for the debt from the start, a guarantor loan only puts legal responsibility on the cosigner if the lender has exhausted all other options through the primary borrower. This marks a major difference between a guarantor and cosigner. Plus, a fixed loan is a known quantity of debt, rather than a revolving line like a credit card is.

Recommended: What is the Average Credit Card Limit

The Takeaway

Becoming a credit card cosigner or asking someone to cosign a credit card is a huge responsibility that poses significant risk for the cosigner. Only consider this route if both parties — the primary cardholder and cosigner — understand the implications and can financially handle the debt that’s put on the card.

Whether you're looking to build credit, apply for a new credit card, or save money with the cards you have, it's important to understand the options that are best for you. Learn more about credit cards by exploring this credit card guide.

FAQ

What is the minimum credit score for a cosigner?

Cosigners typically need a minimum credit score of 670, which is considered “good” based on the FICO credit scoring model. Credit requirements, however, vary by card issuer. Before securing a cosigner for a credit card, ask the issuer about its cosigner criteria.

Can I cosign for a credit card with my child?

Some credit card issuers allow parents to cosign on a credit card for their child. However, not all issuers provide this option. If the desired card issuer doesn’t permit cosigners, another option is adding your child as an authorized user on your personal credit card.

Is it possible to get a credit card with a cosigner?

Technically, yes, it is possible to get a credit card with a cosigner. However, this option isn’t always offered by major credit card companies.

Whose credit score is impacted with a cosigned credit card?

If the primary cardholder is late on their payments or defaults on the credit card debt, the cosigner’s credit is adversely affected. Additionally, the cosigned card is considered another open account on the cosigner’s credit record so it can impact their ability to secure their own loans, if needed.

Photo credit: iStock/PeopleImages

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

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Much of the trading on Wall Street is done by institutional investors: companies or organizations that invest large sums of money on the behalf of other people. Retail, or individual investors, make up a smaller percentage of capital market investments.

In other words, the main difference between institutional vs. retail investors is size: The first category is dominated by professional financial institutions or large organizations that trade investments in large quantities (in a municipal pension fund, for example). Retail investors are made up largely of non-professional individuals (e.g. someone who trades on their own through a brokerage account).

While size and scale are two of the primary differences between institutional vs. retail investors, they each have their own advantages and disadvantages. Retail investors are afforded certain legal protections; institutional investors can have the upside in terms of research and access to capital.

Who Is Considered a Retail Investor?

Any non-professional individual buying and selling securities such as stocks or mutual funds and exchange traded funds (ETFs) — through an online or traditional brokerage or other type of account — is considered a retail investor.

The parent who invests in their child’s 529 college savings plan, or the employee who contributes to their 401(k) are both retail investors.

So in this case the term “retail” generally refers to an individual trading on their own behalf, not on behalf of a larger pool of investors. Retail here references the purchase and selling of investments in relatively small quantities.

Who Is Classified as an Institutional Investor?

By comparison, institutional investors make investment decisions on behalf of large pools of individual investors or shareholders. In general, institutional investors trade in large quantities, such as 10,000 shares or more at a time.

The professionals who do this large-scale type of investing typically have access to investments not available to retail investors (such as special classes of shares that come with different cost structures). By virtue of their being part of a larger institution, this type of investor usually has a larger pool of capital to buy, trade, and sell with.

Institutional investors are responsible for most of the trading that happens on the market. Examples of institutional investors include commercial banks, pension funds, mutual funds, hedge funds, endowments, insurance companies, and real estate investment trusts (REIT).

What Are the Differences Between Institutional Investors vs Retail Investors?

The main differences between institutional and retail investors include:

•   Institutional investors invest on behalf of a large number of constituents (e.g. a municipal pension fund); retail investors are individuals who invest for themselves (e.g. an IRA).

•   Size (large institutions vs. individuals) and scale of investments.

•   Institutional investors typically have access to professional research and industry resources.

•   Retail investors are protected by certain regulations that don’t apply to institutional investors.

What Are the Similarities Between Institutional Investors vs Retail Investors?

There are very few similarities between institutional vs. retail investors except that both parties tend to seek returns while minimizing risk factors where possible.

Do Institutional or Retail Investors Get the Highest Returns?

There are no crystal balls on Wall Street, as they say, so there’s no guaranteed way to predict whether institutional investors always get higher returns vs. retail investors.

That said, some institutional investors may have the edge in that they have access to industry-level research as well as powerful technology and computer algorithms that enable them to make faster trades and more profitable calculations.

Does that mean institutional investors always come out ahead? In fact, retail investors who have a longer horizon also have a chance at substantial returns over time, although there are no guarantees on either side.

How Many Retail Investors Are There?

In the U.S., it’s fairly common to be a retail investor. About 58% of Americans say they own stock, according to a 2022 Gallup poll, meaning they own individual stocks, stock mutual funds, or they hold stock in a self-directed 401(k) or IRA.

Examples of retail investors include people who manage their retirement accounts online (e.g., an IRA) and those who trade stocks as a hobby.

Because individual investors are generally thought to be more prone to emotional behavior than their professional counterparts (and typically don’t have access to the resources and research of larger institutions), they may be exposed to higher levels of risk. Thus the Security Exchange Commission (SEC) provides certain protections to retail investors.

For example, the 2019 Regulation Best Interest rule states that broker-dealers are required to act in the best interest of a retail customer when making a recommendation of a securities transaction or investment strategy. This federal rule is intended to ensure that broker-dealers aren’t allowed to prioritize their own financial interests at the expense of the customer.

Another protection provided to retail investors is that investment advisors and broker-dealers must provide a relationship summary that covers services, fees, costs, conflicts of interest, legal standards of conduct, and more to new clients.

Types of Institutional Investors

The most common institutional investors are listed below.

1. Commercial Banks

Commercial banks are the “main street” banks many people are familiar with, such as Wells Fargo, Citibank, JP Morgan Chase, Bank of America, TD Bank, and countless others. Along with providing retail banking services, such as savings accounts and checking accounts, large banks are also institutional investors.

These large corporations have entire teams dedicated to investing in different markets: e.g. global markets, bond markets, socially responsible investing, and so on.

2. Endowment Funds

Typically connected with universities and higher education, endowment funds are often created to help sustain these nonprofit organizations. Churches, hospitals, nonprofits, and universities generally have endowment funds, whose funds often derive from donations.

Endowment funds generally come with certain restrictions, and have an investment policy that dictates an investment strategy for the manager to follow. This might include stipulations about how aggressive to be when trying to meet return goals, and what types of investments are allowed (some endowment funds avoid controversial holdings like alcohol, firearms, tobacco, and so on).

Another component is how withdrawals work; often, the principal amount invested stays intact while investment income is used for operational or new constructions.

3. Pension Funds

Pension funds generally come in two flavors:

•   Defined contribution plans, such as 401(k)s or 403(b)s, where employees contribute what they can to these tax-deferred accounts.

•   Defined benefit plans, or pensions, where retirees get a fixed income amount, regardless of how the fund does.

Employers that offer defined benefit pensions are becoming less common in the U.S. Where they do exist, they’re often linked to labor unions or the public sector: e.g. a teachers union or auto workers union may offer a pension.

Public pension funds follow the laws defined by state constitutions. Private pension plans are subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA); this act defines the legal rights of plan participants.

As for how a pension invests, it depends. ERISA does not define how private plans must invest, other than requiring that the plan sponsors must be fiduciaries, meaning they put the financial interest of the account holders first.

4. Mutual Funds

As defined by the Securities and Exchange Committee (SEC), mutual funds are companies that pool money from many investors and invest in securities such as bonds, stocks, and short-term debt. Mutual funds are thus considered institutional investors, and are known for offering diversification, professional management, affordability, and liquidity.

Typical mutual fund offerings include money market funds, bond funds, stock funds, index funds, actively managed funds, and target date funds.

The last category here is often designed for retail investors who are planning for retirement. The asset mix of these target date funds, sometimes known as target funds or lifecycle funds, shifts over time to become more conservative as the investor’s target retirement date approaches.

5. Hedge Funds

Like mutual funds, hedge funds pool money from investors and place it into securities and other investments. The difference between these two types of funds is that hedge funds are considered private equity funds, are considered high risk vehicles, and aren’t as regulated as mutual funds.

Because hedge funds use strategies and investments that chase higher returns, they also carry a greater risk of losses — similar to high-risk stocks. In general, hedge funds also have higher fees and higher minimum investment requirements. So, they tend to be more popular with wealthier investors and other institutional investors. (In some cases, they’re only available to accredited investors).

6. Insurance Companies

Perhaps surprisingly, insurance companies can also be institutional investors. They might offer products such as various types of annuities (fixed, variable, indexed), as well as other life insurance products which are invested on behalf of the investor, e.g. whole life or universal life insurance policies.

Getting Started as a Retail Investor

Institutional investors may be larger, more powerful, and run by professionals — whereas retail investors are individuals who aren’t trained investment experts — but it’s important to remember that these two camps can and do overlap. Institutional investors that run pension funds, mutual funds, and insurance companies, for example, serve retail investors by investing their money for retirement and other long-term goals.

If you’re ready to start investing as a retail investor, it’s easy when you set up an online brokerage account with SoFi Invest.

You can invest in stocks, ETFs, IPO shares, fractional shares, and more. For folks who’d like to discuss their financial goals or questions, SoFi members can connect at no cost with financial advisors.

FAQ

What are the different types of investors?

Institutional investors are big companies with teams of professional investment managers who invest other people’s money. Retail investors are individuals who typically manage their own investment (e.g. for retirement or college savings).

What percentage of the stock market is made up of institutional investors?

The vast majority of stock market investors are institutional investors. Because they trade on a bigger scale than retail investors, institutional trades can impact the markets.

Are institutional or retail investment strategies better?

Institutional investors have access to more research and technology compared with retail investors. Thus their strategies may be considered more sophisticated. But it’s hard to compare outcomes, as both groups are exposed to different levels of risk.

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