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More and more young people are on the fence about going to a traditional four-year college. One popular decision-making strategy is to create a list of pros and cons of going to college. To get you started, we’re going deep into the benefits and downsides of attending college.

Keep reading to learn how college is correlated to more positive outcomes for grads, from lower unemployment to better health, as well as the financial risks.

On the Fence About Going to College?

Feeling torn about college can be a natural result of low motivation to continue schooling, a good job situation, or nontraditional career goals. Most people of all educational backgrounds would agree that college is not for everyone.

If you have a great job lined up now, waiting to attend school might make sense. On the other hand, if you need a degree to fulfill your goal of becoming a wildlife biologist, you may have little choice but to sign up for classes. The key is to be honest with yourself and clear about the consequences of your decision.

Pros of Going to College

It’s important to look at reasons both for and against going to college to avoid falling prey to “confirmation bias.” The term refers to our tendency to look for evidence, information, and ideas that confirm our beliefs. For example, if your gut is telling you college is not for you, you may unconsciously look for evidence that you shouldn’t go — without considering opposing reasons why you should.

Higher Earning Potential

One of the major reasons to attend college is salary potential. Let’s take a look at the median weekly earnings across various degree levels, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics:

•   Doctoral degree: $1,909

•   Professional degree: $1,924

•   Master’s degree: $1,574

•   Bachelor’s degree: $1,334

•   Associate degree: $963

•   Some college, no degree: $899

•   High school diploma: $809

•   Less than a high school diploma: $626

According to these figures, a worker with a bachelor’s degree makes $27,300 more per year than a high school grad.

For recent bachelor’s degree graduates (ages 22 to 27), the median annual income reached $52,000 in 2021. Meanwhile, their same-age peers who obtained high school degrees only earned $30,000 per year.

Access to More Jobs

Candidates with a college degree have access to a wider variety of jobs. Prior to the 1980s, two-thirds of jobs required at most a high school diploma. But by 2027, 70% of all workers will need some college under their belts, according to the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.

Value of Learning

When you head into a college classroom, you learn more than just the job skills required in the white-collar workforce. You also learn critical thinking, time management and organization, money management, writing and speaking, teamwork, and project management.

Those who don’t attend college may not have the opportunity to develop specific skills that employers are looking for.

Networking

College offers opportunities to network on campus, through classes, career fairs, student organizations, and more. Career development offices at colleges and universities also help students network and connect with career and internship opportunities.

Some College Degrees’ High Return on Investment

Certain college programs offer a higher return on investment by allowing students to recoup their educational investment in five years or less. The list of bachelor’s degree programs with a high return on investment (ROI) include:

•   Nursing – including nursing administration and research

•   Engineering – including electrical, industrial, aeronautical, and petroleum

•   Dental support services and allied professions

•   Construction management

•   Quality control and safety technologies

Associate degree earners can find the highest ROI in the following majors:

•   Nursing – including nursing administration and research

•   Dental support services and allied professions

•   Health diagnostic, intervention, and treatment professions

•   Medical laboratory science / research and allied professions

•   Computer programming

•   Electromechanical instrumentation and maintenance technologies

•   Electrical engineering technologies

•   Industrial production technologies

•   Drafting/design engineering technologies

Lower Unemployment

Individuals who earn a bachelor’s degree are half as likely to be jobless compared to high school grads. And during times of economic upheaval, college graduates fare better.

For example, the unemployment rate for recent college grads hit 6.9% during the recession of 2008-2009. Not so bad compared to the unemployment rate for all young workers, which crested at 15.8% in 2010.

Today, the jobless rate for bachelor’s degree holders is less than 2%.

Lower Poverty

A total of 10% of the U.S. adult population reported earnings at or below the poverty level in 2019, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Digging through the data shows that adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher experience the lowest levels of poverty.

Adults who reported being at or below the poverty line obtained the following levels of education:

•   Less than a high school diploma: 26%

•   High school degree or equivalent: 35%

•   Some college or associate’s degree: 26%

•   Bachelor’s degree or higher: 14%

Healthier

College graduates, on the whole, are more likely to be healthier. They may lead healthier lifestyles than non-college graduates because a college education stresses human development, which encompasses health and longevity.

College graduates are also more likely to have health insurance. Adults with some college or an associate degree are twice as likely not to have insurance coverage compared to those with at least a bachelor’s degree.

Better Educated Children

Studies suggest that parents who place a priority on educational attainment and model achievement for their kids (including going to college) typically have children who also value education. This leads to better-educated children.

More Likely To Save for Retirement

Most companies no longer offer pension plans to workers, so individuals must create their own retirement savings plan or join one offered by an employer. College graduates are more likely to contribute to a retirement plan like a 401(k). Even when high school graduates have access to similar plans, college grads contribute 26% more to their retirement plans than their high school graduate counterparts.

Cons of Going to College

The cost of college, the availability of high-paying jobs that don’t require a degree, and underemployment — there is a long list of reasons why paying for college may not make sense for you.

Cost of College

The average cost of attendance (tuition, fees, and room and board) for an undergraduate education increased 169% between 1980 and 2020, according to the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.

These costs may encourage you to begin thinking about alternatives to college, particularly if you or your family will struggle to come up with the money to pay for college. Student loans may also be a challenge to pay back later on.

Recommended: Private Student Loans vs Parent Plus Loans

Cost of Tuition

Tuition is typically the most expensive part of attending college. According to the most recent information from the National Center for Educational Statistics, the average tuition cost for first-time, full-time undergraduate students in 2019-2020 was:

•   Public four-year institutions: $9,400

•   Private nonprofit four-year institutions: $36,700

•   Private for-profit four-year institutions: $19,100

However, it’s important to remember that many students pay far less than the sticker price to attend college. The cost of attendance displayed on a college website may not be the amount it will cost you to attend.

Opportunity Cost of Time Spent Not Working

When you attend college, your available hours to work are reduced by classes and studying. You may spend up to two years in a classroom for an associate degree, or lose four years to obtain a bachelor’s degree. You’ll also lose out on income you could have been earning.

High-Paying No-Degree Jobs

Some high-paying jobs don’t require a college degree. Often, individuals can make up for a lack of degree by showcasing on-the-job experience. Here is a list of jobs that don’t require a degree:

•   Patrol officer

•   Home health aide

•   Personal care aide

•   Wind turbine technician

•   Recreation and fitness worker

•   Massage therapist

•   Landscaper and groundskeeper

•   Medical assistant

•   Computer support specialist

Underemployed College Graduates

Underemployment refers to recent college graduates (ages 22 to 27) with a bachelor’s degree or higher who are working in a job that doesn’t require a bachelor’s degree. In February 2022, about 41.4% of recent U.S. college graduates were underemployed in the United States.

Dropping Out

Less than half of college students graduate on time, and more than 1 million students drop out of college every year. The problem with dropping out is that you might get saddled with student loan debt but not have the degree to show for it.

Some of the risk factors for dropping out include part-time enrollment in college, full-time employment while attending school, gap years and leaves of absence, and students who are not dependent on their parents.

Earning Potential of Different Majors for College Graduates

The major you choose can affect your income. However, it’s important to remember that majoring in history doesn’t prevent you from going to work for an insurance company. Still, according to the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, your major still matters.

Top-paying college majors earn $3.4 million more over a lifetime than the lowest-paying tier of majors. The highest earners belong to STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, math), health, and business. These jobs typically earn $65,000 or more annually over the course of a career, with an entry-level salary of $37,000.

Is College Right for You?

Let’s put some pros and cons of college side-by-side. You may consider adding to them based on your own thoughts and research.

Pros of Attending College	Cons of Attending College
Higher earning potential	High cost
Access to more jobs	Opportunity cost of time spent not working
More learning opportunities	The availability of high-paying, no-degree jobs
Networking opportunities	Underemployed college graduates
High ROI for some degrees	The possibility of dropping out
Lower unemployment
Lower poverty
Health benefits
Better educated children
Higher likelihood of saving for retirement

Alternatives to College

A traditional four-year institution isn’t the only type of college you can attend. You can also consider attending a trade school, community college, industry-specific education program, or even learning on-the-job. Let’s go over the details of each of these opportunities, which can be more cost-effective than other educational institutions.

Trade School

A trade school (also called a technical or vocational school) teaches students skills for specific occupations, often for in-demand fields. Students can learn mechanical trades, truck driving, cosmetology, and more, and earn a certificate for their learning efforts. Trade schools often cost less than traditional four-year colleges and universities, so graduates may end up with less student loan debt.

Many trade schools expect students to complete an apprenticeship with an experienced practitioner. Full program training may last between three months and a year.

Recommended: What Trade Jobs Make the Most Money?

Community College

A community college is a tax-funded public college that, like trade school, usually offers a cheaper alternative to a four-year college experience. Community colleges usually offer one- or two-year associate degrees, certificates, or workforce training. Community college degrees often transfer to four-year institutions, allowing students to move over to a flagship state university.

Community colleges may offer flexible class schedules, often allowing students to work or take care of family at the same time. About 30% of students are enrolled in community colleges.

Industry-Specific Education Programs

Sector-based training, where people are trained for jobs in high-demand fields, is on the rise. This training may focus on health care, information technology, advanced manufacturing, or transportation and logistics. Employers offer the training to middle-skilled candidates, mutually benefiting workers and companies that need to fill jobs.

Learning on the Job

Employers will sometimes hire uncredentialed candidates with the understanding that individuals will secure certifications within a certain timeframe. Such training is typically paid for by the company. Workers benefit by getting paid while they’re in school and receiving free education.

The Takeaway

While a bachelor’s degree is associated with numerous benefits, from lower unemployment to better health, remember that correlation is not causation. If you’re ambitious and creative with good people skills, you may do just as well without an expensive 4-year college degree. Alternatives include community college, trade school, and learning on the job. It’s true that some careers require a bachelor’s degree, but many high-paying jobs do not. Be honest about your motives, and carefully consider the pros and cons of your decision.

3 Student Loan Tips

1. Need a private student loan to cover your school bills? Because approval for a private student loan is based on creditworthiness, a cosigner may help a student get loan approval and a lower rate.
2. Even if you don’t think you qualify for financial aid, you should fill out the FAFSA form. Many schools require it for merit-based scholarships, too. You can submit it as early as Oct. 1.
3. Master’s degree or graduate certificate? Private or federal student loans can smooth the path to either goal.

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

What are the biggest reasons for not going to college?

There are a wide variety of college pros and cons, but the biggest reasons involve not being able to afford it, not being ready for the opportunity, and already having a job. If you’re deeply worried about the cost but still want to go to college, there are tuition-free colleges you may want to consider.

What are the most important reasons to attend college?

One of the most important reasons to attend college is to be able to achieve a career goal that you have set for yourself. Even if you don’t know exactly what you want your major to be, you may pursue higher education to discover that goal. Another important reason to attend college involves acquiring skills that help your overall development, both personal and professional.

How does college compare to trade school as far as cost and benefit go?

The average tuition cost of a trade school is much lower than a four-year college or university. Trade school can cost up to $33,000 on the high end of the spectrum, but typically costs between $5,000 and $15,000 in total.

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Photo credit: iStock/FG Trade

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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The high cost of graduate school can make the dream of getting a master’s or a doctorate feel like a financial impossibility for many people. One way to help with tuition is by applying for a graduate fellowship, a merit-based award given by the university you’re attending or from an outside organization.

As with other scholarships and grants, there can be steep competition for these awards. Here’s a guide to graduate fellowships and how to go about applying for one.

What Is a Graduate Fellowship?

Fellowships are awards given to qualified graduate students based on academic merit. The purpose of a graduate fellowship is to give financial support while graduate students pursue their coursework, conduct research, and do intensive study into their particular field area.

Unlike a graduate assistant, who commits to working as a teaching or a research assistant in exchange for pay, fellowships do not typically come with any associated work requirements.

Besides helping you cover the cost of tuition, a fellowship may offer an additional cost-of-living stipend and health insurance, and cover related expenses such as attending an academic conference. Fellowships are awarded for a specific amount of time, ranging from a few months to several years.

Perhaps the biggest benefit is, unlike a student loan, you don’t have to pay any money back.

Internal vs External Graduate School Fellowships

There are two main sources of fellowships that can fund your tuition: internal and external. The latter is sometimes referred to as a portable fellowship. Internal funding comes from the university, while external financial support is provided by non-university outlets. (Of course, there are other ways to pay for grad school too.)

Here’s a breakdown on how they differ:

Internal Fellowship	External Fellowship
Sponsored and awarded by the college or university.	Awarded by organizations outside the school, such as government agencies, corporations, nonprofits, and private foundations.
Less competitive. There’s a smaller pool of applicants who are applying to that specific school only.	More competitive because you’re applying along with people from other colleges and universities.
Stipend may be lower.	Stipend amount often meets or exceeds those issued by a university.
Funding is specifically for study at one college or university.	Funding is less likely to be dependent on affiliation with a particular college or university. Recipients generally have the flexibility to choose their school and programs of study.

Types of Graduate School Fellowships

Graduate fellowships vary in duration and purpose, and whether you’re a graduate, doctorate, or postdoctoral student. Here are the two main kinds of fellowships:

•   Graduate or Predoctoral Fellowship. This is for students who are pursuing a master’s or doctorate degree. Funding can come from the institution the student plans to attend or from an external source such as a philanthropic foundation or nonprofit organization.

•   Postdoctoral Fellowship. After a student completes their doctorate program, they can apply for a postdoctoral fellowship. These awards are geared toward people who want additional time to devote to study and research.

Applying for a Graduate Fellowship Program

Expect a long to-do list when applying for a graduate fellowship program. These tips can help you prepare your application:

•   Identify fellowships that are the right fit. There are a lot of fellowships out there, so do your due diligence to see which one might best meet your goals. Will this opportunity enhance you both personally and professionally? Because the application process can be intense and time-consuming, be sure you’re pursuing just the right opportunity.

•   Check eligibility requirements. Research the different internal and external fellowship opportunities to see what each requires. Some fellowships may be for U.S. citizens only, have an upper age limit, want students who intend to be or are enrolled in a graduate program, or have never accepted a graduate fellowship before. If you’ve been awarded grad school scholarships, make sure your fellowship is aware of them too.

•   Start early. An application may call for prerequisite paperwork, personal statements, project or research proposals, transcripts, and letters of recommendation, so you’ll want to give yourself enough time to gather these materials. You don’t want to be scrambling to get everything together at the last minute.

•   Proofread your application carefully. You’ve got one shot to impress people, so don’t submit an application that hasn’t been reviewed and re-reviewed. Be sure to check for spelling and grammar mistakes, and ask a trusted advisor or friend to read it as well. Applications that are polished and absent mistakes can create a more favorable impression.

What You Need To Know About Fellowships for Graduate Students

If you’re thinking about going for a graduate fellowship, you’ll want to be aware of how they work. Read on for all the ins and outs:

Applying for a Graduate Fellowship Program

There are lots of moving parts when it comes to applying for a graduate fellowship. And because these awards are in high demand, you’ll want to get ahead of the crowd of other applicants by submitting your paperwork as soon as possible.

Early Deadlines

Internal and external graduate fellowship deadlines typically fall between the months of October and February. Funds are designated for the next academic year. This means you need to apply to them at the same time you’re also applying to grad school.

If you make the mistake of looking into funding opportunities after you’ve sent out your graduate school applications, it’s too late. Begin your research and applications for graduate school fellowships early so you don’t miss these important deadlines.

Funding Duration

As mentioned earlier, funding for graduate fellowships comes from either the university you’re attending (internal) or from outside organizations (external). When searching for graduate fellowships, keep duration in mind. Financial support varies depending on the fellowship: Some can fund you for a year while others might cover as many as three years.

If you’re in a two-year master’s program and the fellowship only covers a year, you could find yourself worrying about how to pay for that additional year. Working toward a PhD can take up to 8 years, so if you’re pursuing a doctorate, you’ll definitely want to aim for a multi-year fellowship.

Competition

When it comes to easing the burden of graduate school costs, fellowships are a popular option — which means they can be highly competitive. Fellowship programs look for highly qualified people who are also high achievers.

External graduate fellowship opportunities cast a wider net, so you have more options. But if you’re applying for an external fellowship, you’re up against a bigger pool of applicants from all over the country and even internationally. With an internal fellowship, you’ll find yourself competing with far fewer candidates.

Reserved Assistantships

Graduate assistantships are very much like work-study programs. However, instead of getting paid to do something totally unrelated to your field, like washing dishes in the cafeteria, these part-time teaching, research, and service administrative positions within the university exist to give you more focus in your chosen field.

Teaching and research positions are typically geared toward a student’s area of study, while an administrative position can be in any university department, such as the library service, residence hall, or university office.

Compensation can be in the form of hourly pay, a monthly stipend, or a tuition waiver. You may even be able to find an assistantship that pays your tuition and gives a stipend. Some schools also offer their assistants student health insurance.

These positions not only offer financial support, but are often highly convenient for students who already spend the majority of their time on campus. In one central location, you can attend classes, study your discipline, network, and earn money.

As with other internal graduate fellowships, application procedures vary by school. Check with the specific institution for deadline and application information.

Recommended: College Tuition Payment Plans

Part-Time and Online Graduate Programs

Not all graduate students can attend school full-time or be onsite. Though many fellowships (internal and external) do require a student to be full-time, some accept part-time students. Fellowships for online students exist as well, but might also be more geared to full-time students. You will probably have the most options for part-time or online degree programs with externally funded fellowships.

By the way, if you’re counting on student loan deferment for graduate students, make sure that part-time and online students are eligible.

Internal Funding Sources

Colleges and universities that award graduate fellowships get the money to fund them from several sources. Where a school gets its money can depend on whether it’s a private or public college, for-profit or non-profit. Funding for fellowships can come from student tuition and fees, federal and state governments, and endowments, which are funds donated by individuals or an organization.

Postdoc Fellowships

These fellowships are awarded to people who have earned their doctorate degree. A postdoc fellowship allows the PhD holder to acquire additional academic knowledge and research training. Areas a postdoc fellow might undertake include teaching, grant writing, presenting findings to others, and leading projects and other team members.

Postdoctoral fellows are typically paid in the form of a stipend. Both internal and external sources can fund a postdoc fellowship.

Long-term Career Prospects

Fellowships can bolster your resume and get the attention of prospective employers. As a graduate fellow, you’ve shown you’re motivated, disciplined, and serious about your focus of study. You’ve also shown you’re highly qualified and stood out from a pool of other candidates.

Education pays off when it comes to employment. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, people with higher levels of education and advanced degrees typically earn more money and have lower rates of unemployment compared with people who have less education and lesser degrees.

Graduate and postdoctoral fellows can go on to have long-lasting careers as researchers, university professors, expert scholars, writers, and authors. They can also work in their specialty for a corporation, government agency, or at a nonprofit organization.

Recommended: The 14 Best Jobs for MBA Graduates

The Takeaway

A graduate fellowship can help fund your postsecondary education, easing stress and averting debt. You can find fellowship opportunities through your college or university of choice, or through external sources such as foundations and non-profit organizations. The competition for fellowships is steep, but applying early on can increase the chances you’ll be rewarded with one.

3 Student Loan Tips

1. Can’t cover your school bills? If you’ve exhausted all federal aid options, private student loans for graduate students can fill gaps in need, up to the school’s cost of attendance, which includes tuition, books, housing, meals, transportation, and personal expenses.
2. Even if you don’t think you qualify for financial aid, you should fill out the FAFSA form. Many schools require it for merit-based scholarships, too. You can submit it as early as Oct. 1.
3. Master’s degree or graduate certificate? Private or federal student loans can smooth the path to either goal.

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

Can I have more than one fellowship?

Yes you can, but it may not always be beneficial. Before applying to any external opportunities, check your school’s policy regarding additional fellowships. Some colleges will allow you to have more than one, but they will also look at your whole financial package as well. Schools have the ability to decrease your fellowship amount if you’ve also been awarded another one.

Is a fellowship prestigious?

Quite. Fellowships are merit-based academic awards given to outstanding students that fellowship committees believe will make an important and long-lasting contribution to their field of study. Since there is a lot of competition for these awards, recipients have submitted applications with impressive faculty recommendations, a project or research proposal, and well-written personal statement.

How do you find fellowships for graduate school?

First, check with your specific school to see what fellowships they offer. You can find external fellowships on websites of professional organizations related to your discipline and through databases on sites such as Profellow.com and Bigfuture.collegeboard.org.

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Photo credit: iStock/AntonioSolano

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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A performing arts college curriculum aims to give students the knowledge, tools, and training to be working artists. Performing arts majors get to study all aspects of their craft and gain practical experience. A degree in the performing arts can give grads a leg up on the competition, through more polished skills and valuable connections in the business.

A wide variety of job options are available within the arts sector. Here, we’ll explain the main types of performing arts degrees, and the kind of jobs available to grads as performers and behind-the-scenes pros.

What Are the Performing Arts?

In the performing arts, an artist uses their body, voice, or a musical instrument to express a story or feelings. Art forms include theater, film, vocal and instrumental music, opera, comedy, dance, puppetry, spoken word, and even magic and circus acts.

The performing arts differ from the visual arts, in which artists express themselves through means such as photography, painting, drawing, and sculpting.

What Are the 4 Main Types of Performing Arts?

Performing arts degrees are typically geared toward one or more of these areas.

1. Drama

Drama includes not just acting, but also speech, stage movement, voice work, theater history, and dramatic literature. Other specialties in the drama category include directing, stage management, playwriting, musical theater, and scene design. Students learn all the elements that go into a theatrical production.

Recommended: What To Expect from Your College Acceptance Letter

2. Dance

Dance aims to communicate emotion, story, and character through the use of movement. Jazz, ballet, tap, and hip-hop are just a few types of dance included in a performing arts program. Dance performances often have musical accompaniment, and the emotions stirred up by the music frequently come through in a dancers’ body language.

3. Music

Music majors are exposed to all facets of music, from playing an instrument to composing and musical directing. In some college programs, singing is also included. All types of music are covered, such as classical, jazz, opera, pop, and folk. Music can be vocal or entirely instrumental.

4. Singing

Singing is defined as the activity of making musical sounds with your voice. Singing is a form of creative expression, merging words and music, that requires talent and training. Singers can perform solo or as part of a group, as in a choir, band, or musical theater. As mentioned above, voice can be part of a music specialty in a performing arts degree program, or fall under the drama category, for musical theater majors.

What Is a Performing Arts Degree?

A performing arts degree is a diploma earned through completing classwork in various disciplines like dance, music, and drama. Curriculums typically combine concentrated theoretical and historical study with performance practice.

Along with the designated coursework, most performing arts programs require students to gain real-world experience under the supervision of a trained professional. This might come in the form of a paid or unpaid internship, such as working as an assistant to a director or to a sound engineer in a recording studio.

Earning a degree in the performing arts shows you’re serious about your craft and dedicated to learning it. It means you’ve studied intensively and are prepared to pursue your talent in a professional way.

What Can You Do With a Degree in Performing Arts?

The world of performing arts offers a wide array of career choices, either in front of an audience or backstage. One of the most common choices is teaching or private coaching. You can do this through a professional school, community organization, after-school program for kids, or on your own.

•   Actors can find work as voice-over artists, stand-ins for principal actors on a film or television production, understudies, stand-up comedians, podcasters, or hosts of live or recorded programs. Actors can also demo products at corporate conferences, become tour guides, or serve as master of ceremonies for events or comedy shows.

   Other possible career paths include becoming a drama therapist, public speaking coach, talent agent, casting director, director, producer, theater or film critic, playwright, screenwriter, dramaturg, stage manager, or arts administrator.

•   Singers can work in musical theater, cabaret, or as a professional member of a chorus or choir. They may aspire to become lead singer of a band or a backup performer for other artists, in live performances or in a recording studio. Singers can also find jobs singing on cruise ships, in lounges and nightclubs, teaching voice, or as songwriters.

•   Musicians can pursue a number of careers, including musical director or conductor, composer, arranger, sound engineer, or music software programmer. There are even music ministers, who work for a religious organization on musical arrangements used in weekly services, weddings, and funerals.

   Jobs for musicians are similar to those open to singers. Options include working as a band or orchestra member, part of a jazz trio, or backup musician during recording sessions. Some musicians find success working behind the scenes, as a talent agent or a tour manager.

•   Dancers can find work as an artistic director for a dance company, a choreographer, or a dance teacher. With additional training, dancers can become movement or fitness specialists, such as physical therapists, personal trainers, or Pilates instructors.

With additional training, a performing artist can become a drama, music, or dance therapist. These professionals help people improve their mental health and well-being by incorporating techniques and exercises in their specialty. For example, a drama therapist might use storytelling or role-playing to help work through behavioral problems and emotional challenges. Other options are included in our list of the best jobs for extroverts.

Can I Get a Performing Arts Degree Online?

Yes, you can, though the opportunities aren’t as plentiful. Because you need hands-on experience to train in the performing arts, learning online is not ideal or beneficial to mastering your craft. For instance, if you’re taking an acting class, learning how to move around a stage, project your voice properly in a theater, and connect with a live audience is much more difficult, if not impossible, to do online.

Some effective online courses are designed for virtual students. Introductory classes offering an overview of the theatrical arts, playwriting, costume design, or music theory can easily be taken online. Enrolling in some online courses can help students get prerequisites out of the way. But there will most likely be courses requiring you to appear in person for practical experience.

Typical Performing Arts Degree Courses

The performing arts courses you’ll take will depend on the speciality you’ve chosen: drama, music, dance, or an interdisciplinary degree that combines elements of two or more specialties. Courses will differ depending on the school you attend and your degree level.

Usually, a performing arts degree curriculum will begin with general education classes. Academic lectures will deal with the theory and history of the performing arts. Practice-based classes focus on technique and craft. Finally, field-based, experiential learning is key.

While pursuing your degree in performing arts, you’ll most likely be able to take elective courses that fall outside your department, such as psychology or political science.

Common Performing Arts Degree Requirements

When it comes to academic requirements, some schools or courses will be more specific than others. Bachelor’s degrees typically take four years to complete if you’re a full-time student. An accelerated performing arts program may require less time.

Most schools require students to complete a mix of classes specifically related to their chosen major. Other foundational courses such as theory, stagecraft, performing arts history, and literature are needed to fulfill the degree requirements.

What Is the Highest Degree in Performing Arts?

As with many other college majors, performing arts degrees range from an associate’s degree to a Ph.D. However, the most common performing arts degree earned in the field is a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA). Although less common, some schools award a Bachelor of Performing Arts (BPA).

There is a practical distinction between a BA and BFA in performing arts. A BA program requires more liberal arts coursework (such as English, math, and science). A BFA program primarily consists of courses in creative disciplines, with the ratio strongly favoring creative classes.

Performing arts master’s degrees can benefit individuals who want to advance their expertise or teach at the college level. Ph.D. programs in the performing arts are geared to those with plans to become researchers or tenure-track professors.

Performing Arts Degree Jobs

There are countless occupations within the realm of performing arts. Here are some of the more popular and in-demand jobs:

•   Producer. A producer acts as a behind-the-scenes executive decision maker. Projects include stage, film, and television productions. Duties of a producer include securing funding for the production, managing the budget, making business decisions, and collaborating with the director on hiring talent and crew.

•   Director. These professionals guide a theatrical production from start to finish. Directors are responsible for auditioning and casting actors, instructing the actors during rehearsals, assembling a production team, and supplying a vision for the project and a unique understanding of the text. They may also work with producers to ensure the project proceeds on budget and on schedule.

•   Writer. If you have a talent for writing and take writing courses while pursuing your performing arts degree, you can parlay your skills into playwriting, screenwriting, or reviewing for a media outlet. Writers may start out as a writer’s assistant on a television show and work their way up to becoming a showrunner, the person who oversees all aspects of a series and is often the head-writer. Or, if you focus on drama or music in school, a lyricist can be a satisfying career path.

•   Teacher. There’s always a need for educators in the performing arts. You can become a drama, dance, or music teacher in a school, conservatory, or community setting. If you achieve an MA or MFA, you can be a professor at the undergraduate or graduate level, create your own class, or work as a private coach. Sometimes, experience honed in the field as a working performing artist is more than enough to teach what you know to others, without requiring anything more than a bachelor’s degree.

•   Musician. The world of music offers myriad jobs. As mentioned earlier, if you sing or play an instrument, you can perform in a band, as part of an orchestra, or as a session musician, backing up another artist in a recording studio. Other sought-after jobs in the music industry include making music for video games, guitar technician, piano tuner, or staff musician who performs on cruise ships, at theme parks, and for music production houses that create music for specific clients.

Recommended: Jobs That Pay For Your College Degree

Ways to Pay for a Performing Arts Degree

Paying for a performing arts degree isn’t any different from paying for other college degrees. You can use both federal and private student loans to finance your performing arts education, along with scholarships and grants.

The first place to start is by applying for federal student aid. With the ever increasing cost of college tuition, even middle class students are encouraged to apply for financial aid. The Free Application for Federal Student Aid form (FAFSA®) will help you line up federal scholarships, grants, federal student loans, and work-study programs.

You can find additional grant and scholarship listings at sites such as collegegrant.net, collegescholarships.com or scholarships.com. SoFi also offers a helpful scholarship search tool.

If your federal student aid offer doesn’t cover your cost of attendance, private student loans are also available. Unlike federal student loans whose terms and interest rates are set by the government, private loan terms and interest rates are set by the lender, based on the borrower’s credit history. Private student loan interest rates are usually higher than the rates on federal student loans.

The Takeaway

A degree in the performing arts provides you with the knowledge and skills you need to embark on an artistic career. The four main areas of study are drama, dance, music, and singing, though students may combine courses from different specialties. There is a wide variety of occupations in the artistic arena that can keep you employed while you live a creatively expressive life. Some popular careers include producer, director, screenwriter, teacher, arts administrator, and stage manager. And of course, you may also aspire to become an actor, musician, dancer, or other performer.

3 Student Loan Tips

1. Can’t cover your school bills? If you’ve exhausted all federal aid options, compare private student loans. Private loans can fill gaps in need, up to the school’s cost of attendance, which includes tuition, books, housing, meals, transportation, and personal expenses.
2. Would-be borrowers will want to understand the different types of student loans peppering the landscape: private student loans, federal Direct subsidized and unsubsidized loans, Direct PLUS loans, and more.
3. Parents and sponsors with strong credit and income may find much lower rates on no-fee private parent student loans than federal parent PLUS loans. Federal PLUS loans also come with an origination fee.

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

What are the advantages of earning a degree in the performing arts?

A degree in performing arts can help set you apart in experience and skill level from other artists who don’t have a performing arts degree. Immersing yourself in your chosen major gives you the tools and confidence you’ll need later on. You’ll also be studying under faculty members who are not only valuable mentors but professional connections.

What skills do I need to get a job in the performing arts?

Besides having talent and training, certain attributes increase the likelihood you’ll be successful in your career. Employers in the performing arts sector look for people who are flexible, collaborative, cooperative, disciplined, and resilient. Other important skills include the ability to take direction, being a quick learner, and the ability to manage your time efficiently.

Is a degree in performing arts worth it?

It definitely can be. Extensive study helps lay the foundation for your training early on and lets you build on your natural abilities with practical experience. Working toward a performing arts degree allows you the opportunities to flex your muscles by performing in college productions and working internships outside of school.

These are achievements you can put on your resume that show you’ve already gotten hands-on experience. Graduating with a performing arts degree shows you’re serious about your intentions and have done the intense work to perfect your craft.

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Photo credit: iStock/blanaru

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Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

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NOTE: This quiz is in no way recommending specific colleges or universities (SoFi doesn’t endorse nor are we affiliated with any college or university), but rather the type of college or university that might work with your personality and goals. Above all, this is meant to be a fun tool and a very, very preliminary source of information to supplement your decision-making.

Selecting a college is a personal decision. Broadly speaking, there are three major types of higher education institutions — public universities, private colleges, and community colleges and trade schools. Each of these categories offers students different academic opportunities, and has their own sets of pros and cons.
Continue reading for information that can help you determine which college option might make the most sense for your academic goals and priorities.

Brainstorming a Broad List

According to the most recent information available from the National Center for Education Statistics, as of 2020 were 3,982 degree-granting postsecondary institutions, ranging anywhere from large public universities to more intimate liberal arts colleges, with a wide range of choices in between.

As a first step, consider reflecting on what is most important to you for your college experience. Some factors to consider to help you decide might include:

•   four-year college or a two-year/vocational option

•   public school or a private college

•   nonprofit college or a for-profit college

•   large university or liberal arts college

•   bustling city or a quiet rural environment

•   Stay in-state or venture further away from home

Using your academic goals and personal preferences, create a list of options to explore further. There are a variety of resources available to students such as BigFuture from The College Board or EducationCorner.com. Consider consulting with your guidance counselor for recommendations and suggestions that can help you build your list of potential schools.

If you have friends or family who have already gone through the college application process, ask them about their experience and see what advice they have to offer. This could be insightful as you build your personalized list.

In addition to academic factors like class size and majors, and the location of the school, don’t forget to consider how extracurriculars fit in. Are you interested in playing sports? Do you want to join a college newspaper or TV station? Each of these can impact your college experience so it’s important to think about what you want.

For additional help, we’ve created a quiz that allows you to make a series of high-level choices about what type of college might be best for you:

Prioritizing Your Options

After making your broad list of potential college options, you’ll likely need to prioritize. As you finalize how many college you’re going to apply to, consider including choices from each of these three categories; it can make sense to apply to a couple each of:

•   Match (or target) schools, These are schools where your academic qualifications meet what the school has been accepting as an average freshman, or perhaps slightly exceed them

•   Reach schools, ones where your academic qualifications are below what the school typically requires for average freshmen; perhaps your leadership skills or extracurriculars will make up the difference and you’ll get accepted

•   Safety schools, where you can be fairly confident of acceptance

Continue reading for more information on the different academic options available to students — public universities, private colleges, and community colleges and trade schools.

Public Universities

Public colleges and universities, in general, have been funded by state governments with the goal being to provide people who live there with a college education. This began as early as the 1800s and, even today, state governments pay a significant amount of the operational costs of public universities. They also appoint boards for oversight purposes.

Because public funds are used to subsidize education at a public university, up-front tuition prices are typically lower than at private colleges. Generally, students who live in-state will receive a lower tuition rate than those who are attending the school from out-of-state.

Public universities tend to be bigger in size and scope, offering more degrees than a private college. Class sizes are often larger in public universities than at private colleges. But, larger institutions may offer students access to state-of-the art facilities, libraries, and research. Top-tier faculty and professors are attached to the research potential at large universities, and therefore, students have the opportunity to learn from some of the best in their field.

While public colleges and universities can offer an affordable tuition combined with exceptional facilities and well-respected professors and research opportunities, the large campus and class sizes could be a considerable con for students who thrive on more personalized instruction.

Private Colleges

Unlike public universities, which are funded at least in-part by taxes and state funding, private colleges are independently run institutions of higher education. Generally, private colleges are smaller than public colleges and may offer smaller class sizes and more personalized instruction.

Because the schools are smaller, private colleges may offer fewer choices in majors than their larger public counterparts. That said, the smaller campus and student body can help folster a close-knit community. Like public universities, private colleges also focus on providing students with highly qualified professors and instruction.

Tuition costs at private colleges can be higher than at a public university, however, private colleges may offer more merit aid to students than a public school. It’s usually worth comparing and contrasting financial aid packages to determine which school will be the most affordable for you.

Community Colleges/Technical Schools

Community colleges generally offer associate’s degrees, which typically take about two-years to achieve. After completing their associate’s degree, students can transfer to a four-year college or university to complete their bachelor’s.

Technical schools generally offer a specific certification to students who complete the course of study. Most often, technical schools focus on courses that allow students to build an occupation skill set, so they’re able to start work in their chosen field immediately after completing technical school.

Both technical schools and community colleges can be more affordable than public or private colleges. In addition to the cost of tuition being more affordable, students in these programs may be able to live at home which can help cut down on living expenses.

Community college can be a good option for students who want to explore different fields or cannot afford to go to a four-year college immediately after high school. If you plan to transfer to a four-year college after completing your associate’s at a community college research the minimum transfer requirements at the universities you want to apply to. Consider speaking with an admissions or guidance counselor with any questions.

Financial Considerations

As you decide which colleges to apply for, take into consideration how you can finance your education. Often, students will rely on a mix of federal student loans, scholarships, grants, or private student loans to pay for their education. Scholarships and grants are gift aid that generally does not need to be repaid.

Want to learn more about scholarships, grants, and student loans? Check out SoFi’s Financial Aid 101 series to find funding options for your college education.

Both federal and private student loans need to be repaid. Federal student loans are part of federal financial aid and to apply, students will need to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) each year. Private student loans can be a tool to help students pay for college after they’ve exhausted their other options. That’s because private student loans aren’t required to offer the same benefits and borrower protections — things like income-driven repayment plans or deferment options — as federal student loans.

If you decide to apply for private student loans, get a few quotes and carefully consider the loan options and terms available to you. In some cases, you may need to add a cosigner to the application in order to get approved, or to potentially qualify for more competitive interest rates.

As mentioned, it often takes a combination of financial resources to pay for college including savings, scholarships, grants, and student loans. If you have your parent’s support, work with them to create a plan that makes sense for your situation. Guidance counselors may also be able to provide resources on the different types of funding available and information on local scholarships that you might want to apply for.

The Takeaway

Students can choose between public universities, private colleges, or community colleges and technical schools to further their education. The right choice for you will depend on your academic goals, current financial situation, and personality and preferences for learning environment.

Public universities can be more affordable and offer research opportunities, while private colleges generally have smaller class sizes and more personalized instruction. Community colleges are a cost-effective way for students to explore their interests and fulfill their prerequisites before transferring to a four-year university. Technical schools can make sense for students who are passionate about a particular trade or occupation that doesn’t require a four-year degree.

Paying for each of these options may require a combination of resources. Private student loans may be one resource if you’ve exhausted all other options. If you’re interested in adding private student loans into your college funding mix, consider SoFi. Private student loans with SoFi have no origination fees or pre-payment penalties and you can find your rate in just a few minutes in a way that won’t affect your credit score^*.

SoFi offers private student loans for undergraduates, graduates, and parents helping their children pay for their education.

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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For sellers, the idea of multiple offers on the home they’ve put on the market is a dream. But for buyers, it can be a big source of stress: How can you get your bid to stand out and be the one selected? This is especially challenging in today’s seller’s market, when bidding wars and stiff competition has become more common.

So do you want to know how to compete against multiple offers on your dream house? You’re in the right place.
Here, you’ll learn some strategies and secrets that can help give you a competitive edge, from boosting your earnest money to waiving contingencies.

Read on to find out:

•   How to compete against multiple offers in a buyer’s and a seller’s market

•   How to collaborate most effectively with a buyer’s agent

•   How to increase your chances of competing against multiple offers on a house.

Multiple Offers in a Seller’s Market

A seller’s market means the demand for houses is greater than the supply for sale, causing home prices to increase and often giving sellers a serious advantage.

It can get pretty competitive for those who need to buy a house, and multiple offers on a house become the new norm.

Seller’s markets and the frequency of multiple offers can happen for a few reasons:

•   More houses typically go up for sale during peak homebuying season in the summer, so seller’s markets are more common in the winter when inventory is low.

•   Cities that see steady population growth and increased job opportunities often experience a higher demand for housing, leading to multiple interested buyers making offers on limited inventory.

•   A decrease in interest rates could mean more people are able to qualify for mortgages, causing an uptick in homebuyers that might work to the seller’s advantage. More interested parties can mean more negotiation power.

As of the end of 2022, despite rising interest rates and waning home construction, there has nevertheless been a hot market, with demand outstripping supply. According to NAR (the National Association of Realtors®), one in four houses on the market receives enough bids to sell above asking price – a significant amount of competition.

Multiple Offers in a Buyer’s Market

In a buyer’s market, there’s a greater number of houses than buyers demanding them. In this case, homebuyers can be more selective about their terms, and sellers might have to compete with one another to be the most sought-after house on the block.

In a buyer’s market, house hunters typically have more negotiating power. The number of offers on the table is usually lower than in a seller’s market, and the winning bid is often lower than the listing price.

In other words, you are likely to be better positioned to get a good deal.

Are Buyers’ Agents Aware of Other Offers?

Unless house hunters are buying a house without an agent, there are certain cases where the buyer’s agent could be tipped off to other offers on the house. This insight could help you hone your offer to be the winning bid.

A lot of it depends on the strategy of the sellers’ agent and whether it’s designed to stir up a bidding war with obscurity or transparency. Either way, the sellers and their agent could choose to:

•   Not disclose whether or not other buyers have made offers on the property.

•   Disclose the fact that there are other offers, but give no further transparency about how many or how much they’re offering.

•   Disclose the number of competing offers and their exact terms and/or amounts.

It’s up to the sellers and their agent to decide which strategy works best for their situation and, according to the National Association of Realtors® 2020 Code of Ethics & Standards of Practice, only with seller approval can an agent disclose the existence of other offers to potential buyers.

However, as you might guess, it can stir up more heated bidding if it is revealed that there are multiple offers. A prospective buyer might learn that intel and hike up their bid or offer other concessions, such as foregoing an inspection.

How Do Multiple Offers Affect a Home Appraisal?

What happens in the event of an all-out bidding war? Say a house comes on the market where few other properties are available, and it has all kinds of dream amenities: an outdoor pizza oven and slate patio, the perfect family room with a wall begging for a ginormous flat screen, a spa-style bathroom with soaking tub, and all kinds of energy-efficient bells and whistles.

Some buyers may be tempted to keep increasing their offer to one-up the competition. Unfortunately, this could lead to drastically overpaying for the house. And when it comes time for the mortgage lender to approve the loan, they may think the home isn’t worth all that money.

In these cases, buyers can add an appraisal contingency to their offer, asserting that the appraised value of the property must meet or exceed the price they agreed to pay for it or they can walk away from the deal without losing their deposit.

But what about in competitive seller’s markets when making mortgage contingencies could mean losing the deal? In those cases, buyers might have to put down extra money to bridge the gap between what their lender is willing to give and what they offered.

Think carefully in this situation about what you would do if the only way to nab your dream home would be to come up with more cash. For some people, it might be possible (perhaps by borrowing from family); for others, it would mean walking away or risk overextending oneself and blowing one’s budget.

Recommended: Home Affordability Calculator

How Can Buyers Beat Other Offers on a House?

Are you wondering, “But how can I compete against multiple offers on a house?” There are a few things homebuyers can do to improve their odds of winning when there are multiple offers on a house. Consider the following options:

A Sizable Earnest Money Deposit

Earnest money is a deposit made to the sellers that serves as the buyers’ good faith gesture to purchase the house, typically while they work on getting their full financing in order.

The amount of the earnest money deposit generally ranges between 1% and 3% of the purchase price, but in hot housing markets, it could go up to 5% to 10% of the home’s sale price.

By offering on the higher end of the spectrum, homebuyers can beat out contenders who offer less attractive earnest money deposits.

Best and Final Offer

Going into a multiple-offer situation and expecting negotiation can be tricky. It’s typically suggested that buyers go in right away with their strongest offer; one they can still live with if they lose to a contender — aka, they know they gave it their all.

In some cases, sellers deliberately list the home for less than comparable sales in the area in an attempt to stir up a bidding war. By going in with their highest offers, buyers could end up paying what the house is actually worth while still winning the deal.

Recommended: 7 Steps to Buying a Home

All-Cash Offer

By offering to pay cash upfront for the property, homebuyers effectively eliminate the need for third party (lender) involvement in the transaction. This can be appealing to sellers who are looking to streamline the sale and close ASAP.

However, this is obviously not possible for all homebuyers. It requires having quite a chunk of change on reserve to make this kind of offer. For some though (including those who just sold another property), it could be an option.

Waived Contingencies

Whether it’s offering the sellers extra time to move out or waiving the home inspection, potential homebuyers can gain wiggle room when they start to waive contingencies.

Contingencies are conditions that must be met in order to close on a house. If they’re not met, the buyers can back out of the deal without losing their earnest money deposit.

By waiving certain contingencies, buyers show that they’re willing to take on a level of risk to close the deal.
This can be appealing to some sellers. Of course, if you are the prospective buyer in a multiple-bidding situation, it means you are taking on risk.

What if, say, after you purchase the home, you discover that there’s $10,000 worth of HVAC work that needs to be done? An inspection would likely have revealed this, and you would have been able to negotiate with the sellers about this. But when you waive the inspection, you will be on the hook for this kind of upgrade.

Recommended: 6 First-time Home-Buying Mistakes to Avoid

Signs of Sincerity and Respect

Because many sellers have pride in and a deep affection for their home, buyers who show sincerity, respect, and sentiment may score extra points.

In some cases, it may be helpful for bidders to write a letter that details what they love about the home, which adds to the positive interactions with the sellers and their agent. It can make the sellers feel as if their home will be in good hands, with people who appreciate it rather than want to do a gut reno and strip away all the features they treasure.

This could lead to winning in a multiple-offer situation, but seek your real estate agent’s advice before penning such a letter. It could be a turn-off to some sellers.

An Offer of Extra Time to Move Out

In some cases, sellers might appreciate (or even require) a bit of a buffer between the closing date and when they formally move out of the house.

By offering them a few extra days post-closing without asking for compensation, flexible buyers can get ahead of contenders who might have stricter buyer possession policies.

Or you might offer to lease back the property for a month or more, if that would help the sellers get settled in their next residence. This kind of flexibility could tip the balance in your favor.

A Mortgage Pre-Approval Letter

Most offers are submitted with a lender-drafted letter that indicates the purchasers are pre-qualified for a loan.

But did you know there’s a difference between getting pre-qualified vs. pre-approved? A pre-approval letter can take it a step further by showing that the buyers are able to procure borrowed funds after deep financial, background, and credit history screening.

Pre-approval signifies to some sellers that the buyers can put their money where their mouth is, lessening the possibility of future financing falling through.

Recommended: Guide to Buying, Selling, and Updating Your Home

Kick-Starting the Homebuying Process

If you’re shopping for a home or plan to do so in the near future, it’s a wise move to get a jump on the process by exploring your mortgage options. For instance, how much of a loan do you qualify for and at what interest rate? How much would you have to put down?

As you move through this process, see what SoFi Mortgage Loans can offer. Our loans are convenient loans and have competitive rates. Plus, they can be available to qualifying first-time homebuyers with as little as 3% down. By knowing what your home loan funding looks like, you may be able to bid with greater confidence.

Get a leg up on buying a home, and find your rate in minutes with SoFi Mortgage Loans.

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Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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