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Salary negotiations can be one of the most stressful parts of the hiring process. You don’t want to offend your new employer but you don’t want to get shortchanged either. Making an appropriate counter offer requires a little skill and finesse to communicate your salary needs in a professional way.

That’s where knowing how to write a salary counter offer email comes in. A good counter offer email can help you build a stronger case for why you deserve a higher salary.

What Is a Counter Offer?

A counter offer is your response to the hiring company’s original salary offer. When you make a counter offer, you’re asking the company to reconsider its initial offer and bump the number. For example, if a company offers you a starting salary of $80,000, you might counter that with $85,000 or $90,000.

Making a counter offer is not uncommon, and some companies expect new hires to do a little bargaining for higher pay. There’s no guarantee that a counter offer will be accepted, but it’s still worth making one if you believe that you can get a better deal.

Writing a counter offer email can be a great way to communicate what you’re hoping to get. If you’re getting hired at your first job, you might not know how to write a counter offer salary email. The good news is that it’s not as complicated as you might think.

When To Counter a Salary Offer

There are different reasons that a job candidate might decide to make a salary counter offer. Here are some of the most common scenarios when a counter offer can be appropriate:

•   The company is offering a salary that’s below average for the industry.

•   You believe that your skills and/or experience are sufficient to command a higher salary.

•   The salary isn’t enough to meet your financial needs.

•   You’ve received a higher offer from a competing company.

If you’re negotiating salary for your first job, it’s important to find out what is competitive pay for this type of job and for someone with your experience?

Entry level salaries are naturally lower than salaries for people with more experience or education. That doesn’t mean, however, that you should automatically accept a lower salary for an entry level position if similar companies are paying more.

Researching pay ranges for the type of job you’re accepting can help you determine the high and low figures for a salary negotiation. It may also be helpful to know what trades make the most money and how much people earn at different levels within that trade or sector.

Recommended: Refinance Your Student Loans

Keys To Asking for More Salary

There’s some groundwork that goes into negotiating higher pay, either as a new hire or an employee seeking a raise. Here are some of the most important things to consider when asking for more pay:

•   Research average salaries across your industry for employees with skills or experience equivalent to yours

•   Know what you bring to the table, and be prepared to back that up with examples

•   Be confident in your approach

•   Be realistic and understand what the company can reasonably afford to offer you

Making your request for a salary increase in writing is also important, as it gives you an opportunity to outline in detail your reasoning for a pay boost. That’s where knowing how to write counter offer salary email messages comes in handy.

Should You Negotiate Your Job Offer (Even If It’s Already Pretty Good?)

Negotiating salary or other benefits isn’t something you necessarily have to do. And it’s possible that you might feel a little awkward asking your new employer for more money right off the bat. But it may still be worth negotiating certain aspects of your pay or benefits if you think there’s some wiggle room.

For example, you might be willing to accept a lower offer in exchange for stock if you think the company’s value is only going to rise in the future. One of the advantages of buying company stock through your employer is that you may be able to get it at a discounted price.

Tuition repayment assistance is something else that may be worth negotiating if you’re starting your career with student loans in tow. Employers are increasingly offering help with student loan debt and tuition to attract and retain talented employees. That type of benefit may be well worth negotiating if your company is open to the idea.

A signing bonus can also help balance out a lower salary. If the bonus is particularly lucrative, that might be a tempting reason to skip salary negotiations. Of course, you’ll want to brush up on the basics of how to ask for a signing bonus before you start negotiating.

Should You Negotiate Your Salary Through Email or a Phone Call?

If you’re interested in attempting to wrangle a higher salary from your employer, choose your approach carefully. Asking for a salary increase over the phone has its pros and cons. Your employer might feel like they’ve been put on the spot. Or you might be so nervous that you stumble over your words and don’t communicate your request clearly.

Putting your request in writing can take the pressure off both sides. It may be easier for you to explain why you feel you deserve a higher salary in writing and you can take your time with writing your email. You can expand on how you believe you’ll be able to help the company and why making a bigger investment in your salary is justified. You can also use your email to compare the salary offer to industry averages in order to underscore your case.

An email also gives your employer a chance to review your arguments and make a decision without feeling rushed. And should they decide to counter your counter offer, they may prefer sending it back to you in email format so there’s a paper trail of all salary discussions.

Steps To Making a Salary Counter Offer

Countering an employer’s salary offer can be nerve-racking, so it’s wise to have a plan or strategy going in. We’ve put together a helpful checklist for what to do when entering salary negotiations.

Research Comparable Salaries

As mentioned, it’s important to know what the average pay is for the industry and type of job you’re accepting. You don’t want to make a counteroffer that’s too far outside the norm of what employees with your same skill set and level of experience are making, as that can cause the employer to balk.

Wage data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics is a good place to start your research. You can also check salaries on sites like Payscale.com or Salary.com to see what kind of entry-level pay competitive companies are offering.

Review the Benefits Package

Before negotiating salary, it’s helpful to look at everything an employer is offering. That might include things like subsidized health insurance, a solid retirement plan, paid time off, stock options, tuition assistance, or a remote work option. Weighing the value of those benefits against salary can help you decide if it’s worth negotiating your pay.

If you’re offered great benefits but a lower salary, getting a second job can help bridge the gap. You may already have experience with making money on the side if you’ve ever held any jobs that pay for college, like babysitting, dog-walking, or doing gig work.

Know Your Value

A little self-awareness goes a long way. When you’re applying for your first job, you may not have a lot of professional experience under your belt yet. Instead, you can focus more on your college accomplishments, skills, personality traits, and other qualities that make you an attractive candidate for the job.

Take Time To Craft Your Counter Offer

The next step is the most important, because you need to make sure you’re wording your counter offer salary email carefully to convey what you want in a respectful way. You’ll want to start your email with a polite introduction and state your request briefly at the beginning. Then go into more detail explaining why you believe your counter offer is appropriate, and close the letter politely. It’s also important to verify to whom you should send the email to ensure it gets to the right place.

Negotiate With Your Employer

Once your employer receives your salary counter offer email, they’ll review it and then respond. The immediate response may be no, at which point you’ll have to decide if you want to continue attempting to negotiate. If the employer is willing to negotiate, you can then begin salary discussions to see if you can reach an agreement that suits you both. Being willing to compromise here is important, as coming on too strongly could cause the employer to rescind your offer and hire someone else.

Make Your Final Decisions

Once you’ve completed salary negotiations, your employer may give you a little more time to make up your mind. At this point, you’ll have to decide whether to accept their final salary offer or move on to another job. (By the way, hold onto the offer email — it can serve as proof of income for student loans and apartment applications.)

You may want to review your finances before deciding if the salary is acceptable. Using a free budget app can help you get a better sense of what kind of income you need to cover your spending.

If you decide to decline, you’ll want to do so politely. Burning bridges is a bad idea, in case you later apply for a position with the same company.

Recommended: Does Net Worth Include Home Equity?

Salary Counter Offer Email (Sample Templates)

If you’ve never attempted to write a counter offer before, you may not know what your letter should include. To make things easier, here are guides for how to write a counter offer email for salary in different situations.

Requesting Additional Compensation (Sample Email)

Dear [Hiring Manager],

Thank you for extending an offer at [company name] for the position of [title]. This is a very exciting opportunity, and I’m confident that I’ll be able to make a positive contribution to the team.

I am hoping there is room to negotiate the base salary for the role. According to my research, the industry average for this position is [salary range] for someone with experience and skills comparable to mine. I believe that a salary closer to [$$$] would be more appropriate, given my background and the requirements the role entails.

Please advise as to whether you’re open to discussing this at your earliest convenience.

Thank you and I look forward to your response.

Sincerely,
[Your name]

Responding to a Lowball Offer (Sample Email)

Dear [Hiring Manager],

Thank you for extending an offer at [company name] for the position of [titel]. This is a very exciting opportunity, and I’m confident that I’ll be able to make a positive contribution to the team.

I am hoping there is room to negotiate the base salary for the role, as it seems to be lower than the average salary typically offered for this type of position. According to my research, the industry average for this position is [salary range] for someone with experience and skills comparable to mine. I believe that a salary closer to [$$$] would be more appropriate, given my background and the requirements the role entails.

Please advise as to whether you’re open to discussing this at your earliest convenience.

Thank you and I look forward to your response.

Sincerely,
[Your name]

Leveraging a Competitor Offer (Sample Email)

Dear [Hiring Manager],

Thank you for extending an offer at [company name] for the position of [title]. This is a very exciting opportunity, and I’m confident that I’ll be able to make a positive contribution to the team.

I am hoping there is room to negotiate the base salary for the role, as I’m currently considering an offer from another company. They’re offering a base salary of [$$$] along with a competitive benefits package that includes [list any benefits your recipient’s company does not offer].

I’m very interested in accepting the offer to work at [company name] if you’d be able to [match or increase] the base salary. Please advise as to whether you’re open to discussing this at your earliest convenience.

Thank you and I look forward to your response.

Sincerely,
[Your name]

Accepting the Offer (Sample Email)

Dear [Hiring Manager],

I’m pleased to accept the offer for the position of [position name] with [company name] that was extended on [date]. I’m looking forward to working with the team, and I appreciate the opportunity to negotiate a compensation and benefits package that is agreeable to all parties involved.

Per our negotiations, I understand that my starting salary will be [$$$] and that my benefits package will include [list of benefits]. I look forward to beginning work on [date].

Many thanks,
[Your name]

Rejecting the Offer (Sample Email)

Dear [Hiring Manager],

Thank you for extending an offering of employment at [company name]. I’ve enjoyed getting to know you throughout the hiring process, and I appreciate your willingness to consider my request for salary negotiation.

At this time, I must respectfully decline the position. I thank you again for the opportunity to discuss the job, and I regret that we were unable to reach a compromise suitable to all parties involved.

I do hope that you’ll find a suitable candidate for the position.

Kind regards,
[Your name]

The Takeaway

It’s natural to want to be paid what you’re worth, and negotiating your salary may be necessary to get what you want when accepting a job offer. You’ll want to research competitive salaries for your industry and type of job, and also consider the full benefits package. In email communications with your potential employer, it’s important to always be polite, professional, concise, and confident.

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FAQ

How do you politely negotiate salary via email?

Politely negotiating salary via email comes down to using respectful language and clearly explaining your needs and expectations. You want to state your case clearly and simply, then allow your employer time to form a response.

How do you politely counter a salary offer?

Countering a salary offer politely means making your case for better pay firmly but respectfully. You want to ensure that you’re directing your counter offer to the right person and explaining your reasoning behind for asking for higher pay.

How do you negotiate salary after receiving a job offer?

Once you receive a job offer, you can review the terms and draft a short email to ask if the employer is willing to consider salary negotiations. You then have to wait for their response to see if they’re open to negotiating. If they are, you can make your salary counter offer.

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Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Home equity loans, home equity lines of credit (HELOCs), and cash-out refinances are all borrowing options that allow homeowners to access the equity they’ve built in their home. By tapping into home equity — the difference between a home’s current value and the amount still owed on the mortgage — homeowners can secure funds to meet other financial goals, such as making home improvements.

While these three types of loans do have similarities, there also are key differences in how each one works. Understanding the differences in a home equity loan vs. HELOC vs. cash-out refi can help you better determine which option is right for you.

Defining Home Equity Loans, HELOCs, and Cash-Out Refi

To start, it’s important to know the basic definitions of home equity loans, HELOCs, and cash-out refinances.

Home Equity Loan

A home equity loan allows a homeowner to borrow a lump sum that they’ll then repay over a set period of time in regular installments at a fixed interest rate. Generally, lenders will allow homeowners to borrow up to 85% of their home’s equity.

This loan is in addition to the existing mortgage, making it a second mortgage. As such, a borrower usually will make payments on this loan in addition to their monthly mortgage payments. To better understand what kind of payment might be due each month, it is helpful to use a home equity loan calculator.

HELOC

A HELOC is a line of credit secured by the borrower’s home that they can access on an as-needed basis, up to the borrowing limit. The amount of the line of credit is determined by the mortgage lender and based on the amount of equity a homeowner has built, though it can be up to 90% of the equity amount. Like a home equity loan, this is a second mortgage that a borrower assumes alongside their existing home loan.

How HELOCs work is somewhat like a credit card, in that it’s a revolving loan. For example, if a borrower is approved for a $30,000 home equity line of credit, they can access it when they want, for the amount they choose (though there may be a minimum draw requirement). The borrower is only charged interest on and responsible for repaying the amount they borrowed.

Another point that borrowers should keep in mind is that there is a draw period of 5 to 10 years, during which a borrower can access funds, and a repayment period of 10 to 20 years. During the draw period, the monthly payments can be relatively low because the borrower pays interest only. During the repayment period, on the other hand, the payments can increase significantly because both principal and interest have to be paid.

Cash-Out Refinance

A cash-out refinance is a form of mortgage refinancing that allows a borrower to refinance their current mortgage for more than what they currently owe in order to receive extra funds. With a cash-out refinance, the borrower’s current mortgage is replaced by an entirely new loan.

As an example, let’s say a borrower owns a home worth $200,000 and owes $100,000 on their mortgage at a high interest rate. They could refinance at a lower interest rate, while at the same time taking out a larger mortgage. For instance, they could refinance the mortgage at $130,000. In this case, $100,000 would replace the old mortgage, and the borrower would receive the remaining amount of $30,000 in cash.

Recommended: First-time Homebuyer Guide

Home Equity Loans and HELOCs vs. Cash-Out Refi

Here’s a look at how a home equity loan vs. HELOC vs. cash-out refinance stack up when it comes to everything from borrowing limit to interest rate to fees:

	Home Equity Loan	HELOC	Cash-Out Refinance
Borrowing Limit	85% of borrower’s equity	Up to 90% of borrower’s equity	80% of borrower’s equity for most loans
Interest Rate	Fixed rate	Generally variable	May be fixed or variable
Type of Credit	Installment loan: Borrowers get a specific amount of money all at once that they then repay in regular installments throughout the loan’s term (generally 5 to 30 years).	Revolving credit: Borrowers receive a line of credit for a specified amount and have a draw period (5 to 10 years), followed by a repayment period (10 to 20 years).	Installment loan: Borrowers receive a lump sum payment from the excess funds of their new mortgage, which has a new rate and repayment terms (generally 15 to 30 years).
Fees	Closing costs (typically 2% to 5% of the loan amount)	Closing costs (typically 2% to 5% of the loan amount), as well as other possible costs, depending on the lender (annual fees, transaction fees, inactivity fees, early termination fees)	Closing costs (typically 3% to 5% of the loan amount)
When It Might Make Sense to Borrow	Home equity loans can make sense for borrowers who want predictable monthly payments, or who want to consolidate higher interest debt.	HELOCs can be useful for situations where a borrower may want to access funds for ongoing needs over a specified period of time, or for borrowers funding a project, such as a renovation, where the cost is not yet clear.	Cash-out refinances may be useful if borrowers need a large sum of money, such as to pay off debt or finance a large home improvement project, and can benefit from a new interest rate and/or loan term.

Borrowing Limit

With a home equity loan, lenders generally allow you to borrow up to 85% of a home’s equity. HELOCs allow borrowers to tap a similar amount, sometimes as much as 90%. Cash-out refinances, on the other hand, have a slightly lower borrowing limit — up to 80% of a borrower’s equity. The exception is a VA cash-out refi; here it is possible to borrow up to 100% per VA rules, although some lenders may impose a lower ceiling.

Interest Rate

With a home equity line of credit, the interest rate is usually adjustable. This means the interest rate can rise, and if it does, the monthly payment can increase. Home equity loans, meanwhile, generally have a fixed interest rate, meaning the interest rate remains unchanged for the life of the loan. This allows for more predictable monthly payment amounts.

A cash-out refinance can have either a fixed rate or an adjustable rate. Homeowners who opt for an adjustable rate may be able to access more equity overall.

Type of Credit

Both home equity loans and cash-out refinances are installment loans, where you receive a lump sum that you’ll then pay back in regular installments. A HELOC, on the other hand, is a revolving line of credit. This allows borrowers to take out and pay back as much as they need at any given time during the draw period.

Fees

With a home equity loan, HELOC, or cash-out refinance, borrowers may pay closing costs. HELOC closing costs may be lower compared to a home equity loan, though borrowers may incur other costs periodically as well, such as annual fees, charges for inactivity, and early termination fees.

When It Might Make Sense to Borrow

A home equity loan vs. HELOC vs. cash-out refi have varying use cases. With a fixed interest rate, home equity loans can allow for predictable payments. Their lower interest rates can make them an option for borrowers who want to consolidate higher interest debt, such as credit card debt.

HELOCs, meanwhile, provide more flexibility as borrowers can take out only as much as they need, allowing borrowers to continually access funds over a period of time. A cash-out refinance can be a good option for a borrower who wants to receive a large lump sum of money, such as to pay off debt or finance a large home improvement project.

Which Option Is Better?

Like most things in the world of finance, the answer to whether a cash-out refinance vs. HELOC vs. home equity loan is better will depend on a borrower’s financial circumstances and unique needs.

In all cases, borrowers are borrowing against the equity they’ve built in their home, which comes with risks. If a borrower is unable to make payments on their HELOC or cash-out refinance or home equity loan, the consequence could be selling the home or even losing the home to foreclosure.

Scenarios Where Home Equity Loans Are Better

A home equity loan can be the right option in certain scenarios, including when:

•   You want fixed, regular second mortgage payments: A home equity loan generally will have a fixed interest rate, which can be helpful for budgeting as monthly payments will be more predictable. Some may appreciate this regularity for their second monthly mortgage payment.

•   You want to get a lump sum while keeping your existing mortgage intact: Unlike a HELOC, where you draw just as much as you need at any given time, a home equity loan gives you a lump sum all at once. Plus, unlike a cash-out refinance, you aren’t replacing your existing mortgage. That way, if the terms of your current mortgage are favorable, those can remain as is.

Recommended: The Different Types Of Home Equity Loans

Scenarios Where HELOCs Are Better

In the following situations, a HELOC may make sense:

•   You have shorter-term or specific needs: Because HELOCs generally have a variable interest rate, they can be useful for shorter-term needs or for situations where a borrower may want access to funds over a certain period of time, such as when completing a home renovation.

•   You want the option of interest-only payments: During the draw period, HELOC lenders often offer interest-only payment options. This can help keep costs lower until the repayment period, when you’ll need to make interest and principal payments. Plus, you’ll only make payments on the balance used. A HELOC interest-only repayment calculator can help borrowers understand what those monthly payments might be.

Scenarios Where Cash-Out Refi Is Better

Cash-out refinances can make sense in these scenarios:

•   You need a large sum of money: If there’s a need for a large sum of money, or if the funds can be used as a tool to improve your financial situation on the whole, a cash-out refinance can make sense.

•   You can get a lower mortgage rate than you currently have: If refinancing can allow you to secure a lower interest rate than your current mortgage offers, then that could be a better option than taking on a second mortgage, as you would with a home equity loan or HELOC. If interest rates have risen since you first took out your loan, however, a cash-out refi could mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.

•   You want just one monthly payment: Because a cash-out refinance replaces your existing mortgage, you won’t be adding a second monthly mortgage payment to the mix. This means you’ll have only one monthly payment to stay on top of.

•   You have a lower credit score but still want to tap your home equity: In general, it’s easier to qualify for a cash-out refinance vs. HELOC or home equity loan since it’s replacing your primary mortgage.

The Takeaway

Cash-out refinancing, HELOCs, and home equity loans each have their place in a borrower’s toolbox. All three options give borrowers the ability to turn their home equity into cash, which can make it possible to achieve important goals, consolidate debt, and improve their overall financial situation.

Homeowners interested in tapping into their home equity may consider getting a HELOC or taking a cash-out refinance with SoFi. Qualifying borrowers can secure competitive rates, and Mortgage Loan Officers are available to walk borrowers through the entire process.

Learn more about SoFi’s competitive cash-out refinancing and HELOC options. Potential borrowers can find out if they prequalify in just a few minutes.

FAQ

Can you take out a HELOC and cash-out refi?

If you qualify, it is possible to get both a HELOC and cash-out refinance. Qualified borrowers can use their cash-out refinance to help repay their HELOC.

Is it easier to qualify for a HELOC or cash-out refi?

It is generally easier to qualify for a cash-out refinance. This is because the cash-out refi assumes the place of the primary mortgage, whereas a HELOC is a second mortgage.

Can you borrow more with a HELOC or cash-out refi?

Ultimately, the amount you can borrow with either a cash-out refi or HELOC will depend on how much equity you have in your home. That being said, a HELOC can offer a slightly higher borrowing limit than a cash-out refi, at up to 90% of a home’s equity as opposed to a top limit of 80% for a cash-out refinance.

Are HELOCs or cash-out refi tax deductible?

Interest on your cash-out refinance or HELOC can be tax deductible so long as you use the funds for capital home improvements. This includes projects like remodeling and renovating.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

This content is provided for informational and educational purposes only and should not be construed as financial advice.

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There’s no single way to analyze stocks. But there are many methods that ordinary investors can use to find stocks that are trading at a discount to their underlying value.

The first step in how to analyze a stock before buying is reviewing financial statements. From there, investors can use various methods of analysis to assess investment opportunities and potentially identify worthwhile investments.

Why Analyzing Stocks Is Important

The process of stock analysis can reveal important information about a company and its history, allowing investors to make more informed decisions about buying or selling stocks. Analyzing stocks can help investors identify which investment opportunities they believe will deliver strong returns. Further, stock analysis can assist investors in spotting potentially bad investments.

Whether your strategy involves short vs. long term investing, or day trading, analyzing stocks is going to be important.

Understanding Financial Statements

The first step in understanding stock analysis is knowing the basics of business reporting. There are three main types of financial statements that an investor may want to look at when doing analysis:

•   Income statement: This statement shows a company’s profits, which are calculated by subtracting expenses from revenue.

•   Balance sheet: The balance sheet compares a company’s assets, liabilities, and stockholder equity.

•   Statement of cash flows: This statement outlines how a company is spending and earning its money.

In addition to these statements, a company’s earnings report
contains information that can be useful for doing qualitative analysis. The annual report includes the company’s plans for the future and stock value predictions.

4 Ways to Analyze a Stock

The next step in stock evaluation is deciding which type of analysis to do. Here’s a look at some of the different methods for how to analyze a stock.

1. Technical Analysis

Technical analysis is a method for analyzing stocks that looks directly at a stock’s supply and demand in order to make investing decisions. This form of analysis takes the stance that all information needed is present within stock charts and the analysis of history and trends.

Some key focal points of technical analysis are:

•   Stock prices move in trends.

•   History repeats itself.

•   Stock price history can be used to make price predictions.

•   Stock price contains all relevant information for making investing decisions.

•   Technical analysis does not consider intrinsic value.

Trend indicators are one of the most important parts of technical analysis. These indicators attempt to show traders whether a stock will go up or down in value. Uptrends mean higher highs and higher lowers, whereas downtrends mean lower lows and lower highs. Some common trend tools include linear regression, parabolic SAR, MACD, and moving averages.

Technical analysis also uses leading indicators and lagging indicators. Leading indicators signal before new trends occur, while lagging indicators signal after a trend has ended. These indicators look at information such as volume, price, price movement, open, and close.

There can be some pros and cons to using technical analysis, however, which can be important to consider when factoring in your risk tolerance.

Day traders tend to focus on technical analysis to try to capitalize on short-term price fluctuations. But because technical analysis generally focuses on short-term fluctuations in price, it’s not as often used for finding long-term investment opportunities.

Further, while technical analysis relies on objective and consistent data, it can produce false signals, particularly during trading conditions that aren’t ideal. This method of analysis also fails to take into consideration key fundamentals about individual shares or the stock market.

2. Qualitative Stock Analysis

When considering how to analyze a stock, it’s generally a good idea to look at whether the company behind the stock is really a good business. Qualitative analysis looks into factors like a company’s leadership team, product, and the overall industry it’s a part of.

A few key qualitative metrics include:

•   Competitive advantage: Does the company have a unique edge that will help it be successful in the long term? If a company has patents, a unique manufacturing method, or broad distribution, these can be positive competitive advantages.

•   Business model: Analyzing a business model includes looking at products, services, brand identity, and customers to get a sense of what the company is offering.

•   Strong leadership: Even a great idea and product can fail with poor management. Looking into the credentials of the CEO and top executives of a company can help in evaluating whether it’s a good investment.

•   Industry trends: If an industry is struggling, or looks like it may in the future, an investor may decide not to invest in companies in that industry. On the other hand, new and growing industries may be better investments. This is not always the case, as there are strong companies in weak industries, and vice versa.

3. Quantitative Analysis

Similar to technical analysis, quantitative analysis looks at data and numbers in an attempt to predict future price movements. Specifically, quantitative analysis evaluates data, such as a company’s revenues, price-to-earnings ratio, and earnings-per-share ratio, and uses statistical modeling and mathematical techniques to predict a stock’s value.

The upside is that this financial data is publicly available, and it creates an objective, consistent starting point. It can help with identifying patterns, and it can be useful in assessing risk. However, it requires sifting through a lot of data. Further, there’s no certainty when it comes to patterns, which can change.

4. Fundamental Analysis

Fundamental analysis looks at a company from a basic financial standpoint. This gives investors a sense of the company’s financial health and whether its stock may be under- or overvalued. Fundamental analysis takes the stance that a company’s stock price doesn’t necessarily equate to its value.

There are a number of key tools for fundamental analysis that investors might want to familiarize themselves with and use to get a fuller picture of a stock.

Earnings Per Share (EPS)

One of the main goals for many investors is to buy into profitable companies. Earnings per share, or EPS, tells investors how much profit a company earns per each share of stock, and how much investors are benefiting from those earnings. Companies report EPS quarterly, and the figure is calculated by dividing a company’s net income, minus dividend payouts, by the number of outstanding shares.

Understanding earnings per share can give investors guidance on a stock’s potential movement. On a basic level, a high EPS is a good sign, but it’s especially important that a company shows a high or growing EPS over time. The reason for this is that a company might have a temporarily high EPS if they cut some expenses or sell off assets, but that wouldn’t be a good indicator of the actual profitability of their business.

Likewise, a negative EPS over time is an indicator that an investor may not want to buy a stock.

Revenue

While EPS relates directly to a company’s stock, revenue can show investors how well a company is doing outside the markets. Positive and increasing revenues are an indicator that a company is growing and expanding.

Some large companies, especially tech companies, have increasing revenues over time with a negative EPS because they continue to feed profits back into the growing business. These companies can see significant stock value increases despite their lack of profit.

One can also look at revenue growth, which tracks changes in revenue over time.

Price-to-earnings (P/E) Ratio

One of the most common methods of analyzing stocks is to look at the P/E ratio, which compares a company’s current stock price to its earnings per share. P/E is found by dividing the price of one share of a stock by its EPS. Generally, a lower P/E ratio is a good sign.

Using this ratio is a good way to compare different stocks. One can also compare an individual company’s P/E ratio with an index like the S&P 500 Index to get a sense of how the company is doing relative to the overall market.

The downside of P/E is that it doesn’t include growth.

Price-Earnings-Growth (PEG) Ratio

Since P/E doesn’t include growth, the PEG ratio is another popular tool for analyzing stocks and evaluating stock performance. To look at EPS and revenue together, investors can use the price-earnings-growth ratio, or PEG.

PEG is calculated by dividing a stock’s P/E by its projected 12-month forward revenue growth rate. In general, a PEG lower than 1 is a good sign, and a PEG higher than 2 indicates that a stock may be overpriced.

PEG can also be used to make predictions about the future. By looking at PEG for different time periods in the past, investors can make a more informed guess about what the stock may do next.

Price-to-Sales Ratio (P/S)

The P/S ratio compares a company’s stock price to its revenues. It’s found by dividing stock price by revenues. This can be useful when comparing competitors — if the P/S is low, it might be more advantageous to buy.

Debt-Equity Ratio

Although profits and revenue are important to look at, so is a company’s debt and its ability to pay it back. If a company goes into more and more debt in order to continue growing, and they’re unable to pay it back, it’s not a good sign.

Debt-equity ratio is found by dividing a company’s total liabilities (debt) by its shareholder equity. In general, a debt-equity ratio under 0.1 is a good sign, while a debt-equity ratio higher than 0.5 can be a red flag for the future.

Debt-to-EBITDA

Similar to debt-to-equity, debt-to-EBITDA measures the ability a company has to pay off its debts. EBITDA stands for earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization.

A high debt-to-EBITDA ratio indicates that a company has a high amount of debt that it may not be able to pay off.

Dividend Yield

While a stock’s price can vary significantly from day to day, dividend payments are a way that investors can earn a consistent amount of money each quarter or year. Not every company pays out dividends, but large, established companies sometimes pay out some of their earnings to shareholders rather than reinvesting the money into their business.

Dividend yield is calculated by dividing a company’s annual dividend payment by its share price.

One thing to note is that dividends are not guaranteed — companies can change their dividend amounts at any time. So if a company has a particularly high dividend yield, it may not stay that way.

Price-to-Book Ratio (P/B)

Price-to-book ratio, or P/B, compares a company’s stock market value to its book value. This is a useful tool for finding companies that are currently undervalued, meaning those that have a significant amount of growth but still relatively low stock prices.

P/B ratio is found by dividing the market price of a stock by the company’s book value of equity. The book value of equity is found by subtracting the company’s total liabilities from its assets.

Company Reports and Projections

When companies release quarterly and annual earnings reports, many of them include projections for upcoming revenue and EPS. These reports are a useful tool for investors to get a sense of a stock’s future. They can also affect stock price as other shareholders and investors will react to the news in the report.

Professional Analysis

Wall Street analysts regularly release reports about the overall stock market as well as individual companies and stocks. These reports include information such as 12-month targets, stock ratings, company comparisons, and financial projections. By reading multiple reports, investors may start to see common trends.

While analysts aren’t always correct and can’t predict global events that affect the markets, these reports can be a useful tool for investors. They can keep them up-to-date on any key happenings that may be on the horizon for particular companies. The information in the reports also can result in stock prices going up or down, since investors will react to the predictions.

Quantitative vs Qualitative Analysis

Here’s a quick rundown looking at the key differences between quantitative and qualitative analysis. Again, this can be important when weighing your risk tolerance as an investor.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Analysis
Quantitative Analysis	Qualitative Analysis
Looks at data and numerical figures to predict price movements	Looks at business factors such as leadership, product, and industry
May require sifting through a lot of data, and may be difficult for some investors	Metrics include business models, competitive advantage, and industry trends
Concerned more with the “quantity” and hard data a business produces	Concerned more with the “quality” of a business

Pros and Cons of Doing Your Own Stock Analysis

If you feel like you can do a little stock analysis on your own, there are some pros and cons to it.

Pros

Perhaps the most obvious pro to doing your own stock analysis is that you don’t need to pay someone else to do it, you can do it on your own schedule, and learn as you go. You can develop knowledge that’ll likely help you as you continue to invest in the future. There are also numerous tools out there that you can use to analyze stocks which may not have been around in years or decades past.

Cons

Stock analysis can be an involved process, which can require a lot of investment in and of itself – both monetarily (if you’re using paid tools) and in terms of time. Depending on how deep you want to go, too, it can be a complex process. You may get frustrated or burnt out, or even make a mistake that leads to a bad investment decision.

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The Takeaway

There are a number of ways to analyze stocks, including technical, fundamental, quantitative, and qualitative analysis. The more an investor gets comfortable with terms like P/E ratio and earnings reports, the more informed they can be before making any decisions. Stock analysis is an involved process, however, and may be above the typical investors’ head and ability.

It is important to do your research and homework in relation to your investments, however. If you feel like you could use some guidance or a helping hand, speaking with a financial professional is never really a bad idea.

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FAQ

What is the best way to analyze a stock?

There’s no “best” way to analyze stocks. The right option for an investor will depend on their personal preferences and investing objectives. And remember, there’s no need to just use one method to analyze a stock — often, analysts will combine different methods of analysis to generate a more robust stock analysis.

What are key indicators to look for when analyzing a stock?

There are a ton of potential indicators that investors can look at, but some broad indicators that investors can start with include stock price history, moving averages, a company’s competitive advantages, business models, and industry trends.

What is an example of stock analysis?

A very, very basic example of stock analysis would include looking at a stock’s share price, comparing it to its historical averages and moving averages, overall market conditions, and looking at the company’s financial statements to try and gauge where it might move next.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


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Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

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