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Liquid assets are any assets that can be easily and quickly converted into cash. In fact, people often refer to liquid assets as cash or cash equivalents, because they know that the asset can be exchanged for actual cash without losing value.

Here’s a closer look at the topic and how liquid assets can contribute to your financial wellbeing.

What Makes an Asset Liquid?

Liquidity means that you can readily access an asset as cash. While you might own any number of valuable assets (e.g., your home, retirement accounts, collectibles) and these can be considered part of your overall net worth, only liquid assets can generate cash quickly, when circumstances demand it. If you needed cash quickly, you likely would not be able to sell your home overnight to get money.

For an asset to be considered liquid, it must be traded on a well-established market with a large number of buyers and sellers. It also must be relatively easy to transfer ownership. Think: stocks, bonds, mutual funds and other marketable securities.

Generally, you can sell stocks and obtain cash readily. By contrast, you probably couldn’t sell your vintage watch collection that fast, and even if you could, there are a number of factors that might influence how much cash value you might obtain from the sale.

Worth noting: Although liquid assets (aka cash and cash equivalents) pose very little risk of loss, they also have little or no capacity for growth.

What Investments Are Considered Liquid Assets?

As you can see, the primary advantage of liquid assets is that they can be converted to cash in a short period of time. For example, stock trades must be settled within two days, according to Securities and Exchange Commission rules. Here, you’ll learn more about what are considered liquid assets.

Examples of Liquid Assets

Here are some specifics about what a liquid asset is.

•   Money in the bank. Cash in a checking and savings account is a liquid asset.

•   Stocks. Stocks are often considered liquid assets because they can be converted into cash when you sell them. Keep in mind, though, that the most liquid stocks might be the ones that many people want to buy and sell. You may have a more difficult time liquidating stocks that are in lower demand.

•   U.S. Treasuries and bonds. These instruments are relatively easy to buy and sell, and these processes are usually done in high volume. They have a wide range of maturity dates, which helps you to figure out when you want to liquidate them. Because U.S. Treasuries are often considered relatively safe and dependable, the interest rates are somewhat lower and could be a good fit for investors who are looking to mitigate risk.

•   Mutual funds. Mutual funds are pooled investment vehicles that hold a diversified basket of stocks, bonds, or other investments.

◦   Open-end mutual funds are considered more liquid than closed-end funds because they have no limit on the number of shares they can generate. Also, investors can sell their shares back to the fund at any time.

◦   Closed-end mutual funds, on the other hand, are less common. These funds raise capital from investors via an IPO; after that, the number of shares are fixed, and no new shares are created. Instead, closed-end funds shares can only be bought and sold on an exchange, and thus are considered less liquid than open-end fund shares because they’re more subject to market demand.

•   Exchange-traded funds and index funds. Like mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and index funds allow individuals to invest in a diversified basket of investments. ETFs are traded like stocks, throughout the day on the open market, which makes them somewhat more liquid than index funds, which only trade at the end of the day.

•   Money market assets. There are two main types of money market assets:

◦   A money market fund is a type of mutual fund that invests in high-quality short-term debt, cash, and cash equivalents. It’s considered low-risk and offers low yields. It is therefore thought of as a relatively safe vs. risky investment. You can cash in your chips at any time, making money-market funds a liquid investment.

◦   Money market funds are different from money market accounts, which are a type of savings account that’s insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

•   Certificates of deposit. If you have money in a certificate of deposit or CD, this might be considered semi-liquid because your money isn’t available until the official withdrawal date. You can withdraw money if you need it, but if you’re doing so before the maturity date, you’ll likely pay a penalty.

What Assets Are Considered Non-Liquid?

There are, of course, many assets that are not easy to liquidate quickly. These assets typically take a relatively long time to sell or for the deal to close. You’ll get your money, but most likely not right away, and there may be time or costs associated with the conversion to cash that could impact the final amount. That’s why assets like these are considered illiquid or non-liquid assets.

Examples of Non-Liquid Assets

•   Collectibles. Items like jewelry and artwork, as well as hobby collections like stamps and baseball cards, may be hard to value and difficult to sell.

•   Employee stock options. While employee stock options can be a valuable form of compensation, they may also be highly non-liquid. That’s because employees must typically remain with a company for years before their options vest, they exercise them, and they finally own the stock.

•   Land and real estate. These investments often require negotiation and contracts that can tie up real estate transactions for weeks, if not months.

•   Private equity. There are often strict restrictions about when you can sell shares if you’ve invested in private equity assets such as venture capital funds.

Liquid Assets in Business

If you’re running a business, accounts receivable — the money you’re owed from clients — are often considered to be a liquid asset, because you can typically expect to be paid within one or two months of billing.

Any inventory you have on hand, such as office furniture or a product you’re selling, can also be considered liquid, because you could sell them for cash if need be. The liquid assets on your company balance sheet usually list cash first, followed by other assets that are considered liquid, in order of liquidity.

Having more liquid assets is desirable because it indicates that a company can pay off debt more easily. When businesses need to determine how cash liquid they are, they often look at the amount of their net liquid assets. When all current debts and liabilities are paid off, whatever remains is considered their liquid assets.

Are Retirement Accounts like IRAs and 401(k)s Liquid Assets?

Retirement accounts, such as individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and 401(k)s are not really liquid until you’ve reached age 59 ½. Withdraw funds from your account before then, and you may face taxes and a 10% early withdrawal penalty.

What’s more, you can hold a variety of assets inside retirement accounts. For example, if you hold a money market fund inside your IRA, that is a liquid asset. But you could also hold real estate, which very much isn’t.

Reasons Why Liquid Assets Matter

Other than the most obvious reason, which is that cash gives you a great deal of flexibility and can be essential in a crisis, liquid assets serve a number of purposes.

•   Calculating net worth: To calculate your net worth, subtract your liabilities (your debt) from your assets (what you own, which can include your liquid assets).

•   Applying for loans: Lenders might look at your liquid assets when you apply for a mortgage, car loan, or home equity loan. If your liquid assets are high, you may get better terms or lower interest rates on your loans. Lenders want to know that if you were to lose your job and/or your income, you would be able to continue to pay back the loan using your liquid assets.

•   Business interests: Having liquid assets on your balance sheet is a signal that your business is prepared for an emergency or a market shift that could require a cash infusion.

Are All Liquid Assets Taxable?

While income is money you earn or receive, an asset is something of value you possess that can be converted to cash at some point in the future. While owning an asset doesn’t make it taxable, converting it to actual cash would, in most cases.

The IRS, or Internal Revenue Service, has many rules around how the proceeds from the sale of assets can be taxed.

The IRS considers taxable income to include gains from stocks, interest from bonds, dividends, alimony, and more. Gains on the sale of a home might be taxed, depending on the amount of the gain and marital status. If you aren’t sure whether income from the sale of an asset is taxable, it might be wise to consult a tax professional.

Is It Smart to Keep Cashing In Liquid Assets?

The point of maintaining a portion of your assets in liquid investments is partly for flexibility and also for diversification. The more access to cash you have, the more prepared you are to navigate a sudden change in circumstances, whether an emergency expense or an investment opportunity.

Having a portion of your portfolio in cash or cash equivalents can also be a hedge against volatility.

Thus, it may be worth keeping a mix of both liquid and non-liquid assets to help you reach your short-term financial goals as well as longer-term ones. And while cashing in liquid assets might be necessary, it’s also prudent to keep some cash on hand in case you need it. You may want to focus on gathering at least three to six months’ worth of expenses in the form of liquid assets as an emergency fund.

How Liquid Are You?

To figure out how liquid you are, make a list of all your monthly expenses, from rent/mortgage on down, including even your streaming service subscription. Then, make a list of all your liquid assets and investments (being careful to pay attention to the definition of liquid assets vs. illiquid assets, as it can be confusing).

Then, total all your monthly expenses, and compare that sum to the liquid assets in your possession.

Does your total savings cover six months’ worth of monthly expenses? If so, congrats! If not, you’re not very liquid. Don’t despair, though. There are ways to build up more liquidity by growing your emergency fund.

Where to Start Building Liquid Assets

As you start to build your liquid assets, first consider saving a cash cushion in the form of an emergency fund, which should be enough to cover any unexpected expenses that might come along.

Envision what you might need in the event of a crisis (e.g., a job loss, divorce, health event, and so on). In terms of how much to save in an emergency fund, aim to accumulate three to six months’ worth of expenses to cover basic bills, repairs, insurance premiums and copays, as well as any other personal or medical expenses.

One good way to build liquidity is to set money aside every week or month. Or you might have a set savings amount auto-deducted from each paycheck. You could keep the funds in a high-yield savings account to help them grow.

From there, you may consider opening a retirement account or a taxable brokerage account where you can invest in potentially more lucrative (but risky) liquid investments, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and ETFs.

The Takeaway

Liquid assets are assets that can be converted into cash relatively easily — typically with little or no loss in value. Liquid assets can include cash in a checking or savings account, money market accounts, or marketable securities like stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and ETFs.

Liquid investments can play a surprisingly important role in your financial wellbeing. Having ready access to cash can help you pay off debt, cover a crisis, or be able to invest in new opportunities.

Having the right banking partner can help you keep your cash secure and earning interest.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

What’s the definition of a liquid asset?

A liquid asset is an asset that is readily converted into cash, such as money in the bank, stocks, or a certificate of deposit (although you might owe a penalty when you liquidate it).

What does non-liquid asset mean?

Non-liquid assets are resources that can’t be quickly converted to cash, such as real estate, employee stock options, or collectibles (such as artwork or jewelry) that would have to be sold, which can take time and the price may fluctuate.

Is a 401(k) considered a liquid asset?

Retirement accounts, such as a 401(k) are not really considered liquid until you are over the age of 59 ½. Before that age, you would face a 10% early withdrawal penalty, as well as taxes, meaning you would take a loss on the value.

SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

SOBNK-Q324-023

The Federal Reserve, the country’s central bank, is self-funded: It mostly gets its operations covered via interest from securities that it owns as part of the Fed’s open market operations (OMO).

That said, the funding goes towards making sure these banks do their important work. This includes making sure the U.S. economy runs smoothly and serves the public interest. The Fed also manages short-term interest rates, which in turn affects the availability of credit and eventually things like consumer spending, investment, employment, and inflation.

The bank’s goals with these actions is to promote maximum employment, keep prices stable, and keep long-term interest rates moderate.

Who Owns the Federal Reserve Bank?

Even though parts of the Federal Reserve are structured like a private bank, the Fed is not owned by anyone. Congress created the Federal Reserve in 1913, and it remains an independent government agency. However, the board that oversees it — which is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate — still reports to Congress today.

Its leaders are required to testify in Congress and submit a lengthy report on its plans twice a year. The Federal Reserve actually consists of 12 Reserve Banks spread across different regions of the U.S. Although each one has a board of directors and is incorporated, it’s not actually a private entity and the banks aren’t in business to make a profit.

Recommended: Checking vs Savings Accounts: All About the Differences

How Does the Federal Reserve Make Money?

The Federal Reserve does not “make” money exactly, in that it doesn’t print money — that’s the Treasury Department’s job. But it does serve as a bank for other banks and government agencies, allowing them to open accounts to hold their reserves, take out loans, issue government securities, and take other actions.

When it comes to other banks, the Fed is there to lend to them in case they have problems getting funding, either because of unexpected fluctuations in their loans and deposits or due to extreme events, such as the COVID-19 crisis.

The Fed lends at a higher rate than the market in order to ensure that it’s used as a last resort. The Federal Reserve does not lend money or provide bank accounts for individuals, as retail banks do.

In other words, your checking and savings accounts won’t be held at a Federal Reserve Bank.

While the Federal Reserve does not actually print money, it does put in orders with the U.S. Treasury for “Federal Reserve notes” based on the demand it expects both domestically and internationally.

Here’s more detail on how the Fed works and keeps our economy humming along.

Fractional Reserve Banking and the Money Multiplier

Fractional reserve banking describes the system in which only a fraction of the money on deposit is actually held as cash and available for withdrawals by customers. Here are a few aspects of this system to note:

•   The Federal Reserve wants to ensure that banks keep enough money on hand so that when customers come in seeking cash, they aren’t turned away. To accomplish this, the Fed sets a reserve requirement (often 10% of all deposits) that banks must keep available. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, this was lowered to 0% in an effort to stimulate the economy.

•   The Fed buys treasuries to help create monetary reserves. It sends the funds to banks so they can make loans with it, up to that reserve requirement limit mentioned above.

•   Another aspect of fractional reserve banking is what is known as the money multiplier. Financial analysts use a money multiplier equation to calculate the impact of the funds kept on reserve on the economy in general. It estimates how much money is created in the economy by the reserve system.

Here’s how the calculation looks: The amount on deposit is multiplied by one divided by the reserve requirement. So if a bank had $100 million on deposit, you would multiply that by one divided by 10% to get $1 billion. That $1 billion represents money potentially created by lending out the 90% not kept on reserve at the bank.

Recommended: Different Types of Bank Accounts and How They Work

The Credit Market Funnel

Another way of looking at the Federal Reserve’s role in our nation’s economy is the credit market funnel, meaning that the Fed funnels funds to businesses to grow the economy. Say the U.S. Treasury printed $20 billion in new bills, and the Fed credited $80 billion in liquid accounts. You might think the American economy got an infusion of $100 billion. But it’s actually much more than that. Credit markets act as a funnel in terms of distributing funds. As new loans are issued, more money is created. That $100 billion could trigger a tenfold monetary increase to $1 trillion.

Determining the Money Supply

Here’s another facet of what the Federal Reserve does: It considers whether our country’s money supply should be boosted. This can impact the state of the American economy. A larger money supply can lower interest rates and get more cash to consumers, which typically stimulates spending. If the Fed does feel that the money supply needs to be increased, it will typically augment bank reserves. It might purchase Treasury bonds and distribute those to banks’ reserve funds. The banks can then use some of those funds for loans and other activities.

Money Creation Mechanism

As you’ve learned, the Federal Reserve plays a vital role in determining how and when to influence the money supply in the U.S. economy. It often boils down to the Fed buying securities and putting them in the reserves of commercial banks. Those banks can then augment the amount of money in circulation by lending funds to both businesses and consumers.

Recommended: How to Set Financial Goals and Set Yourself Up for Success

How Is the Federal Reserve Funded?

So where does the Fed get its money? Unlike other government agencies, the Federal Reserve doesn’t get its money from Congress as part of the usual budget process.

Instead, Federal Reserve funding comes mainly through interest on government securities that it bought on the open market.

These primarily include U.S. Treasury securities, mortgage-backed securities, and government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) securities.

How much money does the Federal Reserve have? As of May 2024, the Fed had nearly $7.4 trillion in assets on its balance sheet. Those have grown significantly compared to 2007 (before the financial crisis hit), when the Fed had just around $870 billion in assets.

The reason for this has to do with the Fed’s response to the Great Recession and the COVID-19 crisis, among other factors. But remember how the Federal Reserve isn’t in it for the profit? Once it pays its own overhead, the rest of its earnings go right into the country’s coffers in the U.S. Treasury.

How the Fed Affects Interest Rates

In its attempts to steer the ship of the U.S. economy on a solid course, one of the main things the Fed does is influence interest rates. The Fed can either raise or lower the federal funds rate, which is the rate at which financial institutions that hold deposits can borrow and lend funds they keep at Federal Reserve banks from each other.

The Federal Open Market Committee, which is made up of some members of the Fed’s Board of Governors and others, meets multiple times a year to determine what they want the federal fund rates to be.

These decisions then influence other longer-term interest rates, such as those on savings accounts, mortgages, and loans.

The Fed often cuts interest rates to energize the economy by making it less expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow money. It raises rates when inflation seems too high, as was the case a couple of years ago.

The rate had been cut to the 0.00% to 0.25% rate in March of 2020 due to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and its expected economic impacts. However, by September of 2022, with inflation surging to 40-year highs, the rate was raised to the 3.00% to 3.25% range. As of July 2024, the Fed’s interest rate is 5.25% to 5.50%, which is far below its peak of 20% in December 1980, when the Fed was reacting to runaway inflation.

The Takeaway

Understanding the role of the Federal Reserve in our economy and how it is funded can help explain how the Fed balances our money reserves, controls inflation, and stimulates the economy’s growth. Especially in the current economic climate, knowing how the Federal Reserve works can enhance your financial literacy. This in turn can help you better manage your own money.

Another way to boost your money management skills: Bank smarter with SoFi.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

How does the Federal Reserve obtain money?

The Fed makes money mainly through interest on government securities — such as U.S. Treasury securities, mortgage-backed securities, and government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) securities — that it bought on the open market.

Who gives money to the Federal Reserve?

The Federal Reserve isn’t given money; it finances its operations via the interest made on the securities it owns.

Is the Federal Reserve self-funded?

Yes, the Federal Reserve is self-funded. It doesn’t get money via Congress but through the interest earned on the government securities that it buys.

Does the Federal Reserve print money out of thin air?

While the Federal Reserve has the power to print money, there’s a delicate balance at work. If the Fed just ordered the Treasury Department’s Bureau of Engraving and Printing to print more money without a commensurate increase in economic activity, it could trigger inflationary growth, which isn’t desirable.

SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOBNK-Q324-024

Stagflation is an economic term that is actually a combination of the words stagnation and inflation — and describes an economy that is both stagnant, and experiencing inflation. For investors, it’s worth being aware of what it means, because of the threat it poses to economies and markets.

Stagflation creates potentially disastrous conditions where people experiencing a decline in purchasing power also feel discouraged against investing. It can create a chain reaction of wealth-destroying events where unemployment climbs and economic output slows, contributing to a national economic malaise.

What Is Stagflation?

Stagflation is a term used to describe a situation when the economy is growing slowly (stagnation) and prices rise rapidly (inflation).

The term was coined by British Conservative Party politician Iain Norman Macleod in a 1965 speech to Parliament. At the time, the United Kingdom was in the midst of simultaneous high inflation and unemployment. In the speech to Parliament, Macleod said, “We now have the worst of both worlds – not just inflation on the one side or stagnation on the other, but both of them together. We have a sort of ‘stagflation’ situation and history in modern terms is indeed being made.”

Usually, economists and analysts will use the unemployment rate as a proxy for economic activity when discussing stagflation. So, a period of stagflation is when unemployment rises while inflation — as measured by the consumer price index (CPI) — accelerates above normally acceptable levels of price growth.

However, like many economic concepts, there is no standard definition of stagflation. Policymakers, elected officials, and investors will use the term stagflation in various economic scenarios.

Recommended: Understanding the Different Economic Indicators

Stagflation vs Inflation

Inflation is a general increase in the average prices of goods and services. In contrast, stagflation is a combination of stagnant economic growth and rising inflation.

Low levels of inflation are normal for an economy; there’s a reason why movie theater tickets cost more today than they did in the 1950s. Inflation doesn’t become an issue until prices get out of control and spiral upwards. Policymakers within the Federal Reserve like inflation to rise about 2% each year.

You can have inflation without stagflation, but you can’t have stagflation without inflation.


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Has Stagflation Ever Happened?

Before the 1970s, economists didn’t think stagflation — a period of rising unemployment and inflation — was possible. Theoretically, inflation should decrease when unemployment increases because workers have less bargaining power to get higher wages. So, the theory goes, stagflation shouldn’t happen.

However, stagflation did occur in the United States from the mid-1970s. During the 1973-1975 recession, the U.S. experienced five quarters where the gross domestic product (GDP) decreased. Inflation peaked at 12.2% in November 1974, and the unemployment rate rose to 9.0% in May 1975.

This stagflation cycle was part of a larger sequence of events called the Nixon Shock.

Responding to increasing inflation in 1971, President Richard Nixon imposed wage and price controls and surcharges on imports. This created a perfect-storm condition where, when the 1973 oil crisis hit, those surcharges on imports made prices at the gas pump — and across many U.S. industries — skyrocket to then-record prices. The rising prices helped lead to a wage-price spiral, where inflation led to workers asking for higher wages, which led to more inflation, and so on.

The Federal Reserve raised interest rates to combat the inflation of the early-70s, but this only created a recession and high unemployment without tamping down inflation. Thus, a prolonged economic stagnation accompanying inflation occurred — a stagflation situation.

While the economy recovered slightly in the late 1970s, inflation remained a problem for the rest of the decade. Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker eventually hiked interest rates to 20% by 1981, triggering a recession to get inflation under control.

Recommended: Here are some ways to hedge against inflation.

Will Stagflation Happen Again?

There are debates about whether stagflation will or could occur again in the United States. There’s always a chance, but the circumstances need to be just right for it to happen.

Most recently, the economy was in a precarious situation in early 2022, with inflation running high after the fallout of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the Federal Reserve raising interest rates at a historic pace to combat it. The Fed was trying to curb inflation with the hope of a soft landing, in which an economy slows enough that prices stop rising quickly but not so slowly that it sparks a recession.

As of July 2024, inflation has moderated, and the economy has not slipped into a recession – but things can always change. So, the economy has not, so far, seen widespread stagnation, and inflation has come down – it appears that stagflation has been avoided.

While no one can predict the future, it stands to reason that events that have happened in the past can happen again. Stagflation may occur again, but this doesn’t have to be a dire situation as long as you prepare your financial situation.

How Can Stagflation Impact Investors?

Economic stagnation can have several impacts on investors. Firstly, it can lead to lower returns on investment as companies are less likely to grow and expand in a stagnant economy. This can lead to investors becoming more risk-averse as they seek out investments that are more likely to provide stability and income.

Secondly, stagnation can also lead to higher levels of unemployment, which can, in turn, lead to social unrest and political instability. This can make it more difficult for companies to operate in a given country and lead to investors losing confidence in the economy.

A slowdown of economic activity lasting several months sounds like it can only be a bad thing. But a recession does not necessarily mean the death knell for your finances. For some investors, there are, perhaps surprisingly, compelling strategies to consider when the market is down. Volatility may allow investors to buy low and then make appreciable gains as the market corrects itself.

Recommended: How to Invest During Inflation

The Takeaway

Stagflation occurs when an economy experiences simultaneous high inflation and high unemployment. It’s a situation that often leads to decreased spending by consumers and businesses, which can further stall economic growth and investment returns.

Stagflation has occurred before in the U.S. — notably during the Nixon Shock of the early 1970s — and there is no reason to think it won’t happen again at some point.

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