Terminology Archives | Page 24 of 76

May

2024

What Is Market Overhang?

By Dori Zinn | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off

Market overhang is a market phenomenon whereby investors hold off trading a stock that’s seen a drop in price, because the expectation is the price will drop even further. A market or stock overhang can be precipitated by the awareness that a large block of shares — say, from an institutional investor — is about to hit the market, potentially driving a stock’s price down.

But it can result from other factors as well. Although the event has not happened, investors may hesitate to sell or buy shares in anticipation of price drop — and this can further depress the stock price. While there is also a business use of the term “overhang,” for investors, it may be useful to focus on how market overhang works in finance, specifically.

Market Overhang Definition

In its broadest use, an overhang describes a somewhat artificial market condition brought on by an anticipated shift in supply and demand (aka the price of a stock). Market overhang has a couple of uses in the business and finance worlds, and in an IPO market as well.

What Is an Overhang in Business?

An overhang in a business context can refer to the practice whereby a company, typically an industry leader, delays the release of a new product in order to stoke greater consumer demand for that product.

A familiar example might be the release of a new technology product or video game. The anticipation of the new release may cause consumers to avoid buying other products as they wait for the arrival of the new one. The overhang may result in lower purchases for existing products — and higher purchases of the newly released product. While this practice can be considered manipulative, it’s not uncommon.

What Is an Overhang in Finance?

More commonly: An overhang in finance is used to describe a dynamic that’s specific to how investors’ expectation about supply and demand can impact a company’s share price.
A market overhang is when a stock’s price declines because investors expect a further price drop on the horizon. Thus, some shareholders may hesitate to sell their shares, because that could further drive down the share price. Other investors may also hesitate to buy shares because of the anticipated price drop.

The business use of the term and the finance use describe different situations, but the common element is how investors’ anticipation of a future event can impact a company’s revenues or share price.

Needless to say, a market overhang can cast a shadow over a company’s performance, influencing share price, liquidity, and more, especially if the situation is prolonged. In many cases, though, market overhang is relatively short-lived and temporary. The difficulty for investors is knowing when the overhang, like bad weather, is finally going to pass. To that end, it helps to know some conditions that can cause a market overhang.

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How Market Overhang Is Created

There are a few conditions that can lead to a market overhang. Often these conditions can overlap.

A Stock Decline

The first is where a stock is already declining, perhaps owing to a change in key economic indicators or market conditions, and there is a buildup of selling pressure as investors hesitate to let go of their shares in a down market. This type of market overhang may be resolved once there are signs of price stability (even if it’s at a lower level).

The Role of Institutional Investors

Another type of stock overhang can be created by institutional investors — or companies that manage investments on behalf of clients or members of a firm. Institutional investors tend to have a larger stake in a particular stock compared with individual investors. This means that when the institutional investor plans to sell a large portion of their shares, a market overhang could kick in when investors become aware of this possible sale.

The anticipation of a large block of shares entering the market could drive prices down, and thus investors might hold off trading this particular stock — affecting its price, even before the institutional investor has made a move.

The stock overhang might be worse if it occurs during a price decline. In that case, investors may see the decline in share price, become aware that a large investor may sell a block of shares (which could further depress the price), become even more wary of buying or selling the company’s shares.

IPOs and Market Overhang

A third way that market overhang may occur is after an initial public offering (IPO). An IPO market can be a hot market, after all, and a company may get significant press coverage as its IPO approaches, which can drive up the stock price.

But if the IPO isn’t a big hit, and the share price isn’t what investors hoped (in IPO terms), there might be a bit of an overhang as investors wait for the lock-up period to end. The lock-up period is when company insiders can sell their shares, potentially flooding the market and further lowering the price.

Understanding the Effects of Market Overhang

Market overhang can last for a few weeks or even months — sometimes longer. The chief impact of a market overhang is that it can artificially depress the price of a stock, and if the market overhang is prolonged, that can have a negative impact on company performance.

As noted above, a market overhang typically ends when a stock price stabilizes. Unfortunately that often occurs at a lower price point than before the shares began to decline.

Example of Market Overhang

While some consider the market overhang phenomenon more anecdotal than technical, it’s something to watch out for. It could present an opportunity. And it doesn’t require a complicated, technical stock analysis to understand.

For example, let’s say a large tech company is trading at $300 a share. But there are reports that the company has been facing some headwinds, and it may undergo a rebranding and repositioning. In the face of this change and uncertainty, it’s natural that it might impact company performance and the share price might wobble a bit. But then, if enough investors are concerned about the company’s “new direction,” there could be a bigger shift in trading behavior that might further depress the share price in advance of the company pivot — creating an overhang.

While this isn’t ideal for current shareholders, a market overhang like this could be a “buy” opportunity for other investors. It depends on a number of factors, and it’s always important to understand market trends as well as company fundamentals. But it’s possible that some investors may view the company as a good prospect, despite a currently undervalued share price, and buy shares with the hope they might rise to their previous levels.

Why Market Overhang Matters

Market overhang is a valuable phenomenon for investors to be aware of, largely because it reflects many of the basic tenets of behavioral finance, which is the study of how emotions can impact financial choices. A market overhang could be viewed as the result of loss aversion and herd mentality — two well-documented behavioral patterns among investors.

Loss aversion is, as it sounds, the wish to avoid incurring losses. Herd mentality is, not surprisingly, the tendency for investors to behave as a group: buying or selling in waves. You can see how these two very human impulses — to protect oneself from losses, and to follow the herd — might create a market overhang.

The good news, though, is that investors are capricious and markets can be volatile, which means the market overhang will usually pass, and the stock will regain its normal momentum, whatever that may be. As an investor watching the market change, it’s up to you whether a stock overhang might present a buy opportunity or a sell opportunity — if you need to harvest some losses, for tax purposes.

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What Market Overhang Means for Shareholders

Market overhang affects different shareholders differently. Since institutional investors tend to be the ones who create market overhang, they also tend to have the upper hand on what it means for their investments.

Regular investors might worry that some of their shares are losing value. But with the ebbs and flows of the stock market, a price can rise and fall at various times throughout the year — even throughout a given day. Fluctuation is normal and this is part of the risk in investing in the stock market. Consider waiting out the storm to make an informed decision. There’s a chance the stock could rise to new highs and your investment will be worth even more.

The Takeaway

A market overhang is a type of trend that is considered more behavioral in nature, but it can be worthwhile for investors to keep it in mind when a stock isn’t performing as expected. In some cases, when investors anticipate an event that could drive down a stock’s price, they may hold off on trading that stock, further depressing the price and creating a market overhang. In that sense, a market overhang can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Institutional investors can create a market overhang, for example, when they contemplate selling a large portion of their holdings. This might spook other investors, who likewise decide not to trade their shares, creating a sort of temporary downward spiral in the share price. But because two common investor dynamics are at play here — the fear of losses, and the desire to comply with what other investors are doing — the emotions are usually temporary, and the market overhang passes.

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May

2024

What Is a Roth IRA and How Does It Work?

By AJ Smith | Budgeting & Goals, invest, Terminology | No Comments

Table of Contents

What Is a Roth IRA?
How to Open a Roth IRA
Roth IRA Eligibility
Roth IRA Annual Contribution Limits
Roth IRA Income Restrictions
Advantages of a Roth IRA
Disadvantages of a Roth IRA
Roth IRA Withdrawal Rules
Roth IRA vs Traditional IRA
Is a Roth IRA Right for You?
FAQ

A Roth IRA is an individual retirement account that allows you to contribute after-tax dollars, and then withdraw the money tax free in retirement. A Roth IRA is different from a traditional IRA, which is a tax-deferred account: meaning, you contribute pre-tax dollars — but you owe tax on the money you withdraw later.

Many people wonder what a Roth IRA is because, although it’s similar to a traditional IRA, the two accounts have many features and restrictions that are distinct from each other. Roth accounts can be more complicated, but for many investors the promise of having tax-free income in retirement is a strong incentive for understanding how Roth IRAs work.

Key Points

• A Roth IRA is a retirement savings account that offers tax-free growth and tax-free withdrawals in retirement.

• Contributions to a Roth IRA are made with after-tax dollars, but qualified withdrawals are not subject to income tax.

• Roth IRAs have income limits for eligibility, and contribution limits that vary based on age and income.

• Unlike traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs do not require minimum distributions during the account holder’s lifetime.

• Roth IRAs can be a valuable tool for long-term retirement savings, especially for individuals who expect to be in a higher tax bracket in the future.

What Is a Roth IRA?

A Roth IRA is a retirement account for people who want to make after-tax contributions. The trade-off for paying taxes upfront is that when you retire, all of your withdrawals will be tax free, including the earnings and other gains in your account.

That said, because you’re making after-tax contributions, you can’t deduct Roth deposits from your income tax the way you can with a traditional IRA.

Understanding Contributions vs Earnings

An interesting wrinkle with a Roth IRA is that you can withdraw your contributions tax and penalty-free at any time. That’s because you’ve already paid tax on that money before initially depositing or investing it.

Withdrawing investment earnings on your money, however, is a different story. Those gains need to stay in the Roth for a minimum of five years before you can withdraw them tax free — or you could owe tax on the earnings as well as a 10% penalty.

It’s important to know how the IRS treats Roth funds so you can strategize about the timing around contributions, Roth conversions, as well as withdrawals.

¹Terms and conditions apply. Roll over a minimum of $20K to receive the 1% match offer. Matches on contributions are made up to the annual limits.

Roth IRA Eligibility

Technically, anyone can open an IRA account, as long as they have earned income (i.e. taxable income). The IRS has specific criteria about what qualifies as earned income. Income from a rental property isn’t considered earned income, nor is child support, so be sure to check.

There are no age restrictions for contributing to a Roth IRA. There are age restrictions when contributing to a traditional IRA, however.

How to Open a Roth IRA

Roth IRA Annual Contribution Limits

For 2024, the annual limit is $7,000, and $8,000 for those 50 and up. The extra $1,000 is called a catch-up provision, for those closer to retirement.

For 2023, the annual contribution limits for both Roth and traditional IRAs was $6,500, or $7,500 for those 50 or older. So, there was a $500 increase in contribution limits between 2023 and 2024.

Remember that you can only contribute earned income. If you earn less than the contribution limit, you can only deposit up to the amount of money you made that year.

One exception is in the case of a spousal Roth IRA, where the working spouse can contribute to an IRA on behalf of a spouse who doesn’t have earned income.

Other Roth IRA Details

Since Roth IRAs are funded with after-tax income, contributions are not tax-deductible. One exception for low- and moderate-income individuals is something called the Saver’s Credit, which may give someone a partial tax credit for Roth contributions, assuming they meet certain income and other criteria.

Note that the deadline for IRA contributions is Tax Day of the following year. So for tax year 2023, the deadline for IRA contributions is April 15, 2024. But, if you file an extension, you cannot further postpone your IRA contribution until the extension date and have it apply to the prior year.

Calculate your IRA contributions.

Get a head start on retirement planning with SoFi’s 2024 IRA contribution calculator.

Roth IRA Income Restrictions

In addition, with a Roth there are important income restrictions to take into account. Higher-income individuals may not be able to contribute the full amount to a Roth IRA; some may not be eligible to contribute at all.

It’s important to know the rules and to make sure you don’t make an ineligible Roth contribution if your income is too high. Those funds would be subject to a 6% IRS penalty.

For 2023:

• You could contribute the full amount to a Roth as long as your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) was less than $138,000 (for single filers) or less than $218,000 for those married, filing jointly.

• Single people who earned more than $138,000 but less than $153,000 could contribute a reduced amount.

• Married couples who earned between $218,000 and $228,000 could also contribute a reduced amount.

For 2024 the numbers have changed and the Roth IRA income limits have increased:

• For single and joint filers: in order to contribute the full amount to a Roth you must earn less than $146,000 or $230,000, respectively.

• Single filers earning more than $146,000 but less than $161,000 can contribute a reduced amount. (If your MAGI is over $161,000 you can’t contribute to a Roth.)

• Married couples who earn between $230,000 and $240,000 can contribute a reduced amount. (But if your MAGI is over $240,000 you’re not eligible.)

If your filing status is…	If your 2023 MAGI is…	If your 2024 MAGI is…	You may contribute:
Married filing jointly or qualifying widow(er)	Up to $218,000	Up to $230,000	For 2023 $6,500 or $7,500 for those 50 and up. For 2024 $7,000 or $8,000 for those 50 and up.
	$218,000 to $228,000	$230,000 to $240,000	A reduced amount^*
	Over $228,000	Over $240,000	Cannot contribute
Single, head of household, or married filing separately (and you didn’t live with your spouse in the past year)	Up to $138,000	Up to $146,000	For 2023 $6,500 or $7,500 for those 50 and up. For 2024 $7,000 or $8,000 for those 50 and up.
	From $138,000 to $153,000	From $146,000 to $161,000	Reduced amount
	Over $153,000	Over $161,000	Cannot contribute
Married filing separately^**	Less than $10,000	Less than $10,000	Reduced amount
	Over $10,000	Over $10,000	Cannot contribute

^*Consult IRS rules regarding reduced amounts.
^**You did live with your spouse at some point during the year.

Advantages of a Roth IRA

Depending on an individual’s income and circumstances, a Roth IRA has a number of advantages.

• No age restriction on contributions. With a traditional IRA, individuals must stop making contributions at age 72. A Roth IRA works differently: Account holders can make contributions at any age as long as they have earned income for the year.

^* You can fund a Roth and a 401(k). Funding a 401(k) and a traditional IRA can be tricky, because they’re both tax-deferred accounts. But a Roth is after-tax, so you can contribute to a Roth and a 401(k) at the same time (and stick to the contribution limits for each account).

• Early withdrawal option. With a Roth IRA, an individual can generally withdraw money they’ve contributed at any time, without penalty (but not earnings on those deposits). In contrast, withdrawals from a traditional IRA before age 59 ½ may be subject to a 10% penalty.

• Qualified Roth withdrawals are tax-free. Investors who have had the Roth for at least five years, and are at least 59 ½, are eligible to take tax- and penalty-free withdrawals of contributions + earnings.

• No required minimum distributions (RMDs). Unlike IRAs, which require account holders to start withdrawing money after age 73, Roth IRAs do not have RMDs. That means an individual can withdraw the money as needed, without fear of triggering a penalty.

Disadvantages of a Roth IRA

Despite the appeal of being able to take tax-free withdrawals in retirement, or when you qualify, Roth IRAs have some disadvantages.

• No tax deduction for contributions. The primary disadvantage of a Roth IRA is that your contributions are not tax deductible, as they are with a traditional IRA and other tax-deferred accounts (e.g. a SEP IRA, 401(k), 403(b)).

• Higher earners often can’t contribute to a Roth. Affluent investors are generally excluded from Roth IRA accounts, unless they do what’s known as a backdoor Roth or a Roth conversion. (There are no income limits for converting a traditional IRA to a Roth, but you’ll have to pay taxes on the money that goes into the Roth — though you won’t face a penalty.)

• The 5-year rule applies. The 5-year rule can make withdrawals more complicated for investors who open a Roth later in life. If you open a Roth or do a Roth conversion at age 60, for example, you must wait five years to take qualified withdrawals of contributions and earnings, or face a penalty (some exceptions to this rule apply; see below).

Last, the downside with both a traditional or a Roth IRA is that the contribution limit is low. Other retirement accounts, including a SEP-IRA or 401(k), allow you to contribute far more in retirement savings. But, as noted above, you can combine saving in a 401(k) with saving in a Roth IRA as well.

Roth IRA Withdrawal Rules

Because Roth IRA withdrawal rules can be complicated, let’s review some of the ins and outs.

Qualified Distributions

Since you have already paid tax on the money you deposit, you’re able to withdraw contributions at any time, without paying taxes or a 10% early withdrawal penalty.

For example, if you’ve contributed $25,000 to a Roth over the last five years, and your investments have seen a 10% gain (or $2,500), you would have $27,500 in the account. But you could only withdraw up to $25,000 of your actual deposits.

Withdrawing any of the $2,500 in earnings would depend on your age and the 5-year rule.

The 5-Year Rule

What is the 5-year rule? You can withdraw Roth account earnings without owing tax or a penalty, as long as it has been at least five years since you first funded the account, and you are at least 59 ½. So if you start funding a Roth when you’re 60, you still have to wait five years to take qualified withdrawals.

The 5-year rule applies to everyone, no matter how old they are when they want to withdraw earnings from a Roth.

There are some exceptions that might enable you to avoid owing tax or a penalty.

Non-Qualified Withdrawals

Non-qualified withdrawals of earnings from a Roth IRA depends on your age and how long you’ve been funding the account.

• If you meet the 5-year rule, but you’re under 59 ½, you’ll owe taxes and a 10% penalty on any earnings you withdraw, except in certain cases.

• If you don’t meet the 5-year criteria, meaning you haven’t had the account for five years, and if you’re less than 59 ½ years old, in most cases you will also owe taxes and a 10% penalty.

There are some exceptions that might help you avoid paying a penalty, but you’d still owe tax on the early withdrawal of earnings.

Exceptions

Again, these restrictions apply to the earnings on your Roth contributions. (You can withdraw direct contributions themselves at any time, for any reason, tax and penalty free.)

You can take an early or non-qualified withdrawal prior to 59 ½ without paying a penalty or taxes, as long you’ve been actively making contributions for at least five years, in certain circumstances, including:

• For a first home. You can take out up to $10,000 to pay for buying, building, or rebuilding your first home.

• Disability. You can withdraw money if you qualify as disabled.

• Death. Your heirs or estate can withdraw money if you die.

Additionally you can avoid the penalty, although you still have to pay income tax on the earnings, if you withdraw earnings for:

• Medical expenses. Specifically, those that exceed 7.5% of your adjusted gross income.

• Medical insurance premiums. During a time in which you’re unemployed.

• Qualified higher education expenses.

Not only are the early withdrawal restrictions looser than with a traditional IRA, the post-retirement withdrawal restrictions are lesser, as well. Whereas account holders are required to start taking distribution of funds from their IRA after age 73, there is no pressure to take distribution from a Roth IRA at any age.

Roth IRA vs Traditional IRA

There are certain things a Roth IRA and a traditional IRA have in common, and several ways that they differ:

• It’s an effective retirement savings plan: Though the plans differ in the tax benefits they offer, both are a smart way to save money for retirement.

• Not an employer-sponsored plan: Individuals can open either type of IRA through a financial institution, and select their own investments or choose an automated portfolio.

• Maximum yearly contribution: For 2023, the annual limit is $6,500, with an additional $1,000 allowed in catch-up contributions for individuals over age 50. For 2024 it’s $7,000, and $8,000 if you’re 50 and older.

There are also a number of differences between a Roth and a traditional IRA:

• Roth IRA has income limits, but a traditional IRA does not.

• Roth IRA contributions are not tax deductible, but contributions you make to a traditional, tax-deferred IRA are tax deductible.

• Roth IRA has no RMDs. Individuals can withdraw money when they want, without the age limit imposed by a traditional IRA.

• Roth IRA allows for penalty-free withdrawals before age 59 ½. While there are some restrictions, an account holder can typically withdraw contributions (if not earnings) before retirement.

Is a Roth IRA Right for You?

How do you know whether you should contribute to a Roth IRA or a traditional IRA? The quiz below or this checklist might help you decide.

• You might want to open a Roth IRA if you don’t have access to an employer-sponsored 401(k) plan, or if you do have a 401(k) plan but you’ve already maxed out your contribution there. You can fund a Roth IRA and an employer-sponsored plan.

• Because contributions are taxed immediately, rather than in retirement, using a Roth IRA can make sense if you are in a lower tax bracket or if you typically get a refund from the IRS. It may also make sense to open a Roth IRA if you expect your tax bracket to be higher in retirement than it is today.

• Individuals who are in the beginning of their careers and earning less might consider contributing to a Roth IRA now, since they might not qualify under the income limits later in life.

• A Roth IRA can be helpful if you think you’ll work past the traditional retirement age.

The Takeaway

A Roth IRA has many of the same benefits of a traditional IRA, with some unique aspects that can be attractive to some people saving for retirement. With a Roth IRA you don’t have to contend with required minimum distributions (RMDs); you can contribute to a Roth IRA at any age; and qualified withdrawals are tax free. With all that, a Roth IRA has a lot going for it.

That said, not everyone is eligible to fund a Roth IRA. You need to have earned income, and your annual household income cannot exceed certain limits. Also, even though you can withdraw your Roth IRA contributions at any time without owing a penalty, the same isn’t true of earnings.

You must have been funding your Roth for at least 5 years, and you must be at least 59 ½, in order to make qualified withdrawals of earnings. Otherwise, you would likely owe taxes on any earnings you withdraw — and possibly a penalty. Still, the primary advantage of a Roth IRA — being able to have an income stream in retirement that’s completely tax free — can outweigh some of the restrictions for certain investors.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

Are Roth IRAs insured?

If your Roth IRA is held at an FDIC-insured bank and is invested in bank products like certificates of deposit (CDs) or money market account, those deposits are insured up to $250,000 per depositor, per institution. On the other hand, if your Roth IRA is with a brokerage that’s a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), and the brokerage fails, the SIPC provides protection up to $500,000, which includes a $250,000 limit for cash. It’s important to note that neither FDIC or SIPC insurance protects against market losses; they only cover losses due to institutional failures or insolvency.

How much can I put in my Roth IRA monthly?

For tax year 2023, the maximum you can deposit in a Roth or traditional IRA is $6,500, or $7,500 if you’re over 50. How you divide that per month is up to you. You just can’t contribute more than the annual limit.

Who can open a Roth IRA?

Anyone with earned income (i.e. taxable income) can open a Roth IRA, but your income must be within certain limits in order to fund a Roth.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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May

2024

What Is an IRA?

By Pam O’Brien | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | No Comments

Table of Contents

What Is an IRA?
What Are the Different Types of IRA Accounts?
How to Open an IRA
Benefits of Opening an IRA
Which Type of IRA Works for You?
How Much Should You Contribute to an IRA?
How Can You Use IRA Funds?
FAQ

What Is an IRA?

An individual retirement account, or IRA, is a retirement savings account that has certain tax advantages. Brian Walsh is a CFP® at SoFi — he says “The tax advantage part is important because it allows your money to grow a little bit more efficiently, especially over a long period of time.” An IRA allows individuals to save for retirement over the long-term.

There are different types of IRAs, but two of the most common are traditional and Roth IRAs. Both types generally let you contribute the same amount annually (more on that below). One key difference is the way the two accounts are taxed: With traditional IRAs, you deduct your contributions upfront and pay taxes on distributions when you retire. With Roth IRAs, contributions are not tax deductible, but you can withdraw money tax-free in retirement.

For those planning for their future, IRAs are worth learning more about—and potentially investing in. Read on to learn more about the different types of IRAs, which one might be right for you, and how to open an individual retirement account.

Key Points

• An IRA is a retirement savings account that offers tax advantages and allows individuals to save for retirement over the long-term.

• There are different types of IRAs, including traditional and Roth IRAs, each with its own tax treatment and contribution limits.

• Traditional IRAs allow for pre-tax contributions and tax-deferred growth, while Roth IRAs involve after-tax contributions and tax-free withdrawals in retirement.

• Other types of IRAs include SEP IRAs for small business owners and self-employed individuals, and SIMPLE IRAs for employees and employers of small businesses.

• Opening an IRA provides individuals with the opportunity to save for retirement, supplement existing retirement plans, and potentially benefit from tax advantages.

What Are the Different Types of IRA Accounts?

There are several types of IRAs, including traditional and Roth IRAs. Since it is possible to have multiple IRAs, an individual who works for themselves or owns a small business might also establish a SEP IRA (Simplified Employee Pension) or SIMPLE IRA (Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees). Just be aware that you cannot exceed the total contribution limits across all the IRAs you hold.

Here is an overview of some different types of IRAs:

¹Terms and conditions apply. Roll over a minimum of $20K to receive the 1% match offer. Matches on contributions are made up to the annual limits.

Traditional IRA

A traditional IRA is a retirement account that allows individuals to make pre-tax contributions. Money inside a traditional IRA grows tax-deferred, and it’s subject to income tax when it’s withdrawn.

Contributions to a traditional IRA are typically tax-deductible because they can lower an individual’s taxable income in the year they contribute.

Traditional IRAs have contribution limits. In 2024, individuals can contribute up to $7,000 per year, with an additional catch-up contribution of $1,000 for those aged 50 and up. In 2023, the contribution limit was $6,500 annually or $7,500 for those 50 and older.

When individuals reach a certain age, they must start taking required minimum distributions (RMDs) from a traditional IRA. RMDs are generally calculated by taking the IRA account balance and dividing it by a life expectancy factor determined by the IRS.

Saving for retirement with an IRA means that an individual is, essentially, saving money until they reach at least age 59 ½. Withdrawals from a traditional IRA taken before that time are typically subject to income tax and a 10% early withdrawal penalty. There are some exemptions to this rule, however — such as using a set amount of IRA funds to buy a first house or pay a medical insurance premium after an individual loses their job.

Calculate your IRA contributions.

Discover how much you can put into an IRA in 2024 using SoFi’s IRA contribution calculator.

Roth IRA

Unlike a traditional IRA, contributions to a Roth IRA are made with after-tax dollars, and contributions are not tax-deductible. The money can grow tax-free in the Roth IRA account. Withdrawals made after age 59 ½ are tax-free, as long as the account has been open for at least five years.

Roth IRAs are subject to the same contribution limits as traditional IRAs, but the amount an individual can contribute may be limited based on their tax filing status and income levels.

For 2024, married couples filing jointly can contribute only a partial amount to a Roth if their modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is $230,000 or more. If their MAGI is over $240,000, they cannot contribute to a Roth at all. For single filers, those whose MAGI is $146,000 or more can make a reduced contribution to a Roth, and those whose MAGI is more than $161,000 cannot contribute.

Individuals with Roth IRAs are not required to take RMDs. Additionally, Roth withdrawal rules are a bit more flexible than those for a traditional IRA. Individuals can withdraw contributions to their Roth IRAs at any time without having to pay income tax or a penalty fee. However, they may be subject to taxes and a 10% penalty on earnings they withdraw before age 59 ½.

SEP IRA

A simplified employee pension (SEP IRA) provides small business owners and self-employed people with a way to contribute to their employees’ or their own retirement plans. Contribution limits are significantly larger than those for traditional and Roth IRAs.

Only an employer (or self-employed person) can contribute to a SEP IRA. In 2024, employers can contribute up to 25% of their employees’ compensations or $69,000 a year, whichever is less. The amount of employee compensation that can be used to calculate the 25% is limited to $345,000 in 2024.

If an individual is the owner of the business and contributes a certain percentage of their compensation to their own SEP IRA —for example, 15%— the amount they contribute to their employees’ plans must be the same proportion of the employees’ salary (in other words, also 15% or whatever percentage they contributed).

When it comes to RMDs and early withdrawal penalties, SEP IRAs follow the same rules as traditional IRAs. However, in certain situations, the early withdrawal penalty may be waived.

SIMPLE IRA

A Savings Incentive Match Plan for employees, or SIMPLE IRA, is a traditional IRA that both employees and employers can contribute to. These plans are, typically, available to any small business with 100 employees or fewer.

Employers are required to contribute to the plan each year by making a 3% matching contribution, or a 2% nonelective contribution, which must be made even if the employee doesn’t contribute anything to the account. This 2% contribution is calculated on no more than $345,000 of an employee’s compensation in 2024.

Employees can contribute up to $16,000 to their SIMPLE IRA in 2024, and they can also make catch-up contributions of $3,500 at age 50 or older, if their plan allows it.

SIMPLE plans have RMDs, and early withdrawals are subject to income tax and a 10% penalty. The early withdrawal penalty increases to 25% for withdrawals made during the first two years of participation in a plan. (There are, however, certain exemptions recognized by the IRS.)

This article is part of SoFi’s Retirement Planning Guide, our coverage of all the steps you need to create a successful retirement plan.

How to Open an IRA

Benefits of Opening an IRA

The main advantage of opening an IRA is that you are saving money for your future. Investing in retirement is an important financial move at any age. Beyond that, here are some other benefits of opening an IRA:

• Anyone who earns income can open an IRA. It’s a good option if you don’t have access to an employee-sponsored plan, such as a 401(k) or a 403(b).

• An IRA can supplement an employee plan. You could open an IRA to supplement your retirement plan at work, especially if you’ve already contributed the annual maximum.

• An IRA might be a good rollover vehicle. If you’re leaving your job, you could roll over funds from a 401(k) or 403(b) into an IRA. That may give you access to more investment options—not to mention consolidating your accounts in one place.

• A SEP IRA might be helpful if you’re self-employed. A SEP IRA may allow you to contribute more each year than you could to a Roth or Traditional IRA, depending on how much you earn.

Which Type of IRA Works for You?

There are many different types of IRAs and deciding which one is better for your particular financial situation will depend on your individual circumstances and future plans. Here are some questions to ask yourself when deciding between different types of IRAs:

• Thinking ahead, what do you expect your tax income bracket to look like at retirement? If you think you’ll be in a lower bracket when you retire, it might make more sense to invest in a traditional IRA, since you’ll pay more in taxes today than you would when you withdraw the money later.

• Will you likely be in a higher tax bracket at retirement? That can easily happen as your career and income grow and if you experience lifestyle inflation. In that case, a Roth IRA might give you the opportunity to save on taxes in the long run.

• Do you prefer not to take RMDs starting at age 73? If so, a Roth IRA might be a better option for you.

• Is your income high enough to prevent you from contributing the full amount (or at all) to a Roth IRA? In that case, you may want to consider a traditional IRA.

How Much Should You Contribute to an IRA?

If you can afford it, you could contribute up to the maximum limit to your IRA every year (including catch-up contributions if you qualify). Otherwise, it generally makes sense to contribute as much as you can, on a regular basis, so that it becomes a habit.

Until you’re on track for retirement, many financial professionals recommend prioritizing IRA contributions over other big expenses, like saving for a down payment on a first or second home, or for your kids’ college education.

Any money you put into an IRA has the opportunity to grow over time. Of course, everyone’s circumstances are different, so for specifics unique to your situation, it might help to talk to a financial advisor and/or a tax advisor.

How Can You Use IRA Funds?

Early withdrawals of your IRA funds, prior to the age of 59 ½, can trigger a 10% penalty tax. However, there are exceptions that may allow an individual to use their IRA funds before hitting the age of eligibility and without facing the 10% penalty, according to IRS rules. Just keep in mind that early withdrawals are generally considered a last resort after all other options have been exhausted since you don’t want to dip into your retirement funds unless absolutely necessary.

IRA withdrawal exceptions include:

• Permanent disability

• Higher education expenses

• Certain out-of-pocket medical expenses totaling more than 10% of adjusted gross income

• Qualified first-time homebuyers up to $10,000

• Health insurance premiums while unemployed

• IRS levy of the plan

• Qualified military reservist called to active duty

• Death of the IRA’s owner

The Takeaway

IRAs offer individuals an opportunity to save money for retirement in a tax-advantaged plan. There are several different IRAs to choose from to help you find an account that suits your needs and goals.

There are multiple options for opening an IRA, including online brokers and robo-advisors. With an online broker, you choose the investment assets for your IRA. A robo-advisor is an automated investment platform that picks investments for you based on your financial goals, risk tolerance, and investing time frame. Whichever option you choose, you decide on a financial institution, pick the type of IRA you want, and set up your account.

Ready to invest for your retirement? It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

How is an IRA different from a 401(k)?

While IRAs and 401(k)s are both tax-advantaged ways to save money for retirement, a 401(k) is an employer-sponsored plan that is offered through the workplace, and an IRA is an account you can open on your own.

What’s the difference between a Roth IRA and a Traditional IRA?

The biggest difference between a traditional IRA vs. Roth IRA is how and when your money is taxed. With a traditional IRA, you get a tax deduction when you make contributions. Your contributions are made with pre-tax dollars, and when you withdraw money in retirement, the funds are taxed.

With a Roth IRA, you make contributions with after-tax dollars. You don’t get a tax deduction upfront when you contribute, but your money grows tax-free. When you withdraw the money in retirement, you won’t pay taxes on the withdrawals.

When should I make IRA contributions?

One simple way to fund your IRA is to set up automatic contributions at regular intervals that puts money from your bank account directly into your IRA. You could contribute monthly or several times a year—the frequency is up to you. Some people contribute once annually, after they receive a year-end bonus, for example.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

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May

2024

ACH vs Check: What Are the Differences?

By Jacqueline DeMarco | Budgeting & Goals, money, Terminology | Comments Off

While both ACH and checks have their upsides, ACH tends to be the quicker and more secure payment method. However, in your financial life, there will probably be times when one is a lot better suited to your needs than the other.

Here’s a detailed breakdown of ACH vs. check, the pros and cons of each, and how they stack up.

What Is ACH and How Does It Work?

An ACH transfer (named after the Automated Clearing House network) is an electronic banking transaction that is processed through the ACH network. The network is a major financial hub, made up of around 10,000 institutions. Through the ACH network it is possible to process the following transactions:

• Direct debits

• Direct deposits

• Direct payments

• Electronic checks (eChecks)

• Electronic funds transfers (EFTs)

Businesses and consumers have the option of using ACH transfers to make direct payments (known as ACH debit transactions) or direct deposits (ACH credit transactions). Some financial institutions even make it possible to schedule and pay bills electronically via ACH transfers. You are probably familiar with ACH transactions when you set up autopay on an account, whether it’s a utility bill or your gym membership.

You may wonder how long ACH transfers take. Because they are electronic, ACH transfers can clear banks in a matter of a few business days as long as there are enough funds in the account. However, there are times where ACH transactions will take longer. This is especially common if a transaction is suspected to be fraud.

However, for something like a direct deposit of a paycheck, ACH can be quite quick. When the payment hits your checking account, it’s immediately available. You don’t have to run around with a paper check that needs to be deposited. That can make a big difference between getting paid by ACH vs. a check.

💡 Quick Tip: Help your money earn more money! Opening a bank account online often gets you higher-than-average rates.

Pros and Cons of ACH

Like any financial tool, ACH transfers have some advantages and disadvantages worth considering. Here’s a closer look at some important pros and cons.

Pros	Cons
• Free. Most, but not all, ACH transfers are free. • Errors can be reversed. You can sometimes request a transaction reversal for ACH transfers if an error occurs. • Simple and straightforward. Convenient form of payment allowing you to pay without cash. • Secure. The digital nature of these payments can make them less likely to have funds stolen.	• Fees can apply. May need to pay a fee to expedite bill-pay services or to make a transfer to an outside bank. • Slow timeline. Can take up to three days for a transfer to go through. • Potential roadblocks. Daily transfer limits apply.

Pros

Cons

• Free. Most, but not all, ACH transfers are free.

• Errors can be reversed. You can sometimes request a transaction reversal for ACH transfers if an error occurs.

• Simple and straightforward. Convenient form of payment allowing you to pay without cash.

• Secure. The digital nature of these payments can make them less likely to have funds stolen.

• Fees can apply. May need to pay a fee to expedite bill-pay services or to make a transfer to an outside bank.

• Slow timeline. Can take up to three days for a transfer to go through.

• Potential roadblocks. Daily transfer limits apply.

What Is a Check?

A check is a payment method that involves making a payment using a paper check that has the payment amount and the payee’s bank account information on it. Once someone writes a check, the recipient can cash it and receive the funds.

Pros and Cons of Using a Paper Check

While not as popular as in the past, checks are still one of the most basic and time-honored financial tools at your disposal. They allow you to move money around without paying a fee, and they are a secure way to do this. What’s more, checks create a paper trail with proof that funds have been received.

But they can wind up costing you, they can take longer than you might expect, and sadly, there are scams that prey upon those who use checks. Here are some of the pros and cons of using a check to make payments or to receive payments in chart form.

Pros	Cons
• No fees. Electronic payments can come with fees, but there are no fees for standard checks once you purchase them. • Safe way to send money. Cash can be lost or stolen. If a check is lost or stolen, the person who finds it will have a hard time cashing it thanks to handy security features. • Proof of payment. Checks have a paper trail confirming proof of payment.	• Check scams exist. Check scams can be dangerous and easy to fall for. • Checks cost money. Typically, you don’t pay a fee when you use a check, but it costs money to buy checks, and depending on your situation, you might have to pay a fee to cash a check at some locations. • Processing delays occur. Paying by cash, credit, or electronic transfer can usually occur more quickly than paying by check.

Pros

Cons

• No fees. Electronic payments can come with fees, but there are no fees for standard checks once you purchase them.

• Safe way to send money. Cash can be lost or stolen. If a check is lost or stolen, the person who finds it will have a hard time cashing it thanks to handy security features.

• Proof of payment. Checks have a paper trail confirming proof of payment.

• Check scams exist. Check scams can be dangerous and easy to fall for.

• Checks cost money. Typically, you don’t pay a fee when you use a check, but it costs money to buy checks, and depending on your situation, you might have to pay a fee to cash a check at some locations.

• Processing delays occur. Paying by cash, credit, or electronic transfer can usually occur more quickly than paying by check.

Recommended: Ways to Send Money Online

ACH vs Check: The Differences

Here, a side-by-side comparison of ACH vs. checks. It’s important to note that both have their own unique set of advantages and disadvantages, but much of the choice about which to use will depend on your particular circumstances and preferences.

ACH	Check
• For the most part, ACH transfers are free unless a rush fee or a fee for transferring to an outside bank applies. • It is sometimes possible to request a transaction reversal for ACH transfers if an error occurred. • ACH payments are fairly simple and easy to conduct. • ACH transfers can take a few days to clear.	• There are no fees associated with checks, but consumers do have to buy the checks to be able to use them. • Checks offer a safe way to make payments, but there can be issues with scams and stolen checks. • Checks provide a convenient paper trail that cash payments lack. • Checks can take several days to clear.

ACH

Check

• For the most part, ACH transfers are free unless a rush fee or a fee for transferring to an outside bank applies.

• It is sometimes possible to request a transaction reversal for ACH transfers if an error occurred.

• ACH payments are fairly simple and easy to conduct.

• ACH transfers can take a few days to clear.

• There are no fees associated with checks, but consumers do have to buy the checks to be able to use them.

• Checks offer a safe way to make payments, but there can be issues with scams and stolen checks.

• Checks provide a convenient paper trail that cash payments lack.

• Checks can take several days to clear.

Recommended: Average Savings by Age

Which Should You Consider Using?

There’s no right or wrong answer when it comes to choosing a check over an ACH transfer. Both have unique advantages and disadvantages. Consider these scenarios:

• Because it’s possible to set up recurring ACH transfers, that can be a much more convenient option if someone wants to schedule ongoing automated payments such as rent or bills.

• Checks, which are very secure and convenient, may be a better fit for one-off payments such as paying the babysitter or a hairdresser.

As you see, the decision depends on what best suits your needs for a particular transaction.

The Takeaway

Both ACH transfers and checks offer benefits. They can be convenient, secure ways to transfer money, though ACH may be faster and safer. Which one is the “best” will often depend on the unique preferences of both parties involved in the transaction. You may well find yourself toggling between the two during your everyday financial life.

While you’re thinking about which kinds of payments work best for you, consider your banking options.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.00% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

Is an ACH payment a check?

No, ACH payments are an electronic transfer processed through the Automated Clearing House network, which is a network made up of around 10,000 financial institutions. A check is a different kind of payment, using a paper document and being processed in a different way.

Is ACH better than checks?

Not necessarily. ACH can be faster, cheaper, and more secure in certain scenarios, but both can be useful ways to make payments.

Is ACH cheaper than checks?

When it comes to check vs. ACH costs, ACH payments can be cheaper than checks in some cases, but not always. ACH payments are free, whereas consumers generally need to buy checks to use for payments. However, you may run into fees when doing certain ACH payments.

Is ACH safer than a check?

Both checks and ACH transfers are very secure, but ACH payments are known to be more secure, thanks to the extra layers of protection in place due to encryption that occur during the transfer. Both checks and ACH transfers do require that the identity of the recipient be verified before the transaction can complete. Fraud and mistakes can occur for both payment types.

Photo credit: iStock/bernardbodo

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2024 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.00% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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May

2024

What Is Regulation T (Reg T) & What Does It Do?

Regulation T (Reg T): All You Need to Know

By Rebecca Lake | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off

Regulation T, or “Reg T” for short, is a Federal Reserve Board regulation governing the extension of credit from brokerage firms to investors (also called margin accounts). In margin trading, Regulation T is used to determine initial margin requirements. An investor who fails to meet the initial margin requirements may be subject to a Reg T call, which is one type of margin call.

Understanding Regulation T and Regulation T calls is important when trading securities on margin.

What Is Regulation T?

Regulation T is issued by the Federal Reserve Board, pursuant to the 1934 Securities Exchange Act. The purpose of Reg T is to regulate how brokerage firms and broker dealers extend credit to investors in margin trading transactions. Specifically, Regulation T governs initial margin requirements, as well as payment rules that apply to certain types of securities transactions.

Margin trading means an investor borrows money from a brokerage to make investments. This allows the investor to potentially increase their investment without putting up any additional money out of pocket. For example, an investor may be able to put up $10,000 to purchase 100 shares of stock and borrow another $10,000 on margin from their brokerage to double their investment to $20,000.

Regulation T is central to understanding the inner workings of margin accounts. When someone is buying on margin, the assets in their brokerage account serve as collateral for a line of credit from the broker.

The borrowed amount is repaid with interest. Interest rates charged on margin accounts vary according to the brokerage and the amount borrowed. Trading on margin offers an opportunity to amplify returns, but poses the risk of steeper losses as well.

Increase your buying power with a margin loan from SoFi.

Borrow against your current investments at just 11%* and start margin trading.

*For full margin details, see terms.

💡 Quick Tip: When you trade using margin, you’re using leverage — i.e. borrowed funds that increase your purchasing power. Remember that whatever you borrow you must repay, with interest.

How Reg T Works

Regulation T works by establishing certain requirements for trading on margin. Specifically, there are three thresholds investors are required to observe when margin buying, one of which is directly determined by Regulation T.

Here’s a closer look at the various requirements to trade on margin:

• Minimum margin. Minimum margin represents the amount an investor must deposit with their brokerage before opening a margin account. Under FINRA rules, this amount must be $2,000 or 100% of the purchase price of the margin securities, whichever is less. Keep in mind that this is FINRA’s rule, and that some brokerages may require a higher minimum margin.

• Initial margin. Initial margin represents the amount an investor is allowed to borrow. Regulation T sets the maximum at 50% of the purchase price of margin securities. Again, though, brokerage firms may require investors to make a larger initial margin deposit.

• Maintenance margin. Maintenance margin represents the minimum amount of margin equity that must be held in the account at all times. If you don’t know what margin equity is, it’s the value of the securities held in your margin account less the amount you owe to the brokerage firm. FINRA sets the minimum maintenance margin at 25% of the total market value of margin securities though brokerages can establish higher limits.

Regulation T’s main function is to limit the amount of credit a brokerage can extend. It’s also used to regulate prohibited activity in cash accounts, which are separate from margin accounts. For example, an investor cannot use a cash account to buy a stock then sell it before the trade settles under Reg T rules. It may be beneficial to review the basics of leveraged trading to deepen your understanding, too.

Why Regulation T Exists

Margin trading can be risky and Regulation T is intended to limit an investor’s potential for losses. If an investor were able to borrow an unlimited amount of credit from their brokerage account to trade, they could potentially realize much larger losses over time if their investments fail to pay off.

Regulation T also ensures that investors have some skin in the game, so to speak, by requiring them to use some of their own money to invest. This can be seen as an indirect means of risk management, since an investor who’s using at least some of their own money to trade on margin may be more likely to calculate risk/reward potential and avoid reckless decision-making.

Example of Reg T

Regulation T establishes a 50% baseline for the amount an investor is required to deposit with a brokerage before trading on margin. So, for example, say you want to open a margin account. You make the minimum margin deposit of $2,000, as required by FINRA. You want to purchase 100 shares of stock valued at $100 each, which result in a total purchase price of $10,000.

Under Regulation T, the most you’d be able to borrow from your brokerage to complete the trade is $5,000. You’d have to deposit another $5,000 of your own money into your brokerage account to meet the initial margin requirement. Or, if your brokerage sets the bar higher at 60% initial margin, you’d need to put up $6,000 in order to borrow the remaining $4,000.

Why You Might Receive a Regulation T Call

Understanding the initial margin requirements is important for avoiding a Regulation T margin call. In general, a margin call happens when you fail to meet your brokerage’s requirements for trading in a margin account. Reg T calls occur when you fall short of the initial margin requirements. This can happen, for instance, if you’re trading options on margin or if you have an ACH deposit transaction that’s later reversed.

Regulation T margin calls are problematic because you can’t make any additional trades in your account until you deposit money to meet the 50% initial margin requirement. If you don’t have cash on hand to deposit, then the brokerage can sell off securities in your account until the initial margin requirement is met.

Brokerages don’t always have to ask your permission to do this. They may not have to notify you first that they intend to sell your securities either. So that’s why it’s important to fully understand the Reg T requirements to ensure that your account is always in good standing with regard to initial margin limits.

💡 Quick Tip: When you’re actively investing in stocks, it’s important to ask what types of fees you might have to pay. For example, brokers may charge a flat fee for trading stocks, or require some commission for every trade. Taking the time to manage investment costs can be beneficial over the long term.

The Takeaway

Regulation T is used to determine initial margin requirements — i.e. the amount of cash an investor must keep available relative to the amount they’ve borrowed. Margin trading may be profitable for investors, though it’s important to understand the risks involved. Specifically, investors need to know what could trigger a Regulation T margin call, and what that might mean for their portfolios.

An investor who fails to meet the initial margin requirements may be subject to a Reg T call, which is problematic because they are restricted from making additional trades until they deposit the 50% initial margin requirement. If the investor doesn’t have cash on hand to deposit, then the brokerage can sell off securities in the account until the initial margin requirement is met.

If you’re an experienced trader and have the risk tolerance to try out trading on margin, consider enabling a SoFi margin account. With a SoFi margin account, experienced investors can take advantage of more investment opportunities, and potentially increase returns. That said, margin trading is a high-risk endeavor, and using margin loans can amplify losses as well as gains.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

Photo credit: iStock/loveguli

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
*Borrow at 11%. Utilizing a margin loan is generally considered more appropriate for experienced investors as there are additional costs and risks associated. It is possible to lose more than your initial investment when using margin. Please see SoFi.com/wealth/assets/documents/brokerage-margin-disclosure-statement.pdf for detailed disclosure information.
Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

SOIN-Q224-1885772-V1

What Is Market Overhang?

Market Overhang Definition

What Is an Overhang in Business?

What Is an Overhang in Finance?

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How Market Overhang Is Created

A Stock Decline

The Role of Institutional Investors

IPOs and Market Overhang

Understanding the Effects of Market Overhang

Example of Market Overhang

Why Market Overhang Matters

What Market Overhang Means for Shareholders

The Takeaway

What Is a Roth IRA and How Does It Work?

What Is a Roth IRA?

Understanding Contributions vs Earnings

Get a 1% IRA match on rollovers and contributions.

Double down on your retirement goals with a 1% match on every dollar you roll over and contribute to a SoFi IRA.1

Roth IRA Eligibility

How to Open a Roth IRA

Roth IRA Annual Contribution Limits

Other Roth IRA Details

Roth IRA Income Restrictions

Advantages of a Roth IRA

Disadvantages of a Roth IRA

Roth IRA Withdrawal Rules

Qualified Distributions

The 5-Year Rule

Non-Qualified Withdrawals

Exceptions

Roth IRA vs Traditional IRA

Is a Roth IRA Right for You?

The Takeaway

FAQ

Are Roth IRAs insured?

How much can I put in my Roth IRA monthly?

Who can open a Roth IRA?

What Is an IRA?

What Is an IRA?

What Are the Different Types of IRA Accounts?

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Double down on your retirement goals with a 1% match on every dollar you roll over and contribute to a SoFi IRA.1

Traditional IRA

Roth IRA

SEP IRA

SIMPLE IRA

How to Open an IRA

Benefits of Opening an IRA

Which Type of IRA Works for You?

How Much Should You Contribute to an IRA?

How Can You Use IRA Funds?

The Takeaway

FAQ

How is an IRA different from a 401(k)?

What’s the difference between a Roth IRA and a Traditional IRA?

When should I make IRA contributions?

ACH vs Check: What Are the Differences?

What Is ACH and How Does It Work?

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Pros and Cons of ACH

What Is a Check?

Pros and Cons of Using a Paper Check

ACH vs Check: The Differences

Which Should You Consider Using?

The Takeaway

FAQ

Is an ACH payment a check?

Is ACH better than checks?

Is ACH cheaper than checks?

Is ACH safer than a check?

Regulation T (Reg T): All You Need to Know

What Is Regulation T?

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How Reg T Works

Why Regulation T Exists

Example of Reg T

Why You Might Receive a Regulation T Call

Double down on your retirement goals with a 1% match on every dollar you roll over and contribute to a SoFi IRA.¹

Double down on your retirement goals with a 1% match on every dollar you roll over and contribute to a SoFi IRA.¹

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