invest Archives | Page 153 of 182

Feb

2023

Guide to Building an Investment Portfolio for Beginners

By Inyoung Hwang | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | No Comments

Investing can seem intimidating, especially for beginners who are just starting out. But building an investment portfolio is one of the best ways to grow your wealth over time.

Before you start pondering what you want to invest in and build an investment portfolio, think this through: Why am I investing? In the end, most of what matters is achieving your financial goals. And what are you saving for? By answering these questions, you can match your goals with your investment strategy — which is important if you want to give yourself a shot at your desired financial outcome.

The Basics: What Is an Investment Portfolio?

An investment portfolio is a collection of investments, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), real estate, and other assets. An investment portfolio aims to achieve specific investment goals, such as generating income, building wealth, or preserving capital, while managing market risk and volatility.

A well-diversified investment portfolio can help investors achieve their financial objectives over the long term.

Why Building a Balanced Portfolio Matters

Building a balanced investment portfolio matters for several reasons. As noted above, a balanced, diversified portfolio can help manage the risk and volatility of the financial markets. Many people avoid building an investment portfolio because they fear the swings of the market and the potential to lose money. But by diversifying investments across different asset classes and sectors, the impact of any one investment on the overall portfolio is reduced. This beginner investment strategy can help protect the portfolio from significant losses due to the poor performance of any one investment.

Additionally, a balanced portfolio can help investors achieve their long-term investment objectives. By including a mix of different types of investments, investors can benefit from the potential returns of different asset classes while minimizing risk. For example, building a portfolio made up of relatively risky, high-growth stocks and stable government bonds may allow you to benefit from long-term price growth from the stocks while also generating stable returns from the bonds.

What Is Your Risk Tolerance?

When it comes to braving risk, everyone is different. And in life, there are no guarantees. So where does that leave you? Take your risk temperature and see which type of investing you can live (and grow) with. Below are two general strategies many investors follow depending on their risk tolerance.

Aggressive Investing

An aggressive investment strategy is for investors who want to take risks to grow their money as much as possible. High risk sometimes means big losses (but not always). The idea here is to “go for it.” Find investments that feel like they have a lot of potential to generate significant gains.

Your stock picks can ride the rollercoaster, and if you opt for an aggressive investing strategy when you’re young and just starting out, you can watch them take the ride without you doing much hand-wringing.

If it doesn’t work out, you can own the loss and move on. Downturns happen. So do bull markets. And when you’re young, you can likely afford to take risks.

Conservative Investing

Conservative investing is for investors who are leery of losing a lot of their money. It may be better suited for older investors because the closer you get to your ultimate goal, the less room you will have for big drawdowns in your portfolio should the market sell off.

You can prioritize lower-risk investments as you inch closer to retirement. Research investments with more stable and conservative returns. Lower-risk investments can include fixed-income (bonds) and money-market accounts.

These investments may not have the same return-generating potential as high-risk stocks, but often the most important goal is to not lose money.

Choosing a Goal for Your Portfolio

Long- and short-term goals depend on where you are in life. Your relationship with money and investing may change as you get older and your circumstances evolve. As this happens, it’s best to understand your goals and figure out how to meet them ahead of time.

If you’re still a beginner investing in your 20s, you’re in luck. Time is on your side, and when building an investment portfolio, you have that time to make mistakes (and correct them).

You can also potentially afford to take more risks because you’ll have more time to work on reversing losses or at least shrugging them off and moving on.

If you’re older and closer to retirement age, you can reconfigure your investments so that your risks are lower and your investments become more conservative, predictable, and less prone to significant drops in value.

As you go through life, consider creating short and long-term goal timelines. If you keep them flexible, you can always change them as needed. But of course, you’d want to check on them regularly and the big financial picture they’re helping you create.

Short Term: Starting an Emergency Fund

Before you do any serious investing, making sure you have enough money stashed away for emergencies is a good idea. Loss of income, unplanned moves, health situations, auto repairs, and all of those other surprises can tap you on the shoulder at the worst possible time — and that’s when your emergency fund comes in.

It may make sense to keep your emergency money in liquid assets for short-term expenses. Liquidity helps ensure you can get your money if and when you need it. Try to take only a few risks with emergency money because you may not have time to recover if the market experiences a severe downturn.

Long Term: Starting a Retirement Fund

Think about what age you would want to retire and how much money you would need to live on yearly. You can use a retirement calculator to get a better idea.

One of the most frequently recommended strategies for long-term retirement savings is opening a 401(k), an IRA, or both. The benefit of this type of investment account is that they have tax advantages.

Another benefit of 401(k)s and IRAs is that they help you build an investment portfolio over decades: the long term.

Prioritizing Diversification

As mentioned above, portfolio diversification means keeping your money in more than one place: think stocks, bonds, and real estate. And once you diversify into those asset classes, you’ll need to drill down and diversify again within each sector.

Understanding Systematic Risk

Big things happen, like economic uncertainty, geopolitical conflicts, and pandemics. These incidents will affect almost all businesses, industries, and economies. There are not many places to hide during these events, so they’ll likely affect your investments too.

One smart way to fight this: diversify. Spread out. High-quality bonds, like U.S. Treasuries, tend to do well in these environments and have offset some of the negative performances that stocks usually suffer during these times.

It might also be helpful to calculate your portfolio’s beta, the systemic risk that can’t be diversified away. This can be done by measuring your portfolio’s sensitivity to broader market swings.

Understanding Idiosyncratic Risk

Smaller things happen. For instance, a scandal could rock a business, or a tech disruption could make a particular business suddenly obsolete. This risk is more micro than macro; it may occur in a specific company or industry.

As a result, a stock’s value could fall, along with the strength of your investment portfolio. The best way to fight this: diversify. Spread out. If you only invest in three companies and one goes under, that’s a big risk. If you invest in 20 companies and one goes under, not so much.

Owning many different assets that act differently in various environments can help smooth your investment journey, reduce your risk, and hopefully allow you to stick with your strategy and reach your goals.

4 Steps Towards Building an Investment Portfolio

Here are four steps toward building an investment portfolio:

1. Set Your Goals

The first step to building an investment portfolio is determining your investment goals. Are you investing to build wealth for retirement, to save for a down payment on a home, or another reason? Your investment goals will determine your investment strategy.

2. What Sort of Account Do You Want?

Investors can choose several kinds of investment accounts to build wealth. The type of investment accounts that investors should open depends on their investment goals and the investments they plan to make. Here are some common investment accounts that investors may consider:

• Individual brokerage account: This is a standard brokerage account that allows investors to buy and sell stocks, bonds, mutual funds, ETFs, and other securities. This account is ideal for investors who want to manage their own investments and have the flexibility to buy and sell securities as they wish.

• Retirement accounts: These different retirement plans, such as 401(k)s, IRAs, and Roth IRAs, offer tax advantages and are specifically designed for retirement savings. They have contribution limits and may restrict when and how withdrawals can be made.

• Automated investing accounts: These accounts, also known as robo advisors, use algorithms to manage investments based on an investor’s goals and risk tolerance.

Recommended: What Is Automated Investing?

3. Choosing Investments Based on Risk Tolerance

Once you have set your investment goals, the next step is to determine your investments based on your risk tolerance. As discussed above, risk tolerance refers to the amount of risk you are willing to take with your investments. If you are comfortable with higher levels of risk, you may be able to invest in more aggressive assets, such as stocks or commodities. If you are risk-averse, you may prefer more conservative investments, such as bonds or certificates of deposit (CDs).

4. Allocating Your Assets

The next step in building an investment portfolio is to choose your asset allocation. This involves deciding what percentage of your portfolio you want to allocate to different investments, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate.

Once you have built your investment portfolio, it is important to monitor it regularly and make necessary adjustments. This may include rebalancing your portfolio to ensure it remains diversified and aligned with your investment goals and risk tolerance.

Paying Off Debt First

Student loans and credit card debt may stand in the way of pumping money into your investment portfolio. Do what you can to pay off most or all of your debt, especially high-interest debt.

Get an aggressive repayment plan going. Also, remember it can be wise to pay yourself first (by that, we mean to keep a steady flow of cash flowing into your short and long-term investments before you pay anything else).

Investing in the Stock Market

Building an investment portfolio is a process that depends on where a person is in their life as well as their financial goals. Every individual should consider long-term and short-term investments and the importance of portfolio diversification when building an investment portfolio and investing in the stock market.

These are big decisions to make. And sometimes you may need help. That’s where SoFi comes in. With a SoFi Invest® online brokerage account, you can trade stocks, ETFs, fractional shares, and more with no commissions for as little as $5. And you can get access to educational resources to help learn more about the investing process.

Take a step toward reaching your financial goals with SoFi Invest.

FAQ

How much money do you need to start building an investment portfolio?

The amount of money needed to start building an investment portfolio can vary depending on the type of investments chosen, but it is possible to start with a small amount, such as a few hundred or thousand dollars. Some online brokers and investment platforms have no minimum requirement, making it possible for investors to start with very little money.

Can beginners create their own stock portfolios?

Beginners can create their own stock portfolios. Access to online brokers and trading platforms makes it easier for beginners to buy and sell stocks and build their own portfolios.

What should be included in investment portfolios?

Experts recommended that investment portfolios should be diversified with a mix of different types of investments, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, ETFs, and cash, depending on the investor’s goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon. Regular monitoring and rebalancing are important to keep the portfolio aligned with the investor’s objectives.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

Feb

2023

Options Chain: Definition & How to Read an Options Chain

By Matthew Zeitlin | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off

An options chain is like a menu of all the available options contracts for a specific security. The options chain, or options matrix, shows the listed puts, calls, the expiration dates, strike prices, and volume and pricing information for the underlying asset, within a given maturity.

An options chain provides detailed quote and price information, and is usually divided into calls vs. puts and categorized by expiration date.

Understanding the Options Chain

To understand what an options chain is, you first need to understand how options trading works. With this knowledge, you can build options trading strategies and attempt to profit in the market.

Options may allow you to profit on movements in the price of an underlying asset that you don’t own directly, by giving you the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a stock or other asset at a certain price (the strike price) at a certain date in the future (expiration date). But options trading strategies can be quite risky and are typically undertaken by experienced investors.

While options can get quite complex, there are basically two kinds of options: calls vs. puts.

Calls are options that allow you to buy a stock at a preset price (the strike price) until some point in the future (the expiration date), while puts give you the ability to sell an option at a specific price until the expiration.

Call Options

A call option is a contract that typically allows an investor to buy 100 shares of an underlying stock or other security at the strike price. A call option can be appealing because it gives an investor a potential way to profit from a stock’s increase in price without having to pay the full price for 100 shares.

The investor pays what’s known in options terminology as the “premium” on each share, which is typically much less than the current price of the stock.

Put Options

By contrast, a put option is a contract that allows the investor to sell shares at a certain price at a specified time in the future. The seller of the put option has the obligation to buy the shares from the put buyer, if the put buyer chooses to exercise the option.

If call options are a way to profit from a stock going up in price without having to own the stock itself, then put options are a way to profit from the fall of a stock’s price without having to short the stock (i.e. borrow the shares and then buy them back at a lower price).

In-the-Money and Out-of-the-Money Options

Options can be “in the money” (ITM) or “out of the money” (OTM). The terms refer to the relationship between the options strike price and the market value of the underlying asset.

Knowing the difference between being in or out of the money allows the options holder to gauge whether they might see a profit from their option, and to decide if and when to exercise the option.

• A call option would be in the money if the strike price was lower than the current market price of the underlying security. An investor holding such a contract could exercise the option to buy the security at a discount and sell it for a profit right away.

• An out-of-the-money call option would be when you purchase an options contract that would allow you to buy a stock at a price higher than it is trading at right now. That means the option doesn’t have any intrinsic value. Any value the option has is based on the possibility that the price of the underlying security will go up in the future.

The reverse applies to puts. A put would be in the money if the strike price is higher than the current market price of the underlying security, and out of the money if the strike price is lower.

What Is an Options Chain?

Option chains are basically charts that list different options and the information that differentiates them. The options chain can vary, depending on who is providing it, but some of the terms can include:

• the strike price

• last price

• trading volume

• the bid

• the ask

• net change

Once you understand basic options concepts like calls vs. puts, an options chain will be pretty easy to read.

Then you can move on to more complicated options trading strategies like options trading straddles.

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.^*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.

*Check out the OCC Options Disclosure Document.

Options Chain Example

Here is a hypothetical example of an options chain for Company ABC.

Calls for January 27, 2023

Contract name	Last Trade Date	Strike	Last Price	Bid	Ask	Change	Volume	Open Interest
ABC230127C00240000	2022-12-16 3:37PM EST	240.00	15.22	12.95	15.00	-2.58	15	54
ABC230127C00245000	2022-12-16 3:53PM EST	245.00	11.00	9.10	12.15	-3.33	68	111
ABC230127C00250000	2022-12-16 3:59PM EST	250.00	8.80	8.20	10.80	-2.55	96	175

Options chains aren’t standardized, so your options chain provider may include more or less information.

Additional information could include more detail on price fluctuations, such as percentage price changes. Some sites include information on the characteristics of the option itself, such as implied volatility.

Reading the Options Chain

Once you understand the terms listed in the options chain, it’s relatively easy to decode. Reading from left to right in the hypothetical options chain above:

• Contract name: Just as the fictional ABC company has a stock ticker, options have an alphanumeric identifier. For instance, “ABC230127C00240000” refers to an option to buy ABC shares by January 27, 2023 for $240. In other words, this is a call option with a strike price of $240 that expires on January 27, 2023.

• Last trade date: The date and time when the option was last traded.

• Strike: The price at which the option may be bought (calls) or sold (puts) before the expiration date.

• Last price: The most recently traded or posted price of the option.

• Bid: The highest price someone is willing to pay for the option.

• Ask: The lowest price someone is willing to sell the option.

• Change: How the price has changed since the close of the previous trading session.

• Volume: The number of options contracts traded the most recent day that trading has been open.

• Open interest: These are the options contracts that haven’t been closed — meaning exercised (i.e. the stock has been bought or sold at the pre-arranged price) or otherwise settled.

How Options Chains Can Help You Trade Options

Options chains are a key tool in trading options. How they directly lead to options trading depends on how the specific brokerage you use utilize options chains, and how certain factors might fit into a trader’s overall strategy.

For example, an experienced trader would be able to gauge the market in terms of price movements and higher and lower liquidity. These are key points to know for efficient trade executions and potential profitability.

For example, a trader wanting to assess market conditions for the first call option in the matrix above, might consider the last price, the bid, ask, and net change.

Any brokerage that allows you to trade options will provide the type of information seen in an options chain, as it is necessary for options to be priced and for investors and traders to make informed decisions about options trading.

Brokerages typically also have various deposit and educational or knowledge requirements for options trading as well.

The Takeaway

Options are highly complex derivatives, and investors need to be skilled and experienced enough to digest a series of critical data points in order to have an effective options strategy. One tool that can be effective for traders is using an options chain, or options matrix.

An options chain is similar to a master list of available options contracts for a specific security (the underlying). It shows the puts, calls, expiration dates, strike prices, and volume and pricing information for the underlying asset. By reading these charts, traders can decide which options fit their strategy.

If you’re ready to try your hand at options trading, SoFi can help. You can trade options online from the SoFi mobile app or through the web platform. And if you have any questions, SoFi offers educational resources about options to learn more.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

SOIN0721310

Feb

2023

Guide to Moneyness in Options

By Mike Zaccardi, CMT, CFA | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

When you’re talking about moneyness in options, certain phrases capture where the strike price is in relation to the current price of the underlying asset.

Options are either in-the-money (ITM), out-of-the-money (OTM), at-the-money (ATM), or near-the-money. You can also have options that are deep-in-the-money or far-out-of-the-money.

Generally, a call option is in-the-money when the strike price is below the underlying asset price while a put is ITM when the strike price is above the underlying asset price. You flip the relationship for out-of-the-money options: an OTM call’s strike price is above the underlying stock price while an OTM put’s strike price is below the stock price.

What Is Moneyness?

The moneyness of an option describes the relationship between the strike price of an options contract and the price of the underlying shares. To explain the strike price: it refers to the price at which an investor can buy or sell a derivative contract.

Option moneyness can change depending on how the stock price moves. For example, a call option can be out-of-the-money one day, but then a share price appreciation can result in that same call turning in-the-money the next day.

Moneyness may also change on a minute-by-minute basis depending on the price fluctuations in the underlying stock.

Moneyness of options can be used to construct your options trading strategy — e.g. going long or short options, purchasing puts or calls, and executing more sophisticated options strategies.

Recommended: How to Trade Stock Options

How Does Moneyness Work?

Understanding the moneyness of an option is important for different core options trading strategies. As explained earlier, moneyness works by comparing the strike price of an option to the market price of the underlying shares.

Because options are complex, it’s also important to know options terminology.

• An in-the-money (ITM) option has intrinsic value and time value.

• An out-of-the-money (OTM) option only has time value, and thus is worthless if exercised.

• OTM options have zero intrinsic value and thus are cheaper than in-the-money options.

• At-the-money (ATM) options are rare since it might only occur for a moment when the stock price equals a specific strike price — near-the-money options are more common.

• A near-the-money option has a strike closest to the underlying share price on an options chain.

Practically speaking, if you are very bullish on a stock, you might consider purchasing out-of-the-money call options since those would appreciate the most on a percentage basis if there is a sharp share price rise. They also drop the most if the price moves against you.

If you expect just a small move on a stock, in-the-money options are probably the better play. And due to the leverage in options ITM will provide higher returns/losses than available by purchasing the underlying stock.

The deeper in-the-money an option is, the greater the sensitivity it will have to movements in the underlying shares.

Understanding Intrinsic and Time Value of Options

What’s the difference between intrinsic value and time value? It’s important to understand how these two factors play into the value of options.

The intrinsic value of an in-the money call option is simply the price of the stock less the strike price of the option. The intrinsic value of an in-the money put is the strike price of the option less the price of the stock.

The difference between the intrinsic value and the actual current price of the option is time value. Options that are in the money always have intrinsic value. Out-of-the-money options have no intrinsic value, but they might have time value.

The drivers of time value are complex and include many factors. If you’re looking for more information, you should consider learning about the option Greeks to inform your trading strategy.

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.^*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.

*Check out the OCC Options Disclosure Document.

Types of Moneyness

An option can be categorized in four common ways with respect to the relationship with its strike price and underlying share price: in-the-money, out-of-the-money, at-the-money, and near-the-money. Understanding how option pricing works between in-the-money vs. out-of-the-money options is important.

In-the-Money (ITM)

In-the-money options are those that have intrinsic value. For a call option, that means the underlying stock price is above the option’s strike price. A put option is in-the-money when the stock price is below the strike price.

If a call option is in-the-money, you can exercise the option, receive shares at the strike price, then immediately sell the shares in the market. In-the-money puts allow the option holder to sell a stock at a higher price compared to the market price of the security. Long calls are usually used to place bullish bets on a stock while long puts are generally used when a trader is bearish.

In-the-money options, while having intrinsic value, also have a degree of time value. It is often advantageous for an options trader to exit the trade in the market rather than exercising immediately.

Options that can be exercised at any time before expiration are known as American Style options. Options that can only be exercised upon expiration are European Style. There are other differences between American and European options but the different exercise options are most relevant to this discussion.

Out-of-the-Money (OTM)

An out-of-the-money call option is one in which the strike price is above the underlying stock price. The owner of a call option hopes that the share price rises prior to expiration so that the option has intrinsic value. The seller of a call option benefits when the underlying stock price remains below the exercise price so they can keep the premium they collected when they sold to open the call.

Puts are out-of-the-money when the strike price is below the market price of the underlying shares. The owner of puts is bearish on the stock, so they want the stock to fall below the strike price so that the puts become in-the-money. Put sellers, who are neutral to bullish on the stock, hope the share price stays above the exercise price.

Out-of-the-money options do not have intrinsic value. Their premium is made up of time value only. Out-of-the-money options generally have lower premiums than in-the-money and at-the-money options since they are more likely to expire worthless.

At-the-Money (ATM)

At-the-money puts and calls have strike prices that are the same as the market price of the underlying stock. These options, like out-of-the-money options, have no intrinsic value. At-the-money options are usually more expensive than out-of-the-money options, but less expensive than in-the-money options.

This type of option moneyness means that calls and puts are heavily influenced by volatility and time decay.

Near-the-Money

Near-the-money options have strike prices that are very close to the market price of the underlying stock, so they are just slightly in-the-money or out-of-the-money.

Near-the-money options are much more common than at-the-money options since the stock price is rarely precisely at a specific strike price. Near-the-money strikes are used when a trader wants exposure to an at-the-money option that is not available in the market.

Other Moneyness Terms

Other terms for moneyness include deep-in-the-money and far-out-of-the-money. These terms have no real qualitative difference between in-the-money and out-of-the-money, but are simply intensifiers. They are, however, in fairly common usage.

What Moneyness Means to Investors

Option moneyness tells a trader important information. The trader can use the moneyness of an option to help construct a trading thesis. For example, if you believe a stock price will drop substantially over a short time frame, you might consider purchasing an out-of-the-money put option since that option type and moneyness will appreciate greatly when the stock price drops in a big way.

Moneyness of options grows more crucial when you embark on more complex options strategies since multiple option legs have different moneyness — knowing the moneyness of the options strategy is critical to understanding your exposure.

Still, an option holder might exit an option by selling or covering in the market rather than exercising early so that they can capture the time value of an option in addition to any intrinsic value.

The Takeaway

Moneyness is used to describe where an option’s strike price is relative to the price of the underlying stock. It can help options traders gauge the amount of intrinsic value an option has and inform simple and complex options strategies.

A great way to get started is with SoFi’s options trading platform. The platform’s intuitive design makes it easy to use, whether you’d prefer to trade on the mobile app or through the web platform. You’ll also have access to educational resources to continue to help guiding you along the way.

Pay zero commission or contract fees when you start options trading with SoFi.

FAQ

How is moneyness calculated?

For a call option, moneyness is calculated by taking the underlying asset’s price and subtracting the option’s strike price. If that is a positive value, the call option is in-the-money. If it is a negative value, the call is out-of-the-money. The moneyness definition describes an option’s strike price relative to its underlying stock’s market price. The underlying asset price has to be above the strike price for a call to be in-the-money.

For a put option, the opposite is true: Moneyness is calculated by taking the underlying asset’s price and subtracting the option’s strike price. If that is a positive value, the put option is out-of-the-money. If it is a negative value, the put is in-the-money. The underlying asset price has to be below the strike price for a put to be in-the-money.

An at-the-money option is simple when the stock price and strike price are the same. Near-the-money options have strikes very close to the share price.

How are moneyness and delta different?

Option moneyness simply describes the price difference between a strike price and the price of the underlying asset. Delta, on the other hand, tells a trader how sensitive an option is to changes in the underlying stock.

How are moneyness and implied volatility related?

Implied volatility tends to be lowest with at-the-money options. It increases when the option moves further out-of-the-money or further in-the-money. The “volatility smile” describes the relationship between the moneyness of an option and the implied volatility.

Photo credit: iStock/AsiaVision

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

Feb

2023

Introduction to Options Volume and Open Interest

By Brian O'Connell | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off

In the world of options trading, the investor is given constant information about what is happening in the options market. Two of those pieces of information are Options Volume and Open Interest.

Options Volume represents all of the transactions made during a trading session updated in real-time.

Open Interest represents the number of open contracts at the start of each trading session and is updated once per day prior to the market opening.

How Is Option Volume Calculated?

Option Volume is different from stock volume in some fundamental ways. When you’re investing in stocks, volume represents shares trading hands. Typically trading volumes in stocks are far smaller in scale than the total shares available in a stock.

Options volume, on the other hand, can very often exceed the total contracts outstanding represented by Open Interest.

Options Volume is calculated in real-time after every transaction. This information is typically reported within the options chain and will be updated as frequently as your particular brokerage and account provides.

Every transaction is counted.

If you buy to open 10 calls, volume increases by 10 during the trading session.

If you then sell these calls to a second investor, volume increases by 10.

If this second investor closes these 10 calls, volume increases by 10.

Recommended: Popular Options Trading Terminology

How Is Open Interest Calculated?

Open Interest is calculated the same way for options trading as it is for futures trading. This information is also reported within the options chain, however it is updated once daily prior to the market opening and will not change over the course of a trading session.

Open interest represents all contracts that remain open and nets out trades from the previous session that offset.

Therefore using the same trades from above:

If you buy to open 10 calls, open interest does not change during the trading session.

If you then sell these calls to a second investor, open interest does not change.

If this second investor then closes these 10 calls, open interest does not change.

However, at the end of the session the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) nets out any offsetting trades and reports simply the remaining open contracts.

In this example, since the options were opened and closed on the same day, and despite having changed hands, the net effect on Open Interest is zero.

What Do Option Volume and Open Interest Indicate About Options?

As far as assessing what these two data points indicate, it depends on whether you consider yourself a “fundamental” trader or a “technical” trader.

• Traders who use fundamental analysis believe in analyzing company and market data to determine what is happening in the markets. They look at corporate metrics such as profits, operating margins, debt ratios, etc, as well as some limited market data.

• Technical traders primarily focus on market data and use it to predict market sentiment and price movements.

Fundamental Analysis

Fundamental traders look at the Open Interest as an indicator of liquidity in the market. And if you dig into the typical options chain, you’ll see that higher Open Interest corresponds to lower bid-ask spreads.

These two factors taken together, result in more rapid order filling and increase the likelihood of better, i.e., more competitive, pricing.

The fundamental trader looks at Options Volume as a first indication of cash flows in and out of the option. However, these cash flows won’t be confirmed until the end of the day when a comparison between Open Interest changes from the previous day will confirm this analysis.

Increasing Open Interest shows cash moving into that option.

Recommended: What Are Calls vs Puts?

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.^*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.

*Check out the OCC Options Disclosure Document.

Technical Analysis

Technical traders also look at Open Interest and Options Volume as indicators of liquidity and cash flows, but their analysis doesn’t stop there.

Technical traders look at these increased cash flows and liquidity improvements and believe that the strength in the Options Volume and Open Interest indicate confirmation of the trends occurring in the price of the underlying asset.

For example, if the underlying asset is seeing price increases and call volumes and Open Interest are also increasing, then the technical trader sees confirmation of the trend and these factors reinforce the likelihood of the trend continuing.

Conversely, if the Options Volume and Open Interest are changing at a slower pace, this may indicate that the previously existing trends in the underlying market – whether up or down – may be coming to an end.

Technical Analysis, Other

Although the following phenomenon falls under technical trading, it should really be its own brand of trading.

Often, you’ll hear experienced options traders talking about spikes in Option Volume and Open Interest as an indication of what the “smart money” is doing, or that “somebody knows something” about a particular company or a particular trade.

Consider this a red flag. First, just because an investor has made a large investment, doesn’t make them “smart.”

Second, why have they made that investment? Is it a single position, or one of a few different types of investments, or a combination trade that you may not know about, and with different investment goals than what you are pursuing.

Finally, the people who made the trades, and those who identify these spikes, typically have access to information and resources the typical investor does not have access to. That means while they might be going into a trade with eyes open, you may not have the same visibility.

Option Volume	Open Interest
Total of all transactions during a trading session	Total of all open contracts at the start of a trading session
Updated continuously after every transaction	Updated once per day prior to the trading session
Opening a transaction increases the volume	Opening a transaction will increase Open Interest
Closing a transaction increases the volume	Closing a transaction will decrease Open Interest
Indication of liquidity	Indication of liquidity
Indication of Cash Flows	Confirmation of Cash Flows

The Takeaway

Options Volume and Open Interest can be useful data points for the options investor.

Depending on your particular investing approach, fundamental versus technical, you may use this information in varying ways to inform your investing decisions.

If you’re ready to try your hand at options trading, You can set up an Active Invest account and trade trade options online from the SoFi mobile app or through the web platform.

And if you have any questions, SoFi offers educational resources about options to learn more. SoFi doesn’t charge commission, and members have access to complimentary financial advice from a professional.

With SoFi, user-friendly options trading is finally here.

Photo credit: iStock/BartekSzewczyk

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

Feb

2023

Leap Options: What Are They? Pros & Cons

By Samuel Becker | Growing Wealth, invest, Terminology | Comments Off

The term “LEAPS” in LEAPS options is actually an acronym, which stands for “Long-term Equity Anticipation Securities.” LEAPS options are long-term options that have an expiration period between one and three years, versus less than a year for standard options.

LEAPS (sometimes called leap options) are derivatives contracts traded on exchanges, and allow investors to utilize less capital than if they were purchasing the underlying asset outright.

Other than the longer-than-normal expiration date, leap options are functionally much like other types of options — they’re contracts that grant the buyer the right to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specific price before its expiration date.

LEAPS Options Defined

Puts, calls, bulls, and bears. For the uninitiated, options terminology offers a steep learning curve. Even those who are familiar with options trading can occasionally find themselves in the weeds, as there are myriad option types and derivatives to keep track of.

LEAPS or leap options are a variation on the basic options contract, and these longer-term instruments may become part of your strategies for trading options.

LEAPS come in two basic flavors: call options and put options. And like shorter-term options, traders pay a premium when buying LEAPS options. Further, LEAPS can be tied to individual stocks or ETFs, as well as market indexes and other types of securities.

Recommended: Options Trading 101

How to Buy LEAPS Options?

Buying LEAPS options is pretty straightforward, assuming you’ve been investing for a bit. Typically, all that’s required is a brokerage account with access to options trading — and that’s something that many, if not most brokerages offer investors.

The process for actually executing a LEAPS option trade will depend on the specific brokerage you use, but it’ll generally involve choosing a put or call option, a strike price, and critically, a long-term expiration date.

Remember, LEAPS options expire more than a year from when they’re purchased, so opting for the longer-term expiration date will differentiate a LEAPS option from a standard option purchase. This may be helpful when considering long-term vs. short-term strategies.

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.^*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.

*Check out the OCC Options Disclosure Document.

What Are the Pros & Cons of LEAPS Options?

Like trading other types of options, there are some upsides and downsides to trading and investing with LEAPS options:

What Are the Pros of LEAPS Options?

A big upside to LEAPS is that they have a longer time frame compared to standard options. Thus, they experience less time decay, and theoretically, their values should move more closely with the price movements of the underlying asset.

A less recognized advantage of the longer time frame is that — unlike options that may expire in months, weeks, or even days — the need to constantly oversee the markets and to take advantage of short-term moves is lessened.

LEAPS also tend to cost less than their underlying asset, making them an attractive alternative for some investors.

But perhaps the biggest advantage to LEAPS is they can provide outsized returns, despite the attendant risks, which is what attracts some traders to them in the first place.

What Are the Cons of LEAPS Options?

On the other side of the coin, investors should know that LEAPS can have higher premiums than standard options due to the much higher time value of LEAPS while still remaining cheaper than the underlying asset.

Buying LEAPS, you’ll need to put more money upfront than if you were to purchase shorter term options, risking more of your capital.

LEAPS are also not available for every stock, industry, or index out there (index investing is a separate strategy, but some options are tied to indexes). So, you may not be able to find what you want.

Plus, if you decide to purchase LEAPS options, you could also magnify your losses (just as you can increase your gains), which is something that’s critical to keep in mind. In other words, there are additional risks when investing with LEAPS.

LEAPS Options: Pros and Cons
Pros	Cons
Potentially magnify investing gains	Potentially increase investing losses
Costs less than the underlying asset	Higher premiums vs. standard options
Value mirrors underlying asset more closely	LEAPS may not be available for all assets

Explaining LEAPS Options Trading

How does LEAPS options trading actually work?

Let’s run through an example, and note that trading LEAPS is the same as trading options, but with longer expiration periods:

If you were of the belief that a certain stock, we’ll call it Stock XYZ, was going to experience a decline in value at some point in the next few years, you could use LEAPS options to position yourself accordingly. Specifically, you’d look at buying a LEAPS put option on XYZ with a long-term expiration date.

XYZ is trading at around $55, but again, you think that it will fall. As such, you pay $7.50 for a $45 put that matures more than a year from now.

If XYZ drops in price, you can expect the put to increase in value and you may sell for a profit as you see fit.

You can wait for the XYZ to drop below $37.50 (your break even point = $45 – $7.50 = $37.50) and exercise your option or sell the option. Based on time to expiration and multiple other factors, you can decide which choice is more profitable.

Recommended: Long-term Investing Strategies

What Are Some Helpful LEAPS Options Strategies?

There are many different strategies for trading options, and many can be applied to trading LEAPS. And since options strategies can quickly get complicated, it may be best to keep it simple.

As such, one basic LEAPS options trading strategy is to buy calls, and try to benefit from a potential increase in value of the underlying asset over the course of a year or two.

LEAPS can almost stand in for the underlying asset itself, and offer a couple of key advantages: They can increase returns by allowing you control over more shares for less capital, and minimizing your potential losses to the cost of the option’s premium.

Active investors can use LEAPS to benefit from short and long-term market activity. If, for instance, you thought that XYZ was going to experience a stock value decline over the next year, but suspect that it may bounce back and increase in value over two or three years’ time.

You could buy a three-year put LEAPS call option, in that case, along with a standard put option. That would allow you to potentially benefit in the short and long-term in regards to Stock X.

Invest in LEAPS Options with SoFi

The chief difference between LEAPS options and other types of options is that they have longer-than-normal expiration periods of one to three years versus less than a year for traditional options.

Other than that, LEAPS are similar to other types of options in that they’re derivative contracts that grant the buyer the right to buy (call options) or sell (put options) an underlying asset at a specific price before its expiration date.

Trading options is complicated, and can be quite risky, there’s no way around it. For some investors, it may be best to stick to the basics — invest for the long term, and build a portfolio with stocks and ETFs. But once your bases are covered, options can be a next step in your investing evolution.

If you’re ready to try your hand at online options trading, SoFi can help. You can trade options from the SoFi mobile app or through the web platform. And if you have any questions, SoFi offers educational resources about options to learn more.

With SoFi, user-friendly options trading is finally here.

Photo credit: iStock/dusanpetkovic

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

Guide to Building an Investment Portfolio for Beginners

The Basics: What Is an Investment Portfolio?

Why Building a Balanced Portfolio Matters

What Is Your Risk Tolerance?

Aggressive Investing

Conservative Investing

Choosing a Goal for Your Portfolio

Short Term: Starting an Emergency Fund

Long Term: Starting a Retirement Fund

Prioritizing Diversification

Understanding Systematic Risk

Understanding Idiosyncratic Risk

4 Steps Towards Building an Investment Portfolio

1. Set Your Goals

2. What Sort of Account Do You Want?

3. Choosing Investments Based on Risk Tolerance

4. Allocating Your Assets

Paying Off Debt First

Investing in the Stock Market

FAQ

How much money do you need to start building an investment portfolio?

Can beginners create their own stock portfolios?

What should be included in investment portfolios?

Options Chain: Definition & How to Read an Options Chain

Understanding the Options Chain

Call Options

Put Options

In-the-Money and Out-of-the-Money Options

What Is an Options Chain?

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.

Options Chain Example

Reading the Options Chain

How Options Chains Can Help You Trade Options

The Takeaway

Guide to Moneyness in Options

What Is Moneyness?

How Does Moneyness Work?

Understanding Intrinsic and Time Value of Options

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.

Types of Moneyness

In-the-Money (ITM)

Out-of-the-Money (OTM)

At-the-Money (ATM)

Near-the-Money

Other Moneyness Terms

What Moneyness Means to Investors

The Takeaway

FAQ

How is moneyness calculated?

How are moneyness and delta different?

How are moneyness and implied volatility related?

Introduction to Options Volume and Open Interest

How Is Option Volume Calculated?

How Is Open Interest Calculated?

What Do Option Volume and Open Interest Indicate About Options?

Fundamental Analysis

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.

Technical Analysis

Technical Analysis, Other

The Takeaway

Leap Options: What Are They? Pros & Cons

LEAPS Options Defined

How to Buy LEAPS Options?

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.

What Are the Pros & Cons of LEAPS Options?

What Are the Pros of LEAPS Options?

What Are the Cons of LEAPS Options?

Explaining LEAPS Options Trading

What Are Some Helpful LEAPS Options Strategies?

Invest in LEAPS Options with SoFi

CATEGORIES

JOIN THE COMMUNITY

Student Loan Refinancing

Personal Loans

Online Investments

Other

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.^*

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.^*

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.^*

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.^*

Student Loan
Refinancing

Personal
Loans

Online
Investments