Guide to Synthetic Longs
Editor's Note: Options are not suitable for all investors. Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Please see the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.
A synthetic long is an options strategy that replicates a long position in an underlying asset. The strategy is used by bullish investors who wish to use the leverage of options to benefit from a potential rise in a stock’s price with less capital than would be needed to buy the shares outright.
Similar to holding the underlying stock, the synthetic long position offers unlimited profit potential if the stock’s price rises. Conversely, it also entails the risk of substantial losses if the stock’s price declines precipitously or goes to zero.
Key Points
• A synthetic long is an options strategy that combines a long call and a short put at the same strike price and expiration to replicate a long stock position.
• Leverage allows for exposure to price movements with less capital, but the strategy carries significant downside risk if the asset’s value declines.
• Maximum profit is theoretically unlimited, while the maximum loss is limited to the strike price minus the premium received since an asset cannot drop below zero.
• Exiting a synthetic long involves closing both the long call and short put before expiration to avoid assignment and capital outlay.
• Alternative strategies include risk reversals, synthetic long calls, and synthetic long puts, each offering different risk-reward profiles based on market outlook.
What Is a Synthetic Long?
First, a refresher on the two basic types of options: puts and calls. Options are a type of derivative that may allow investors to gain — not by owning the underlying asset and waiting for it to go up, but by strategically using options contracts to profit from the asset’s price movements.
Establishing a synthetic long involves purchasing at-the-money call options and selling put options with the same strike price and expiration. This strategy typically aligns with a bullish outlook, since potential gains are unlimited, the downside risk could be substantial if the asset price declines significantly.
An investor puts on a synthetic long options position when they’re bullish on the underlying asset, but want a lower cost alternative to owning the asset. A synthetic long options position has the same risk and reward profile as a long equity position. The setup can be beneficial to traders since a lower amount of capital is needed to establish the position. The options exposure offers leverage, whereas owning the asset outright does not.
Unlike owning the stock directly, a synthetic long position is subject to the expiration dates of the options involved. Additionally, if the stock’s price falls below the put’s strike price, the investor may be obligated to purchase the stock at that price, which could potentially lead to a significant financial commitment. Additionally, the options trader also does not have shareholder voting rights and will not receive dividends.
How Do Synthetic Longs Work?
Synthetic longs work by offering traders the potential for unlimited upside via the long call position. If a trader was very bullish, they might buy only the long call.
However, the short put helps finance the synthetic long trade by offsetting the expense of buying the long call. In some cases, the trade can even be executed at a credit (profit) depending on the premiums of the two options.
By including the short put, the investor can be exposed to losses, should the asset price drop below the strike price of the short put, but no more than would be expected if the trader went long the underlying asset.
Setup
A synthetic long options play is one of many popular options strategies, and it can be constructed simply: You buy close-to-the money (preferably at-the-money) calls and sell puts at the same strike price and expiration date.
Your expectation is that the underlying asset price will rise, just as you would hope it to do if you were holding the asset outright. If you’d rather own the asset outright, you could purchase the stock directly through a brokerage as an alternative.
Maximum Profit
There is unlimited profit potential with a synthetic long, just as there is with a long position. If the underlying share price rises, the value of the call will increase, allowing the position to be closed at a profit while covering (buying back) the short put.
Breakeven Point
The breakeven point for a synthetic long position is determined by adding the net debit paid to the strike price, or subtracting the net credit received from the strike price at the onset of the trade
Maximum Loss
The maximum loss is limited, but only because an asset’s price cannot fall below zero. However, the synthetic long position can incur substantial losses if the underlying stock’s price decreases significantly. The potential loss mirrors that of owning the stock outright and can be seen if the underlying share price drops below the breakeven point. Losses are maximized if the asset price drops to zero.
In the event that the asset price drops below the strike price of the short put, the trader can be assigned shares and would be obligated to buy the asset at the strike price. The risk of assignment increases as the asset price declines and the option nears expiration, but assignment can happen at any time once the asset trades below the strike price.
The loss would be slightly higher or lower based on the credit or debit of the initial trade.
Exit Strategy
Most traders do not hold a synthetic long through expiry. Rather, they use options to employ leverage with a directional bet on the underlying asset price, then exit the trade before expiration.
To exit the trade, the investor sells the long call and buys back the short put. This tactic avoids them having to buy the underlying asset and the increased capital outlay that would require.
Recommended: Margin vs. Options: Similarities and Differences
Synthetic Long Example
Let’s say an investor is bullish on shares of a stock currently trading at $100, and wants to use leverage via options rather than purchasing the stock outright.
The investor constructs a synthetic long options trade by purchasing a $100 call option contract expiring in one month for $5 and simultaneously selling a $100 put option contract at the same expiration date for $4. The net debit (premium paid) is $1 per share.
the debit will be $100 per option contract.
This price reflects the total cost of entering the synthetic long position, factoring in both legs of the trade.
If the asset price declines, the position incurs losses. If the stock price drops to $90 after one week, the put premium rises to $12 while the call option price falls to $4. The unrealized loss is $9 (the long call price minus the short put price minus the net debit paid at initiation).
The investor chooses to hold the position with the hope that the stock price climbs back. Because the stock price has dropped below the $100 strike price, the investor is at risk of the short put being exercised and assigned.
A week before expiration, the stock price has risen sharply to $110. The investor manages the trade by selling the calls and covering the short put. At this time, the call is worth $12 while the put is worth $3. The net proceeds from the exit is $9. This results in a profit of $8 ($9 of premium from the exit minus the $1 net debit).
The investor could hold the trade through expiration but would then be exposed to having to own the stock.
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Calculating Returns
A synthetic long replicates a long position in the underlying asset but at a lower cost.
In the example above, an investor might have purchased 100 shares at $100 each for a capital outlay of $10,000. If the shares closed at $110, the long position would be worth $11,000.
$ Gain = Selling Price – Purchase Price
$ Gain = $11,000 – $10,000 = $1,000
% Gain = $ Gain / Purchase Price
% Gain = $1,000 / $10,000 = 10% Gain
The synthetic long in the example above is substantially cheaper at a cost (debit) of $100 per contract, representing 100 shares. When sold, the options were worth $900.
$ Gain = Selling Price – Purchase Price
$ Gain = $900 – $100 = $800
Note this gain is similar to what would be realized in a long stock position, though transaction costs and execution factors can affect actual returns.
% Gain = $ Gain / Purchase Price
% Gain = $800 / $100 = 800% Gain
Although dollar gains are very similar, the percentage gains are larger due to the power of leverage using options. But leverage works both ways.
If we take a loss on a synthetic long, dollar losses will also be in line with losses on a long position, but percentage losses can be as outsized as the gains.
Pros and Cons of Synthetic Longs
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Pros:
• Potential for significant upside
• Uses a smaller capital outlay to have long exposure
• Clearly established cost basis
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Cons:
• Substantial loss potential if the stock falls to zero
• Does not provide voting rights nor dividends as a shareholder would
• The trade’s timeframe is confined to the options’ expiration date
Alternatives to Synthetic Longs
To have long exposure to a stock, an investor can choose to own the stock outright. Stock ownership carries with it the benefits of voting rights and dividends but at a much higher capital outlay.
Another alternative to holding the stock is a risk reversal, which involves selling an out-of-the-money put and buying an out-of-the-money call, both with the same expiration date. This approach differs from a synthetic long stock position, which typically uses at-the-money options. A risk reversal is sometimes referred to as a collar.
A synthetic long call can also be created by holding a long stock position and purchasing a long put option at the same strike price and expiration to hedge downside risk.
A bearish alternative is a synthetic long put strategy, which replicates the payoff of a long put option. This strategy is created by shorting the underlying stock and purchasing a call option at the same strike price and expiration to define risk while maintaining downside exposure.
The Takeaway
Options synthetic long strategies combine a short put and a long call at the same strike and expiration date. This options trading strategy mimics the exposure of being long the underlying asset while requiring less capital than outright ownership. It’s one of many options strategies that allow traders to help define their risk and reward objectives while employing leverage.
Putting on a synthetic long position means buying at-the-money call options and selling put options at the same strike price and expiration. This strategy has a bullish outlook because the maximum profit is unlimited, while downside risk can be substantial.
Investors who are ready to try their hand at options trading despite the risks involved, might consider checking out SoFi’s options trading platform offered through SoFi Securities, LLC. The platform’s user-friendly design allows investors to buy put and call options through the mobile app or web platform, and get important metrics like breakeven percentage, maximum profit/loss, and more with the click of a button.
Plus, SoFi offers educational resources — including a step-by-step in-app guide — to help you learn more about options trading. Trading options involves high-risk strategies, and should be undertaken by experienced investors. Currently, investors can not sell options on SoFi Active Invest®.
FAQ
What is a long combination in options trading?
A combination is a general options trading term for any trade that uses multiple option types, strikes, or expirations on the same underlying asset. A long combination is when an investor benefits as the underlying share price rises.
How do you set up a synthetic long?
A synthetic long is established by buying an at-the-money call and selling a put at the same strike price. The options have the same expiration date. The resulting exposure mimics that of a long stock position.
What is the maximum payoff on a synthetic long put?
The maximum payoff on a synthetic long put occurs if the stock price goes to zero. Maximum profit in this scenario is the short sale price minus the premium paid to establish the trade.
Photo credit: iStock/FG Trade
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