Feb
27
2024
Sell-to-Open vs Sell-to-Close: How They Work

Sell-to-Open vs Sell-to-Close: How They’re Different

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Sell-to-Open vs Sell-to-Close: How They’re Different

Editor's Note: Options are not suitable for all investors. Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Please see the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.

Sell-to-open and sell-to-close are two of the four order types used in options trading. The other two are buy-to-open and buy-to-close. Options contracts can be created, closed out, or simply exchanged on the open market.

A sell-to-open order is an options order type in which you sell (also described as write) a new options contract.

In contrast, a sell-to-close order is an options order type in which you sell an options contract you already own. Both types of options, calls and puts, are subject to these order types.

Key Points

•   Sell-to-Open involves selling a new options contract, while Sell-to-Close involves selling an existing options contract.

•   Sell-to-Open profits from decreasing option values, while Sell-to-Close profits from options that have increased in value.

•   Sell-to-Open can increase open interest, while Sell-to-Close can decrease open interest.

•   Sell-to-Open writes a new options contract, while Sell-to-Close closes an existing options contract.

•   Sell-to-Open benefits from time decay and lower implied volatility, but can result in steep losses and be affected by increasing volatility. Sell-to-Close avoids extra commissions and slippage costs, retains extrinsic value, but limits further upside before expiration.

What Is Sell-to-Open?

A sell-to-open transaction is performed when you want to short an options contract, either a call or put option. The trade is also known as writing an option contract.

Selling a put indicates a bullish sentiment on the underlying asset, while selling a call indicates bearishness.

When trading options, and specifically writing options, you collect the premium upon sale of the option. You benefit if you are correct in your assessment of the underlying asset price movement. You also benefit from sideways price action in the underlying security, so time decay is your friend.

A sell-to-open order creates a new options contract. Writing a new options contract will increase open interest if the contract stays open until the close of that trading session, all other things being held equal.

How Does Sell-to-Open Work?

A sell-to-open order initiates a short options position. If you sell-to-open, you could be bullish or bearish on an underlying security depending on if you are short puts or calls.

Writing an option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to purchase the underlying asset from you at a pre-specified price. If the buyer exercises that right, you, the seller, are obligated to sell them the security at the strike price.

An options seller benefits when the price of the option drops. The seller can secure profits by buying back the options at a lower price before expiration. Profits are also earned by the seller if the options expire worthless.

Pros and Cons of Selling-to-Open

Pros

 Cons
Time decay works in your favor A naked sale could result in steep losses
Benefits from lower implied volatility Increasing volatility hurts options sellers
Collects an upfront premium Might have to buy back at a much higher price

An Example of Selling-to-Open with 3 Outcomes

Let’s explore three possible outcomes after selling-to-open a $100 strike call option expiring in three months on XYZ stock for $5 when the underlying shares are trading at $95.

1. For a Profit

After two months, XYZ shares dropped to $90. The call option contract you sold fell from $5 per contract to $2. You decide that you want to book these gains, so you buy-to-close your short options position.

The purchase executes at $2. You have secured your $3 profit.

You sold the call for $5 and closed out the transaction for $2, $5 – $2 = $3 in profit.

A buy-to-close order is similar to covering a short position on a stock.

Keep in mind that the price of an option consists of both intrinsic and extrinsic value. The call option’s intrinsic value is the stock price minus the strike price. Its extrinsic value is the time value.

Options pricing can be tricky as there are many variables in the binomial option pricing model.

2. At Breakeven

If, however, XYZ shares increase modestly in the two months after the short call trade was opened, then time decay (or theta) might simply offset the rise in intrinsic value.

Let’s assume the shares rose to $100 during that time. The call option remains at $5 due to the offsetting changes in intrinsic value and time value.

You decide to close the position for $5 to breakeven.

You sold the call for $5 and closed out the transaction for $5, $5 – $5 = $0 in profit.

3. At a Loss

If the underlying stock climbs from $95 to $105 after two months, let’s assume the call option’s value jumped to $7. The decline in time value is less than the increase in intrinsic value.

You choose to buy-to-close your short call position for $7, resulting in a loss of $2 on the trade.

You sold the call for $5 and closed out the transaction for $7, $7 – $5 = $2 loss.

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.

*Check out the
OCC Options Disclosure Document.

What Is Sell-to-Close?

A sell-to-close is executed when you close out an existing long options position.

When you sell-to-close, the contract you were holding either ceases to exist or transfers to another party.

Open interest can stay the same or decrease after a sell-to-close order is completed.

How Does Sell-to-Close Work?

A sell-to-close order ends a long options position that was established with a buy-to-open order.

When you sell-to-close, you might have been bullish or bearish an underlying security depending on if you were long calls or puts. (These decisions can be part of options trading strategies.) A long options position has three possible outcomes:

1.    It expires worthless

2.    It is exercised

3.    It is sold before the expiration date

Pros and Cons of Selling-to-Close

Pros

 Cons
Avoids extra commissions versus selling shares in the open market after exercising There might be a commission with the options sale
Avoids possible slippage costs The option’s liquidity could be poor
Retains extrinsic value Limits further upside before expiration

An Example of Selling-to-Close with 3 Outcomes

Let’s dive into three plausible scenarios whereby you would sell-to-close.

Assume that you are holding a $100 strike call option expiring in three months on XYZ stock that you purchased for $5 when the underlying shares were $95.

1. For a Profit

After two months, XYZ shares rally to $110. Your call options jumped from $5 per contract to $12.

You decide that you want to book those gains, so you sell-to-close vs sell-to-open your long options position.

The sale executes at $12. You have secured your $7 profit.

You purchased the call for $5 and closed out the transaction for $12, $12 – $5 = $7 in profit.

2. At Breakeven

Sometimes a trading strategy does not pan out, and you just want to sell at breakeven. If XYZ shares rally only modestly in the two months after the long call trade was opened, then time decay (or theta) might simply offset the rise in intrinsic value.

Let’s say the stock inched up to $100 in that time. The call option remains at $5 due to the offsetting changes in intrinsic value and time value.

You decide to close the position for $5 to breakeven.

You purchased the call for $5 and closed out the transaction for $5, $5 – $5 = $0 in profit.

3. At a Loss

If the stock price does not rise enough, cutting your losses on your long call position can be a prudent move. If XYZ shares climb from $95 to $96 after two months, let’s assume the call option’s value declines to $2. The decline in time value is more than the increase in intrinsic value.

You choose to sell-to-close your long call position for $2, resulting in a loss of $3 on the trade.

You purchased the call for $5 and closed out the transaction for $2, $5 – $3 = $2 loss.

What Is Buying-to-Close and Buying-to-Open?

Buying-to-close ends a short options position, which could be bearish or bullish depending on if calls or puts were used.

Buying-to-open, in contrast, establishes a long put or call options position which might later be sold-to-close.

Understanding buy to open vs. buy to close is similar to the logic with sell to open vs sell to close.

Test your understanding of what you just read.

The Takeaway

Selling-to-open is used when establishing a short options position, while selling-to-close is an exit transaction. The former is executed when writing an options contract, while the latter closes a long position. It is important to know the difference between sell to open vs sell to close before you start options trading.

If you’re ready to try your hand at options trading, you can set up an Active Invest account and, if qualified, trade options from the SoFi mobile app or through the web platform.

And if you have any questions, SoFi offers educational resources about options to learn more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, see full fee schedule here, and members have access to a complimentary 30-min session with a SoFi Financial Planner.

Explore SoFi’s user-friendly options trading platform.

FAQ

Is it better to buy stocks at opening or closing?

It is hard to determine what time of the trading day is best to buy and sell stocks and options. In general, however, the first hour and last hour of the trading day are the busiest, so there could be more opportunities then with better market depth and liquidity. The middle of the trading day sometimes features calmer price action.

Can you always sell-to-close options?

If you bought-to-open an option, you can sell-to-close so long as there is a willing buyer. You might also consider allowing the option to expire if it will finish out of the money. A final possibility is to exercise the right to buy or sell the underlying shares.

How do you close a sell-to-open call?

You close a sell-to-open call option by buying-to-close before expiration. Bear in mind that the options might expire worthless, so you could do nothing and avoid possible commissions. Finally, the options could expire in the money which usually results in a trade of the underlying stock if the option is exercised.

Photo credit: iStock/izusek

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

SOIN0323021U

Read more
Jan
22
2024
frustrated woman with computer mobile

Do You Need Help with Student Loan Debt?

By | Debt Payoff, Student Loans | No Comments

If you’re feeling as if your student loans are hard to manage, you’re not alone. Currently, more than 43 million Americans are grappling with student loan debt, and the amounts they carry aren’t small. The average amount of federal student debt per borrower is $37,338, and for those with private student loan debt, the number is $54,921.

That kind of steep debt can be a challenge to pay back. In October of 2023, as the pandemic-driven freeze on loan repayment expired, a whopping 40% of borrowers missed payments.

If your loans feel like a real challenge to repay and you’re stressed about your financial situation, take heart. Not only are you far from the only person out there with this issue, but there are also a variety of ways you can get help with student loan debt. Here, you’ll learn more about those resources and steps you can take. Remember, you can and will get through this challenging moment. Now, read on for some guidance.

Key Points

•   Contact your loan servicer early to explore options like repayment plans, deferment, or forbearance.

•   Income-driven repayment plans can lower federal loan payments based on income and family size.

•   Defaulted loans can be resolved through rehabilitation, consolidation, or settlement — but act fast.

•   Private loan borrowers may benefit from refinancing, employer repayment programs, or budgeting help.

•   Beware of scams — never pay upfront for debt relief or give out your FSA ID to third parties.

Where to Start

If you’re finding it hard to manage your student debt, your best first step may be to contact your loan servicer. Both the federal government and many private lenders assign a student loan servicer to each borrower. You can think of these servicers as go-betweens who monitor accounts, keep track of payments, and help borrowers maintain their accounts in good standing and switch plans, if need be. You can find your federal student loan servicer by logging into your student aid account; if you have private student loans, ask your lender how to make billing inquiries.

Student loan servicers can help you understand your options if you are finding your current loan hard to pay off. But do educate yourself before calling your servicer, because they are loan professionals vs. advocates for borrowers. It’s possible that they may offer options that are not necessarily in your best interest.

However, there is likely considerable value in hearing what alternatives are available so you can begin getting help with your student loan debt. You’ll learn more about options below.


💡 Quick Tip: Ready to refinance your student loan? You could save thousands.

Take control of your student loans.
Ditch student loan debt for good.

What to Do If You’re in Default

When you default on your student loans, it means you are not repaying them according to your schedule. Almost 10% of borrowers can find themselves in default within the first three years of repayment.

When you first miss a student loan payment, your loan is considered to be delinquent, or late. The exact definition of being in default will depend on the kind of loan you have. Here are some guidelines:

•   If you have federal student loans, you are considered to be in default when your payments are 270 days (or about nine months) late. With Perkins loans, you can be in default as soon as you don’t make a payment on its due date.

•   For private student loans, many lenders consider a loan to be in default at the 90 day or three-month mark. Policies do vary, so check your loan’s promissory note for details.

You can find out if you are in default by contacting your loan servicer. If you are indeed in default, the consequences can be serious. The full amount of the loan becomes due ASAP. The loan holder can take other funds from you, late fees and interest can accrue, and your credit score can be negatively impacted, among other impacts.

Yes, that sounds scary, but this is a situation to be worked through; don’t let it define you or make you feel panicky. You might research the Fresh Start program for federal loans in default, or look into a student loan settlement, which would allow you to pay back less than what you owe. Student loan rehabilitation is another path and can be a one-shot solution to get federal loans out of default, repay them at a reasonable rate, and help build your credit score.

If you have private loans that are in default, it can be a wise move to speak to someone who specializes in student loans at the National Association for Consumer Advocates. You may then get assistance finding out if you can get a student loan settlement (that is, pay less than the full amount you owe) or find another road forward.

Next, though, learn about ways to avoid reaching the default stage if you are having trouble with your student loan debt.

Ways to Lower Your Federal Student Loan Payment

If you’re struggling to make your monthly federal student loan payments, it may be worth taking a look at your loan repayment plan. Federal student loans have several different loan repayment plans available, which may offer different monthly payment amounts based on your discretionary income and other factors.

Choosing a federal loan repayment plan that could give you a lower monthly payment, if available, could help you more easily make your monthly student loan payments. Consider these options.

Recommended: What Student Loan Repayment Plan Should You Choose? Take the Quiz

Income-Driven Repayment

You may have been placed on the Standard Repayment Plan when you graduated, which is the standard for students repaying federal loans.

Under this plan, you have 10 years to pay off your student loans, and you make a fixed payment amount each month in order to ensure that your full loan is paid by the end of the 10 years. This plan may have higher monthly payments than other federal repayment plans.

In addition to the Standard Repayment plan, there are the following plans:

•   One option is the Graduated Repayment Plan. Under this plan, loan payments are made over a 10-year period. But unlike the Standard Repayment plan, loan payments start at a lower amount and are gradually increased every two years.

•   Another option when it comes to federal repayment plans is the Extended Repayment Plan. The Extended Repayment Plan has a longer repayment term option — up to 25 years. Monthly payments under this plan can be either fixed or graduated amounts. The extended repayment term means that you may have lower monthly payments.

Be aware, however, that choosing a longer repayment period could cost you more over the life of the loan due to interest that accrues every month that the loan is still outstanding. Think carefully about what might best suit your needs so you can pay off your student loan debt comfortably.

There are also four income-driven plans that calculate monthly payments based on a percentage of the borrower’s discretionary income. The percentage will vary based on the specific income-driven repayment plan you are enrolled in, but can be between 5% and 20%. Depending on the plan, repayment is extended over 20 or 25 years.

The plans available are:

•   The new SAVE Plan (Saving on a Valuable Education; it goes into full effect on July 1, 2024), which replaces the REPAYE plan

•   The PAYE Plan (Pay as You Earn)

•   The ICR Plan (Income-contingent Repayment)

•   The IBR Plan (Income-based Repayment)

With federal loans, you can change your repayment plan at any time. If you are interested in switching the plan you are enrolled in to better manage your debt, the Federal Student Aid website offers a repayment
calculator that could help give you an idea of what your monthly payments may be like under each of the different payment plans.

This could help you make an informed decision about which plan may work best for your personal situation, based on what you qualify for. You could also use an online Student Loan Payoff Calculator to get an idea of when your loan payoff date may be based on your interest rate and monthly payments. Yes, crunching numbers can take a bit of time, but these tools can make it simple, show you your alternatives for managing your debt, and provide some much-needed peace of mind.

Deferment and Forbearance

If you’re really in dire straits and can’t afford to make your normal monthly payments on your student loans at all, you may be able to put your federal student loans into deferment or forbearance.

These programs offer options to temporarily reduce your monthly payment amount or pause your monthly payments entirely for a limited period of time. Not all borrowers are eligible for deferment or forbearance — in order to qualify you need to meet certain eligibility requirements.

A few points to note:

•   If you’re interested in deferring your federal student loans to help with student loan debt, you’ll want to contact your student loan servicer. Your student loan servicer may require you to fill out paperwork or talk to an advisor before approving a deferral or forbearance of your student loans.

•   Student loan servicers may offer assistance with student loan debt management at no cost. They also may be able to explain how student loan deferral or forbearance will work in your specific circumstances.

•   It is also important to know that during deferment, depending on the type of loan borrowed, the borrower may still be responsible for paying interest that accrues.

•   If a loan is in student loan forbearance, the borrower will be responsible for paying accrued interest.

While deferring your student loans can be helpful when you’re undergoing a brief period of economic hardship, it may not be as helpful when it comes to managing loans long-term, since interest may continue to accrue and neither option changes your loan repayment terms. Keep reading to learn more options beyond deferment and forbearance.

Forgiveness Programs

One source of federal student loan debt help are loan forgiveness programs. These programs essentially forgive a remaining portion of federal student loan debt after you meet certain requirements. That means you don’t have to pay it; you may also hear this referred to as loan cancellation or discharge.

Here are specifics about student loan forgiveness:

•   One of the most well-known loan forgiveness programs is the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program. This program offers federal student loan forgiveness for some people working full-time in qualifying public interest fields for 10 or more years.

Public Service Loan Forgiveness, also known as “PSLF,” offers federal student loan forgiveness for certain public servants (teachers, government workers, and some health professionals) and non-profit employees who qualify after 120 on-time qualifying payments.

Unfortunately, PSLF isn’t available to everyone. To qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness, you must work for a qualifying employer. Generally, government organizations and certain non-profits will be considered qualifying employers for the purpose of PSLF, but to be sure that your job counts for the PSLF program, you can submit a PSLF employment certification form to verify your employer’s eligibility for the program.

•   If you have a disability, you may qualify for student loan forgiveness.

•   If your school closed or misled you, your loan(s) may be discharged.

•   If you have declared bankruptcy, your debt may be canceled.


💡 Quick Tip: If you have student loans with variable rates, you may want to consider refinancing to secure a fixed rate in case rates rise. But if you’re willing to take a risk to potentially save on interest — and will be able to pay off your student loans quickly — you might consider a variable rate.

Options for Private Student Loan Borrowers

What you’ve just read covers how to get help with federal student loans. But what if you have private student loans? (Private loans are also an option for refinancing federal loans, but if you do so, be aware that you forfeit federal protections, such as forbearance, and if you refinance for an extended term, you may pay more in interest over the life of the loan.)

If your private student loans are proving challenging to pay, here are some ways you might move forward:

•   You could see whether refinancing your private loans with a different private loan can secure a more affordable payment.

•   See if your employer offers an assistance program. Some will match repayments of student loans up to a certain amount.

•   Retool your budget. The debt avalanche or debt snowball method might help you reframe your income and spending to help you get on top of your student loans.

•   Seek credit counseling. Learn more about that below.

💡 Recommended: Student Loan Repayment

Credit Counseling

If you are feeling overwhelmed or are in a quandary about how to proceed with your student loan debt, consulting with a nonprofit credit counselor could be a good idea. You can gain the expertise and insights of someone who specializes in this terrain and hear ideas for how you might handle the situation. One well-regarded example of such an agency is the National Foundation for Credit Counseling, or NFCC.

Here’s how credit counseling can help when you’re in this stressful situation:

•   A counselor can review your student loan debt and finances and develop a plan which you then manage on your own.

•   Another option may be to have the counselor join you on a phone call with the issuer of your student loans to discuss options.

Having a trusted professional in your corner can be a key source of support when you face challenges with your student loan debt.

Avoid Student Loan Scams

Here’s a sad fact: Yes, there are scammers out there, looking to take advantage of people who have student loan debt. They typically offer deals to help you get out of debt but wind up cheating you. Getting involved with these people can make a difficult situation even worse, so be cautious.

The two main kinds of scams to know about are as follows:

•   Student loan consolidation scams: In this ploy, a company promises to consolidate your federal loans. They charge you an upfront fee (never pay upfront fees, by the way) and then don’t do anything on your behalf. If you want to consolidate your federal student loans, you can do so for free at StudentLoans.gov.

•   Student loan debt relief scams: Companies that advertise or contact you, saying they can reduce or eliminate your debt, may be part of a scam. Above, you’ve read about the available options for managing your debt. There are no magic solutions to making the amount you owe vanish, so don’t be fooled by these promises.

How to spot these scams:

•   As noted, promises of making debt disappear to help with student loans are likely bogus.

•   Those that give you an urgent deadline to apply in order to eliminate debt are probably also fraudulent.

•   Requesting an upfront fee to apply for relief via the Department of Education is a signal that you are dealing with a scammer.

•   A company that says they are affiliated with the Department of Education but isn’t listed at StudentLoans.gov is one to avoid.

•   A business that says they need your FSA ID could well be a scammer.

Recommended: Student Loan Help Center

Student Loan Refinancing

As mentioned briefly above, another option for help with student loans may be refinancing them. For some borrowers, refinancing student loans could help lower monthly payments. However, if you refinance federal loans with private ones, keep in mind that you’ll forfeit federal protections and may, with an extended term, pay more interest over the life of the loan.

When you refinance your loans, a new private lender pays off your current federal and private student loans and offers you a new loan. The goal is to secure a better interest rate or better repayment terms, which can help you take control of your student loan debt. It’s one of several options you have available to get through what can be a challenging moment in your life.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
SOSL0124002

Read more
Jan
22
2024
woman reading a book

Are Student Loans Making Borrowers Delay Life Decisions?

By | Fresh Out of School, Life & Career, Student Loans, student_loan | No Comments

A college degree can be a major rite of passage and career stepping stone for millions of Americans. Putting one’s education to work can unlock professional rewards and a solid financial future.

However, there’s no denying that the cost of tuition can be daunting. The student loan debt balance has surged 66% over the past decade and, according to the Federal Reserve, currently totals more than $1.77 trillion (that’s trillion, not billion).

Having those payments unfurling before you can be stressful and frustrating, and the effects of student loan debt can be far-reaching. It can seem as if some of your personal, professional, and financial goals will have to wait until you can pay off what you owe. But there are ways to manage those loans and navigate this situation. After all, student debt is what you are going through, not who you are.

Here, you’ll learn more about student loan debt, how it can impact borrowers’ life decisions, and ways to minimize those effects and manage debt more effectively.

Student Loan Debt Statistics

To understand how impactful student loan debt can be, here’s some perspective. Consumer debt in the United States is measured by the Federal Reserve in five distinct categories — home, auto, credit card, student, and other debt.

Using the Federal Reserve Bank of New York data from 2023, here’s how household debt stacks up in the U.S.:

•   Mortgage debt (excluding HELOCs, or home equity lines of credit): $12.14 trillion

•   Student loan debt: $1.599 trillion

•   Auto loan debt: $1.595 trillion

•   Credit card debt: $1.079 trillion

Here’s how educational debt stacks up more specifically: In 2023, the average student loan borrower carried $37,338 in federal debt and $54,921 in private debt.


💡 Quick Tip: Enjoy no hidden fees and special member benefits when you refinance student loans with SoFi.

Take control of your student loans.
Ditch student loan debt for good.

Impact of Student Loan Debt on Life Plans

Given the cost of student loan debt, some borrowers may delay big life decisions, such as buying a home or starting a family until they are further along in their loan repayment or have their debt totally paid off. Here are some specifics about the potential negative effects of student loan debt. Then, more happily, you’ll find tips on managing what you owe.

Homebuying

One landmark study in the Journal of Labor Economics found that a $1,000 increase in student loan debt lowered the rate of homeownership by approximately 1.8% for people in their mid-twenties who went to a public college for four years. This is equivalent to a delay of about four months in achieving homeownership per $1,000 in debt.

Indeed, as student debt has increased, homeownership among younger Americans has decreased. Experts, however, caution that this is a complex situation and not a matter of student debt meaning you can’t buy a house.

It’s true that student loans can raise a person’s debt-to-income ratio (DTI), a critical measure of creditworthiness. And it can slow an individual’s ability to save for a down payment.

That said, there are ways to get a mortgage with a student loan. By managing debt responsibly and building your credit score, you can achieve this goal. It’s also wise to look into the various mortgages available with as little as 3% down or even 0% for qualifying candidates.

Pursuing Graduate School

If you have undergraduate student loan debt, you may decide to delay or forgo enrolling in a graduate or professional degree program. Graduate school can often mean even more debt. According to the Education Data Initiative, the average graduate student loan debt is $76,620 among federal borrowers, with only 14.3% of that coming from the borrower’s undergraduate studies.

That said, an advanced degree can mean increased job opportunities. For example, the starting salary for those who majored in computer and information sciences of a recent graduating class was $86,964 with a bachelor’s degree and $105,894 with a master’s degree. And if you want to go to medical school, law school, or business school (which can lead to fulfilling and lucrative careers), you will need significant additional training. So it’s important to determine if taking out the debt is worthwhile vs. your anticipated earning potential.

Recommended: Average Cost of Medical School

Employment and Career Choices

What you’ve just read indicates some of the ways that student loan debt can impact your career plans. There are a couple of other ways that your loan balance might impact your career:

•   If you have significant debt and are faced with the choice between your dream job at a lower salary and a basic job at a higher pay grade, you might opt for the one that fattens your bank account even though it doesn’t thrill you.

•   Also, some companies (particularly those in the financial industry) may check your credit score as part of your job application. Student loans could build your score if you pay on time, and they could broaden your credit mix. But loans also create the opportunity to make a late payment or miss one entirely. Those are aspects of your payment history, the single largest contributor to your score. If you don’t stick to your schedule and pay what you owe every month, you could wind up with a lower score.

Recommended: Average Student Loan Debt by State

Marriage and Divorce

Student loans can also impact one’s personal relationships. According to a 2023 Student Loan Planner® survey, one in four borrowers said they delayed their marriage plans due to student debt. In addition, more than half of respondents (57%) said their student loans were a source of considerable stress in their marriage or relationship.

Marriage can impact your student loan payments, depending on the types of loans you have and the repayment plan you are on. If you are on an income-based repayment plan, your monthly bill might change based on how much you and your spouse earn and how you file your taxes.

Marriages and money can create complex situations that are hard to fully decode. When looking at the impact of student loan debt on divorce, it can be tricky to unravel the interplay of factors. One survey conducted a few years ago found that 13% of respondents attribute student loan debt as a cause of their divorce. Yet some couples with student loan debt were more likely to delay divorce due to their student loans and how it might impact their ability to repay their debt. So in matters of the heart and the wallet, there isn’t a clear consensus.

Recommended: How Marriage Can Affect Your Student Loan Payments

Starting a Family

According to the USDA and other government statistics, it can cost more than $330,000 to raise a child to age 18. That’s no small amount, and it’s a daunting figure for many. Those carrying a hefty amount of student debt may delay parenthood as they pay off their loans.

One landmark New York Times survey in 2018 found that among people who didn’t plan to have children at all, 13% said it was as a result of student debt. In a more recent study of those with high student debt, 35% said they were waiting to have kids due to the impact of their loans on their finances. Still others may respond to this scenario by adopting strategies to pay off student loans faster.

Saving for Retirement

One of the negative effects of debt on young adults is that their retirement savings can be impacted. A recent study conducted by Fidelity found that 84% of borrowers felt that their loans impacted their ability to save for their retirement.

A study from a few years ago bore this out: Research by the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College found that Millennials who had never borrowed student loans saved twice as much for retirement by age 30 as college graduates who have student debt.

Here’s another bit of intel that supports the fact that student debt can make it harder to save for your future. Fidelity also found that the percentage of student loan borrowers who put at least 5% of their salary into their retirement plan rose from 63% to 72% during the Covid-19 loan payment pause.

Delaying retirement savings can mean playing catch up in your later years. Typically, the earlier you start saving for retirement, the more time your money will have to benefit from compound interest.

It can seem overwhelming to start saving for retirement while you’re still paying off student loan debt, but doing both at the same time can help you meet your financial goals in the future.


💡 Quick Tip: Refinancing could be a great choice for working graduates who have higher-interest graduate PLUS loans, Direct Unsubsidized Loans, and/or private loans.

How to Manage Your Student Loans

As you’ve just read, student loans can impact many areas of your life. But you are not alone in this situation, and your loans will not be with you forever. Focus on smart solutions to help you manage your debt repayment. Consider the following strategies.

Keep Paying

Even when money is tight, it’s wise to pay on time, as much as possible. Timely payments are the single biggest contributing factor to your credit score, an important financial metric. So do your best to keep current on those monthly installments.

Make a Budget

It’s hard to effectively manage your student debt and your finances in general if you don’t know how much money you have coming in and going out. If you don’t yet have a budget or yours isn’t working well for you, commit to reviewing different budgeting methods and finding one that works.

This process of tracking your money and possibly trimming your spending could reveal ways to free up more funds to pay off your debt.

💡 Recommended: Defaulting on Student Loans

Repayment Plans

There are federal student loan repayment plans that base your monthly payment on your income or ones that give you a fixed monthly payment. Those that are based on your income may help you lower your monthly payment.

It can be worthwhile to consider your options. For fixed payments, you may have a choice between standard, graduated, and extended plans. If you focus on income-driven repayment (IDR) plans, you will likely review the SAVE Plan (which replaces REPAYE), PAYE, IBR (income-based repayment), and ICR (income-contingent repayment) plans. With IDR plans, once you satisfy a certain number of months of qualifying payments, you can be eligible for forgiveness on the remaining balance of your loan(s).

Deferment and Forbearance

If you are finding it challenging to pay your federal student loans, you may be able to take advantage of deferment or forbearance, which are both ways of pausing or lowering your payments for a specific period of time. Perhaps you haven’t yet found a job after graduation or have another situation that is impacting your ability to pay; these programs can help qualifying borrowers out.

The main difference between is that during deferment, borrowers are not required to pay the interest that accrues if they have a qualifying loan. With forbearance, however, borrowers are always responsible for paying the interest that accrues, no matter what kind of federal loans they have.

Forgiveness

Here’s another path to lessening the impact of student loans on your life: forgiveness, which means you may not have to pay back some or all of your federal student loans. For these programs, there are a variety of qualifying factors, such as whether you’re a teacher, government employee, or worker at a nonprofit. Other factors could be that you have a disability, your school closed, or you declared bankruptcy, among others. It’s worthwhile to research your eligibility because the upside could be significant.

Recommended: A Look at the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program

Refinancing

Another possible way to reduce the impact of student debt on your life is student loan refinancing.

When you refinance your loans you take out a new loan with a private lender. Depending on your credit history and financial profile, you can qualify for a lower interest rate, which could substantially lower the amount of money you pay in interest over the life of the loan (depending on the term you select, of course). Two important notes about this:

•   When you refinance federal loans with a private loan, you forfeit federal protections and benefits (such as the forbearance and forgiveness options mentioned above).

•   If you refinance for an extended term, even though your monthly payment may be lower, you may pay more in interest over the life of the loan.

To see how refinancing could help you manage your student loans, take a look at an online student loan refinance calculator.

The Takeaway

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOSL0124001

Read more
Jan
08
2024

Happiest Places to Retire in the US in 2024: A SoFi Study

By | Budgeting & Goals, invest, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off on Happiest Places to Retire in the US in 2024: A SoFi Study

Where you live can play a major role in how enjoyable your retirement is. So, where do the happiest retirees reside? To determine which cities in the U.S. are the happiest places to retire, we studied the 200 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) using the latest U.S. Census Bureau population estimates, and consulted multiple sources, including the Sharecare Community Well-Being Index, Tax Foundation, Walk Score, Sperling’s Best Places, and County Health Rankings & Roadmaps.

By identifying key elements that contribute to happiness — social networks, financials, and health — and examining 13 pivotal rankings within them, such as community, cost of living, and healthcare access, we created the Happiest Places to Retire in the U.S. in 2024. Read on to learn about the 20 best places to retire in the U.S. to help you explore your options for where to live in retirement.

Key Findings on Retirees’ Favorite Cities

•   Barnstable, MA is the happiest city to retire to, ranking #1 of all 200 cities we analyzed. It has the highest ranking overall for community well-being, and one of the highest percentages of residents who are 65-plus. The other cities at the top of the list: Naples, FL at #2, and Ann Arbor, MI at #3.

•   Colorado has the highest number of happiest cities for retirees on our top 20 list, beating out Florida. Boulder, CO is the #5 happiest city for retirees, and Fort Collins and Denver also made the list.

•   Colder climates are now attracting retirees. Three of our top 5 cities for retirement (Barnstable, MA; Ann Arbor, MI; and Boulder, CO) have average high winter temperatures in the 30s or 40s.

•   Naples, FL residents live the longest. The city has the highest average life expectancy (86.1 years) of all 200 cities we analyzed.

•   Ann Arbor, MI, has the lowest tax burden for retirees on our top 20 list, followed by Myrtle Beach and Charleston in South Carolina. Meanwhile, Akron, OH has the lowest cost of living of the top 20 cities for retirees, 80.8% of the U.S. average.

Top 20 Happiest Cities to Retire

Looking for information on the happiest places to live after retirement? Whether you dream of an ocean breeze or mountain views, you have plenty of cities to consider.

The top 20 happiest cities for retirees offer a broad range of activities, amenities, and resources. They’re also located all across the nation, as shown in this map of the top 10, so you can find a place in the part of the country you’d most like to live in.

Happiest Cities to Retire

1. Barnstable, MA

Coming in at the top of the happiest cities to retire in the U.S. list is Barnstable. Located on Cape Cod, its beachside beauty attracts retirees, making it one of the top three cities for residents 65 and up. While living here can be expensive (the median household income is $91,438) and there’s less access to healthcare than the other top contenders have, residents enjoy a high level of social interaction and plenty of entertainment and activities.

2. Naples, FL

Those who want to live by the water and enjoy warmer weather can head south to Naples. The cost of living in this city is fairly reasonable, and there’s no state personal income tax, which means your retirement savings can go a lot further. Naples also has the highest life expectancy (age 86.1) of all 200 cities we analyzed.

3. Ann Arbor, MI

Want to enjoy city life without the high prices? Ann Arbor, a college town, has plenty of big city amenities at an affordable price point. Another draw for retirees: Ann Arbor residents enjoy the highest level of healthcare access of the cities on our list, and ranks #1 for health overall.

4. Durham, NC

Friendship and social interaction are important in retirement. Durham, one of the top cities to retire in the U.S., offers a strong sense of community and social well-being, according to the data. Residents will find plentiful healthcare in Durham as well. It ranks #2 out of the top 20 for healthcare access.

5. Boulder, CO

If you like to hit the slopes, Boulder may be the ideal location for your retirement years. The city is #3 on the top 20 list for housing and transportation, so you should be able to find the right place to live and get around easily.

6. North Port, FL

North Port is the second Florida city to make the top 20 list of the happiest places to live in the U.S. Community and social connection is high here, and there’s a sizable population of those aged 65 and up, making it easier to meet new friends. It also has one of the lowest tax burdens among the top 20 cities.

7. Olympia, WA

Retirees who want to live affordably on the west coast can check out scenic Olympia, WA. It ranks as #1 in the financial category, which takes into account factors such as cost of living and household income. It’s also one of the best states to retire in for taxes, which can help retirees stretch their savings. Olympia has the lowest number of residents living below the poverty level of all 200 cities we analyzed.

8. San Jose, CA

Retirees in San Jose enjoy the second-highest average life expectancy (after Naples, FL) of the 200 cities we studied, making it one of the top places for a long and healthy retirement. But there’s a tradeoff: The cost of living in San Jose is extremely high: a whopping 231% of the U.S. average.

9. San Luis Obispo, CA

If being in a comfortable environment is one of your top retirement priorities, look no further than San Luis Obispo. Along with San Jose, the city scored the highest level of comfort for retirees on our top 20 cities list, thanks to its temperate weather.

10. Madison, WI

A low average cost of living plus a high median household income ($83,214) make Madison not only one of the happiest places to live in retirement, but also one of the most affordable. In this relatively walkable city, you can save on transportation costs and live a healthier lifestyle.

Recommended: Average Retirement Savings By State

11. Honolulu, HI

Honolulu combines great weather, pristine beaches, and big city living. It gets high scores for comfortable weather and transportation. And Honolulu has some of the highest scores for social factors and community. Retiring in paradise comes at a price, however — namely, the city’s high cost of living (171.5% of the U.S. average).

12. Salisbury, MD

Salisbury, in the Eastern Shore area of Maryland, is a popular place for retirees. More than a quarter of the population is 65 and over, which means you should have plenty of peers to socialize and do activities with.

13. Washington, DC

If you’re interested in history and culture, Washington D.C. might be a good fit. And many of the city’s major attractions are free of charge. The nation’s capital is also the most walkable city on our top 20 list of the happiest places to live after retirement, so you’ll save on transportation as you get your steps in.

14. Portland, ME

In this city on the coast, you can enjoy all that the ocean has to offer plus metropolitan amenities. Portland ranks as one of the best cities to retire in when it comes to community, and it also has abundant options for art, recreation, and entertainment, which can help you stay happily busy in retirement.

15. Myrtle Beach, SC

Retirees settle down in this popular travel destination to take advantage of the reasonable cost of living and low tax burden. They also love the miles of beaches, plentiful golf courses, and comfortable weather. Myrtle Beach has the 4th highest population of people age 65-plus.

16. Harrisburg, PA

The capital city of Pennsylvania is an affordable place to retire. It has a low cost of living, which means the city’s average median income of $73,739 can go farther. Fewer people live below the poverty line here than in many other cities. Retirees can be active here as well: Harrisburg ranks as #2 of our top cities when it comes to walkability.

17. Fort Collins, CO

If you love the great outdoors, this city, located at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, has a lot to offer. All those outside adventures come with some nice health perks: Fort Collins has one of the higher life expectancies of our 20 top cities for retirees.

18. Denver, CO

Where is the happiest place to retire? It might just be the state of Colorado. Denver is the third Colorado city to make the top 20 list of happy places for retirees to live. Denver has a high level of community and social well-being, which could make retirement a lot more fulfilling. It’s very walkable, too, coming in at #5 out of the top 20 in the walking category.

19. Akron, OH

With the lowest cost of living (80.8% of the U.S. average) of the 20 best cities, Akron offers retirees affordability plus many opportunities for social and community connection. That can make it easier to make new friends in retirement.

20. Charleston, SC

A vibrant cultural scene, great food, ocean access, and lovely architecture make Charleston one of the best places to retire in 2024. Charleston ranks #2 for art, recreation, and entertainment out of the 200 cities studied, following only Los Angeles, so you’ll find plenty to do here in your golden years. And the tax burden is one of the lowest on our 20 happiest cities list.

Best Places to Retire for a Happy Retirement

Want to consider some of the different places that could make for a very happy retirement? The map below shows the top five cities out of the 200 analyzed in each of the three key categories that contribute to happiness: social, financial, and health.

Happiest cities for retirees by category

200 Cities Studied for Happiest Places to Retire

Reviewing the full list of 200 cities studied for the Happiest Places to Retire can reveal additional great options for retirement. For example, following Naples, FL, the next three cities with the highest life expectancy — San Jose, CA, San Francisco, CA, and New York, NY — are all bustling, well-populated cities that also rank highly for community and social factors. Take a look at what cities across the U.S. have to offer.

Overall Rank

 City

 Total Score

 Social rank

 Financial Rank

 Health Rank
1 Barnstable, MA 62.05 1 6 120
2 Naples, FL 61.43 2 18 32
3 Ann Arbor, MI 61.40 64 14 1
4 Durham, NC 57.56 57 13 2
5 Boulder, CO 56.95 21 16 13
6 North Port, FL 56.77 4 37 129
7 Olympia, WA 56.46 32 1 88
8 San Jose, CA 55.52 5 113 7
9 San Luis Obispo, CA 55.18 9 11 41
10 Madison, WI 55.13 84 5 11
11 Honolulu, HI 54.82 7 71 12
12 Salisbury, MD 54.70 11 3 177
13 Washington DC 54.33 23 17 19
14 Portland, ME 53.86 17 35 22
15 Myrtle Beach, SC 53.66 8 20 181
16 Harrisburg, PA 52.39 50 24 24
17 Fort Collins, CO 52.11 34 19 80
18 Denver, CO 52.03 86 9 33
19 Akron, OH 51.64 55 10 69
20 Charleston, SC 51.62 37 55 30
21 Manchester, NH 51.49 47 22 58
22 Seattle, WA 51.44 19 101 15
23 Minneapolis, MN 51.22 48 26 28
24 Richmond, VA 50.56 24 46 40
25 Bridgeport, CT 50.52 25 83 8
26 Daphne, AL 50.50 31 12 171
27 Des Moines, IA 50.49 106 2 158
28 San Francisco, CA 50.42 6 172 4
29 Santa Rosa, CA 50.11 14 81 43
30 Raleigh, NC 50.08 45 42 56
31 Prescott Valley, AZ 49.92 3 118 193
32 Oxnard, CA 49.38 16 78 49
33 Asheville, NC 49.35 10 125 57
34 Bremerton, WA 49.22 22 52 108
35 Boston, MA 49.18 33 139 6
36 Colorado Springs, CO 49.18 95 7 141
37 Pittsburgh, PA 49.14 35 82 47
38 Portland, OR 49.03 58 96 14
39 Hartford, CT 49.02 62 36 16
40 Omaha, NE 49.00 87 25 37
41 St. Louis, MO 48.88 56 73 36
42 Lancaster, PA 48.80 46 48 74
43 Chattanooga, TN 48.79 43 53 122
44 Appleton, WI 48.78 41 30 128
45 Sioux Falls, SD 48.48 92 34 83
46 Salt Lake City, UT 48.42 125 23 25
47 Charlotte, NC 48.40 38 61 90
48 Allentown, PA 48.35 52 43 42
49 Crestview, FL 47.95 61 15 183
50 Cape Coral, FL 47.88 13 119 110
51 New Haven, CT 47.81 73 65 9
52 Austin, TX 47.76 123 40 48
53 San Diego, CA 47.73 27 103 29
54 Peoria, IL 47.60 66 27 91
55 Tucson, AZ 47.56 69 59 67
56 Green Bay, WI 47.33 80 33 92
57 Lexington, KY 47.28 94 79 31
58 Deltonah, FL 47.24 18 58 198
59 Reno, NV 47.08 44 67 117
60 Tyler, TX 47.07 127 28 99
61 Ogden, UT 47.07 101 8 160
62 Santa Cruz, CA 46.99 12 147 27
63 Atlanta, GA 46.97 54 100 60
64 York, PA 46.96 53 49 112
65 Palm Baye, FL 46.89 20 84 182
66 Boise City, ID 46.89 96 32 98
67 Grand Rapids, MI 46.89 140 39 55
68 Cincinnati, OH 46.77 71 74 63
69 Wilmington, NC 46.53 40 105 79
70 Canton, OH 46.52 100 29 131
71 Fargo, ND 46.49 154 21 71
72 Savannah, GA 46.37 107 63 59
73 Provo, UT 46.20 135 4 175
74 Norwich, CT 46.08 49 31 115
75 Roanoke, VA 46.05 28 123 46
76 Baltimore, MD 45.92 29 120 68
77 Philadelphia, PA 45.91 63 109 44
78 Nashville, TN 45.89 99 68 105
79 Anchorage, AK 45.87 136 87 86
80 Indianapolis, IN 45.73 119 44 95
81 Sacramento, CA 45.72 42 98 50
82 Trenton, NJ 45.67 70 110 18
83 Lincoln, NE 45.63 103 38 93
84 Port St. Lucie, FL 45.51 15 126 173
85 Albany, NY 45.48 60 62 38
86 Vallejo, CA 45.16 36 97 89
87 Louisville, KY 45.03 117 47 106
88 Worcester, MA 44.90 82 94 51
89 Virginia Beach, VA 44.90 83 70 64
90 Huntsville, AL 44.81 77 60 142
91 Chicago, IL 44.70 79 107 26
92 Kalamazoo, MI 44.57 149 64 70
93 Poughkeepsie, NY 44.47 90 54 45
94 Spokane, WA 44.35 113 51 111
95 Eugene, OR 44.29 68 108 81
96 Columbia, SC 44.22 105 91 104
97 Kansas City, MO 44.13 75 88 103
98 Phoenix, AZ 43.94 89 104 85
99 Jacksonville, FL 43.71 67 102 152
100 Salinas, CA 43.70 85 86 66
101 Little Rock, AR 43.63 144 80 61
102 Dallas, TX 43.55 130 90 97
103 Cleveland, OH 43.47 139 142 10
104 Greenville, SC 43.41 118 106 75
105 Lansing, MI 43.35 150 56 125
106 Rochester, NY 43.26 114 93 20
107 Cedar Rapids, IA 43.25 104 50 161
108 Winston, NC 43.23 91 116 73
109 Greeley, CO 43.15 141 41 162
110 Detroit, MI 43.15 72 122 116
111 Reading, PA 42.88 76 117 87
112 Fort Wayne, IN 42.52 152 45 168
113 Dayton, OH 42.43 111 95 127
114 Davenport, IA 42.37 110 77 139
115 Atlantic City, NJ 42.26 39 131 100
116 Fayetteville, AR 42.17 122 75 151
117 Santa Maria, CA 42.11 59 134 53
118 Evansville, IN 41.59 161 57 144
119 Knoxville, TN 41.58 74 138 149
120 Oklahoma City, OK 41.21 148 89 150
121 Milwaukee, WI 41.18 98 141 54
122 South Bend, IN 41.14 145 85 167
123 Hagerstown, MD 40.26 81 112 179
124 Columbus, OH 40.23 166 72 137
125 Ocala, FL 40.11 26 153 199
126 Birmingham, AL 39.94 65 159 107
127 Montgomery, AL 39.91 134 92 189
128 Rockford, IL 39.80 143 76 157
129 Pensacola, FL 39.44 133 121 153
130 New York, NY 39.32 51 184 5
131 Syracuse, NY 39.27 137 124 35
132 Killeen, TX 39.26 186 69 114
133 Lynchburg, VA 39.22 155 66 174
134 Buffalo, NY 38.98 128 128 39
135 Wichita, KS 38.67 97 135 163
136 Tallahassee, FL 38.65 147 132 134
137 Providence, RI 38.62 112 167 34
138 Los Angeles, CA 38.60 30 187 23
139 Kennewick, WA 38.45 151 127 123
140 Flint, MI 38.34 171 111 156
141 Orlando, FL 38.33 153 155 72
142 Tulsa, OK 38.31 174 99 169
143 Las Vegas, NV 38.31 121 146 135
144 Salem, OR 38.25 138 130 133
145 Duluth, MN 38.21 116 136 126
146 Erie, PA 37.91 126 137 154
147 Springfield, MA 37.88 115 162 62
148 Hickory, NC 37.71 93 140 194
149 Tampa, FL 37.66 102 174 77
150 Albuquerque, NM 37.59 146 157 65
151 Gainesville, FL 37.58 178 182 3
152 Huntington, WV 37.41 88 161 159
153 Toledo, OH 37.11 168 144 82
154 Scranton, PA 37.05 109 156 143
155 Jackson, MS 36.89 175 148 76
156 Amarillo, TX 36.78 142 149 176
157 Kingsport, TN 36.67 158 133 190
158 Springfield, MO 36.65 164 129 165
159 Youngstown, OH 36.63 78 158 188
160 Houston, TX 35.66 179 164 52
161 Binghamton, NY 35.66 162 114 124
162 Charleston, WV 34.97 132 168 138
163 San Antonio, TX 34.88 184 152 94
164 Waco, TX 34.80 176 143 170
165 Greensboro, NC 34.68 108 175 148
166 Augusta, GA 34.56 120 176 145
167 New Orleans, LA 34.48 172 181 21
168 Utica, NY 34.17 167 115 155
169 Memphis, TN 34.17 182 160 130
170 Lubbock, TX 33.95 183 166 84
171 Lakeland, FL 33.94 124 173 178
172 Stockton, CA 33.82 156 154 146
173 Riverside, CA 33.53 129 169 121
174 Macon, GA 33.03 163 180 101
175 Spartanburg, SC 32.77 131 177 185
176 Longview, TX 31.85 185 150 191
177 Miami, FL 31.74 157 192 17
178 Baton Rouge, LA 31.69 181 170 136
179 College Station, TX 30.49 193 165 96
180 Tuscaloosa, AL 30.35 165 179 180
181 Clarksville, TN 30.17 189 145 200
182 Mobile, AL 29.95 170 185 113
183 Shreveport, LA 29.22 177 191 78
184 Fayetteville, NC 28.42 187 171 184
185 Fort Smith, AR 27.72 159 186 196
186 Beaumont, TX 27.36 197 151 195
187 Gulfport, MS 27.33 173 183 197
188 Fresno, CA 26.58 188 178 119
189 Corpus Christi, TX 26.09 192 189 102
190 Modesto, CA 26.05 169 190 147
191 Visalia, CA 25.28 196 163 166
192 Columbus, GA 24.08 160 193 192
193 Lafayette, LA 23.64 180 196 109
194 Bakersfield, CA 21.84 190 188 186
195 Merced, CA 18.10 191 194 187
196 Yakima, WA 17.32 195 195 164
197 El Paso, TX 8.56 194 198 118
198 McAllen, TX 3.30 200 197 132
199 Brownsville, TX 2.10 198 199 140
200 Laredo, TX -3.32 199 200 172

Tips for a Happy Retirement

You’ve worked hard, now it’s time to enjoy yourself! These smart strategies can help you find happiness in retirement.

•   Create a budget. You may have fewer expenses when you’re retired, but you’ll still need a roadmap for managing them. This is where retirement planning and a budget come in handy. If you are already retired, create a budget that works well for your retirement income. If retirement is still in the future, map out a plan to see how much you’ll need to save to be properly prepared.

•   Keep tabs on your retirement savings. Don’t forget to check on your retirement savings regularly to ensure that you’re on track financially. And, of course, make sure you have retirement savings accounts like a 401(k) or a traditional or Roth IRA to help you reach your goal.

Don’t yet have a retirement account? Learn how to open an IRA account.

•   Prioritize health and wellness. To be at your best, strongest, and happiest in retirement, prioritize your physical and mental health with regular exercise, a balanced diet, and lots of social interaction.

•   Pursue your passions. Don’t let retirement slow you down. You can pursue your favorite hobbies, work on fulfilling and meeting your top ambitions and challenges, and do the activities you’ve always wanted to try now that you have the time and freedom for them. When choosing among the best retirement cities, be sure to look for places that cater to your interests.

Methodology

To find the happiest cities for people to retire in the U.S., we looked at the 200 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) based on the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2022 population estimates for 13 ranking factors across three categories (Social, Finance, and Health).

We graded each factor on a 100-point scale, where 100 was the highest possible score. Each factor was weighted differently.

Socioeconomic Score Factors

•   Community well-being

•   Social well-being

•   Comfort index*

•   Percentage of population age 65 and over

•   Percentage of art, recreation, and entertainment businesses

Financial Score Factors

•   Housing & transportation

•   Cost of living index*

•   Median household income

•   Percentage of people aged 65 and over living below poverty level

•   Tax burden**

Health Score Factors

•   Healthcare access

•   Life expectancy

•   Walk Score*

*Data represents city proper data (excluding surrounding metro).
**Data represents state level data.

Sources: U.S Census Bureau, Sharecare Community Well-Being Index, Walk Score, Tax Foundation, County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, Sperling’s Best Places.

The Takeaway

When you’re ready to retire, choosing where to settle down is a big and important decision. Exploring our list of top 20 happiest places is a great place to start. You can look for cities that offer affordability, good access to healthcare, entertainment and cultural activities, and opportunities for making social and community connections.

And to ensure that your retirement is as happy and stress-free as possible, you’ll want to have your retirement savings in order. Contributing to your 401(k) or IRA can help you build the retirement nest egg you’ll need.

Invest in what matters most to you with SoFi Active Invest. In a self-directed account provided by SoFi Securities, you can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, options, and more — all while paying $0 commission on every trade. Other fees may apply. Whether you want to trade after-hours or manage your portfolio using real-time stock insights and analyst ratings, you can invest your way in SoFi's easy-to-use mobile app.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

SOIN1123001

Read more
Jan
03
2024

What Is an ETF? ETF Trading & Investing Guide

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | No Comments

An exchange-traded fund, or ETF, bundles many investments together in one package so it can be sold as shares and traded on an exchange. The purchase of one ETF provides exposure to dozens or even hundreds of different investments at once, and there are numerous types of ETFs on the market.

ETFs are generally passive investments, i.e. they don’t have active managers overseeing the fund’s portfolio. Rather most ETFs track an index like the S&P 500, the Russell 2000, and so forth.

ETFs are an investment vehicle that allows even small and less-established investors to build diversified portfolios, and to do so at a relatively low cost. But before you start buying ETFs, it’s important to understand how they work, the risks of investing in ETFs, as well as other pros and cons.

What Is an ETF?

An ETF is a type of pooled investment fund that bundles together different assets, such as stocks, bonds, commodities, or currencies, and then divides the ownership of the fund into shares. Unlike mutual funds, ETFs give investors the ability to trade shares on an exchange throughout the day, similar to a stock.

Unlike investing in a single stock, however, it’s possible to buy shares of a single ETF that provides exposure to hundreds or thousands of investment securities. ETFs are often heralded for helping investors gain diversified exposure to the market for a relatively low cost.

This is important to understand: Just like a mutual fund, an ETF is the suitcase that packs investments together. For example, if you are invested in a stock ETF, you are invested in the underlying stocks. If you are invested in a bond ETF, you are invested in the underlying bonds. Thus you are exposed to the same risk levels of those specific markets.

Recommended: Active vs Passive Investing

Passive vs Active ETFs

Most ETFs are passive, which means to track a market index. Their aim is to provide an investor exposure to some particular segment of the market in an attempt to return the average for that market. If there’s a type of investment that you want broad, diversified exposure to, there’s probably an ETF for it.

Though less popular, there are also actively managed ETFs, where a person or group makes decisions about what securities to buy and sell within the fund. Generally, active funds charge a higher fee than index ETFs, which are simply designed to track an index or segment of the market.


💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

How Do ETFs Work?

As discussed, most ETFs track a particular index that measures some segment of the market. For example, there are multiple ETFs that track the S&P 500 index. The S&P 500 index measures the performance of 500 of the biggest companies in the United States.

Therefore, if you were to purchase one share of an S&P 500 index fund, you would be invested in all 500 companies in that index, in their proportional weights.

What Is the Difference Between an ETF and a Mutual Fund?

ETFs are similar to mutual funds. Both provide access to a wide variety of investments through the purchase of just one fund. But there are also key differences between ETFs and mutual funds, as well as different risks that investors must bear in mind.

•   ETFs and mutual funds have different structures. A mutual fund is fairly straightforward: Investors use cash to buy shares, which the fund manager, in turn, uses to buy more securities. By contrast, an ETF relies on a complex system whereby shares are created and redeemed, based on underlying securities that are held in a trust.

•   ETFs trade on an open market exchange (such as the New York Stock Exchange) just as a stock does, so it is possible to buy and sell ETFs throughout the day. Mutual funds trade only once a day, after the market is closed.

•   ETF investors buy and sell ETFs with other ETF investors, not the fund itself, as you would with a mutual fund.

•   ETFs are typically “passive” investments, which means that there’s no investment manager making decisions about what should or should not be held in the fund, as with many mutual funds. Instead, passive ETFs aim to provide the same return for the benchmark index they track. For example, an ETF for environmental stocks would mimic the returns of green stocks overall.

What Are the Advantages of ETFs?

There are a number of benefits of holding ETFs in an investment portfolio, including:

•   Ease of trading

•   Lower fees

•   Diversification

•   Liquidity

Trading

ETFs are traded on the stock market, with prices updated by the minute, making it easy to buy and sell them throughout the day. Trades can be made through the same broker an investor trades stocks with. In addition to the ease of trading, investors are able to place special orders (such as limit orders) as they could with a stock.

Fees

ETFs often have lower annual fees (called an expense ratio) — typically lower than that of mutual funds — and no sales loads. Brokerage commissions, which are the costs of buying and selling securities within a brokerage account, may apply.

Diversification

Using ETFs is one way to achieve relatively cheap and easy diversification within an investment strategy. With the click of a button, an investor can own hundreds of investments in their portfolio. ETFs can include stocks, bonds, commodities, real estate, and even hybrid funds that offer a mix of securities.

Liquidity

Thanks to the way ETFs are structured, ETF shares are considered more liquid than mutual fund shares.


💡 Quick Tip: Investment fees are assessed in different ways, including trading costs, account management fees, and possibly broker commissions. When you set up an investment account, be sure to get the exact breakdown of your “all-in costs” so you know what you’re paying.

What Are the Disadvantages of ETFs

There are some potential downsides to trading ETFs, too, including:

Trading Might Be Too Easy

With pricing updated instantaneously, the ease of ETF trading can encourage investors to get out of an investment that may be designed to be long term.

Understanding ETF Costs

Even if ETFs average lower fees than mutual funds, a brokerage might still charge commissions on trades. Commission fees, plus fund management fees, can potentially make trading ETFs pricier than trading standalone stocks.

In addition, some ETFs can come with higher bid/ask spreads (depending on trading volume and liquidity), which can increase the cost of trading those funds.

Lower Yield

ETFs can be great for investors looking for exposure to a broad market, index, or sector. But for an investor with a strong conviction about a particular asset, investing in an ETF that includes that asset will only give them indirect exposure to it — and dilute the gains if it shoots up in price relative to its comparable assets or the markets as a whole.

What Are Common Types of ETFs?

The ETF market is quite varied today, but much of it reflects its roots in the equities market. The first U.S. ETF was the Standard & Poor’s Depository Receipt, known today as the SPDR. It was launched on the American Stock Exchange in 1993. Today, ETFs that cover the S&P 500 are one of the most common types of ETFs.

Since the SPDR first debuted, the universe of exchange-traded funds has greatly expanded, and ETF trading and investing has become more popular with individual investors and institutions. Although index ETFs — those that passively track an index — are still the most common type of fund, ETFs can be actively managed. In addition, these funds come in a range of different flavors, or styles.

Because of the way these funds are structured, ETFs come with a specific set of risk factors and costs — not all of which are obvious to investors. So, in addition to the risk of loss if a fund underperforms (i.e., general market risk), investors need to bear in mind that some ETFs might get different tax treatment; could be shut down (dozens of ETFs close each year); and the investor may pay a higher bid/ask spread to trade ETFs, as noted above.

With that in mind, ETFs can offer an inexpensive way to add diversification to your portfolio. Here are some common types of ETFs.

Index ETFs

These provide exposure to a representative sample of the stock market, often by tracking a major index. An index, like the S&P 500, is simply a measure of the average of the market it is attempting to track.

Sector ETFs

These ETFs track a sector or industry in the stock market, such as healthcare stocks or energy stocks.

Style ETFs

These track a particular investment style in the stock market, such as a company’s market capitalization (large cap, small cap, etc.) or whether it is considered a value or growth stock.

Bond ETFs

Bond ETFs provide exposure to bonds, such as treasury, corporate, municipal, international, and high-yield.

Caveats for Certain ETFs

A handful of ETFs may require special attention, as they may incur higher taxes, costs, or expose investors to other risks.

Foreign Market ETFs

These ETFs provide exposure to international markets, both by individual countries (for example, Japan) and by larger regions (such as Europe or all developed countries, except the United States). Note that ETFs invested in foreign markets are subject to risk factors in those markets, which may not be obvious to domestic investors, so be sure to do your homework.

Commodity ETFs

Commodity ETFs track the price of a commodity, such as a precious metal (like gold), oil, or another basic good. Commodity ETFs are governed by a special set of tax rules, so be sure to understand the implications.

Real Estate ETFs

Real estate ETFs provide exposure to real estate markets, often through what are called Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS). Dividends from REITs also receive a different tax treatment, even when held within the wrapper of a fund.

Additional ETFs

In addition, there are inverse ETFs, currency ETFs, ETFs for alternative investments, and actively managed ETFs. (While most ETFs are passive and track an index, there are a growing number of managed ETFs.) These instruments are typically more complicated than your standard stock or bond ETF, so do your due diligence.

What Is ETF Trading?

ETF trading is the buying and selling of ETFs. To trade ETFs, it helps to understand how stocks are traded because ETF trades are similar to stock trades in some ways, but not in others.

Stocks trade in a marketplace called an “exchange,” open during weekday business hours, and so do ETFs. It is possible to buy and sell ETFs as rarely or as frequently as you could a stock. You’ll be able to buy ETFs through whomever you buy or sell stocks from, typically a brokerage.

That said, many investors will not want to trade ETFs frequently. The bid-ask spread — the difference between the highest price a buyer is willing to pay and the lowest price a seller will accept — can add to the cost of every trade.

A simple ETF trading strategy is to buy and hold ETFs for the purpose of long-term growth. Whether you choose a buy and hold strategy or decide to trade more often, the ease of trading ETFs makes it possible to build a broad, diversified portfolio that’s easy to update and change.

Risks of Trading ETFs

As noted in the discussion about common types of ETFs, it bears repeating that some ETFs can expose investors to more risk — but all exchange-traded funds come with some degree of risk. For example, investing in one of the most common types of ETFs, an S&P 500 ETF which tracks that index, still comes with the same risk of loss as that part of the market.

If large-cap U.S. stocks suddenly lose 30%, the ETF will also likely drop significantly.

This caveat applies to other asset classes and sectors as well.

3 Steps to Invest in ETFs

If you want to start investing in ETFs, there are a few simple steps to follow.

1. Do Your Research

Are you looking to get exposure to an entire index like the S&P 500? Or a sector like technology that may have a different set of prospects for growth and returns than the market as a whole? Those decisions will help narrow your search.

2. Choose an ETF

For any given market, sector, or theme you want exposure to, there is likely to be more than one ETF available. One consideration for investors is the fees involved with each ETF.

3. Find a Broker

If you’re already trading stocks, you’ll already have an investment broker that can execute your ETF trades. If you don’t have a broker, finding one should be relatively painless, as there are many options on the market. Once your account is funded, you can start trading stocks and ETFs.

▶️
Video: How to Invest in ETFs with SoFi
Learn the basics in under 2 minutes.
Watch Now

How to Build an ETF Portfolio

Are you willing to take on more investment risk to see more growth? Would you prefer less risk, even if it means potentially lower returns? How will you handle market volatility? Understanding your personal risk tolerance can help you choose ETFs for your portfolio that round out your asset allocation.

For example, if you decide that you would like to invest in a traditional mix of stocks and bonds at a ratio of 70% to 30%, you could buy one or several stock ETFs to gain exposure to the stock market with 70% of your money and some ETFs to fulfill your 30% exposure to the bond market.

The risk factors of equity and bond ETFs are relatively easy to anticipate, but if you venture into foreign stock ETFs, emerging markets, or gold and other commodities, it’s wise to consider the additional risk factors and tax implications of those markets and asset classes.

Once you’ve determined your desired allocation strategy and purchased the appropriate ETFs, you may want to take a hands-on approach when managing your portfolio throughout the year. This could mean rebalancing your portfolio once a year, or utilizing a more active approach.

The Takeaway

ETFs bundle different investments together, offering exposure to a host of different underlying securities in one package. There’s likely an ETF out there for every type of investor, whether you’re looking at a particular market, sector, or theme. ETFs offer the bundling of a mutual fund, with the trading ease of stocks, although the total costs and tax treatment of ETFs require some vigilance on the part of investors.

Though a DIY approach to investing using ETFs is doable, many investors prefer to have the help of a professional who can provide guidance throughout the investment process.

Invest in what matters most to you with SoFi Active Invest. In a self-directed account provided by SoFi Securities, you can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, options, and more — all while paying $0 commission on every trade. Other fees may apply. Whether you want to trade after-hours or manage your portfolio using real-time stock insights and analyst ratings, you can invest your way in SoFi's easy-to-use mobile app.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by emailing customer service at [email protected]. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOIN0322044

Read more
Close modal

See what SoFi can do for you and your finances.

Select a product below and get your rate in just minutes.

Student Loan
Refinancing

Personal
Loans

Online
Investments

Other

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. To qualify, a borrower must be a U.S. citizen or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., and meet SoFi's underwriting requirements. Not all borrowers receive the lowest rate. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. If approved, your actual rate will be within the range of rates at the time of application and will depend on a variety of factors, including term of loan, evaluation of your creditworthiness, income, and other factors. If SoFi is unable to offer you a loan but matches you for a loan with a participating bank, then your rate may be outside the range of rates listed above. Rates and Terms are subject to change at any time without notice. SoFi Personal Loans can be used for any lawful personal, family, or household purposes and may not be used for post-secondary education expenses. Minimum loan amount is $5,000. The average of SoFi Personal Loans funded in 2023 was around $33K. Information current as of 2/26/24. SoFi Personal Loans originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). See SoFi.com/legal for state-specific license details. See SoFi.com/eligibility for details and state restrictions.

✝ To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

©2026 Social Finance, LLC All rights reserved.
TLS 1.2 Encrypted
Equal Housing Lender