Unit Investment Trust (UIT) Explained Easily

What Is a Unit Investment Trust (UIT)?

A unit investment trust, or UIT, is similar to a mutual fund in that it’s a type of investment company that can hold a variety of securities, like stocks and bonds, that investors can buy as redeemable units. In fact, UITs belong to the same category as mutual funds and closed-end funds, in that they pool money together from different investors.

Similarly, unit investment trusts are designed to provide capital appreciation and/or dividend income, although without active trading of the securities in the portfolio. Unit investment trusts can offer some advantages to investors compared to mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs). There are, however, some potential downsides that could make them less attractive than other types of pooled investments.

Unit Investment Trust (UIT) Explained Clearly

A unit investment trust is a type of investment company that issues and invests in securities. The other two types of investment companies are open-end funds (i.e. mutual funds) and closed-end funds.

Similar to a closed-end fund, a UIT raises money from multiple investors, typically through an Initial Public Offering, or IPO. Each investor holds a unit in the trust that represents an ownership share and allows them to stake a claim to any capital appreciation or dividend income the trust generates. This type of trust can be established as a grantor trust or a regulated investment corporation.

Once the portfolio manager of a unit investment trust chooses which securities to invest in, the investment focus usually doesn’t change. That means there is typically no active investing management in terms of trading the underlying assets. The investments that a UIT chooses depend on its overall strategy and objectives. So, the risk and return profile of unit investment trusts can vary from one to another, based on the underlying holdings.

When a UIT matures, investors can do one of three things:

•  Wait for the trust to liquidate its portfolio and receive their share of the proceeds

•  Roll the investment over to a new UIT

•  Receive a like-kind distribution of stock from the trust’s underlying investments

It’s important to keep in mind that UITs are not guaranteed investments. So, it’s possible that returns could be lower than expected or even negative if the trust fails to meet its objectives.

UIT Advantages and Disadvantages

Like any investment UITs have their advantages and disadvantages. As for advantages, investors may like that UITs offer a relatively easy way to diversify their portfolios with a single investment. They’re relatively easy to understand, too, and offer a degree of transparency into their holdings, so that investors can make better decisions relating to their investing strategy.

As for disadvantages? Perhaps the most obvious is that UITs are more or less fixed investments that do not change their investment mixes in an effort to adjust to the whims of the market. Some investors may prefer a more active approach to management in an effort to increase their returns.

Types of Unit Investment Trusts

Unit investment trusts can invest in a variety of different securities, but they tend to concentrate holdings in stocks and bonds. UITs generally come in one of two forms: Stock trusts and bond trusts.

These assets are held in the trust for a set time period until the trust is dissolved. A typical holding period would be anywhere from 15 months to two years, though some UITs may have an end date that’s farther in the future.

Investors can sell their holdings back to the issuing company at any time, but they can’t trade UIT shares as they would shares of a mutual fund.


💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.

UIT vs. Mutual Fund

UITs differ from most mutual funds several ways, chiefly in that they sell a fixed number of shares or units when the UIT is first opened; and the trust has a set maturity date when the UIT is dissolved and investors can redeem their units.

As noted, a mutual fund is a company that pools money from investors and invests them in securities. There are many different types of mutual funds, including but not limited to bond funds, stock funds, blended funds, target-date funds, and index funds. Some mutual funds can be actively managed while index funds follow a passive investing strategy.

At first glance, a UIT and a mutual fund might seem like the same thing since they fall under the same investment company umbrella. And while they do have some features in common, there are other things that distinguish the two.

Recommended: Active vs Passive Investing: Key Differences

How Are UITs and Mutual Funds Similar?

UITs and mutual funds share common ground when it comes to diversification, regulation, and how they pass on capital gains or dividends to investors. A capital gain represents a gain between the price you initially paid for an investment and the price you receive when you sell it. A dividend is a percentage of an investment’s profits that are paid out to investors.

Since UITs and mutual funds are both types of investment companies, they’re subject to SEC regulation. This means they’re required to meet regular reporting requirements. While this can help to minimize the potential for fraud, investors are still encouraged to read each fund’s prospectus to ensure they understand what the fund invests in.

Recommended: How Do Dividends Work?

What Are the Differences Between UITs and Mutual Funds?

The biggest differences between UITs and mutual funds concerns their structure and management. A UIT has a set beginning when shares are issued, and an end date when it matures — while an open-end mutual fund typically allows investors to continually buy and sell shares. Additionally, a unit investment trust issues a certain number of units when the trust is created while mutual funds can issue new shares periodically.

With UITs, the underlying investments remain largely or entirely the same until they mature. Mutual funds, on the other hand, can buy and sell underlying assets as needed to stay aligned with the fund’s objectives. So, mutual funds can be more adaptable if an underlying investment doesn’t perform as expected.

How to Invest in UITs

If you’re interested in investing with a unit investment trust, it’s possible to buy them directly from the issuer. UITs can also trade on an exchange, so you could purchase them through an online brokerage account.

Before buying a unit investment trust, however, there are a few things to consider. Specifically, look at the following when comparing UITs:

• Duration of the UIT

• Minimum investment requirement

• Underlying investments

• Investment strategy and objectives

• Fees

Also, consider the investment risks. Again, there’s no guarantee that a unit investment trust will perform as expected. And since the trust investments are fixed, your returns (or losses) more or less hinge on whether those investments do well.

It’s also important to think about how well the underlying investments match up with the other investments in your portfolio. If you’re already heavily concentrated in equities, for example, it may not make sense to choose an equity UIT since that could increase your exposure to some of the same companies. A bond UIT, on the other hand, might help to balance out your asset allocation.

Investment Costs

Don’t forget that investments often have associated costs, and they can come in a variety of forms. For instance, investors may be on the hook for broker fees, trading fees, management fees, and more. The specifics will depend on the individual investment, but investors should do some homework to see what potential investment fees they’re up against.

Unexpected Taxes

Taxes often catch investors by surprise, too. Be sure to review what types of taxes you might be on the hook for – with investments, it’s generally either income taxes or capital gains taxes – and plan accordingly.

Are UITs a Good Investment?

Whether a unit investment trust is a good investment for you personally can depend on what you need and expect a pooled investment to do for you.

If you’re an active trader, for example, then a UIT likely wouldn’t be a good fit. On the other hand, if you tend to take the longer view when investing or you prefer a buy-and-hold approach, you may find a unit investment trust fits well in your investment portfolio.

While you could benefit from capital gains distributions and dividends, keep in mind that unit investment trusts offer less flexibility than mutual funds or ETFs. Dividends, for example, can’t be reinvested the way they could with a mutual fund or index fund.

And, as discussed, investment fees are another important consideration when investing in a UIT. Since investment costs can reduce total return amounts over time, it’s important to understand all the costs associated with buying units and redeeming them when the trust matures.

Should You Consider Investing in a Unit Investment Trust?

Given their less flexible structure and set maturity date, unit investment trusts may be appealing to investors who take a longer-term approach and tend to prefer a buy-and-hold strategy.

If you’d like more flexibility with your investments, you may consider mutual funds or ETFs in place of UITs, which have a set beginning and end date and little or no active trading of the securities within the trust. You also might want to explore alternatives to trusts or funds, like cryptocurrency or investing in IPOs.


💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.

The Takeaway

A unit investment trust, or UIT, are investment companies that are, in many ways, similar to a mutual fund. They can hold a variety of securities, like stocks and bonds, that investors can buy as redeemable units.

Given their less flexible structure and set maturity date, unit investment trusts may be appealing to investors who take a longer-term approach and tend to prefer a buy-and-hold strategy. If you’d like more flexibility with your investments, you may consider mutual funds or ETFs in place of UITs, which have a set beginning and end date and little or no active trading of the securities within the trust.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

Are fixed unit investment trusts redeemable?

Unit investment trusts do issue redeemable shares or units, much like a mutual fund. As such, the UIT is able to purchase shares or units back from an investor at an appropriate valuation.

What is the difference between unit trust and investment trust?

A unit trust is a sort of investment fund that allows investors to pool their money for investment purposes. An investment trust is a company or entity that operates an investment fund.

Are UITs actively managed?

UITs are not actively managed, and have fixed investment holdings. Accordingly, investments are purchased at the onset, and held until the UIT matures.

Photo credit: iStock/Ridofranz


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INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Pros & Cons of the F.I.R.E Movement

Most people dream of the day that they clock into work for the very last time. In most cases, we imagine that’ll be when we’re in our 60s. But what if you could take the freedom and independence of retirement and experience it 20 or 30 years earlier?

That’s the basic principle of the Financial Independence Retire Early (F.I.R.E) movement, a community of young people who aim to live a lifestyle that allows them to retire in their 30s or 40s rather than their 60s and 70s.

While it may sound like the perfect life hack, attempting to live out this dream comes with some serious challenges. Read on to learn more about the F.I.R.E. movement and the techniques followers use achieve their goal of early retirement. That can help you determine whether any of their savings strategies might be right for you.

What Is the FIRE Movement?

F.I.R.E stands for “financial independence, retire early,” and it’s a movement where followers attempt to gain enough wealth to retire far earlier than the traditional timeline would allow.

The movement traces its roots to a 1992 book called “Your Money or Your Life” by Vicki Robin and Joe Dominguez. F.I.R.E. started to gain a lot of traction, particularly among millennials, in the 2010s.

In order to achieve retirement at such a young age, F.I.R.E proponents devote 50% to 75% of their income to savings. They also use dividend-paying investments in order to create passive income sources they can use to support themselves throughout their retired lives.

Of course, accumulating the amount of wealth needed to live for six decades or more without working is a considerable feat, and not everyone who attempts F.I.R.E. succeeds.

💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.

F.I.R.E. vs. Traditional Retirement

F.I.R.E. and traditional retirement both aim to help people figure out when they can retire, but there are major differences between the two.

Retiring Early

Given the challenge many people have of saving enough for retirement even by age 60 or 70, what kinds of lengths do the advocates of the F.I.R.E. movement go to?

Some early retirees blog about their experiences and offer tips to help others follow in their footsteps. For instance, Mr. Money Mustache is a prominent figure in the F.I.R.E. community, and advocates achieving financial freedom through, in his words, “badassity.”

His specific advice includes reshaping simple but expensive habits—like eliminating smoking cigarettes or drinking alcohol, and limiting dining out.

Of course, the basic premise of making financial freedom a reality is simple in theory: spend (much) less money than you make in order to accumulate a substantial balance of savings.

Investing those savings can potentially make the process more attainable by providing, in the best-case scenario, an ongoing passive income stream. However, many people who achieve F.I.R.E. are able to do so in part because of generational wealth or special circumstances that aren’t guaranteed.

For instance, Mr. Money Mustache and his wife both studied engineering and computer science and had “standard tech-industry cubicle jobs,” which tend to pay pretty well—and require educational and professional opportunities not all people can access.

In almost all cases, pursuing retirement with the F.I.R.E. movement requires a lifestyle that could best be described as basic, foregoing common social and leisure enjoyments like restaurant dining and travel.

Target Age for Early Retirement

Early retirement means different things to different people. While some individuals may consider age 55 to be an early retirement, FIRE proponents aspire to retire in their 40s or even in their 30s, if possible.

According to the 2024 SoFi Retirement Survey, 12% of respondents say their target retirement age is 49 or younger. Men were more likely than women to choose this response.

Of those whose target retirement age is 49 or younger:

•   66% have a household income of less than $100,000

•   60% are men,

•   47% are single

•   27% are age 24 or younger

Source: SoFi Retirement Survey, April 2024

Saving Strategies for Retiring Early

Retiring early can involve making some serious adjustments to an individual’s current lifestyle. People who follow the FIRE movement generally try to put 50% to 75% of their income in savings. That can be challenging because once they pay their bills, there may not be much leftover for things like going to the movies or having dinner out.

Of the SoFi survey respondents who say they want to retire at age 49 or younger, 18% are not using any strategies that might help them retire early. Most of the rest are working on it, however — and these are the strategies they’re using to try to retire early:

•   40%: Non-retirement investment accounts (such as brokerage accounts, real estate,and so on)

•   36%: FIRE strategies

•   29%: Maxing out tax advantaged accounts (401(k)s, IRAs, HSAs, etc.)

•   24%: Debt payment strategies such as the snowball and avalanche

•   23%: Roth conversion ladder

•   21%: Working a second job/passive income

Traditional Retirement

Most working people expect to retire sometime around the age of 65 or so. For those born after 1960, Social Security benefits can begin at age 62, but those benefits will be significantly less than they would be if an individual waited until 67, their full retirement age, to collect them.

People saving for traditional retirement typically save much of their retirement funds in tax-incentivized retirement accounts, like 401(k)s and traditional IRAs, which carry age-related restrictions. For example, 401(k)s generally can’t be accessed before age 59½ without incurring a penalty.

Even a traditional retirement timeline can be difficult for many savers. Recent data from the Federal Reserve shows that approximately 25% of Americans have no retirement savings whatsoever. Still, Americans between the ages of 25 to 40 plan to retire at age 59, according to a 2022 survey.

Online calculators and budgeting tools can help you determine when you can retire—and are customizable to your exact retirement goals and specifications.

💡 Haven’t started an IRA yet? Check out: How to Open an IRA

Financial Independence Retire Early: Pros and Cons

Although financial independence and early retirement are undoubtedly appealing, getting there isn’t all sunshine and rainbows. There are both strong benefits and drawbacks to this financial approach that individuals should weigh before undertaking the F.I.R.E. strategy.

Pros of the F.I.R.E. Approach

Benefits of the F.I.R.E. lifestyle include:

•  Having more flexibility with your time. Those who retire at 35 or 40, as opposed to 65 or 70, have more of their lifetime to spend pursuing and enjoying the activities they choose.

•  Building a meaningful, passion-filled life. Retiring early can be immensely freeing, allowing someone to shirk the so-called golden handcuffs of a job or career. When earning money isn’t the primary energy expenditure, more opportunities to follow one’s true calling can be taken.

•  Learning to live below one’s means. “Lifestyle inflation” can be a problem among many working-age people who find themselves spending more money as they earn more income. The savings strategies necessary to achieve early retirement and financial independence require its advocates to learn to live frugally, or follow a minimalist lifestyle, which can help them save more money in the long run—even if they don’t end up actually retiring early.

•   Less stress. Money is one of the leading stressors for many Americans. Gaining enough wealth to live comfortably without working could wipe out a major cause of stress, which could lead to a more enjoyable, and healthier, life.

Cons of the F.I.R.E. Approach

Drawbacks of the F.I.R.E. lifestyle include:

•  Unpredictability of the future. Although many people seeking early retirement thoroughly map out their financial plans, the future is unpredictable. Social programs and tax structures, which may figure into future budgeting, can change unexpectedly, and life can also throw wrenches into the plan. For instance, a major illness or an unexpected child could wreak havoc on even the best-laid plans for financial independence.

•  Some find retirement boring. While never having to go to work again might sound heavenly to those on the job, some people who do achieve financial security and independence and early retirement struggle with filling their free time. Without a career or specific non-career goals, the years without work can feel unsatisfying.

•  Fewer professional opportunities. If someone achieves F.I.R.E. and then discovers it’s not right for them—or must re-enter the workforce due to an extenuating circumstance—they may find reintegration challenging. Without a history of continuous job experience, one’s skill set may not match the needs of the economy, and job searching, even in the best of circumstances, may be difficult.

•  F.I.R.E. is hard! Even the most dedicated advocates of the financial independence and early retirement approach acknowledge that the lifestyle can be difficult—both in the extreme savings strategies necessary to achieve it and in the ways it changes day-to-day life. For instance, extroverts might find it difficult to forgo social activities like eating out or traveling with friends. Others may find it challenging to create a sense of personal identity that doesn’t revolve around a career.

Investing for F.I.R.E.

Investing allows F.I.R.E. advocates—and others—to earn income in two important ways: dividends and market appreciation.

Dividends

Shareholders earn dividend income when companies have excess profits. Dividends are generally offered on a quarterly basis, and if you hold shares of a stock you could earn them.

However, because dividend payments depend on company performance, they’re not guaranteed, those relying on them to live should have other income sources (including substantial savings accounts) as a back up income stream.

Market Appreciation

Investors can also earn profits through market appreciation when they sell stocks and other assets for a higher price than what they initially paid for them.

Even for those who seek retirement at a traditional pace, stock investing is a common strategy to create the kind of compound growth over time that can build a substantial nest egg. There are many accounts built specifically for retirement investing, such as 401(k)s, IRAs, and 403(b) plans.

However, these accounts carry age-related restrictions and contribution limits which means that those interested in pursuing retirement on a F.I.R.E. timeline will need to explore additional types of accounts and saving and investing options.

For example, brokerage accounts allow investors to access their funds at any point—and to customize the way they allocate their assets to maximize growth.

The Takeaway

Whether you’re hoping to retire in a traditional fashion, shorten your retirement timeline, or are just looking to increase your wealth to achieve shorter-term financial goals, like buying a new car—investing can be one of the most effective ways to reach your objectives.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.



SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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Ways to Achieve Financial Discipline

7 Ways to Achieve Financial Discipline

If you feel as if you aren’t clear about where your money goes or why you aren’t saving as much as you’d like (or why your credit card debt isn’t going away), you might benefit from some financial discipline. While the word “discipline” can sound harsh, it’s really just a way of saying that you have found money-management habits that lead to success. It’s not about saying you can never buy concert tickets or new shoes again.

Having financial discipline can help you take control of your money, gain independence, and save for your big-picture as well as short-term goals.

This guide shares seven essential ways to achieve financial discipline and enjoy its rewards.

What Is the Meaning of Financial Discipline?

Financial discipline is the act of setting specific monetary (spending and saving) goals and measuring oneself against how well they are achieved. Once that financial discipline is established, a person can take further steps to becoming financially independent.

Financial independence means having enough money to pay one’s living expenses without being dependent on people or a particular employer. It provides a financial runway that’s flexible enough for a person to make decisions based on short- and long-term needs instead of the immediate state of their finances.

💡 Quick Tip: Want to save more, spend smarter? Let your bank manage the basics. It’s surprisingly easy, and secure, when you open an online bank account.

How Can Financial Problems Be Improved?

Financial problems can bring about a level of stress that might be difficult to shake. Sitting and worrying won’t necessarily change the state of a person’s finances, but putting together a financial plan is a tangible step in the right direction.

By confronting their current financial realities and committing to practicing money discipline, a person who’s struggling with stressful financial problems can improve their overall outlook and make progress toward a more stable financial future.

7 Steps For Achieving Financial Discipline

There are many paths to financial discipline, but these seven steps can help you create the habits that help you take control of your money and your financial destiny.

1. Getting Clear About Financial Goals

It could be difficult to get disciplined about money without embarking on a vital first step: setting financial goals. Writing down specific short-term, mid-term and long-term financial goals can help whittle things down even further and illuminate a plan for how to proceed.

Here are some common examples of financial goals (though real goals will vary depending on a person’s individual priorities and plans). They range from short-term money goals to longer-term ones:

Short-term Financial Goals

•   Paying off credit cards and charge cards

•   Paying off student loan debt

•   Setting a spending limit for the month

•   Setting up an emergency fund

•   Saving a certain amount each month

Mid-term Financial Goals

•   Saving money for a trip abroad

•   Setting aside funds for a major gift

•   Putting away money to buy a big ticket item like a boat or car

•   Saving up for an important home renovation

Long-term Financial Goals

•   Setting aside money for retirement

•   Saving for a dependent’s future college tuition

•   Putting away money for a down payment on a house

•   Investing in stocks and bonds for future returns

💡 Quick Tip: If you’re saving for a short-term goal — whether it’s a vacation, a wedding, or the down payment on a house — consider opening a high-yield savings account. The higher APY that you’ll earn will help your money grow faster, but the funds stay liquid, so they are easy to access when you reach your goal.

2. Creating a Convenient Budget

Building a monthly budget isn’t necessarily at the top of everyone’s bucket list, but seeing spending habits and current expenses in black and white can make it easier to get a handle on overall finances. Whether it’s written out by hand, using an online spreadsheet, or finding software that helps turn financial data into a trackable budget, there are many ways to build a budget.

Once someone finds a system that works, they can better understand how much money they’re making versus how much they’re spending, saving, and possibly investing. The transparency that comes with creating a budget can bring them closer to becoming financially disciplined.

3. Paying Down Existing Debt

Debt comes in many forms — from student loan debt to car loans, medical payments, mortgages and credit card debt. It might seem fairly obvious, but paying down debt as a step toward financial discipline can make it easier to start the subsequent steps like saving money, making investments and planning for a brighter financial future. Adding the debt paydown directly into the budget ensures it’s consistently covered each month.

4. Opening a High-Yield Savings Account

There’s no specific answer to “How much money should I have in savings?” However, it is important to get started and contribute regularly. Even if it’s as little as $20 a month, setting something aside for savings in spite of one’s current debt-to-income ratio ensures some funds will start to add up. By opening up a savings account and setting up a recurring deposit, a pivotal piece of financial discipline can practically go on autopilot.

Of the different types of savings accounts, the specific kind you choose can make a big difference. According to the FDIC, the national average interest rate on savings accounts was 0.45% APY as of October 21, 2024. In the case of certain high-yield accounts, however, interest rates can reach 3.00% APY or higher (these are typically found at online banks).

By putting money into a high-yield savings account, it’s simple to earn even more money just by setting funds aside in the first place.

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5. Establishing an Emergency Fund

More than one in five Americans have no emergency savings; about 30% of people do have some money set aside for a rainy day, but not enough to cover three months’ worth of basic expenses. That means these individuals would likely have to take on credit card debt, a personal loan, or ask family or friends for financial help if they, say, lost their job or had unexpected bills to pay.

Establishing an emergency fund isn’t just a step along the path to financial independence, it’s a way to weather unforeseen expenses without having to worry about day-to-day expenses being paid for or financial goals being met.

Most money experts advise socking away enough to cover three to six months’ worth of living expenses. You might want to automate your savings to help you reach this goal.

6. Cutting Back on Spending

Despite the best of intentions, overspending happens. Whether it’s a pileup of holiday gift purchases, a particularly eventful summer, or a lavish trip overseas, spending more than what you earn is bound to occur from time to time. If it happens constantly, that’s another story.

Cutting down on spending is a tangible way to practice sound money discipline. There’s no one-size-fits-all approach to doing so, but by building a budget, hunting for bargains, creating ironclad shopping lists, using promo codes and coupons, and thoroughly tracking spending, it can be easier to cut back and get one step further to financial independence.

7. Seeking Sound Investment Strategies

If you’re searching for a head start to financial independence, familiarizing yourself with a wide variety of investment accounts and strategies can help get you on the map. Depending on your individual financial situation, weighing the risks and benefits of certain account types, penalties, fees, and the ability to access funds can help you select the right investment strategy.

By researching different markets and understanding your personal risk tolerance, you can select an approach to investing that directly aligns with your current and future financial goals.

Focusing on Financial Planning

The term “financial planning” might feel more like a unicorn you only get to meet when you’re floating high on a cloud of financial independence, but it’s actually another sound step along the way. These days, financial planning isn’t designated for the already-wealthy, it’s becoming accessible and essential for people at every stage of life. In fact, in the age of digital transformation, financial planning can even be automated.

The Takeaway

Financial discipline or money discipline is the act of setting specific financial goals and tracking their achievement. By practicing financial discipline, you can create a budget, build up savings and an emergency fund, hit your money goals, and make progress toward a more stable financial future.

Finding the right financial institution to suit your needs can be another important step. Doing so can help you track your saving and spending and budget better, as well earn interest on the money you keep stashed away.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.00% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

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SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.00% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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What Is Asset Turnover Ratio?

Asset turnover ratio is a calculation used to measure the value of a company’s assets relative to its sales or revenue. It’s used to evaluate how well a company is doing at using its assets to generate revenue.

Similar to cash flow, the asset turnover ratio compares the company’s total assets over the course of a year to its sales. In simpler terms, it shows the dollar amount the company is earning in sales compared to the dollar amount of its assets. It can be calculated annually or over a shorter or longer period of time.

Why Is Asset Turnover Ratio Important?

Although having cash on hand is important for growing and maintaining a business, other types of business assets are also important, as is how a company chooses to use them. Liquid assets can include cash, stock, and anything else the company owns that could be easily liquidated into cash. Fixed assets are things the company owns that are not as easily turned into cash. This could include real estate, copyrights, equipment, etc.

For business owners, asset turnover ratio can be important when applying for loans and learning about their company’s cash flow. A higher asset turnover ratio indicates that a company is efficiently generating sales from its assets, while a low ratio indicates that it isn’t. A higher asset turnover ratio also shows that a company’s assets don’t need to be replaced or discarded, that they are still in good condition.

A higher ratio is preferable for investors, as well. Investors can look at the asset turnover ratio when evaluating the risk of investing in a company, or when comparing similar companies to one another. Each industry has different norms for asset turnover ratios, so it’s best to only compare companies within the same sector. For instance, a utility company or construction company is more likely to have a higher number of assets than a retail company.

Know, too, that asset turnover ratio is only one of many calculations that comprise the list of financial ratios that investors can employ.


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Formula for Calculating Asset Turnover Ratio

It’s fairly simple to calculate asset turnover ratio, which is one reason it’s such a useful tool for investors. Asset turnover ratio can be calculated using the following formula, which divides total (net) sales or revenue by average total assets:

Asset turnover = Net Sales / Average Total Assets

Which can also be shown as:

Asset turnover = Net Sales / ((Beginning Assets + Ending Assets) / 2 )

Where:

Net Sales = Gross annual sales minus returns, allowances, and discounts. Total sales can be found on a company’s income statement (typically part of an earnings report).

Beginning Assets = Assets at the beginning of the year

Ending Assets = Assets at the end of the year

Total Assets = Generally a company will include calculated average total assets on their balance sheet. However, sometimes additional calculations will need to be made.

Calculating Total Assets

The value of a company’s total assets includes the value of its fixed assets, current assets, accounts receivable, and liquid assets (cash).

•   Accounts receivable are accounts that hold expected revenues that come from when customers use credit to buy goods and services.

•   Fixed assets are generally physical items such as equipment or real estate.

•   Current assets are things that the company predicts will be converted into cash within the next year, such as inventory or accounts receivable that will be liquidated.

The formula for calculating total assets is:

Total Assets = Cash + Accounts Receivable + Fixed Assets + Current Assets

Example of Calculating Asset Turnover Ratio

To give an example of the ratio calculation, if a company has $2,000,000 in average assets and $500,000 in sales over the course of a year, the calculation of its asset turnover would be:

500,000 / 2,000,000 = 0.25 = 25% asset turnover ratio

Interpreting Asset Turnover

Sticking with the example above, we’ve calculated a 25% asset turnover ratio. What that means, exactly, is that the company’s assets generated 25% of net sales over the course of the year. In other words, every $1 in assets that the company owns generated $0.25 in net sales revenue. Again, this can be helpful when using various business valuation methods and trying to determine whether an investment fits your overall strategy.

Factors that can Cause Low Asset Turnover

There are several reasons why a company might have a low asset turnover. These include:

•   More production capacity than is needed

•   Inadequate inventory management

•   Poor methods of customer money transaction

•   Poor use of fixed assets

The ratio can also change significantly from year to year, so just because it’s low one year doesn’t mean it will remain low over time.

What Is a Good Asset Turnover Ratio?

Investors can use the asset turnover ratio as part of comparing and evaluating stocks. But what is considered a good number for asset turnover?

In general, the higher the number the better — and a number higher than 1 is ideal. This is because a value greater than 1 means the dollar value generated by assets is greater than the dollar amount that the assets cost. A higher number means a company is generating sales efficiently and not wasting assets.

Conversely, a number less than 1 means that assets are generating less than the amount of their dollar value. If a company isn’t effective at generating sales with its assets, it most likely wouldn’t be a great investment — which, again, is important to know if you’re building an investment portfolio.

Since each industry has its own standards for a “good” asset turnover ratio, there isn’t one specific number to look for. For companies in the utilities industry, ratios are generally lower than companies in retail.

Companies can work on improving their asset turnover ratio by increasing sales, decreasing manufacturing costs, and improving their inventory management. Other ways they can improve include adding new products and services that don’t require the use of assets, and selling any unsold inventory still on hand.

What Does a High Ratio Imply About a Company?

If you’re using technical analysis techniques to get some clarity around a company as a possible investment target, you’ll want to get down to brass tacks: What, exactly, is a high ratio telling you?

The answer is that a high ratio implies that a company is in good standing. It’s generating value with its assets, which can signal that it may be a solid investment. But, again, there are no guarantees.

Limitations of Using Asset Turnover Ratio

While asset turnover ratio is a useful tool for evaluating companies, like any calculation, it has its limitations. It is useful for comparing similar companies, but isn’t a sufficient tool for doing a complete stock analysis of any particular company.

Also, a company’s asset turnover ratio could vary widely from year to year, making it an unreliable measure for potential long-term investments. Even if the ratio has been similar in years past, this doesn’t mean it will continue to remain consistent. However, investors can look at the long term trendline of the ratio to get a general indication of whether it’s improving or not.

Since asset turnover is typically calculated once a year, if a company made even a few large purchases this could skew their ratio. This is fairly common, as companies might have certain monthly expenses but occasionally need to invest large sums of money into equipment, office renovations, or other common business needs.


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Drawbacks of Asset Turnover Ratio in Stock Analysis

The limitations outlined above play into some of the potential drawbacks of the asset turnover ratio when analyzing stocks, too. Mostly, it comes down to the fact that as a single ratio, which doesn’t reveal the total health or financial picture for a single company. For that reason, it’s probably a good idea to use the ratio in tandem with other analysis tools and methods.

For instance, other ratios that can be used to gain an understanding of a company’s financials are the debt-to-equity ratio, its P/E ratio, and even looking at its net asset value.

The Difference Between Asset Turnover and Fixed Asset Turnover

Fixed asset turnover and asset turnover are two different ratios that can tell you about a company, and for investors, it’s important to understand the difference between the two.

In short, and to recap, asset turnover ratio looks at average total assets of a company — “total,” in this case, being the important qualifier. On the other hand, fixed asset turnover ratio looks at a company’s fixed assets to measure performance.

Investing With SoFi

Knowing how to calculate asset turnover ratio can be useful for investors who are evaluating companies as they start building an investment portfolio. While the formula is simple — Asset turnover = Net Sales / Average Total Assets — it’s important to remember that the calculations work best when comparing companies within one industry, rather than across various industries.

Additionally, there are other metrics by which to evaluate a company or value its stock. The asset turnover ratio can be helpful, but it has its limitations. As always, speak with a financial professional if you feel like you’d benefit from more guidance.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

How can you improve asset turnover ratio?

Some ways that a company can improve its asset turnover ratio include increasing its revenues, selling some of its assets, renting or leasing assets rather than purchasing them, and optimizing its inventory and ordering systems.

Is an asset turnover of 1.5 good?

Yes, an asset turnover ratio of 1.5 is a sign that a company is on solid financial footing. It indicates that a company’s total assets are generating enough revenue from its current assets.

Can asset turnover ratio be negative?

Yes, and a negative asset turnover ratio would be a signal that a company lost money during the year, rather than earned it. A negative number represents that its liabilities or expenditures exceeded its assets.


SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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What is Buying Power? Definition & Formula

Guide to Buying Power

Buying power refers to an investor’s ability or resources on hand to buy securities or investments. Investors who trade securities through an online brokerage account or margin account may see references to buying power or excess equity when reviewing the amount of money they have available to purchase securities.

Put differently, buying power is a determination of an investor’s ability to make trades at any given time. Understanding the differences in what it means to have more or less power to buy stocks, options or crypto can help with shaping investment decisions.

What Is Stock Buying Power?

Buying power, or excess equity, is a measure of how much capital an investor has available to trade stocks, options, and other securities. There are different ways to measure buying power, depending on the type of account an investor has. Completing trades can reduce an investor’s ready capital while selling securities and depositing the cash into their trading account can increase it.

There’s no standard buying power definition; instead, it’s simply a way to gauge an investor’s ability to trade, based on the financial resources they have in their trading account. It can also be thought of, or related to the purchasing power of the dollar.

Buying Power vs Purchasing Power

Buying power, in this sense, is not the same thing as purchasing power, however. Purchasing power refers to the amount of goods or services a given unit of currency can purchase, when factoring in inflation. Often purchasing power comes up during discussions of how inflation may affect a portfolio’s returns.

Buying Power vs Consumer Buying Power

Further, a consumer’s buying power or consumer purchasing power is a measure of how much a consumer has on hand to buy goods or services, not only investments or financial securities. Again, in this sense, the concept is broader and doesn’t relate strictly to investing.

How Does Buying Power Work?

To understand how buying power works, it helps to understand when this term comes into play. The types of accounts that use or reference buying power include:

•   Margin trading accounts

•   Cash brokerage accounts

•   Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs)

Margin trading involves using leverage, or borrowing cash, from a broker-dealer to purchase securities using the assets in a brokerage account as leverage or collateral.

Margin trading can increase an investor’s buying power above what they’d have in a cash account or IRA account. (Cash accounts and IRAs don’t use margin or leverage.) While trading on margin can enhance risk, it can also double the amount of capital an investor has available to make trades with.

Note, too, that there are distinctions that are important to understand when discussing leverage vs margin.

Pattern day trading can also increase buying power for margin investors who prefer active trading versus a buy-and-hold approach. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) defines a pattern day trader as any investor who executes four or more day trades within five business days, provided that the number of day trades represents more than 6% of the investor’s total trades in the margin account for that same five-day period.

Buying Power Example

Assume that an investor has $10,000 in cash in a margin account. They want to use that $10,000 to purchase shares of stock. The stock has a 50% initial margin requirement. In that case, the investor’s buying power calculation looks like this:

$10,000 in cash divided by 50% initial margin requirement = $20,000 in margin buying power

Now, assume that same investor has $100,000 in cash instead to purchase stocks with. Using the same initial margin requirement, the calculation looks like this:

$100,000 in cash divided by 50% initial margin requirement = $200,000 in margin buying power

It’s important to remember that the value of the stocks the investor owns can determine the value of their margin account. When the value of the account increases, that can lead to more gains for the investor but it can also increase their odds of a margin call.

How To Calculate Buying Power

The method of calculating buying power depends on the kind of account involved. With a brokerage account or IRA, this calculation is simple. An investor would simply add up the amount of cash they have available to trade. So if someone has $20,000 in cash in their brokerage account they’d have $20,000 in buying power.

With margin accounts, buying power is typically double the amount of equity they have in their accounts. So an investor who has $25,000 in a margin account would have $50,000 of stock buying power in that instance.

With pattern day trading, the buying power is four times the amount of equity. So, if an investor has $50,000 in cash or equity with which to trade, they could have up to $200,000 in buying power using pattern day trading rules. It’s important to note that if an investor exceeds their day trading margin limits, their brokerage may issue a margin call.

Margin Calls

A margin call can happen if the value of securities in a margin account drops below a set level, as determined by the brokerage. When that occurs, the investor may need to deposit cash or other securities in their account or sell securities to make up a shortfall. The more leverage a brokerage allows, the more difficult it can be for an investor to fill the gap when there’s a margin call.

What Happens if You Don’t Have Enough Buying Power?

If you lack buying power as an investor, you simply won’t be able to place trades on your chosen platform. If you try to execute a trade and lack the buying power, the trade will simply not execute. The specifics may depend on your chosen exchange or platform, of course, but generally speaking, a lack of buying power means that you lack the ability to buy.

Where to Find Your Buying Power

Where you can find your buying power will depend on the specific platform or exchange you’re using, but typically, you’ll be able to find it somewhere in your account information or balances. For instance, if you’re investing with SoFi, you can find your buying power displayed in your account near its overall performance in the performance section of your Active Invest account.

How To Use Buying Power

If you’re interested in trading stocks, options, or other securities, having more buying power can work in your favor. Trading on margin can allow you to invest larger amounts of money and it has the potential to magnify your investment returns.

Say you have only $5,000 to invest. You open a margin account and your brokerage allows an additional $5,000 in buying power for a combined total of $10,000. You use this $10,000 to purchase 500 shares of stock which are trading at $20 each.

The stock’s price doubles to $40 per share. Now your shares are worth $20,000. You decide to sell, paying back the $5,000 margin loan to your broker. You also pay $500 in interest for the loan. That leaves you with $14,500 in profit.

Now, say you used $5,000 to buy 250 shares of that same stock. Once the stock’s price doubles to $40, you sell them and rake in a $10,000 profit. You’re still coming out ahead but trading on margin would have given you more buying power and thus more profits.

When using buying power to your advantage, you do have to consider the risks as well. Just as margin trading can increase your profits, it can also increase losses if the securities you purchase decline in value. In the event of a margin call, you’d have to liquidate some of your holdings or deposit extra cash to cover the difference.

Investing With SoFi

As noted, an investor’s buying power refers to how much they have at their disposal to purchase various investments and securities. Understanding how buying power works matters, especially if you’re a day trader or you’re trading on margin. And even if you’re a beginning investor, it’s still important to know what this means when it comes to your first brokerage account or IRA.

If you feel like you still need some guidance in calibrating your investment strategy, or furthering your understanding of buying power, it may be beneficial to speak with a financial professional.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What is buying power in simple terms?

Buying power, as it relates to investing, refers to how much an investor has to spend on investments, and can include cash in their account, as well as margin.

Why is buying power important?

Buying power gives an investor an idea of what they have to work with, and how they can leverage their assets and holdings to reach their financial goals. Understanding buying power may be particularly important for day traders or margin traders.

What is buying power vs cash?

Cash could refer to the investments you can afford to make with your wholly-owned assets, whereas buying power can also incorporate what you can borrow (margin) to purchase investments.


Photo credit: iStock/solidcolours

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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