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One of the most popular benefits the U.S. military offers is the GI Bill, which helps current and former service members pay for college or vocational school.

This federal benefit can help veterans transition to civilian life and achieve their educational and career goals. But because a veteran’s eligibility for education assistance can vary based on when and how long they served, their branch of service, and other factors, understanding and maximizing these generous benefits can be a challenge.

If you’ve been wondering how — and how much — the military pays for college, here’s a look at some GI Bill basics.

What Is the GI Bill?

The GI Bill, formally known as the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the end of World War II. The program was originally designed to offer various financial and social benefits to World War II veterans after they returned home. Those benefits included small business loans, mortgages, and education grants.

Today, the GI Bill specifically refers to any U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) education benefit offered to active-duty service members, veterans, and their families. The Post-9/11 GI Bill is the most frequently used VA education benefit program. Depending on how long you were in the military, it provides up to 100% of your tuition, money for housing, and a stipend for books and supplies.

Besides the GI Bill, serving in the military can give you access to other education-related benefits. As a service member on active duty, for example, you may qualify for certain perks or special repayment options for any federal or private student loans you’ve already taken out.

Types of GI Bills

Since it was enacted in 1944, the GI Bill has been extended — and expanded — several times. As a result, there are multiple parts and programs that can be used to pay for college. Here’s a closer look.

Post-9/11 GI Bill

This current version of the GI Bill is designed to support the latest generation of service members and veterans. If you have served on active duty for at least 90 days since Sept. 10, 2001, you are likely eligible for Post-9/11 GI Bill benefits. This is the case if you’re still in the military, or if you have already separated with an honorable discharge.

The Post-9/11 GI Bill can help cover the cost of college or an advanced degree, technical training, on-the-job training, or licensing/certification. Eligible service members can also transfer unused education benefits to their spouse and children.

Recommended: What Are Student Loans for Military Dependents?

Montgomery GI Bill

The Montgomery GI Bill (MGIB) is an older GI Bill program that provides up to 36 months of education benefits to those who have served on active duty and meet the requirements.

The Active Duty Montgomery GI Bill (MGIB-AD) is for veterans and current members of the military who have served at least two years on active duty. It provides a monthly benefit payment to use for education and training costs.

The Selected Reserve and Guard Montgomery GI Bill (MGIB-SR) provides educational assistance to eligible members of the Selected Reserve, including National Guard members. Similar to the MGIB-AD, the MGIB-SR provides a monthly payment based on the type of education or training a recipient is getting.

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Other GI Bill Programs

The GI Bill also includes other education programs available to service members both during and after service, as well as their families. These include:

Veterans Readiness and Employment (VR&E)

If you have a disability connected to your military service that limits your ability to work or prevents you from working, the VR&E program can help. This GI Bill program can help you explore employment options and get the education or job training you might need to work. In some cases, your family members may also qualify for certain benefits.

Survivors’ and Dependents’ Educational Assistance (DEA)

The DEA program is for eligible spouses and children of veterans who were disabled, died, went missing in action (MIA), or were held as a prisoner of war (POW) during their service. It provides monthly payment to help cover the cost of education or job training for these family members.

Recommended: Guide to Military Student Loan Forgiveness

GI Bill Eligibility for Veterans

GI Bill veterans’ benefits are generally based on when you served, how long you served on active duty, and other factors. You also have to have been honorably discharged.

Though you may qualify for more than one type of GI Bill educational benefit, you can generally use only one benefit for a period of service; so you may have to decide which one is the best fit for your needs. (You can call the VA at 888-442-4551 if you need help making a choice.) Here are the eligibility requirements for different GI Bill programs.

Post-9/11 GI Bill Eligibility

If you served in the military after Sept. 10, 2001, you may be eligible for Post-9/11 GI Bill benefits. The amount you receive (which could range from 50% to 100% of the full benefit) will be based on how long you served on active duty and other criteria.

To be eligible for Post-9/11 GI Bill Benefits, you must meet one of these qualifications:

•   You have served at least 30 days of continuous active-duty service after Sept. 10, 2001, and have been discharged due to a service-connected disability. Or:

•   You have served an aggregate of 90 days of active-duty or federal service after Sept. 10, 2001, and received an honorable discharge.

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Montgomery GI Bill Eligibility

You may be eligible for the MGIB-AD if you:

•   Served between two and four years after June 30, 1985.

•   Have a high school diploma, GED, or 12 hours of college credit.

•   Had your military pay reduced by $100 a month for the first 12 months of service.

You can find a full list of eligibility criteria here.

You may be eligible for MGIB-SR benefits if you:

•   Agreed to serve for a period after June 30, 1985 (or for some types of training, after Sept. 30, 1990)

And either:

•   Agreed to serve six years in the Selected Reserve, or:

•   You’re an officer in the Selected Reserve and you agreed to serve six years in addition to your initial service obligation.

You can find a full list of eligibility requirements here.

Benefits Provided

Here’s a breakdown of the benefits offered by the Post-9/11 GI Bill.

Tuition/Fee Coverage

If you’re a veteran who qualifies for full benefits and you attend a public school as a state resident, the Post-9/11 GI Bill will pay all of your tuition and any mandatory fees directly to your school. You also may be eligible to receive the in-state tuition rate for an out-of-state school.

If you choose to attend a private or foreign institution of higher learning, or a qualifying non-college degree program, a predetermined maximum amount (currently up to $27,120.05) will be paid to your school annually. Benefits for flight training and virtual/online schools, which have their own maximums, also may be available.

Monthly Housing Allowance

The Post-9/11 GI Bill also pays a monthly college housing allowance. The program will pay you a percentage of the full monthly housing allowance based on the percentage of Post-9/11 GI Bill benefits you’re eligible for, as well as how many credits you’re taking.

If you are taking 100% of your classes online, you may be eligible for a monthly stipend equal to half of the national average stipend, which is currently $967.40.

Book and Supplies

Under the Post-9/11 GI Bill, you may be able to receive an annual stipend of up to $1,000 per year to pay for books and supplies. This stipend is paid out at the beginning of each term and is based on the percentage of benefits you’re eligible for and the number of courses you’re enrolled in for the year.

Recommended: How to Pay for College Textbooks

Applying for GI Bill Benefits

If you’re a veteran and interested in getting the military to pay for college, you’ll need to apply for GI Bill benefits. Here’s a look at what’s involved.

Required Documents

Some of the information you’ll be asked for when you apply may include:

•   Your Social Security number

•   Direct deposit bank account information

•   Education history

•   Military history

•   Basic information about the educational institution or training facility you want to attend

Application Process

You can apply for benefits online at the VA’s website. Alternatively, you can apply by mail. Simply call 888-442-4551 to request an application. Once you receive the application and fill it out, you can send it to the VA regional processing office that’s right for you (you can use this online VA locator). You can also apply by visiting your nearest VA regional office.

It takes the VA an average of 30 days to process an application. If the VA determines you are eligible for educational benefits, you’ll receive a Certificate of Eligibility (COE) that you can provide to the school you’ve chosen.

Military Tuition Assistance

The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) also offers education benefits to current active-duty, National Guard, and Reserve Component service members who wish to pursue post-secondary education in their off-duty time. This is one of the many ways you can save money while serving in the military.

Called the Military Tuition Assistance program, it will pay up to 100% of tuition and course-specific fees, with a limit of $250 per semester credit hour and an annual limit up to $4,500. Degrees and programs of study covered include undergraduate and graduate programs, vocational/technical, distance learning, and independent studies. (Housing, books, and other expenses aren’t covered.) Details are available through each service branch’s website.

State Benefits for Veterans

Many states offer education benefits that veterans can use along with, or as an alternative to, their federal GI Bill benefits. To find out about these benefits — which may include tuition waivers, scholarships, grants, and other programs — you can visit the Department of Veterans Affairs or Department of Education website for your state. Your military branch also may have information about the various benefits available in your state.

Local and regional veterans service organizations also offer scholarship opportunities to qualified candidates. And your employer may provide help with tuition or student loan repayment as part of their veteran financial well-being programs.

The Takeaway

If you’re hoping to further your education when your military service is complete, the GI Bill can help you pay for college, graduate school, and a variety of training and certification programs. Depending on when you served, how long you served, and some other factors, you may receive help paying for a large portion of your education expenses, including tuition and fees, education-related supplies, and housing costs.

Beyond the GI Bill, you also may qualify to receive assistance through state resources, local and regional organizations, your employer, and federal student loans.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

FAQ

Can the GI Bill be transferred to dependents?

If you meet certain service requirements, you may be able to transfer your Post-9/11 GI Bill benefits to an eligible dependent. You can apply for a Transfer of Education Benefits (TEB) through the Department of Defense.

Do GI Bill education benefits expire for veterans?

It depends. If you were discharged from active duty on or after Jan. 1, 2013, your benefits won’t ever expire. But if you were discharged before Jan. 1, 2013, your Post-9/11 GI Bill benefits will expire 15 years after you separate from the military.

Montgomery GI Bill benefits must be used within 10 years after your separation date. After that, you could lose any benefits you haven’t used, although the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) may grant an extension under certain circumstances.

What education benefits can I get if I’m still in the military?

If you’re still serving in the military, you may be eligible for education benefits through the GI Bill, the Department of Defense’s Military Tuition Assistance, and other programs. You can get information at the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) website or through your military branch.

Photo credit: iStock/Drazen Zigic

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Private student loans can be discharged in bankruptcy (meaning you are released from your debt obligation), but the process is notoriously difficult. Not only does the bankruptcy filing require an additional step called an adversary proceeding, but you’ll also need to prove your student loans cause undue hardship by passing certain tests. The process can also be expensive and damage your credit for years to come.

However, successful applicants may see their private student loan debt discharged or temporarily restructured with more affordable payments. Read on for a closer look at bankruptcy and private student loans so you have a clear understanding of your options.

Private vs Federal Student Loans

Student loans can help pay for the cost of higher education. According to the Education Data Initiative, the average cost of a year at college is currently $38,270, including books and daily living expenses.

A few points to note:

•   Private student loans come from private lenders, such as banks, credit unions, and online loan providers.

•   Federal student loans, on the other hand, are issued by the Department of Education, specifically its office of Federal Student Aid. Federal loans have some benefits and protections that private loans don’t have. These can include deferment and student loan forbearance (a temporary postponement or reduction of your student loan payments).

Student Loans and Bankruptcy

There are different paths for student loans to potentially be discharged in bankruptcy. In the past, federal student loan discharge through bankruptcy was even more difficult than private loan discharge. However, the Department of Justice announced changes to the process in November 2022 that simplified the process for federal loan borrowers.

Under the new rules, borrowers can complete a 15-page attestation form to show that their student loans cause undue hardship. The Department of Justice also introduced new guidelines for undue hardship to make them more fair and consistent for debtors.

Private student loans don’t qualify for this new process, but it’s still possible to include them in a bankruptcy proceeding. It may be best to consult a student loan lawyer who can help guide you through the process.


💡 Quick Tip: Ready to refinance your student loan? You could save thousands.

Private Student Loans and Bankruptcy Laws

Private student loan discharge is available under section 523(a)(8) of the Bankruptcy Code — if the debtor can prove that their student loans cause undue hardship. While undue hardship has historically not been clearly defined, most courts use what’s known as the Brunner Test to make this determination (more on this below).

Whether or not student loans are discharged also depends on the type of bankruptcy you file for, meaning whether it’s Chapter 7 or Chapter 13.

•   Chapter 7 bankruptcy: Chapter 7 bankruptcy can discharge your debts after liquidating your assets. This type of bankruptcy stays on your credit report for 10 years.

•   Chapter 13 bankruptcy: Chapter 13 bankruptcy reorganizes your debts with a new repayment plan that spans three to five years. Some unsecured debts (such as credit card debt or personal loans) may be discharged at the end of the plan, but take note: You’ll still be responsible for your student loans — the remaining balance, plus interest. Collections will be paused during this time, but your loans will accrue interest. Chapter 13 bankruptcy stays on your credit report for seven years.

There are a few other circumstances where private student loans can be discharged, according to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. For instance, you may qualify for private student loan discharge if:

•   You borrowed more than your school’s cost of attendance.

•   You got loans for a school that wasn’t eligible for Title IV funding, such as an unaccredited college or trade certificate program.

•   Your loans were used to cover fees and living expenses while you studied for a professional exam, such as the bar exam.

•   Your loans were used to cover fees, living expenses, or moving costs while you were in medical or dental residency.

•   Your loans were made while you were attending school less than half-time.

If any of the above scenarios apply, you may be able to discharge your private student loans in bankruptcy without having to meet the more difficult standard of the Brunner Test.

Recommended: Student Loan Guide

Understanding the Bankruptcy Process

Your first step in declaring bankruptcy is filing for bankruptcy and paying the associated fees.

•   The initial filing fee for Chapter 7 bankruptcy (which focuses on unsecured debt, such as credit card debt and personal loans) is usually around $338.

•   The filing fee for Chapter 13 bankruptcy (which typically involves discharging unsecured debt while catching up on secured debt, such as a mortgage) is likely to be around $313.

In addition, attorney costs can vary and may add up to thousands of dollars. While this can be a steep expense, an experienced attorney or student loan lawyer can help you navigate the process, as well as help you determine which type of bankruptcy fits your financial circumstances.

What Is the Process of Getting Student Loans Discharged?

To get private student loans discharged through bankruptcy, you’ll need to take the extra step of filing an adversary proceeding. This is basically a lawsuit within the bankruptcy. Essentially, the adversary proceeding means that you’re suing your student loan lender or servicer. The fee to file an adversary proceeding is often around $350.

After filing this adversary proceeding and outlining your case, a judge will determine whether you qualify for private student loan discharge through bankruptcy.

What Is the Brunner Test?

Most courts use the Brunner Test to determine whether your student loans cause undue hardship. The Brunner Test has three main guidelines:

1.    Repaying your student loans would make it impossible for you to maintain a minimal standard of living.

2.    Your financial difficulties are likely to persist throughout a significant portion of your student loan repayment period.

3.    You’ve shown a good-faith effort to pay back your student loans in the past.

Some courts use an alternative test called the totality of circumstances test. With this test, the court considers your past, present, and future financial resources, along with your living expenses and other relevant circumstances. Basically, they look at your entire financial picture to determine whether your student loans cause undue hardship and would qualify for discharge through bankruptcy.

Recommended: Finding Student Loans and Scholarships

The Takeaway

Discharging private student loans through bankruptcy is difficult, but not impossible if you can prove they cause undue financial hardship in your life. Filing and qualifying for bankruptcy is complex, however, so you’ll likely need to hire an attorney to help you navigate the process. It’s also a last resort, as it can be expensive and can negatively impact your credit for years to come.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

FAQ

Can private student loans be discharged through bankruptcy?

Private student loans can be discharged through bankruptcy if you can prove they cause undue hardship. When filing for bankruptcy, you’ll have to take the extra step of filing an adversary proceeding, which is essentially an additional lawsuit against your student loan lender or servicing company.

Are private student loans treated differently in bankruptcy?

Private student loans are treated differently than other types of debt in bankruptcy. You’ll have to meet a higher standard to have them discharged, typically the Brunner Test or totality of circumstances test. Plus, student loans aren’t discharged at the end of a Chapter 13 repayment plan — you’ll still owe your remaining balance, plus interest.

What are the requirements to prove undue hardship?

The requirements to prove undue hardship vary, but you typically must show the following: repaying your student loans would prevent you from maintaining a minimal standard of living, your financial situation is likely to persist throughout your repayment period, and you’ve made a good-faith effort to pay back your student loans.

Photo credit: iStock/damircudic

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

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Refinancing your student debt can have many benefits, including saving money on interest, lowering your monthly payments, or changing your repayment terms. But can you do it more than once? And, if so, should you?

Yes. And maybe.

There is no limit on how many times you can refinance your student loans. If your finances and credit have improved since you last refinanced and/or market interest rates have gone down, it may be worthwhile to refinance your loans, even if you’ve refinanced before.

That said, refinancing multiple times isn’t always worthwhile. Here are key things to consider before you refinance your student loans more than once.

How Many Times Can You Refinance Student Loans?

Technically, there is no limit to the number of times you can refinance your student loans with a private lender. In fact, as long as you qualify, you can refinance your student loans as many times and as often as you’d like. And given that lenders often don’t charge prepayment penalties or origination fees, there may be no extra cost involved with refinancing your student loans again.

Refinancing student loans again generally makes the most sense when your finances or credit score improves or interest rates decline. In these cases, it may be possible to save thousands of dollars in interest by reducing your interest rate by a couple percentage points.

If you’re not able to get a lower rate, however, refinancing may not make sense, especially if it extends your repayment term, leading to higher costs.

Also keep in mind that if you only have federal student loans, refinancing with a private lender may not be your best option, since it means giving up government protections like income-driven repayment plans and Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

When Should You Consider Refinancing Your Student Loans Again?

If you’ve already refinanced your loans with a private lender, here are some key reasons why you might consider refinancing again.

Your Financial Situation Has Changed

If you have experienced a significant improvement in your credit score, income, or overall financial health since your last refinance, you may be eligible for a better loan rate and terms than you did even a year ago. In fact, some borrowers with limited or poor credit might refinance their loans multiple times as their credit score improves and they become more desirable applicants.

Interest Rates Have Come Down

Student loan rates are not only tied to your creditworthiness, but also current economic conditions. If market interest rates have dropped since your last refinance, you might be able to secure a lower rate, reducing your overall interest payments. Even a small reduction in interest rates can lead to substantial savings over the life of the loan.

It’s a good idea to keep an eye on market trends and compare current rates to what you’re paying to determine if refinancing again makes financial sense.

Recommended: 3 Factors That Affect Student Loan Interest Rates

You’re Looking for Different Loan Terms

Changing loan terms can also be a reason to refinance again. Perhaps your initial refinance resulted in a longer loan term to lower your monthly payments, but now you’re in a better financial position and can afford higher payments to pay off your loan faster.

Conversely, you might need to extend your loan term to lower monthly payments due to a change in financial circumstances. Just be aware that extending your repayment term can cost you more money in interest over time.

What Are Some Advantages of Refinancing Multiple Times?

Before you decide to refinance your student loan again, it’s important to know the advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. Here’s a look at some of the pros of refinancing more than once.

•   Save money: Refinancing multiple times can help you take advantage of lower interest rates as your financial situation improves or as market rates decrease. Each reduction in interest rates can save you money over the life of your loan. You can also shorten your loan term to pay off your debt faster, which can also reduce what you pay in interest.

•   Better lender benefits: Refinancing with a different lender can provide access to better benefits, such as more flexible repayment options and hardship programs (such as deferment or forbearance). Choosing a lender that offers these benefits can provide additional financial security.

•   Promotional offers: Some lenders will offer special promotions or discounts for refinancing with them — if you see a great deal, it may be worth making the switch to that lender.

What Are Some Disadvantages of Refinancing Multiple Times?

Refinancing again also has potential drawbacks. Here are some to consider.

•   Credit impact: When you formally apply for a refinance, the lender runs a hard credit inquiry, which can negatively affect your credit score. While a single inquiry has a minimal impact, multiple inquiries in a short period can lower your credit score.

•   You could end up paying more: If you refinance to a longer repayment term, or even the same term every few years, you’re extending the amount of interest payments you make. This can keep you in debt longer and increase the total amount of interest you pay. If you refinance to a variable-rate student loan, the rate could also go up during the life of the loan.

•   Time and effort: The process of refinancing can be time-consuming, involving research and making comparisons between lenders, as well as paperwork and credit checks. Doing this multiple times requires a significant investment of time and effort. It might not always be worth it if you won’t save much money with your new loan.

Things to Look for When Refinancing

If you’re considering another refinance, it’s important to look at the following factors to ensure you’re making a smart financial decision.

•   Interest rates: Compare the offered interest rates with your current rate to ensure you’re getting a better deal.

•   Fixed vs. variable rates: Variable-rate loans have interest rates that typically start off lower, but can fluctuate based on market rates. The rate could climb if the rate or index it’s tied to goes up (and vice versa). Variable-rate loans might be a good choice for shorter-term loans. The longer the loan term, the bigger the chance of a rate hike.

•   Loan terms: Evaluate the terms of the new loan, including the length of the loan and monthly payment amounts. Keep in mind that a longer term can lead to lower payments but increase the total cost of your loan in the end.

•   Fees and costs: Be aware of any fees associated with the refinance and calculate whether the savings outweigh these costs.

•   Lender reputation: Research the lender’s reputation and customer service to ensure you’re working with a reliable and supportive institution.

•   Borrower benefits: Consider the benefits offered by the lender, such as flexible repayment options, forbearance, or deferment.

Recommended: How Soon Can You Refinance Student Loans?

Refinancing Your Student Loans With SoFi

Refinancing student loans multiple times can be a strategic move to save money and better manage your debt. While there’s no limit to how many times you can refinance, it’s important to carefully consider the costs, benefits, and your financial goals each time.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

FAQ

Can I consolidate student loans more than once?

Typically, you can’t consolidate federal student loans into a Direct Consolidation Loan more than once. However, you may be able to do this if you have federal loans that were not included in a previous consolidation, or you previously consolidated loans under the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) consolidation program. Remember that federal consolidation does not lower your interest rate.

With private student loan consolidation, called refinancing, there is no limit on the number of times it can be done. Each refinance creates a new loan with new terms, so you’ll want to evaluate the benefits, interest rates, and any potential fees before deciding to refinance again.

How many times can you refinance a loan?

There is typically no set limit on how many times you can refinance a loan, including student loans. As long as you qualify, you can refinance your student loans as many times and as often as you’d like. Each refinance involves taking out a new loan to pay off the existing one, so it’s important to consider factors like interest rates, loan term, and any associated fees.

How many times can you take out student loans?

There’s no set limit on how many student loans you can take out, but the federal government and private lenders do impose lending limits based on dollar amount.

For federal student loans, there are annual and aggregate (lifetime) limits based on your degree level and dependency status. For private student loans, lenders set their own annual and aggregate student limits. Often, they will cover up to the annual cost of attendance minus other financial aid each year.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

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Refinancing federal student loans can either help you pay down your loans sooner (by shortening your term) or lower your monthly payment (by extending your term). However, when you refinance federal student loans with a private lender, you lose federal benefits and protections.

Refinancing is not a simple decision. Keep reading to learn more about federal student loan refinancing and whether or not it’s right for you.

What Is Federal Student Loan Refinancing?

If you graduated with student loans, you may have a combination of private and federal student loans. The latter are loans funded by the federal government. Direct Subsidized Loans and Direct PLUS Loans are both examples of federal student loans.

Interest rates on federal student loans are fixed and set by the government annually. The current rate for the 2024-25 school year is 6.53% for undergraduate students. Private student loan rates are set by individual lenders. If you’re unhappy with your current interest rates, you may be able to refinance your student loans with a private lender and a new — ideally lower — interest rate.

Recommended: Types of Federal Student Loans

Can I Refinance My Federal Student Loans?

It is possible to refinance federal student loans with a private lender. However, you lose the benefits and protections that come with a federal loan, like income-based repayment plans and public service-based loan forgiveness. On the plus side, refinancing may allow you to pay less interest over the life of the loan and pay off your debt sooner.


💡 Quick Tip: Ready to refinance your student loan? With SoFi’s no-fee loans, you could save thousands.

How Are Refinancing and Consolidation Different?

Student loan consolidation and student loan refinancing are not the same thing, but it’s easy to confuse the two. In both cases, you’re signing different terms on a new loan to replace your old student loan(s).

Consolidation takes multiple federal student loans and bundles them together, allowing borrowers to repay with one monthly bill. Consolidation does not typically get you a lower interest rate (you’ll see why in the next paragraph). Refinancing, on the other hand, rolls your old federal and private loans into a new private loan with a different loan term and interest rate.

When you consolidate federal student loans through the Direct Consolidation Loan program, the resulting interest rate is the weighted average of the original loans’ rates, rounded up to the nearest one-eighth of a percent. This means you don’t usually save any money. If your monthly payment goes down, it’s usually the result of lengthening the loan term, and you’ll spend more on total interest in the long run.

When you refinance federal and/or private student loans, you’re given a new interest rate. That rate can be lower if you have a strong credit history, which can save you money. You may also choose to lower your monthly payments or shorten your payment term (but not both).

Recommended: Student Loan Consolidation vs Refinancing

What Are Potential Benefits of Refinancing Federal Student Loans?

Potential Savings in Interest

The main benefit is potential savings. If you refinance federal loans at a lower interest rate, you could save thousands over the life of the new loan.

Plus, you may be able to switch out your fixed-rate loan for a variable rate loan if that makes more financial sense for you (more on variable rates below).

Lower Monthly Payments

You can also lower your monthly payments. That typically means lengthening your term and paying more in interest overall. (Shortening your term usually results in higher monthly payments but more savings in total interest.)

Streamlining Repayments

Refinancing multiple loans into a single loan can help simplify the repayment process. Instead of multiple loan payments with potentially different servicers, refinancing allows you to combine them into a single monthly payment with one lender.

What Are Potential Disadvantages of Refinancing Federal Loans?

When you refinance federal loans with a private lender, you lose the benefits and protections that come with government-held student loans. Those benefits fall into three main categories:

Deferment / Forbearance

Most federal loans will allow borrowers to put payments on hold through deferment or forbearance when they are experiencing financial hardship. Student loan deferment allows you to pause subsidized loan payments without accruing interest, while unsubsidized loans will still accrue interest.

Student loan forbearance allows you to reduce or pause payments, but interest usually accrues during the forbearance period. Some private lenders do offer forbearance — check your lender’s policies before refinancing.

Special Repayment Plans

Federal loans offer extended, graduated, and income-driven repayment plans (such as Pay As You Earn, or PAYE), which allow you to make payments based on your discretionary income. It’s important to note that these plans typically cost more in total interest over the life of the loan. Private lenders do not offer these programs.

Another plan called REPAYE was phased out and replaced by the SAVE Plan, which promises to cut payments in half for low-income borrowers. According to the Department of Education, SAVE is the most affordable repayment plan, with some borrowers not having to make payments at all.

Student Loan Forgiveness

The Supreme Court has blocked President Joe Biden’s mass forgiveness plan for federal student loan borrowers. However, other loan forgiveness options are still available.

•   Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF). Teachers, firefighters, social workers, and other professionals who work for select government and nonprofit organizations may apply for this program. Changes made by the Biden Administration will make qualifying easier — even for borrowers who were previously rejected. Learn more in our guide to PSLF.

•   Teacher Loan Forgiveness. This program is available to full-time teachers who complete five consecutive years of teaching in a low-income school. Find out more in our Teacher Loan Forgiveness explainer.

•   Income-Based Repayment Plans. With some repayment plans, you may be eligible for forgiveness if your student loans aren’t paid off after 20 to 25 years (and in some cases under the new SAVE plan, after 10 years).

Private student loan holders are not eligible for these programs.

When Should You Consider Refinancing Your Student Loans Again?

You can refinance your student loans for a second time, and in fact, there is no limit to how many times you can refinance. Each time you refinance, you essentially take out a new loan to pay off the old one, ideally with better terms. However, it’s crucial to ensure that refinancing again is beneficial for your financial situation. Here are some key considerations:

Improved Financial Situation

•   Credit Score: If your credit score has improved, you may qualify for a lower interest rate.

•   Income: A higher or more stable income can make you eligible for better loan terms.

•   Debt-to-Income Ratio: A lower ratio can also help secure more favorable terms.

Market Conditions

•   Interest Rates: If market interest rates have decreased since your last refinancing, you might get a better rate.

•   Promotional Offers: Keep an eye out for new promotional rates or special offers from lenders.

Loan Terms

•   Shorter Terms: Refinancing to a shorter loan term can reduce the overall interest paid.

•   Extended Terms: If you need lower monthly payments, extending the loan term can provide relief, though it may increase the total interest paid over the life of the loan.

•   Consolidation: Refinancing multiple loans into one can simplify your payments and possibly offer better terms.

FAQs on Refinancing Your Federal Loans

Who Typically Chooses Federal Student Loan Refinancing?

Many borrowers who refinance have graduate student loans, since federal unsubsidized and Grad PLUS loans have historically offered less competitive rates than federal student loans for undergraduates.

In order to qualify for a lower interest rate, it’s helpful to show strong income and a history of managing credit responsibly, among other factors. The one thing many refinance borrowers have in common is a desire to save money.

Do I Need a High Credit Score to Refinance Federal Loans?

Generally speaking, the better your history of dealing with debt (illustrated by your credit score), the lower your new interest rate may be, regardless of the lender you choose. While many lenders look at credit scores as part of their analysis, however, it’s not the single defining factor. Underwriting criteria vary from lender to lender, which means it can pay to shop around.

For example, SoFi evaluates a number of factors, including employment and/or income, credit score, and financial history. Check here for current eligibility requirements.

Are There Any Fees Involved in Refinancing Federal Loans?

Fees vary and depend on the lender. That said, SoFi has no application or origination fees.


💡 Quick Tip: Enjoy no hidden fees and special member benefits when you refinance student loans with SoFi.

Should I Choose a Fixed or Variable Rate Loan?

Most federal loans are fixed-rate, meaning the interest rate stays the same over the life of the loan. When you apply to refinance, you may be given the option to choose a variable rate loan.

Here’s what you should know:

Fixed Rate Refinancing Loans Typically Have:

•   A rate that stays the same throughout the life of the loan

•   A higher rate than variable rate refinancing loans (at least at first)

•   Payments that stay the same over the life of the loan

Variable Rate Refinancing Loans Typically Have:

•   A rate that’s tied to an “index” rate, such as the prime rate

•   A lower initial rate than fixed rate refinancing loans

•   Payments and total interest costs that change based on interest rate changes

•   A cap, or maximum interest rate

Generally speaking, a variable rate loan can be a cost-saving option if you’re reasonably certain you can pay off the loan somewhat quickly. The more time it takes to pay down that debt, the more opportunity there is for the index rate to rise — taking your loan’s rate with it.

What Happens If I Lose My Job or Can’t Afford Loan Payments?

Some private lenders offer forbearance — the ability to put loans on hold — in cases of financial hardship. Policies vary by lender, so it’s best to learn what they are before you refinance. For policies on disability forbearance, it’s best to check with the lender directly, as this is often considered on a case-by-case basis.

Do Refinance Lenders Allow Cosigners / Cosigner Release?

Many private lenders do allow cosigners and some allow cosigner release options. SoFi allows cosigners, but no option for cosigner release for refinanced student loans. However, if you have a cosigner and your financial situation improves, you can apply to refinance the cosigned loan under your name alone.

The Takeaway

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

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If you’re a parent, you’ve likely already begun to worry about how you’re going to pay for your kid’s college tuition. But what percentage of parents pay for college? It may be less than you expect. Learn more, and tips for helping to afford college.

What Percent of Parents Pay for Their Children’s College Education?

About half of families (53%) have a plan to pay for college, and of those, 61% say borrowing will likely be part of how they help their child afford higher education, according to Sallie Mae’s How America Pays for College 2023.

But the reality is, even a percentage of the total college bill can be tough for most families to pay. How much exactly should parents be saving? Average yearly tuition, fees, and living expenses per student, per year, currently rings in at $38,270, according to the Education Data Initiative. (As you might guess, private colleges can be significantly more expensive than in-state public universities.)

To put it another way, the typical family plans to contribute to the total college cost of almost $160,000 for four years, meaning they could aim to save tens of thousands of dollars to help their kiddos with college.


💡 Quick Tip: Ready to refinance your student loan? With SoFi’s no-fee loans, you could save thousands.

What Student Loans Are Available to Parents?

Parents considering borrowing a student loan to pay for their child’s education can choose between a federal Parent PLUS Loan, or explore options available at private lenders.

According to the same Sallie Mae survey, parents’ income and savings account for nearly 50% of college costs. Other sources of funding include scholarships, grants, or student loans borrowed by the student. Parents can also borrow a loan to help their students pay for college. Approximately 41% of families report borrowing to help fund their child’s education.

Recommended: The Differences Between Grants, Scholarships, and Loans

Parent PLUS Loans

Parent PLUS Loans, as mentioned, are a type of federal student loan available for parents of dependent undergraduate students.

To apply, parents or their students must first fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®). Then, the parent can apply for the PLUS Loan directly on the federal aid website. There will be a credit check to review any adverse credit history, but approval typically won’t be dependent on factors like the applicant’s credit score or debt-to-income ratio.

Parent PLUS Loans have a fixed interest rate that is set annually by Congress. For loans disbursed between July 1, 2024 and July 1, 2025, the rate is 9.08%.

Direct PLUS Loans carry an origination fee. For the 2024-25 school year, the origination fee is 4.228%.

Private Parent Loans

Private loans for parents are available from private financial institutions including banks and credit unions. These lenders generally review factors like the applicant’s credit score, income, and those for any cosigner. Private lenders determine their own interest rates, terms, and repayment plans.

Compare annual percentage rates among lenders to help you decide whether a fixed or variable interest rate would be best for your financial situation. Some private lenders charge an origination fee, while others do not.

Saving for Future College Costs

It can seem insurmountable to even think about saving in the range of $40,000 for each year for college costs on top of all your other financial responsibilities. One recommendation is to pay off your own student loans before putting significant amounts of money into college savings. Some parents find that refinancing their own student loans if they haven’t yet paid them off may allow them to save money — giving them more financial wiggle room to start saving up for future educational expenses.

How can refinancing help you save on your student loans so you can start saving for your kids’ education? Student loan refinancing allows you to trade in all your student loans for one new loan with a potentially lower interest rate and more favorable repayment terms.

But refinancing your student loans has, like many things in life, both pros and cons. Consider if the benefits outweigh any potential negatives. For example, you may be able to secure a more competitive interest rate and lower your monthly costs. However, refinancing federal loans will eliminate access to borrower protections or benefits. So, if you are using one of these benefits — such as pursuing Public Service Loan Forgiveness — refinancing may not make sense.

In addition, if you refinance for a longer term, you may well pay more interest over the life of the loan, which is why you should read up on the topic with student loan refinancing guides and other resources.

When you refinance your student loans, the lender looks at your current financial situation, including your credit score, income, and future earning potential (among other factors) to calculate an interest rate that could potentially be lower than what you might be paying to the federal government or a private student loan lender.

Refinancing Options

If you are interested in refinancing student loans with bad credit, know that it may be more challenging to secure a competitive interest rate. It’s possible to find a lender and refinanced loans that meet your needs, but you may need to shop around. Be patient as you go through the process.

You might also consider adding a cosigner to your application. A student loan cosigner is someone who agrees to take on responsibility for the loan if you, the primary borrower, is unable to make payments in the future.

If you’re unable to add a cosigner or just want to focus on refinancing without a cosigner, you might want to take some time to focus on building your credit. A few tips on building credit include making monthly payments on-time, keeping your debt-to-income ratio low, and checking your credit report regularly to remove any errors.

On top of potentially saving on interest rates, refinancing your student loans can consolidate multiple student loan payments into one monthly payment. This can simplify your money management and bill paying.

Furthermore, if you’re able to shorten your loan term through student loan refinancing, you could pay off your student loans even faster, further reducing the amount of interest you’d pay over the course of your loan. Those savings can be converted into savings for your child’s future education — hopefully saving them from having to take out too many student loans themselves.

Recommended: Student Loan Refinancing Calculator

Tips for Saving for College

There are a few options to help parents maximize their savings. In fact, one of the main benefits of saving up for college while your child is still fairly little is that you have time on your side.

•   If you can sock away even small amounts of money over time, depending on where you put it, you give that money a chance to earn interest or dividends over time — and potentially increase the amount you’ll have to put toward your child’s tuition payments.

•   Once you’ve decided to start saving up a college fund, you’ll have to choose where exactly you want to save that money. While some parents choose to set aside cash in a regular savings account, the relatively low interest rates on most standard savings accounts mean that your money may not grow as much as you’d like over time. A high-yield savings account with compound interest can help your funds grow.

•   Many parents consider a government-sponsored savings program in order to net some serious tax benefits, or even to start investing in order to grow money over time.

•   When it comes to government savings plans, you can choose from a 529 college savings plan, which offers generous tax benefits, or a Coverdell Education Savings Account, which allows you to invest in stocks and bonds to cover educational expenses.

The Takeaway

Most parents plan to contribute to their child’s college costs. Starting to save today can help you save as much as possible for future educational expenses. If you have your own student loans from your college days, one option to create some wiggle room in your budget is to refinance those loans to a lower interest rate.

If you are considering refinancing as one strategy to help you save more for your child’s college fund, take a look at what SoFi offers.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

FAQ

How many families fill out the FAFSA?

In the most recent year studied, about 70% of families reported completing the FAFSA.

What percent of parents borrow money to help pay for college?

According to the most recent Sallie Mae data, 61% of families say they will borrow to help pay for a child’s college expenses.

What are the pros and cons of refinancing student loans?

On the plus side, refinancing student loans could yield a more competitive rate and lower monthly payments. That could potentially lower your costs. However, when you refinance federal student loans, you lose federal protections, such as forbearance, and, if you refinance for a longer term, you could wind up paying more interest over the life of the loan.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

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