invest Archives | Page 58 of 182

Feb

2024

What Is a SIMPLE 401(k) Plan & How Do You Utilize It?

By Austin Kilham | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

The Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees 401(k), or SIMPLE 401(k), is a simplified version of a traditional 401(k). SIMPLE plans were created so that small businesses could have a cost-efficient way to offer a retirement account to their employees.

Unlike many other workplace retirement plans, SIMPLE 401(k) plans do not require annual nondiscrimination tests to ensure that a plan is in line with IRS rules. This type of testing can be prohibitively expensive for small employers, preventing them from using other types of 401(k)s.

A SIMPLE 401(k) retirement plan is available to businesses with 100 or fewer employees including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. For small business owners or self-employed individuals, understanding how SIMPLE plans work can help decide whether it makes sense to set one up.

For employees whose employer already offers a SIMPLE 401(k), getting to know the ins and outs of the plan can help to understand the role they play in saving for retirement.

How Does a SIMPLE 401(k) Work?

A SIMPLE 401(k) functions much like a regular 401(k). Employees contribute pre-tax money directly from their paycheck and invest that money in a handful of options offered by the plan administrator.

In 2024, the SIMPLE 401(k) limits are as follows: The maximum for employee elective deferrals is $16,000 ($15,500 in 2023); employees 50 and older could make an additional “catch-up” contribution of $3,500 to boost their savings as they neared retirement.

One significant difference between traditional 401(k) plans and SIMPLE 401(k) plans is that while employer contributions are optional with a 401(k) plan, under a SIMPLE 401(k) plan they are mandatory and clearly defined. Employers must make either a matching contribution of up to 3% of each employee’s pay or make a nonelective contribution (independent of any employee contributions) of 2% of each eligible employee’s pay. The contribution must be the same for all plan participants: For example, an employer couldn’t offer himself a 3% match while offering his employees a 2% nonelective contribution.

There are other limits on how much an employer can contribute. The maximum compensation that could be used to figure out employer contributions and benefits is $345,000 for 2024 ($330,000 for 2023). So if an employer offered a 2% nonelective contribution and an employee made $355,000 a year, the maximum contribution the employer could make would be 2% of $345,000, or $6,900.

As with a regular 401(k), contributions to a SIMPLE plan grow tax-deferred — meaning an employee contributes pre-tax dollars to their plan, and doesn’t pay income tax on that money until they withdraw funds upon retirement. Typically, the tax-deferred growth means that there is more money subject to compounding interest, the returns investments earn on their returns.

Withdrawals made during retirement are subject to income tax.

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¹Terms and conditions apply. Roll over a minimum of $20K to receive the 1% match offer. Matches on contributions are made up to the annual limits.

Who Is Eligible for a SIMPLE 401(k)?

To be eligible for a SIMPLE 401(k), employers must have 100 or fewer employees. They cannot already offer these employees another retirement plan, and must offer the plan to all employees 21 years and older.

Employers must also file Form 5500 every year if they establish a plan.

For employees to be eligible, they must have received at least $5,000 in compensation from their employer in the previous calendar year. Employers cannot require that employees complete more than one year of service to qualify for the SIMPLE plan.

A SIMPLE IRA is also one of a number of retirement options for the self-employed.

What Are the Pros of a SIMPLE 401(k) Plan?

SIMPLE 401(k)s offer a number of benefits that make them attractive to employers and employees.

• Simplified rules: While large companies may have the money and staff to devote to nondiscrimination testing, smaller companies may not have the same resources. SIMPLE 401(k)s do not have these compliance rules, making them more accessible for small employers. What’s more, the straightforward benefit formula is easy for employers to administer.

• “Free money”: Employees are guaranteed employer contributions to their retirement account, whether via 3% matching contributions or 2% nonelective contributions.

• Fully-vested contributions: All contributions — those made by employees and their employers — are fully vested immediately. Employees who qualify for distributions can take money out whenever they need it. While this can be good news for employees, for employers it removes the option to incentivize workers to stay in their job longer by having their contributions vest several years into their tenure with the company.

• Loans and hardship withdrawals: While withdrawals made before age 59 ½ are subject to tax and a possible 10% early withdrawal penalty, employees can take out loans against their SIMPLE 401(k) just as they can with a traditional 401(k). These options add flexibility for individuals who need money in an emergency. It’s important to note that 401(k) loans come with strict rules for paying them back. Failing to follow these rules may result in penalties.

What Are the Cons of a SIMPLE 401(k) Plan?

While there are plenty of positives that come from offering or contributing to a SIMPLE 401(k), there are also some important downsides.

• Plan limitations: Employers cannot offer employees covered by a SIMPLE 401(k) another retirement plan.

• Lower contribution limits: For 2024, a traditional 401(k) plan allows for $23,000 annual maximum 401(k) contributions from employees, with an additional $7,500 catch-up contribution for those 50 and older. These contribution limits are considerably higher than SIMPLE plan limits, which in 2024 are $16,000 with an additional “catch-up” contribution of $3,500 for employees over age 50. This means an employee could potentially contribute an additional $7,000 in elective deferrals and $4,000 in catch-up contributions with a traditional 401(k) rather than a SIMPLE 401(k).

• Limited size: SIMPLE Plans are only available to employers with fewer than 100 employees. That means if a business grows beyond that point, they have a two-year grace period to switch from their SIMPLE plan to another option.

SIMPLE 401(k) vs SIMPLE IRA

Generally speaking, when comparing SIMPLE IRAs and SIMPLE 401(k)s, the rules are similar:

• They’re only available to businesses with 100 or fewer employees.

• Employers must either offer a 3% matching contribution or a 2% nonelective contribution.

• Employers can only make contributions on up to $345,000 in employee compensation in 2024.

• Employee contribution limits to SIMPLE IRAs are the same as their 401(k) counterparts.

• Employer and employee contributions are fully vested immediately.

There are a few differences worth mentioning:

• Whereas all employer contributions are subject to the cap for SIMPLE 401(k)s, only nonelective contributions are subject to the $345,000 compensation cap for SIMPLE IRAs. (This makes it possible that employees making more than $345,000 annually may receive higher matching contributions from a SIMPLE IRA than they would from a SIMPLE 401(k).)

• If employers make matching contributions of 3%, they may elect to limit their contribution to no less than 1% for two out of every five years.

• SIMPLE IRAs do not allow employees to take out loans from their account for any reason.

• There are no minimum age requirements for SIMPLE IRA contributions.

The Takeaway

SIMPLE 401(k) plans can be especially attractive for self-employed individuals or small business owners, as they have many of the same benefits of a traditional 401(k) plan — including tax-deferred contributions and loan options — but without the administrative compliance costs that come with a regular 401(k) plan.

SIMPLE 401(k) plans can be especially attractive for self-employed individuals or small business owners.

Some of the requirements and rules associated with a SIMPLE 401(k) plan might be unattractive to some employers, however, including the fact that the IRS prohibits employers from offering other types of retirement plans to employees who are covered by a SIMPLE 401(k).

There are many answers to the question of which retirement savings plan is right for you or your business. Beyond traditional 401(k) and SIMPLE (401)k plans, there are traditional, Roth, SIMPLE and SEP IRAs, among other options.

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FAQ

Who is a SIMPLE IRA best for?

A SIMPLE IRA may be a good option for small business owners with no more than 100 employees who want to offer a retirement savings plan to their employees. These plans tend to be fairly simple to set up and administer compared to some other plans. A SIMPLE IRA allows employers to contribute to their own and their employees’ retirement savings.

What is the 2 year rule for SIMPLE IRAs?

The 2-year rule says that during the first two years an individual participates in a SIMPLE IRA plan, they can only transfer money to another SIMPLE IRA. After the two years are up, they can make tax-free rollovers to other non-Roth IRAs or to another employer-sponsored retirement plan.

Does money grow in a SIMPLE IRA?

Money may grow tax-deferred in a SIMPLE IRA until distributions are taken from the plan in retirement. Withdrawals can be made without penalty at age 59 ½.

What happens to my SIMPLE IRA if I quit my job?

If you have participated in the SIMPLE IRA plan for at least two years, you can make a tax-free rollover to another non-Roth IRA or to a new employer’s workplace retirement plan. However, if you’ve participated in the plan for less than two years, you can only transfer your money to another SIMPLE IRA.

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Feb

2024

Unlocking the Potential of Private Company Investments

By Samuel Becker | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Investing in a private company means acquiring equity in a company that doesn’t sell shares on public stock markets. Broadly speaking, there are two types of companies: public and private. And while you are likely more familiar with public-company investments — stocks traded on stock exchanges — there are also investment opportunities to be had with private companies.

There can be benefits that come with investing in privately held companies. Depending on your current circumstances, risk tolerance, and financial goals, you will likely approach the types of companies you consider investing in differently. And it’s important to understand that there are significant risks involved, and develop your expectations accordingly.

Understanding Private Companies

A private company is one that has not or does not sell shares of itself on public exchanges. Conversely, a public company has undergone an initial public offering (IPO), which means that it has publicly issued stock in hopes of raising more capital and making more shares available for purchase by the public.

As a general rule of thumb, until a company has an IPO, it’s considered private.

Classification of Private Companies

Again, private companies are those that are not publicly traded.

Unlike the world of public investing, private investing happens off of Wall Street and takes place anywhere new, buzzy ventures are cropping up.

Public companies, especially ones that are bigger, are more easily bought and sold on the stock market, and individuals are able to invest in them. These companies are also regulated by organizations like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

The SEC is a government body that makes sure these businesses stay accountable to their investors and shareholders, and it requires publicly traded companies to share how they are doing, based on their revenue and other financial metrics.

In contrast, a privately held company is owned by either a small number of shareholders or employees and does not trade its shares on the stock market. Instead, company shares are owned, traded, or exchanged in private.

The landscape of investing in private companies can sometimes be mystifying, in part because private stock transactions happen behind closed doors. But even though private companies may be less visible than their public counterparts, they still play an important role in the economy and can be a worthwhile investment.

Investing in a private company can also be incredibly risky, and it’s important to understand some of the pros and cons of investing in this landscape.

The Growth Journey: Startups to Unicorns

Generally speaking, the goal of a startup (a small business with aims to grow quickly and possibly go public) is to become a “unicorn.” A “unicorn” company is a private company that’s valued at more than $1 billion. Very few companies become unicorns, and for investors, a primary goal is to find and invest in companies that will become unicorns.

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Strategic Pathways to Private Investments

There are several ways to invest in private companies, though not all of them will be available to every investor.

Early Stage Investments and Angel Investing

Early-stage investing, often called “angel investing,” involves making an investment in a very small-stage company in exchange for ownership of that company. This tends to be the riskiest stage to invest, as companies at this stage are small, young, and often unproven.

Joining Private Equity Firms

Investors can also get involved in private company investing through private equity. Private equity firms invest in private companies, like angel investors, in hopes that the equity they acquire will one day be much more valuable. Again, this is likely not an option for the average investor, as private equity is usually an area reserved for high-net-worth individuals.

💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.

Investing in Pre-IPO Companies

Some investors attempt to invest in companies before they go public to take advantage of any post-IPO spikes in share value. There are a few ways to invest in pre-IPO companies.

Leveraging Pre-IPO Investing Platforms

There are certain platforms that allow investors to make investments in pre-IPO companies. An internet search will yield some of them. Those platforms tend to work in one of a few ways, usually by offering investors access to specialized brokers who work with private equity firms, or by directly connecting investors with companies, allowing them to make direct purchases of stock.

You’ll need to dig in and do your own research into these platforms if this is a route you plan to pursue, but also know that there are significant risks with these types of investments.

The Accredited Investor’s Guide

For some private company investments, investors will need to be “accredited.” An accredited investor is an individual or entity that meets certain criteria, and can thus invest in hedge funds, private equity, and more.

Qualifications and Opportunities

For individuals to qualify as accredited investors, the SEC says that they need to have a net worth of more than $1 million (excluding primary residence), and income of more than $200,000 individually, or $300,000 with a spouse or partner for the prior two years.

There are also professional criteria which may be met, which includes being an investment professional in good standing and holding certain licenses. There are a few other potential qualifications, but those are the most broad.

Exclusive Markets for the Accredited Investor

Becoming an accredited investor basically means that you can invest in markets shut off from other investors. This includes private companies, and private equity. Effectively, being “accredited” comes along with the assumption that the investor has enough capital to be able to make riskier investments, and that they’re likely sophisticated enough to be able to know their way around private markets.

The Pros and Cons of Private Company Investments

There are pros and cons to investing in private companies that investors should be aware of.

Advantages of Private Market Engagement

Because private companies are often smaller businesses, they may offer investors an opportunity to get more involved behind the scenes. This might mean that an investor could play a role in operational decisions and have a more integrated relationship with the business than they could if they were investing in a large, public company.

In an ideal scenario, if you invest in a private company, you’ll get in earlier than you would when a company goes public. (Note: This is the ideal scenario.) And getting in early can potentially produce impressive results — if you’ve made a sound investment decision.

Another possible benefit of investing in a private company is that there is generally less competition for equity than with a public company. This means you could end up with a bigger slice of the pie.

Investing in a private company might also mean that you are able to set up an exit provision for your investment — meaning you could set conditions under which your investment will be repaid at an agreed upon rate of return by a certain date.

Generally speaking, investing in a private company can have some strong benefits, including increased potential for financial gain and the opportunity to become more involved in the future of a business.

Risks and Considerations

One of the biggest risks involved in investing in a private company is that you may have less access to information as an investor. Not only is it more challenging to get hold of data in order to understand how the company performance compares to the rest of the industry, private companies are also not held to the same standards as publicly-traded ones.

For example, because of SEC oversight, public companies are held to rigorous transparency and accounting standards. In contrast, private companies generally are not. From an investor’s standpoint, this means that you may sometimes be in the dark about how the business is doing.

In addition to this, many private companies may lack access to the capital they need to grow. And even though there may be an opportunity to set up an exit provision as an investor in a private company, unless you make such a provision, it could be a huge challenge to get out of your investment.

💡 Quick Tip: When you’re actively investing in stocks, it’s important to ask what types of fees you might have to pay. For example, brokers may charge a flat fee for trading stocks, or require some commission for every trade. Taking the time to manage investment costs can be beneficial over the long term.

Critical Steps for Investing in Private Companies

Just like investing in the public stock exchanges, there are some steps that investors may want to follow as a sort of best-practices approach to investing in private companies.

Conducting Thorough Research

Always do your homework — or, as much research as you can before investing in a private company. As noted, this may be difficult, as there’s going to be less available information about private companies versus public ones. You also won’t be able to research charts and look at stock performance to get a sense of what a company’s future holds.

Identifying and Assessing Potential Deals

Through the research you are able to do (perhaps as a part of a private equity or hedge fund), you’ll want to do your best to zero-in on some potential investment opportunities. Like investing in stocks, you’ll be looking for companies that appear healthy, are competitive, and that you think have a good chance of surviving the years ahead.

There’s no magic formula, of course, but investors should do as much due diligence as possible.

The Transaction: Making Your First Private Investment

Depending on how you choose to invest, making your first private company investment may be as simple as hitting a button — such as on a private crowdfunding website or something similar. Or, if you’re directly investing with the company, it may be more involved. Just know that it’ll probably be a bit different than buying stocks or shares on an exchange.

Post-Investment Vigilance

As with any investment — public, or private — investors will want to keep an eye on their holdings.

Monitoring Your Investment

Monitoring your investment in a private company is not going to be the same as monitoring the stocks in your portfolio. You won’t be able to go on a financial news website and look at the day’s share prices. Instead, you’ll likely need to be in touch with the company directly (or through intermediaries), reading status reports and financial statements, and doing your best to learn how business is operating.

It’ll be a bit opaque, and the process will vary from company to company. So, keep that in mind.

Exit Strategies and Liquidity Events

When an investor “exits” an investment in a private company, it means that they sell their shares or equity and effectively “cash out.” If an investor bought in at an early stage and the company gained a lot of value over the years, the investor can “exit” with a big return. But returns vary, of course.

Liquidity events present themselves as times to exit investments, and for many private investors, the time to exit is when a company ultimately goes public and IPOs. But there may be other times that are more favorable to investors, if they present themselves.

Investment Myths Debunked

As with any type of investment, there may be myths or misunderstandings related to private company investments.

Setting Realistic Expectations

A good rule of thumb for investors is to keep their expectations in check. In all likelihood, you’re not going to stumble upon the next Mark Zuckerberg or Jeff Bezos, desperately looking for cash to fund their scrappy startup. Instead, you may be more likely to find a company that has good growth potential but no guarantee of survival. For that reason, it’s important to always keep the risks in mind, as well as what you actually expect from an investment.

Common Misconceptions

Some further misconceptions about private investing include that it’s only for the ultra-rich (not necessarily true, but may often be the case), that every investment may offer high returns (along with high risks), and that profits will come quickly. An investment may take years to ultimately pay off — if it does at all.

Ready to Invest? Questions to Ask Yourself

If you feel comfortable with the idea of investing in private companies and are ready to take the next step, be sure to know your own preferences before making any moves.

Assessing Your Risk Tolerance

Are you okay with taking on a lot of risk? Because you’ll probably need a high risk tolerance to be able to stomach private company investing. So, be sure to take stock of how much risk you can realistically handle, as the importance of knowing your risk tolerance will become abundantly clear as you progress in your investing journey.

Aligning Investments with Personal Goals

Also think about how your investments in private markets relate or mesh with your overall investing goals. That’s to say that you don’t necessarily want to invest in private companies just for the sake of investing in private companies — instead, think about how these investments fit into your larger portfolio.

The Takeaway

Investing in private companies entails buying or acquiring equity in companies that are not publicly traded, meaning you can’t buy shares on the public stock exchanges. This often involves investing in small companies with high growth potential — but not always, and not necessarily. Because this is a risky type of investing, there tends to be high potential rewards, too.

Investing in private companies is not for everyone, and there may be stipulations involved that prevent some investors from doing it. If you’re interested, it may be best to speak with a financial professional before making any moves.

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For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

How much capital is needed to start?

There isn’t a limit to how much capital needed to invest in private companies, but to be an accredited investor, there are income and net worth limits that may apply.

What are the time commitments and expectations?

There are no hard and fast time commitments or expectations of private investors, in a general sense. But that may differ on a case by case basis, especially if an investor takes a broader role with managing a company they’re investing in.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

Feb

2024

Overhead shot of the desk in the office.

A Guide to Tax-Efficient Investing

By Krystal Etienne | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off

As the saying goes: It’s not how much you earn, it’s how much you keep. And when you make money from your investments you need to consider the impact taxes might have on your earnings.

Fortunately, there are a range of tax-efficient investment strategies that can help minimize the bite that taxes take out of your returns.

What is tax-efficient investing, and how does it work? By understanding the tax implications of different types of accounts, as well as the types of investments you choose (e.g. stocks, bonds, mutual funds), you can determine the most tax-efficient strategies for your portfolio.

The Importance of Tax-Efficient Investing

Investing comes with an assortment of costs, and the taxes you pay on investing profits can be one of the biggest. By learning how to be a more tax-efficient investor, you may be able to keep more of what you earn.

The Impact of Taxes on Returns

Investment tax rules are complicated. Profits from many stock and bond investments are taxed at the capital gains rate; but some bonds aren’t taxed at all. Qualified dividends are taxed in one way; non-qualified dividends another. Investments in a taxable account are treated differently than those in a tax-advantaged account.

And, of course, there is the process of applying investment losses to gains in order to reduce your taxable gains — a strategy known as tax-loss harvesting.

In addition, the location of your investments — whether you hold them in a taxable account or a tax-advantaged account (where taxes can be deferred, or in some cases avoided) — also has an impact on your returns. In a similar way, you can refocus your charitable giving strategy to be tax efficient as well.

Knowing the ins and outs of investment taxes can help you establish a tax-efficient strategy that makes sense for you.

💡 Quick Tip: Investment fees are assessed in different ways, including trading costs, account management fees, and possibly broker commissions. When you set up an investment account, be sure to get the exact breakdown of your “all-in costs” so you know what you’re paying.

Types of Tax-Efficient Accounts

Investment accounts can generally be divided into two categories based on how they’re taxed: taxable and tax-advantaged.

Taxable Accounts

In order to understand tax-deferred and tax-exempt accounts, it helps to first understand taxable accounts, e.g. brokerage accounts. A taxable brokerage account has no special tax benefits, and profits from the securities in these accounts may be taxed according to capital gains rules (unless other rules apply).

Taxable accounts can be opened in the name of an individual or trust, or as a joint account. Money that is deposited into the investment account is post-tax, i.e. income taxes have already been paid or will be paid on those funds (similar to the money you’d put into a checking or savings accounts).

Taxes come into play when you sell investments in the account and make a profit. You may owe taxes on the gains you realize from those investments, as well as earned interest and dividends.

With some securities, like individual stocks, the length of time you’ve held an investment can impact your tax bill. Other investments may generate income or gains that require a different tax treatment.

For example:

• Capital gains. The tax on an investment gain is called capital gains tax. If an investor buys a stock for $40 and sells it for $50, the $10 is a “realized” gain and will be subject to either short- or long-term capital gains tax, depending on how long the investor held the investment.

The short-term capital gains rate applies when you’ve held an investment for a year or less, and it’s based on the investor’s personal income tax bracket and filing status — up to 37%.

The long-term capital gains rate, which is generally 0%, 15%, or 20% (depending on your income), applies when you’ve held an investment for more than a year.

• Interest. Interest that’s generated by an investment, such as a bond, is typically taxed as ordinary income. In some cases, bonds may be free from state or local taxes (e.g. Treasuries, some municipal bonds).

But if you sell a bond or bond fund at a profit, short- or long-term capital gains tax could apply.

• Dividends. Dividends are distributions that may be paid to investors who hold certain dividend stocks. Dividends are generally paid in cash, out of profits and earnings from a corporation — and can be taxed as short- or long-term capital gains within a taxable account.

Recommended: How Do Dividends Work?

But the terms are different when it comes to tax-advantaged accounts.

Tax-Advantaged Accounts

Tax-advantaged accounts fall into two categories, and are generally used for long-term retirement savings.

Tax-Deferred Retirement Accounts

A 401(k), 403(b), traditional IRA, SEP IRA, and Simple IRA fall under the tax-deferred umbrella, a tax structure typical of retirement accounts. They’re considered tax efficient for a couple of reasons.

• Pre-tax contributions. First, the money you contribute to a tax-deferred account is not subject to income tax; you owe taxes when you withdraw the funds later, e.g. in retirement. Thus the tax is deferred.

This means the amount you contribute to a tax-deferred account for a given year can be deducted from your taxable income, potentially reducing your tax bill for that year.

Speaking hypothetically: If your taxable income for a given year is $100,000, and you’ve contributed $5,000 to a traditional IRA or SEP IRA, you would deduct that contribution and your taxable income would be $95,000. You wouldn’t pay taxes on the money until you withdrew that funds later, likely in retirement.

• Tax-free growth. The money in a tax-deferred retirement account (e.g. a traditional IRA) grows tax free. Thus you don’t incur any taxes until the money is withdrawn.

• Potentially lower taxes. By deducting the contribution from your taxable income now, you may avoid paying taxes at your highest marginal tax rate. The idea is that investors’ effective (average) tax rate might be lower in retirement than their highest marginal tax rate while they’re working.

Tax-Exempt Accounts

Typically known as Roth accounts — e.g. a Roth IRA or a Roth 401(k) — allow savers to deposit money that’s already been taxed. These funds, plus any gains, then grow tax free, and qualified withdrawals are also tax free in retirement.

Because contributions to Roth accounts are made post-tax, there is also more flexibility on when the money can be withdrawn. You can withdraw the amount of your contributions tax and penalty free at any time. However earnings on those investments may incur a penalty for early withdrawal, with some exceptions.

Recommended: What Is the Roth IRA 5-Year Rule?

Tax Benefits of College Savings Plans

529 College Savings Plans are a special type of tax-exempt account. The contributions and earnings in these accounts can be withdrawn tax free for qualified education expenses. In some cases you may be able to deduct your contributions from your state taxes, but the rules vary from state to state.

While you can invest the money in these accounts, they are limited in scope so aren’t generally considered one of the broader investment account categories.

Tax-Efficient Accounts Summary

As a quick summary, here are the main account types, their tax structure, and what that means for the types of investments you might hold in each.

• Generally you want to hold more tax-efficient investments in a taxable account.

• Conversely, you may want to hold investments that can have a greater tax impact in tax-deferred and tax-exempt accounts, where investments can grow tax free.

Types of Accounts	When Taxes Apply	Investment Implications
Taxable (e.g. brokerage or investment account)	Investors deposit post-tax funds and owe taxes on profits from securities they sell, and from interest and dividends.	Investments with a lower tax impact make sense in a taxable account (e.g. long-term stocks, municipal and Treasury bonds).
Tax-deferred (e.g. 401(k), 403(b), traditional, SEP, and Simple IRAs)	Investors contribute pre-tax money, but owe taxes on withdrawals.	Investments grow tax free until funds are withdrawn, giving investors more tax flexibility when choosing securities.
Tax-exempt (e.g. Roth 401(k), Roth IRA)	Investors deposit post-tax funds, and don’t owe taxes on withdrawals.	These accounts offer the most tax flexibility as investments grow tax free and investors withdraw the money tax free.

The Tradeoffs of Tax-Free Growth

Because of the advantages tax-deferred accounts offer investors, there are restrictions around contribution limits and the timing (and sometimes the purpose) of withdrawals. Taxable accounts are generally free of such restrictions.

• Contribution limits. The IRS has contribution limits for how much you can save each year in most tax-advantaged accounts. Be sure to know the rules for these accounts, as penalties can apply when you exceed the contribution limits.

• Income limits. In order to contribute to a Roth IRA, your income must fall below certain limits. (These caps don’t apply to Roth 401(k) accounts, however.)

• Penalties for early withdrawals. For 401(k) plans and traditional as well as Roth IRAs, there is a 10% penalty if you withdraw money before age 59 ½, with some exceptions.

• Required withdrawals. Some accounts, such as traditional, SEP, and Simple IRAs require that you withdraw a minimum amount each year after age 72 (or 73 if you turned 72 after Dec. 31, 2022). These are known as required minimum distributions (RMDs).

The rules governing RMDs are complicated, and these required withdrawals can have a significant impact on your taxable income, so you may want to consult a professional in order to plan this part of your retirement tax plan.

When choosing the location of different investments, be sure to understand the rules and restrictions governing tax-advantaged accounts.

Choosing Tax-Efficient Investments

Next, it is helpful to know that some securities are more tax efficient in their construction, so you can choose the best investments for the type of account that you have.

For example, ETFs are considered to be more tax efficient than mutual funds because they don’t trigger as many taxable events. Investors can trade ETFs shares directly, while mutual fund trades require the fund sponsor to act as a middle man, activating a tax liability.

Here’s a list of some tax-efficient investments:

• ETFs: These are similar to mutual funds but more tax efficient due to their construction. Also, most ETFs are passive and track an index, and thus tend to be more tax efficient than their actively managed counterparts (this is also true of index mutual funds versus actively managed funds).

• Treasury bonds: Investors will not pay state or local taxes on interest earned via U.S. Treasury securities, including Treasury bonds. Investors do owe federal tax on Treasury bond interest.

• Municipal bonds: These are bonds issued by local governments, often to fund municipal buildings or projects. Interest is generally exempt from federal taxes, and state or local taxes if the investor lives within that municipality.

• Stocks that do not pay dividends: When you sell a non-dividend-paying stock at a profit, you’ll likely be taxed at the long-term capital gains rate, assuming you’ve held it longer than a year. That’s likely lower than the tax you’d pay on ordinary dividends, which are generally taxed as income at your ordinary tax rate.

• Index funds vs. actively managed funds: Generally speaking, index funds (which are passively managed) have less churn, and lower capital gains. Actively managed funds are the opposite, and may incur higher taxes as a result.

Note that actively trading stocks can have additional tax implications because more frequent trades, specifically those that fall into the short-term capital gain category, incur a higher tax rate on gains.

Typically, tax consequences will vary from person to person. A tax professional can help navigate your specific tax questions.

Estate Planning and Charitable Giving

Another important aspect of tax-efficient investing is adjusting your estate plan and establishing a strategy for charitable bequests. Because both these areas — inheritances and philanthropy — can be extremely complex taxwise, it may be wise to consult with a professional.

Taxes and Estate Planning

There are a number of ways to structure inheritances in a tax-efficient manner, including the use of gifts, trusts, and other vehicles. With a sophisticated estate-planning strategy, taxes can be minimized for the donor as well as the receiver.

For example, while there is a federal estate tax, there is no federal inheritance tax. And only six states tax your inheritance as of 2024 (Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Nebraska, New Jersey, Pennsylvania). Iowa is phasing out their inheritance tax for deaths after 2025.

Yet your heirs may owe capital gains if you bequeath assets that then appreciate. But if you leave stock to your heirs, they can enjoy a step-up in cost basis based on when they inherited the stock, so they’d be taxed on gains from that time, not from the original price at purchase.

Tax Benefits of Charitable Contributions

Tax-efficient charitable giving is possible using a variety of strategies and accounts. For example a charitable remainder trust can reduce the donor’s taxable income, provide a charity with a substantial gift, while also creating tax-free income for the donor.

This is only one example of how charitable gifts can be structured as a win-win on the tax front. Understanding all the options may benefit from professional guidance.

💡 Quick Tip: Newbie investors may be tempted to buy into the market based on recent news headlines or other types of hype. That’s rarely a good idea. Making good choices shouldn’t stem from strong emotions, but a solid investment strategy.

Advanced Tax-Efficient Strategies

It may also be possible to minimize taxes by incorporating a few more strategies as you manage your investments.

Asset Location Considerations

As noted above, one method for minimizing the tax impact on your investments is through the careful practice of asset location. A well-considered combination of taxable, tax-deferred, and tax-exempt accounts can help mitigate the impact of taxes on your investment earnings.

For example, with some investment accounts — such as IRAs and 401(k)s — your tax bracket can have a substantial impact on the tax you’ll pay on withdrawals. Having alternate investments to pull from until your tax bracket is more favorable is a smart move to avoid that excess tax.

Also, with multiple investment accounts, you could potentially pull tax-free retirement income from a Roth IRA, assuming you’re at least 59 ½ and have held the account for at least five years (also known as the 5-year rule). and leave your company-sponsored 401(k) to grow until RMDs kick in.

Having a variety of investments spread across account types gives you an abundance of options for many aspects of your financial plan.

• Need to cover a sudden large expense? Long-term capital gains are taxed at a significantly lower rate than short-term capital gains, so consider using those funds first.

• Want to help with tuition costs for a loved one? A 529 can cover qualified education costs at any time, without incurring taxes or a penalty.

• Planning to leave your heirs an inheritance? Roth IRAs are tax free and transferrable. And because your Roth IRA does not have required distributions (as a traditional IRA would), you can allow the account to grow until you pass it on to your heir(s).

Tax-Loss Harvesting

Within taxable accounts, there may be an additional way to minimize some of the tax bill created by selling profitable investments: tax-loss harvesting. This advanced move involves reducing the taxes from an investment gain with an investment loss.

For example, an investor wants to sell a few investments and the sale would result in $2,000 in capital gains. Tax-loss harvesting rules allow them to sell investments with $2,000 in total capital losses, effectively canceling out the gains. In this scenario, no capital gains taxes would be due for the year.

Note that even though the investor sold the investment at a loss, the “wash sale” rule prevents them from buying back the same investment within 30 days after those losses are realized. This rule prevents people from abusing the ability to deduct capital gain losses, and applies to trades made by the investor, the investor’s spouse, or a company that the investor controls.

Because this strategy involves the forced sale of an investment, many investors choose to replace it with a similar — but not too similar — investment. For example, an investor that sells an S&P 500 index fund to lock in losses could replace it with a similar U.S. stock market fund.

Tax-Loss Carryover

Tax-loss harvesting rules also allow an investor to claim some of that capital loss on their income taxes, further reducing their annual income and potentially minimizing their overall income tax rate. This can be done with up to $3,000 in realized investment losses, or $1,500 if you’re married but filing separately.

Should your capital losses exceed the federal $3,000 max claim limit ($1,500 if you’re married and filing separately), you have the option to carry that loss forward and claim any amounts excess of that $3,000 on your taxes for the following year.

For example, if you have a total of $5,000 in capital losses for this year, by law you can only claim $3,000 of those losses on your taxes. However, due to tax-loss carryover, you are able to claim the remaining $2,000 as a loss on your taxes the following year, in addition to any capital gains losses you happen to experience during that year. This in turn lowers your capital gains income and the amount you may owe in taxes.

Roth IRA Conversions

It’s also possible in some cases to convert a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA. This is a complicated strategy, with pluses and minuses on the tax front.

• By converting funds from a traditional IRA to a Roth, you will immediately owe taxes on the amount you convert. The conversion amount could also push you into a higher tax bracket; meaning, you’d potentially owe more in taxes.

• Unlike funding a standard Roth IRA, there is no income limit for doing a Roth conversion, nor is there a cap on how much can be converted.

• Once the conversion is complete, you would reap the benefits of tax-free withdrawals from the Roth IRA in retirement.

• According to the 5-year rule, if you’re under age 59 ½ the funds that you convert to a Roth IRA must remain in your account for at least five years or you could be subject to a 10% early withdrawal penalty.

Final Thoughts on Tax-Efficient Investing

Given the impact of investment taxes on your returns, it makes sense to consider all the various means of tax-efficient investing. After all, not only are investment taxes an immediate cost to you, that money can’t be invested for further growth.

Key Strategies Recap

Once you understand the tax rules that govern different types of investment accounts, as well as the tax implications of your investment choices, you’ll be able to create a strategy that minimizes taxes on your investment income for the long term. Ideally, investors should consider having a combination of tax-deferred, tax-exempt, and taxable accounts to increase their tax diversification. To recap:

• A taxable account (e.g. a standard brokerage account) is flexible. It allows you to invest regardless of your income, age, or other parameters. You can buy and sell securities, and deposit and withdraw money at any time. That said, there are no special tax benefits to these accounts.

• A tax-deferred account (e.g. 401(k), traditional IRA, SEP IRA, Simple IRA) is more restrictive, but offers tax benefits. You can deduct your contributions from your taxable income, potentially lowering your tax bill, and your investments grow tax free in the account. Your contributions are capped according to IRS rules, however, and you will owe taxes when you withdraw the money.

• A tax-exempt account (e.g. a Roth IRA or Roth 401(k)) is the most restrictive, with income limits as well as contributions limits. But because you deposit money post-tax, and the money grows tax free in the account, you don’t owe taxes when you withdraw the money in retirement.

Further Learning in Tax-Smart Investing

Being smart about tax planning applies to the present, to educational expenses, to the future (in terms of taxes you could owe in retirement), and to your estate plan and your heirs as well. Maximizing your tax-efficient strategies across the board can make a significant difference over time.

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INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by email customer service at https://sofi.app.link/investchat. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.
Shares of ETFs must be bought and sold at market price, which can vary significantly from the Fund’s net asset value (NAV). Investment returns are subject to market volatility and shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of an ETF will not protect against loss. An ETF may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Feb

2024

Everything You Need to Know About Lifestyle Funds and Lifestyle Investing

By Rebecca Lake | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

Lifestyle funds are investment funds that base their asset allocation on someone’s age, risk tolerance, and investing goals. Individuals who want to build wealth over the long term in a relatively hands-off way might consider lifestyle investings.

There are different types of lifestyle funds investors may choose from, based on their appetite for risk, the level of risk needed to achieve their goals, and their investing time horizon. Lifestyle assets often also appear inside different types of retirement accounts, including employer-sponsored retirement plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs). Whether becoming a lifestyle investor makes sense for you can depend on what you hope to achieve with your portfolio, how much risk you’re comfortable taking, and your overall time horizon for investing.

What are Lifestyle Funds?

A lifestyle fund or lifestyle investment holds a mix of investments that reflect an investor’s goals and risk tolerance. These investment funds tailor their investment mix to a specific investor’s needs and age to provide a simplified solution for reaching their goals.

Lifestyle funds may invest in both equities (i.e. stocks) and fixed-income securities, such as bonds and notes. These funds may require fewer decisions by the asset owner, since they adjust automatically through changing lifestyle needs until you reach retirement. With lifestyle assets, as with other types of funds, it’s important to consider the balance between risk and reward.

Lifestyle funds that carry a higher degree of risk may offer higher returns to investors, while those that are more conservative in terms of risk may yield lower returns.

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How Do Lifestyle Funds Work?

Typically purchased through a retirement account or a brokerage account, lifestyle funds work by creating a diversified portfolio to meet an investor where they are, while also taking into account where they’d like to be 10, 20 or 30 years from now.

An investor can choose from an initial lifestyle fund allocation, then adjust the risk level up or down based on their preferences. A fund manager reviews the asset allocation for the fund and rebalances periodically to help an investor stay on track with their goals.

The level of risk an investor takes may correlate to the average age of retirement, which for most people is around 65. So someone who’s 25 years old now has 40 years to invest for the future, meaning they can afford to take more risk to achieve their goals. As they get older, their tolerance for risk may decrease which could mean moving away from stocks and toward fixed-income investments.

Unlike target-date funds, the level of risk in lifestyle funds doesn’t change significantly over time. So if you were to choose an aggressive lifestyle fund at 25, the asset allocation of that fund would more or less be the same at age 65. That’s important to understand for choosing the lifestyle fund that’s appropriate for your risk tolerance and goals.

Recommended: Explaining Asset Allocation by Age

Two Stages of Lifestyle Funds

Lifestyle investing can work in different stages, depending on where you are in your investing journey. Lifestyle funds accommodate these different stages by adjusting their asset allocation.

This is something the fund manager can do to ensure that you’re working toward your goals without overexposing yourself to risk along the way. The two stages of lifestyle funds are the growth stage and the retirement target date stage.

1. Growth Stage

The growth stage represents the period in which a lifestyle investor is actively saving and investing. During the growth stage, the emphasis is on diversifying investments to achieve the appropriate balance between risk and reward. This phase represents the bulk of working years for most people as they move from starting their careers to reaching their peak earnings.

In the growth stage, lifestyle funds hold an asset allocation that reflects the investor’s goals and appetite for risk. Again, whether this is more conservative, aggressive or somewhere in-between depends on the individual investor. At this time, the investor is typically concerned with funding retirement accounts, rather than withdrawing from them.

2. Retirement Target Date

The retirement target date stage marks the beginning of the countdown to retirement for an investor. During this stage, the focus shifts to preparing the investor to begin drawing an income from their portfolio, rather than making new contributions or investments.

At this point, a lifestyle investor may have to decide whether they want to maintain their existing asset allocation, shift some or all of their assets into other investments (such as an annuity), or begin drawing them down in cash. For example, an investor in their mid-50s may decide to move from an aggressive lifestyle fund to a moderate or conservative lifestyle fund, depending on their needs, anticipated retirement date, and how much risk they’re comfortable taking.

Different Types of Lifestyle Funds

Lifestyle funds aren’t all alike and there are different options investors may choose from. There are different ways lifestyle funds can be structured, including:

• Income-focused funds. These lifestyle funds aim to produce income for investors, though capital appreciation may be a secondary goal. Fixed-income securities typically make up the bulk of lifestyle income funds, though they may still include some equity holdings.

• Growth-focused funds. Lifestyle growth funds are the opposite of lifestyle income funds. These funds aim to provide investors with long-term capital appreciation and place less emphasis on current income.

• Conservative asset allocation funds. Conservative lifestyle funds may have a long-term goal of achieving a set total return through both capital appreciation and current income. These funds tend to carry lower levels of risk than other lifestyle funds.

• Moderate asset allocation funds. Moderate lifestyle funds often take a middle ground approach in terms of risk and reward. These funds may use a “fund of funds” strategy, which primarily involves investing other mutual funds.

• Aggressive asset allocation funds. Aggressive lifestyle funds may also use a “fund of funds” approach, though with a slightly different focus. These funds take on more risk, though rewards may be greater as they seek long-term capital appreciation.

Lifestyle Investment Risks

Investing for retirement with lifestyle assets has some risks, so it’s important to make sure that the fund you choose matches your risk tolerance. Risk tolerance refers to the amount of risk an investor is comfortable taking in their portfolio. Risk capacity is the amount of risk needed to achieve investment goals.

Typically, younger investors can afford to take more risk in the early years of their investment career as they have more time to recover from market declines. But if that investor has a low risk tolerance, they may still choose to stick with more conservative investments. If their risk tolerance doesn’t match up with the amount of risk they need to take to achieve their investment goals, they could fall far short of them.

When considering lifestyle funds, it’s important to consider your risk mix and risk level. While lifestyle funds can simplify investing in that you don’t necessarily need to make day-to-day trading decisions, it’s still important to consider how your risk tolerance and risk capacity may evolve over time.

As you move from the growth stage to the retirement target date stage, for instance, you may need to make some adjustments to your lifestyle fund choices in order to keep pace with your desired goals.

💡 Quick Tip: When you’re actively investing in stocks, it’s important to ask what types of fees you might have to pay. For example, brokers may charge a flat fee for trading stocks, or require some commission for every trade. Taking the time to manage investment costs can be beneficial over the long term.

Advantages of Lifestyle Funds

In addition to their risks, lifestyle funds offer numerous advantages to investors, starting with simplicity. When you invest in a lifestyle fund, you know more or less what to expect in terms of asset allocation, based on the risk tolerance that you specify. These funds don’t require you to be an active investor in order to realize returns.

Some funds also automatically rebalance on behalf of investors, so there’s very little you need to do, other than be mindful of how the fund’s risk mix reflects your risk tolerance at any given time.

A lifestyle fund can offer broad diversification, allowing you to gain exposure to a variety of assets without having to purchase individual stocks, bonds or other securities.

Compared to other types of mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs), lifestyle funds may carry lower expense ratios. That can allow you to retain more of your investment returns over time.

Finally, lifestyle funds encourage investors to stay invested through market ups and downs. That can help you to even out losses through dollar-cost averaging.

Lifestyle Funds vs Target Date Funds

If you have a 401(k), then you’re likely familiar with target date funds as they’re commonly offered in workplace retirement plans. A target date fund, or lifecycle fund, is a mutual fund that adjusts its asset allocation automatically, based on the investor’s target retirement date. These funds are distinguishable from lifestyle funds because they typically have a year in their name.

So a Target Date 2050 fund, for example, would attract investors who plan to retire in the year 2050. Target date funds also take a diversified approach to investing, with asset allocations that include both stocks and fixed-income securities.

The difference between target date funds and lifestyle funds is that target date funds follow a specific glide path. As the investor gets closer to their target retirement date, the fund’s asset allocation adjusts to become more conservative. Lifestyle funds don’t do that; instead, the asset allocation remains the same.

The Takeaway

Whether you choose to invest with lifestyle funds, target date funds, or something else, the most important thing is to get started saving for retirement. The longer your time horizon until retirement, the more time your money has to grow through the power of compounding interest.

If you feel like incorporating lifestyle funds into your investing strategy may help you reach your financial goals, be sure to take the pros and cons into consideration. It may also be helpful to consult with a financial professional for guidance.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What is a lifestyle pension fund?

A pension fund is a type of defined benefit plan, in which employees receive retirement benefits based on their earnings and years of service. A lifestyle pension fund is a pension fund that allocates assets using a lifestyle strategy in order to meet an investor’s goals and needs.

What is a lifestyle strategy?

In investing, a lifestyle strategy is an approach that chooses investments that can help an investor to reach specific milestones or goals while keeping their age and risk tolerance in mind. With lifestyle funds, the asset allocation doesn’t change substantially over time.

What is a lifestyle profile?

A lifestyle profile is a tool that investors use to help them select the most appropriate lifestyle funds based on their age, risk tolerance goals.

Photo credit: iStock/GaudiLab

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INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

Feb

2024

2024 Tax Season: Capital Gains Tax Guide

By Carla Tardi | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | No Comments

What Is Capital Gains Tax?

Capital gains taxes are the taxes you pay on any profits you make from selling investments, like stocks, bonds, properties, cars, or businesses. The tax isn’t applied for owning these assets — it only hits when you profit from selling them.

It’s important for beginner investors to understand that a number of factors can affect their capital gains tax rate: how long they hold onto an investment, which asset they’re selling, the amount of their annual income, as well as their marital status.

Read on to learn how capital gains work, the capital gains tax rates, and tips for lowering capital gains taxes.

Capital Gains Tax Rates Today

Whether you hold onto an investment for at least a year can make a big difference in how much you pay in taxes.

When you profit from an asset after owning it for a year or less, it’s considered a short-term capital gain. If you profit from it after owning it for at least a year, it’s a long-term capital gain.

💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.

Short-Term Capital Gains Tax Rates (for Tax Year 2023)

The short-term capital gains tax is taxed as regular income or at the “marginal rate,” so the rates are based on what tax bracket you’re in.

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) changes these numbers every year to adjust for inflation. You may learn your tax bracket by going to the IRS website, or asking your accountant.

Here’s a table that breaks down the short-term capital gains tax rates for the 2023 tax year, or for tax returns that are filed in 2024.

Marginal Rate	Income — Single	Married, filing jointly
10%	Up to $11,000	Up to $22,000
12%	$11,000 to $44,725	$22,000 to $89,450
22%	$44,725 to $95,375	$89,450 to $190,750
24%	$95,375 to $182,100	$190,750 to $364,200
32%	$182,100 to $231,250	$364,200 to $462,500
35%	$231,250 to $578,125	$462,500 to $693,750
37%	$578,125 or more	More than $693,750

Long-Term Capital Gains Tax Rate By Income for Tax Year 2023 (or Tax Season 2024)

Long-term capital gains taxes for an individual are simpler and lower than for married couples. These rates fall into three brackets: 0%, 15%, and 20%.

The following table breaks down the long-term capital-gains tax rates for the 2023 tax year by income and status.

Capital Gains Tax Rate	Income — Single	Married, Filing Separately	Head of Household	Married, Filing Jointly
0%	Up to $44,625	Up to $44,625	Up to $59,750	Up to $89,250
15%	$44,626 to $492,300	$44,626 to $276,900	$59,751 to $523,050	$89,251 to $553,850
20%	$492,301 or more	$276,901 or more	$523,051 or more	$553,851 or more

A higher 28% is applied to long-term capital gains from transactions involving art, antiques, stamps, wine, and precious metals.

Additionally, individuals with modified adjusted gross incomes (MAGIs) over $200,000 and couples filing jointly with MAGIs over $250,000 — who have net investment income, may have to pay the Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT), which is 3.8% on the lesser of the net investment income or the excess over the MAGI limits.

Tips For Lowering Capital Gains Taxes

Hanging onto an investment for more than a year can lower your capital gains taxes significantly.

Capital gains taxes also don’t apply to so-called “tax-advantaged accounts” like 401(k) plans, IRAs, or 529 college savings accounts. So selling investments within these accounts won’t generate capital gains taxes. Instead, traditional 401(k)s and IRAs are taxed when you take distributions, while qualified distributions for Roth IRAs and 529 plans are tax-free.

Single homeowners also get a break on the first $250,000 they make from the sale of their primary residence, which they need to have lived in for at least two of the past five years. The limit is $500,000 for a married couple filing jointly.

For new investors, it might be helpful to know that you may deduct as much as $3,000 in losses from an investment to help offset the amount of taxes on your income.

How US Capital Gains Taxes Compare

Generally, capital gains tax rates affect the wealthiest taxpayers, who typically make a bigger chunk of their income from profitable investments.

Here’s a closer look at how capital gains taxes compare with other taxes, including those in other countries.

Compared to Other Taxes

The maximum long-term capital gains taxes rate of 20% is lower than the highest marginal rate of 37%.

Proponents of the lower long-term capital gains tax rate say the discrepancy exists to encourage investments. It may also prompt investors to sell their profitable investments more frequently, rather than hanging on to them.

Comparison to Capital Gains Taxes In Other Countries

In 2023, the Tax Foundation listed the capital gains taxes of the 27 different European Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. The U.S.’ maximum rate of 20% is roughly midway on the spectrum of comparable capital gains taxes.

In comparison, Denmark had the highest top capital gains tax at a rate of 42%. Norway was second-highest at 37.84%. Finland and France were third on the list, both at 34%. In addition, the following European countries all levied higher capital gains taxes than the U.S. (listed in order from highest to lowest): Ireland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Portugal, Austria, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Iceland.

Compared With Historical Capital Gains Tax Rates

Because short-term capital gains tax rates are the same as those for wages and salaries, they adjust when ordinary income tax rates change. For instance, in 2018, tax rates went down because of the Trump Administration’s tax cuts. Therefore, so did short-term capital gains rates.

As for long-term capital gains tax, Americans today are paying rates that are relatively low historically. Today’s maximum long-term capital gains tax rate of 20% started in 2013.

For comparison, the high point for long-term capital gains tax was in the 1970s, when the maximum rate was at 35%.

Going back in time, in the 1920s the maximum rate was around 12%. From the early 1940s to the late 1960s, the rate was around 25%. Maximum rates were also pretty high, at around 28%, in the late 1980s and 1990s. Then, between 2004 and 2012, they dropped to 15%.

💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that investment losses aren’t necessarily bad news? Some losses can be used to offset gains, potentially reducing how much tax you owe. Learn more about investment taxes.

Tax Loss Harvesting

Tax loss harvesting is the strategy of selling some investments at a loss to offset the taxable profits from another investment.

Using short-term losses to offset short-term gains is a way to take advantage of tax loss harvesting — because, as discussed above, short-term gains are taxed at higher rates. IRS rules also dictate that short-term or long-term losses must be used to offset gains of the same type, unless the losses exceed the gains from the same type.

Investors can also apply losses from investments of as much as $3,000 to offset income. And because tax losses don’t expire, if only a portion of losses was used to offset income in one year, the investor can “save” those losses to offset taxes in another year.

The Takeaway

Capital gains taxes are the levies you pay from making money on investments. The IRS updates the tax rates every year to adjust for inflation.

It’s important for investors to know that capital gains tax rates can differ significantly based on whether they’ve held an investment for at least a year. An investor’s income level also determines how much they pay in capital gains taxes.

An accountant or financial advisor can suggest ways to lower your capital gains taxes as well as help you set financial goals.

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Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

What Is a SIMPLE 401(k) Plan & How Do You Utilize It?

How Does a SIMPLE 401(k) Work?

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Who Is Eligible for a SIMPLE 401(k)?

What Are the Pros of a SIMPLE 401(k) Plan?

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SIMPLE 401(k) vs SIMPLE IRA

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FAQ

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Unlocking the Potential of Private Company Investments

Understanding Private Companies

Classification of Private Companies

The Growth Journey: Startups to Unicorns

Alternative investments, now for the rest of us.

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Strategic Pathways to Private Investments

Early Stage Investments and Angel Investing

Joining Private Equity Firms

Investing in Pre-IPO Companies

Leveraging Pre-IPO Investing Platforms

The Accredited Investor’s Guide

Qualifications and Opportunities

Exclusive Markets for the Accredited Investor

The Pros and Cons of Private Company Investments

Advantages of Private Market Engagement

Risks and Considerations

Critical Steps for Investing in Private Companies

Conducting Thorough Research

Identifying and Assessing Potential Deals

The Transaction: Making Your First Private Investment

Post-Investment Vigilance

Monitoring Your Investment

Exit Strategies and Liquidity Events

Investment Myths Debunked

Setting Realistic Expectations

Common Misconceptions

Ready to Invest? Questions to Ask Yourself

Assessing Your Risk Tolerance

Aligning Investments with Personal Goals

The Takeaway

FAQ

How much capital is needed to start?

What are the time commitments and expectations?

A Guide to Tax-Efficient Investing

The Importance of Tax-Efficient Investing

The Impact of Taxes on Returns

Types of Tax-Efficient Accounts

Taxable Accounts

Tax-Advantaged Accounts

Tax-Deferred Retirement Accounts

Tax-Exempt Accounts

Tax Benefits of College Savings Plans

Tax-Efficient Accounts Summary

The Tradeoffs of Tax-Free Growth

Choosing Tax-Efficient Investments

Estate Planning and Charitable Giving

Taxes and Estate Planning

Tax Benefits of Charitable Contributions

Advanced Tax-Efficient Strategies

Asset Location Considerations

Tax-Loss Harvesting

Tax-Loss Carryover

Roth IRA Conversions

Final Thoughts on Tax-Efficient Investing

Key Strategies Recap

Further Learning in Tax-Smart Investing

Everything You Need to Know About Lifestyle Funds and Lifestyle Investing

What are Lifestyle Funds?

How Do Lifestyle Funds Work?

Two Stages of Lifestyle Funds

1. Growth Stage

2. Retirement Target Date

Different Types of Lifestyle Funds

Lifestyle Investment Risks

Advantages of Lifestyle Funds

Double down on your retirement goals with a 1% match on every dollar you roll over and contribute to a SoFi IRA.¹

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