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Here comes another school year, and that can mean it’s time to get shopping for some nice new pencils, notebooks, backpacks, and cool clothes. But don’t expect it to come cheap: In 2024, parents of K-12 kids spent an estimated $586 per student on back-to-school shopping.

Chances are, you don’t want to go into credit card debt to get your kid outfitted for the first day of school, so here’s help. Below, you’ll find 31 back-to-school shopping tips that can save you money while getting your kids prepped for a great year ahead.

1. Check the Circulars

You might receive weekly circulars in the mail that include coupons to local stores that can help you save money on school supplies. If you don’t receive any circulars or you want more, using a deals website like Flipp can give you access to digital circulars and coupons you can use at the store.

2. Download Honey

The Honey browser extension can be helpful when it comes to back-to-school savings. Installing Honey on your web browser will enable the extension to automatically search for coupon codes and deals when you check out online, saving you both time and money.

💡 Quick Tip: Help your money earn more money! Opening a high-yield bank account online often gets you higher-than-average rates.

3. Use Online Coupons

Some websites, such as Coupons.com, RetailMeNot, and Savings.com, offer online coupons. Browsing these sites may lead to savings on school supplies you need.

4. Join Target Circle

Target typically offers good deals on school supplies, including special Target Circle offers and $1 school finds. Using the Target Circle Card will get you an additional 5% off all of your back-to-school shopping. You might also investigate joining Target Circle 360 (which requires paying a monthly or annual membership fee) for more deals and perks.

5. Use Cash Back Credit Cards

Making school supply purchases with a cash back credit card is another option to save some money. Then, you can put your savings towards future purchases or use the cash back to pay a portion of your credit card bill.

6. Get Cash Back for Shopping

On sites like Rakuten and Swagbucks you can earn cash back when you shop at your favorite stores. Check these sites for cash back offers before heading out for back-to-school shopping.

7. Sign Up for Store Emails

If there are a few stores you know you’re going to be shopping at this year, then sign up for their email list ahead of time to receive coupons and find out when they are running sales. Some stores offer a percent-off coupon or a dollar amount discount for signing up for their emails or texts.

Recommended: 15 Creative Ways to Save Money

8. Download Store Apps

Along with signing up for emails, you can also download store apps to receive exclusive savings and deal alerts. You may receive a one-time coupon at the beginning and then additional deals after that.

9. Ask Friends for Their Old Supplies

If you have friends who aren’t using their old supplies anymore, they may be willing to give them to you so they don’t go to waste. This could save you a lot of money, especially when it comes to paying for college textbooks.

10. Join Parent Groups

Consider joining local parent groups on Facebook or other social media platforms to see if anyone is giving away supplies or selling them at a steep discount. Connecting with other parents before the first day of school can also be a good way to form friendships and trade back-to-school shopping tips.

11. Look on Used Goods Marketplaces

You may also be able to find the supplies you need on used goods marketplaces such as Facebook Marketplace or Craigslist. Keep safety precautions in mind when meeting strangers to complete a transaction: Consider meeting at a police station, bring someone with you, and trust your instincts if you feel the situation is unsafe.

12. Wait to Make Some of Your Purchases

Your children likely aren’t going to need all of their school supplies on the first day, or perhaps even in the first month of school. Instead, you can ask your children’s teachers what they will need right away and then wait to shop for the rest of the supplies when retailers start marking down their inventory, which typically happens in September or October.

13. Create a Budget

Before setting foot into a store, come up with a back-to-school spending budget so you know exactly how much you can spend and avoid impulse purchases. Without a plan, it can be easy to spend too much and get caught off guard when you get your credit card statement in the mail.

14. Take Inventory of What You Already Have

You may already have what you need for back to school in your home. Look around for extra pencils, art supplies, books, and other items that you thought you needed to purchase but may already own.

15. Pay With Cash

One of the old tricks for sticking to a budget and saving money is to pay with cash instead of a debit or credit card. Paying with cash may make you more mindful of your purchases because you see the cash disappear when you spend it. You might not be tempted to spend as much if you opt for good, old-fashioned dollar bills and coins.

Recommended: The Envelope Budgeting Method: What You Need to Know

16. Negotiating on a Cash Purchase

Cash is also helpful for negotiating. Though you may not be able to negotiate prices at a big box store, you might be able to at a local shop, flea market, or yard sale if that’s where you’re headed for school supplies. Let the merchant know how much you’re willing to pay, and they may just be willing to cut a deal with you.

17. Look for Price Matching

Some stores will match another store’s price if you show them that their competitor is offering a better price on the same product. Prior to going to the store, take a few minutes to compare prices online, and bring proof of the lower price when you shop. Price matching policies vary from store to store and can usually be found on a store’s website.

18. Buy in Bulk

When it comes to how to save on school supplies, you may be able to save big if you buy in bulk from wholesale clubs like Costco or Sam’s Club. Some of the best things to buy in bulk for back-to-school include pens and pencils, folders, and notebooks. Bulk purchases of things like paper towels, toilet paper, and shampoo might also make good financial sense. Joining other parents to split costs on bulk purchases might just result in a new, like-minded friend group.

💡 Quick Tip: If you’re creating a budget, try the 50/30/20 budget rule. Allocate 50% of your after-tax income to the “needs” of life, like living expenses and debt. Spend 30% on wants, and then save the remaining 20% towards saving for your long-term goals.

19. Buy Refurbished Electronics

If you need to pick up electronics like laptops, tablets, or phones, consider buying a refurbished version instead of a new device. Certified used models are often available directly from the manufacturer or from reputable online sellers.

20. Head to the Dollar Store

While the dollar store isn’t the ideal place for all your back-to-school shopping needs, you can find a number of inexpensive items there to save money on. These items include pencils, pens, crayons, folders, and clipboards.

21. Shop on Tax-Free Days

Some states hold annual tax-free days, usually in July or August, which can be perfect for back-to-school shopping. Check online to see if and when your state offers this money-saving option.

22. Use Your Student Discount

College students may be able to use their college ID or student email address to score discounts on electronics and other items. Check out stores around your college that offer deals to students.

23. Buy Used Textbooks

Another way to score some back-to-school savings is to purchase used textbooks. BookFinder.com searches all the bookseller websites to find the best deals on your textbooks.

24. Keep Your Receipts

If you keep your receipts and find out that items you purchased have been discounted further, then you may be able to get a price adjustment or a partial refund to make up for the price difference. Policies vary by retailer, but it doesn’t hurt to check sales after you’ve made a purchase and ask the store if they offer price adjustments.

25. Buying From Thrift Stores

Thrift stores like Goodwill or Salvation Army often have back-to-school essentials like clothing and backpacks. Plus, buying used items can be environmentally friendly. Families who are facing financial difficulty affording school supplies may qualify for assistance through various charitable organizations, such as The Salvation Army or even their local school districts.

26. Find Brand Giveaways

By following brands on social media or contacting them directly, you may get free samples or promo codes to get discounts on goods.

27. Turn in Those Rebates

Sometimes, you won’t be able to access back-to-school savings at the time of purchase. Instead, you’ll need to send in rebates. Look for products that offer rebates and remember to keep your receipts and anything else required for the savings.

28. Invest in Quality Purchases

While you may want to buy everything at discount stores, poor quality items may not even last an entire school year. For items that get a lot of use, such as a backpack, consider paying a bit more so they last. For example, you may be able to use the same high-quality, well-made backpack for several years before it wears out.

29. Use Alternatives for Your Kids’ Favorite Characters

Your child might really want a backpack with a specific character on it, but next year’s favorite character will probably be different. Buying your child a plain backpack and then adding some keychains or stickers that feature their favorite character is an inexpensive compromise that will keep your kids happy and save you big bucks.

30. Buy Reusable Items

While plastic and paper bags may be convenient, you’ll save money (and be kinder to the environment) if you buy a reusable lunch bag and containers instead. Find a lunch bag that’s easy to clean to save time as well.

31. Hold a Clothing Swap

Kids quickly grow out of clothes, so it’s not budget-friendly to buy a lot of expensive new garments. You can invite over some friends and neighbors who have kids and swap used clothing instead. Or you might try Nextdoor and see if people in your community want to see about a trade or offloading some outgrown clothes.

💡 Quick Tip: When you overdraft your checking account, you’ll likely pay a non-sufficient fund fee of, say, $35. Look into linking a savings account to your checking account as a backup to avoid that, or shop around for a bank that doesn’t charge you for overdrafting.

The Takeaway

To save on back-to-school shopping, start by creating a budget and checking what supplies you already have at home. Other smart ways to cut costs include using coupons and cash back apps, comparing prices online before purchasing, buying in bulk, hitting up the dollar store, swapping with friends/neighbors, and waiting for some items to go on sale.
Whether you’re shopping for school supplies or something more expensive (like a new appliance or a car), it’s a good idea to estimate the cost and start saving up in advance. This can help you stay on budget and avoid credit card debt. You might even set up a separate savings account earmarked for back-to-school shopping (or any other savings goals), then automate transfers into that account to help you reach your target faster.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

How much money should I spend on school supplies?

The amount to spend on school supplies varies by grade and needs. According to the National Retail Federation, families with children in elementary through high school spent an average of $875 on clothing, shoes, school supplies, and electronics in 2024 (for all children in the household combined). To save money, prioritize essential items and look for sales, discounts, and secondhand items. Creating a detailed list and sticking to it can help you stay within budget and avoid overspending.

What is the 30 day rule to save money?

The 30-day rule is a budgeting strategy that can help you avoid impulse purchases. How it works: If you’re considering a nonessential purchase, put it on a mental hold for 30 days. During that time, research alternative options, compare prices, and evaluate if it’s truly a need or a want. If at the end of the waiting period, you still want the item and can afford it, go ahead and buy it. You may well decide to forgo it.

What to do if you can’t afford school supplies?

If you can’t afford school supplies, explore free or low-cost options. You might start by checking with your school for assistance programs or community resources. Also look for back-to-school sales and discounts, and consider buying used or secondhand supplies from online marketplaces or local groups. Many organizations and charities also offer school supply drives and giveaways. Friends and family may also be willing to help. Don’t hesitate to reach out for support.

About the author

Kylie Ora Lobell

Kylie Ora Lobell is a personal finance writer who covers topics such as credit cards, loans, investing, and budgeting. She has worked for major brands such as Mastercard and Visa, and her work has been featured by MoneyGeek, Slickdeals, TaxAct, and LegalZoom. Read full bio.

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SOBNK-Q225-065

A reverse mortgage is a loan that allows homeowners to turn part of their home equity into cash. Available to people 62 and older, a reverse mortgage can be set up and paid out as a lump sum, a monthly payment, or a line of credit, all of which can then be used to fund home renovations, consolidate debt, pay off medical expenses, or simply improve the homeowner’s lifestyle.

While older Americans, particularly retiring baby boomers, have increasingly drawn on this financial tool, reverse mortgages aren’t for everyone. Find out how they work, their advantages and disadvantages, and alternatives you might consider instead.

How Does a Reverse Mortgage Work?

Usually when people refer to a reverse mortgage, they mean a federally insured home equity conversion mortgage (HECM). That being said, there are two other types of reverse mortgages (more on those below).

Note: SoFi does not offer home equity conversion mortgages (HECM) at this time.

To qualify for an HECM, all owners of the home must be 62 or older and have paid off their home loan or have a considerable amount of equity. Borrowers must use the home as their primary residence or live in one of the units if the property is a two- to four-unit home. Certain condominium units and manufactured homes are also allowed. The borrower cannot have any delinquent federal debt. Plus, the following will be verified before approval:

•   Income, assets, monthly living expenses, and credit history

•   On-time payment of real estate taxes, plus hazard and flood insurance premiums, as applicable

The reverse mortgage amount you qualify for is determined based on the lesser of the appraised value or the HECM mortgage loan limit (the sales price for HECM to purchase), the age of the youngest borrower or the age of an eligible non-borrowing spouse, and current interest rates. Generally, the older you are and the more your home is worth, the higher your reverse mortgage amount could be, depending on other eligibility criteria.

The reverse mortgage loan and interest do not have to be repaid until the last surviving borrower dies, sells the house, or moves out permanently. In some cases, a non-borrowing spouse may be able to remain in the home.

Loan Costs

An HECM loan may include several charges and fees, such as:

•   Mortgage insurance premiums

◦   Upfront fee (2% of the home’s appraised value or the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) lending limit, whichever is less)

◦   Annual fee (0.5% of the outstanding loan balance)

•   Third-party charges (an appraisal fee, surveys, inspections, title search, title insurance, recording fees, and credit checks)

•   Origination fee (the greater of $2,500 or 2% of the first $200,000 of the home value, plus 1% of the amount over $200,000; the origination fee cap is $6,000)

•   Servicing fee (up to $30 per month if the loan interest rate is fixed or adjusted; if the interest rate can adjust monthly, up to $35 per month)

•   Interest

Your lender can let you know which of the above fees are mandatory. Many of the costs can be paid out of the loan proceeds, meaning you wouldn’t have to pay them out of pocket. However, financing the loan costs reduces how much money will be available for your needs.

The servicing fee noted above is a cost you could incur from the lender or agent who services the loan and verifies that real estate taxes and hazard insurance premiums are kept current, sends you account statements, and disburses loan proceeds to you.

What Is the Most Common Kind of Reverse Mortgage?

The most common type of reverse mortgage is the HECM, or home equity conversion mortgage, which can also be used later in life to help fund long-term care. HECM reverse mortgages are made by private lenders but are governed by rules set by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The current loan limit is $1,209,750.

To qualify for this kind of reverse mortgage loan, you must meet with an HECM counselor, whom you can find through the HUD site. When you meet with the counselor, they may cover eligibility requirements, potential financial ramifications of the loan, and when the loan would need to be paid back, including circumstances under which the outstanding amount would become immediately due and payable. The counselor may also share alternatives.

The reverse mortgage loan generally needs to be paid back if the borrower moves to another home for a majority of the year or to a long-term care facility for more than 12 consecutive months, and if no other borrower is listed on the loan.

However, a new HUD policy offers protections to a non-borrowing spouse when a partner moves into long-term care. The non-borrowing spouse may remain in the home as long as they continue to occupy the home as a principal residence, are still married, and were married at the time the reverse mortgage was issued to the spouse listed on the reverse mortgage.

In 2021, HUD also removed the major remaining impediment to a non-borrowing spouse who wanted to stay in the home after the borrower’s death. Now they will no longer have to provide proof of “good and marketable title or a legal right to remain in the home,” which often meant a probate filing and had forced many spouses into foreclosure.

Two Other Types of Reverse Mortgages

The information provided so far answers the questions “What is a reverse mortgage?” and “How do reverse mortgages work?” for HECMs, but there are also two other kinds: the single-purpose reverse mortgage and the proprietary reverse mortgage.

Here’s more information about each of them.

Single-Purpose Reverse Mortgage

This loan is offered by state and local governments and nonprofit agencies. It’s the least expensive option, but the lender determines how the funds can be used. For example, the loan might be approved to catch up on property taxes or to make necessary home repairs.

Check with the organization giving the loan for specifics about costs, as they can vary.

Proprietary Reverse Mortgage

If a home is appraised at a value that exceeds the maximum for an HECM ($1,209,750), a homeowner could pursue a proprietary reverse mortgage.

Counseling may be required before obtaining one of these loans, and a counselor can help a homeowner decide between an HECM and a proprietary loan.

Typically, proprietary reverse mortgages can only be cashed out in a lump sum. The costs can be substantial and interest rates higher. This type of reverse mortgage, unlike an HECM, is not federally insured, so lenders tend to approve a lower percentage of the home’s value than they would with an HECM.

One cost a borrower wouldn’t have to pay with a proprietary mortgage: upfront mortgage insurance or the monthly premiums. In some cases, the costs associated with this type of mortgage may cause a homeowner to decide to sell the home and buy a new one.

💡 Quick Tip: Generally, the lower your debt-to-income ratio, the better loan terms you’ll be offered. One way to improve your ratio is to increase your income (hello, side hustle!). Another way is to consolidate your debt and lower your monthly debt payments.

Pros and Cons of Reverse Mortgages

If you’re nearing retirement, it’s easy to see why reverse mortgages are appealing. Here are some of their pros:

•   Unlike most loans, you don’t have to make any monthly payments. The HECM loan can be used for anything, whether that’s debt, health care, daily expenses, or buying a vacation home (although this is not true for the single-purpose variety).

•   How you get the money from an HECM is flexible. You can choose whether to get a lump sum, monthly disbursement, line of credit, or some combination of the three.

•   You can pay back the loan whenever you want, even if that means waiting until you’re ready to sell the house. If the home is sold for less than the amount owed on the mortgage, borrowers may not have to pay back more than 95% of the home’s appraised value because the mortgage insurance paid on the loan covers the remainder.

•   The money from a reverse mortgage counts as a loan, not as income. As a result, payments are not subject to income tax. Social Security and Medicare also are not affected.

•   An HECM can be used to buy a new primary residence. You’d make a down payment and then finance the rest of the purchase with the reverse mortgage.

Then again, here are some downsides of reverse mortgages to consider:

•   Reverse mortgage interest rates can be higher than traditional mortgage rates. The added cost of mortgage insurance also applies, and, like most mortgage loans, there are origination and third-party fees you will be responsible for paying, as described above.

•   Taking out a reverse mortgage generally means reducing the equity in your home. That can mean leaving less for those who might inherit your house.

•   You’ll need to keep up property taxes and insurance, repairs, and any association dues. If you don’t pay insurance or taxes, or if you let your home go into disrepair, you risk defaulting on the reverse mortgage, which means the outstanding balance could be called as immediately “due and payable.”

•   Interest accrued on a reverse mortgage isn’t deductible until it’s actually paid (usually when the loan is paid off). And a deduction of mortgage interest may be limited.

Alternatives to Reverse Mortgages

A reverse mortgage payout depends on the borrower’s age, the value of their home, the mortgage interest rate, and loan fees, as well as whether they choose a lump sum, line of credit, monthly payment, or a combination of those options.

If the payout will not provide financial stability that allows an individual to age in place, there are other ways to tap into cash, including:

Cash-out refi: If you meet credit and income requirements, you may be able to borrow up to 80% of your home’s value with a cash-out refinance of an existing mortgage. Closing costs are involved, but this product lets you turn home equity into cash and possibly lock in a lower interest rate.

Personal loan: A personal loan could provide a lump sum without diminishing the equity in your home. This kind of loan does not use your home as collateral. It’s generally a loan for shorter-term purposes.

Home equity line of credit (HELOC): A HELOC, based in part on your home equity, provides access to cash in case you need it but requires interest payments only on the money you actually borrow. Sometimes a lender will waive or reduce closing costs if you keep the line open for at least three years. HELOCs usually have a variable interest rate.

Home equity loan: A fixed-rate home equity loan allows you to borrow a lump sum based on your home’s market value, minus any existing mortgages. You make a monthly principal and interest payment each month. Again, lenders may reduce or waive closing costs if you keep the loan for, usually, at least three years.

Recommended: What Are Home Equity Lines of Credit (HELOC)?

The Takeaway

A reverse mortgage may make sense for some older people who need to supplement their cash flow. But many factors must be considered, including the youngest homeowner’s age, home value, equity, loan rate and costs, heirs, and payout type. As homeowners are weighing the pros and cons, remember there are other options.

FAQ

What is the downside to a reverse mortgage?

Downsides to a reverse mortgage include typically higher interest rates than you’d pay with a traditional mortgage and the obligation to stay on top of property taxes, insurance, property repairs, and association dues. It also reduces your equity in the house, and if you don’t abide by your contract, you could risk losing your home.

How much money do you actually get from a reverse mortgage?

With a reverse mortgage, you can typically receive between 40% and 60% of the appraised value of your home. The exact amount depends on factors like the value of your home or the current lending limit (whichever is less), prevailing mortgage rates, and the age of the youngest borrower (older people get more). Keep in mind that any existing mortgages or liens have to be paid off, and there are generally fees to be paid, which can affect how much money you ultimately get.

Can you run out of money with a reverse mortgage?

Especially if you get a reverse mortgage when you’re relatively young, it’s possible to outlive your reverse mortgage funds. In that case, you’d need to find other ways to support yourself. If you’re considering a reverse mortgage, it can make sense to wait for a while, remembering that the older the borrowers are, the larger the amount they’re likely to receive.

*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

The term market value refers to the current market price of a security. Intrinsic value represents the price at which investors believe the security should be trading, based on company fundamentals.

When it comes to value vs. growth stocks, value investors look for companies that are out of favor and below their intrinsic value. The idea is that sooner or later stocks return to their intrinsic value. A deeper understanding of intrinsic value vs. market value may help your strategy.

What Is Market Value?

In a sense, there is only one measure of market value: the price the market assigns to a stock, based on existing demand.

Market value tends to be influenced by public sentiment and macroeconomic factors. Fear and greed are the primary emotions that drive markets. During a stock market crash, for example, fear may grip investors and the market value of many stocks could fall well below their fair market values.

News headlines can drive stock prices above or below their intrinsic value. After reading a company’s annual report that’s positive, investors may pile into a stock. Even though better-than-expected earnings might increase the intrinsic value of a stock to a certain degree, investors can get greedy in the short-term and create overextended gains in the stock price.

The rationale behind value vs. price, and behind value investing as a whole, is that stocks tend to overshoot their fair market value to the upside or the downside.

When this leads to a stock being oversold, the idea is that investors could take advantage of the buying opportunity. It’s assumed that the stock will then eventually rise to its intrinsic value, and could be sold at a profit.


💡 Quick Tip: All investments come with some degree of risk — and some are riskier than others. Before investing online, decide on your investment goals and how much risk you want to take.

What Is Intrinsic Value?

It can be tricky to figure out how to evaluate a stock. Analysts can come to different conclusions about the intrinsic value of a stock, depending on which factors they examine, and how they interpret them. The factors that can be used to determine intrinsic value are related to the fundamental operations of a company.

Some assets can be considered intangible because they have no physical, measurable value — but they impact a company’s performance and bottom line. Intangible assets include things like copyrights, patents, company reputation, consumer loyalty, and so on.

Tangible assets include things like cash reserves, corporate bonds, equipment, land, manufacturing capacity, etc. These tend to be easier to value because they can be assigned a dollar value.


💡 Quick Tip: Newbie investors may be tempted to buy into the market based on recent news headlines or other types of hype. That’s rarely a good idea. Making good choices shouldn’t stem from strong emotions, but a solid investment strategy.

Calculating Intrinsic Value vs Market Value

There can be multiple different ways to determine the intrinsic value of an asset. These methods are broadly referred to as valuation methods, or using fundamental analysis on stocks or other securities.

How Intrinsic Value Is Different

Using fundamental measures to assess share price — such as cash flow, assets vs. liabilities, and earnings — enables investors to get a sense of a stock’s inherent value versus relying on market sentiment, which can drive the price of an asset above or below its fundamental value.

It depends on the investor’s view. There are different philosophies about what determines value vs. price, and whether a stock can even be considered overvalued relative to its intrinsic worth.

•   Efficient market adherents argue that the market has already priced in all information into the security’s price, which makes it hard to view a security as over- or undervalued.

•   Technical analysts believe that the future value of a stock can be determined by a careful reading of trading patterns and price charts, and are less interested in intrinsic factors.

•   Momentum investors similarly focus on price trends, and buy and sell according to market sentiment (without factoring in possible intrinsic value factors).

By contrast, an intrinsic value strategy would argue that fear and greed can influence the market price of any security, and that knowing the fundamentals gives a far more accurate picture of the value of a stock versus its price.

Recommended: How to Analyze a Stock

How to Calculate Intrinsic Value

Intrinsic value investors rely on certain measures like free cash flow (which indicates that a company has enough cash to invest in its priorities), as well as its price-to-book (P/B) ratio and price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio.

•   The P/B ratio helps investors assess whether the company value (based on share price) is above or below total assets.

•   The P/E ratio represents the company’s share price divided by the company’s earnings per share, and indicates whether the price reflects earnings.

Intrinsic investors may also consider earnings reports, interest rate fluctuations, economic indicators, as well as market trends when evaluating a stock.

Overall, though, evaluating free cash flow is essential to calculating intrinsic value. For this reason the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model is commonly used by intrinsic investors.

The Dividend Discount Model

For dividend-yielding stocks, for example, the dividend discount model provides a mathematical formula that aims to find the intrinsic value of a stock based on its dividend growth over a certain period of time. Dividends are periodic payouts given to shareholders by a company.

Upon calculating the dividend discount, an investor could then compare it to the current market value of a stock.

•   If the market value was lower, then the stock could be seen as undervalued and a good buy.

•   If the market value was higher, then the stock could be seen as overvalued and not worth buying or possibly an opportunity to sell short.

Another method for estimating intrinsic value is discounted cash flow analysis. This method attempts to determine the value of an investment in terms of its projected future cash flows.

While the dividend discount model and discounted cash flow analysis can be seen as objective ways to determine a stock’s value, they also have a large subjective component. Analysts must choose a timeframe to use in their model. Using different timeframes can lead to different conclusions.

Longer timeframes are often thought of as being more accurate because they include more data points. But they could also dilute the significance of more recent trends.

Example Using Dividend Discount Model

For example, if a company had years of steady dividend growth, but recently slashed its dividend by 50%, a dividend discount model analysis based on a long timeframe would show this reduction in dividend payments to be less severe than an analysis based on a shorter time frame.

The longer timeframe would include previous years of dividend growth, which would theoretically outweigh the recent reduction.

The reduction may have come from a large decrease in earnings. If that trend were to continue, the company could be doomed to the point of having to suspend its dividends. So in this hypothetical example, a shorter time frame could actually lead to a more realistic conclusion than a longer one.

Calculating Market Value

The determination of market value is rather simple by comparison. Someone can either simply look at what price a stock is trading at or calculate its current market capitalization.

The formula for market capitalization or market cap is:

Total number of outstanding shares multiplied by the current stock price.

Dividing market cap by number of shares also leads to the current stock price.

Sometimes companies engage in corporate stock buybacks, whereby they purchase their own shares, which reduces the total number of shares available on the market.

This increases the price of a stock without any fundamental, tangible change taking place. Value investors might say that stocks pumped up by share buybacks are overvalued. This process can lead to extreme valuations in stocks, as can extended periods of market euphoria.

The Takeaway

Intrinsic value and market value describe the value of a security as it’s currently trading versus where its underlying fundamentals suggest it should be trading. Using the intrinsic value vs market value method is likely best suited to a long-term buy-and-hold strategy.

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FAQ

What’s the difference between fair value and market value?

Fair value is the estimate of a company’s intrinsic value, whereas market value reflects the actual market price of company shares. While they may be used interchangeably, the two terms are different.

What if intrinsic value is higher than market price?

When an investor or analyst determines that the intrinsic value of a stock is higher than the market price, that could indicate the stock is undervalued. Value investors typically seek out such stocks, believing their price could rise over time to match the true value.

Why is it hard to calculate intrinsic value?

Intrinsic value is a more complex calculus, and can vary depending on the factors someone chooses to evaluate. This is partly because intrinsic value includes the dollar value of tangible assets, cash flow, liabilities, and so on — as well as intangible assets like patents, copy rights, brand reputation, and so forth.