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Buying a home is exciting, but coughing up the down payment can be a downer. That’s where down payment assistance enters the picture. Government and nonprofit programs help unlock the door to homeownership for qualified buyers.

It makes sense to put down as much as you can comfortably afford on a down payment. The more you put down, the less you’ll be borrowing, which translates to lower monthly payments and less interest paid over the life of the loan. But many people put down less — in some cases far less — than 20% of the home’s purchase price, the amount often recommended to buyers.

In an April 2024 SoFi survey of 500 people intending to purchase a home, almost a third of respondents (30%) said they were planning to put down between 11% and 20%. Almost one in five (19%) said they would put down 6% to 10%. Ten percent of buyers were aiming for a 5% down payment or less, and fully 7% of people were exploring no-down-payment options. First-time buyers who finance their home are especially likely to have a lower down payment, according to data from the National Association of Realtors®.

Down Payment Defined

Depending on their financial situation, homebuyers may qualify for down payment assistance from the government or a private entity.

Down payment assistance programs come in several forms. Some offer homebuyers loans and grants that can be applied directly to down payments and, in some cases, help with closing costs, too.

The down payment — which covers the upfront “out of pocket” cost of getting a mortgage — is usually made at the mortgage closing and can be paid with a check, cashier’s check, or electronic payment.

The down payment covers a reasonable percentage of the total home purchase price, with the mortgage covering the remainder. Lenders typically won’t approve a mortgage loan unless the borrower pays upfront cash — anywhere from 3.5% to 20% in most cases — against the total price of the property.

💡 Quick Tip: Thinking of using a mortgage broker? That person will try to help you save money by finding the best loan offers you are eligible for. But if you deal directly with an online mortgage lender, you won’t have to pay a mortgage broker’s commission, which is usually based on the mortgage amount.

Homebuyer Assistance Programs and Qualifications

If a first-time homebuyer can’t afford a down payment, that opens the possibility of financial assistance.

The programs that tend to provide the most financial assistance to homebuyers — state and federal governments and local, regional, and national nonprofits — will likely need an applicant to clear hurdles in order to qualify for down payment help.

These criteria usually lead that list:

•   The three-year rule. The buyer must not have owned a home in the past three years. In most scenarios, government agencies and private charities deem anyone who hasn’t owned a home in the previous three years, even a repeat buyer, a “first-time home buyer.”

•   Must be for a primary home. Homebuyers should be clear if the money is going to the purchase of a primary residence. If the home is an investment property designed to draw rent, financial assistance providers usually won’t issue a green light on funding.

•   Income limits. First-time homebuyers may have to meet income limits. The buyer may also have to keep the home price below a specified limit.

•   Funding caveats. Depending on the funder, the first-time homebuyer may have to take a homebuyer education course and may be asked to contribute some money to the down payment.

New homebuyers looking for financial help — and who qualify for that help — can get financial aid from a variety of sources, both public and private.

The help can be substantial.

According to a report from the Urban Institute, up to 51% of potential homebuyers residing in the report’s U.S. metropolitan areas studied would qualify for some form of home down payment assistance. Upon applying, those homebuyers would be in line to receive between $2,000 and $39,000.

Yet in SoFi’s recent survey, only 38% of potential homebuyers who said not having an adequate down payment was their biggest challenge had explored down payment assistance programs. Actively looking for down payment assistance could be a good move. When that search begins, the following funding sources may be a good place for homebuyers to start.

Recommended: First Time Homebuyer Guide for 2023

HUD, the Gatekeeper

A good source for state and nonprofit home down payment assistance is the Department of Housing and Urban Development, or HUD.

HUD is a federal gatekeeper, steering homebuyers to various state and nonprofit programs and offering home buying and down payment advice from HUD home assistance counselors.

Each state may have different rules and requirements, so it’s a good idea to talk to either the state agency directly or to a qualified advisor through the HUD housing counselor portal.

Federal, State, and Local Government Grants

Government grants might be the optimal form of down payment assistance, as it’s free money. Grants usually come from federal, state, or local governments and nonprofit groups.

Each government agency or charitable group has its own rules for down payment assistance grants, but in general, you have to pass an eligibility test (the common criteria are listed above) to qualify.

Again, HUD does not offer direct grants to individuals but works through local governments and nonprofit organizations to make financial assistance and counseling available.

💡 Quick Tip: Not to be confused with prequalification, preapproval involves a longer application, documentation, and hard credit pulls. Ideally, you want to keep your applications for preapproval to within the same 14- to 45-day period, since many hard credit pulls outside the given time period can adversely affect your credit score, which in turn affects the mortgage terms you’ll be offered.

Federal Government Loans

While technically not deemed direct down payment assistance, U.S. government-insured housing loans consist of low-interest loans to new homebuyers that enable them to make lower down payments, thus making it easier to afford both a home loan and a down payment.

Federal home loans usually come from three agencies:

The Federal Housing Administration. The FHA provides loans from private lenders to qualified homebuyers. The primary qualifier is a FICO® credit score of 580 or above. A borrower with a credit score of 500 to 579 who brings a 10% down payment to the table may also qualify for an FHA loan. In SoFi’s survey, only 49% of homebuyers had heard of FHA loans, yet these can be a great solution for buyers.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. The USDA offers direct home-buying assistance to rural homebuyers. Loans enable qualified homebuyers to purchase a home with no down payment. The home must be in a qualified rural area, and borrowers’ adjusted annual income cannot exceed 115% of the median income in the area, among other criteria. These loans, too, can fly under the radar with shoppers. In SoFi’s survey, only 4 in 10 buyers (41%) had heard of USDA loans.

There is no minimum credit requirement for a USDA loan, but applicants with a credit score below 640 are subject to more stringent guidelines to qualify.

Department of Veterans Affairs. The VA provides home purchasing assistance to current members of the armed forces, military veterans, and eligible spouses of deceased U.S. military members. Similar to a USDA home loan, a VA loan requires no down payment.

Applicants must meet the VA’s — and the lender’s — standards for credit and income, and be purchasing a primary home.

Forgivable Loans

These loans come from lenders, usually in two forms: deferred payments and forgivable loans.

Forgivable loans are basically second mortgages that borrowers don’t have to repay if they remain in the primary home for a specific time period (for example, 10 years).

Forgivable loans usually have a 0% interest rate, making it easier to afford a home down payment.

State Down Payment Assistance

Assistance programs vary by state. Still, some commonalities exist — especially the urgency to help economically struggling homebuyers afford a home down payment.

These states are examples of that:

Arizona. By and large, homebuyers in most Arizona counties can apply for home down payment assistance through the state’s Department of Housing Home Plus Program.

Homebuyers will need a FICO® credit score of 640 or higher and an annual income of $126,351 or less. Additionally, the purchase price of the home can’t be higher than $371,936.

Florida. The Sunshine State offers home down payment assistance programs via Florida Housing Finance Corp.

•   HFA Preferred and HFA Advantage PLUS Second Mortgage. These down payment and closing cost programs offer 3%, 4%, or 5% of the total loan amount in a forgivable five-year second mortgage.

•   Florida Assist. Eligible homebuyers receive up to $10,000 through an interest-free second mortgage. The money doesn’t have to be paid back unless the homeowner sells or refinances the property.

Recommended: Guide to Buying, Selling, and Updating Your Home

The Takeaway

Government and nonprofit funding are the primary vehicles for down payment assistance, but homebuyers may also seek down payment help from family and friends, retirement and investment funds, or even microlenders.

However a buyer approaches home down payment assistance, the keys are planning, research on available programs, and a disciplined approach to budgeting.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

An FHA loan is a type of government home loan program that the Federal Housing Administration insures. It’s a popular mortgage choice, especially for first-time homebuyers, because an FHA loan has lower down payment requirements than conventional loans.

But there are extra costs related to these loans that you might not be aware of. You can use an FHA loan calculator. to help figure out what your monthly mortgage payment and total cost might be.

Why Use a FHA Loan Mortgage Calculator Table

An FHA loan mortgage calculator table has several benefits for homebuyers. These include:

•   Cost estimations: The calculator table can provide estimates of monthly mortgage payments. It helps borrowers plan their budget by showing the expenses involved in buying a home.

•   Time-saving: Mortgage calculations can be confusing and complicated for first-time homebuyers. The calculator table helps simplify and speed up this process.

•   Comparison tool: Buyers can compare options by entering different scenarios into the calculator table. A different interest rate or purchase price will change the monthly payment amounts. A buyer can compare homes and even different types of mortgage loans to help decide which property and loan to move forward with.

•   Informed decision-making: An aspiring homebuyer can use the table to determine the various costs involved in an FHA loan. They can plug in different numbers, such as a lower or higher down payment or a different loan term to see how that might change their monthly payments.

•   Financial planning: Overall, the calculator could help borrowers figure out what they can afford now and how to plan for future payments.

💡 Quick Tip: With SoFi, it takes just minutes to view your rate for a home loan online.

How to Calculate Your FHA Loan Mortgage Costs

Calculating a government home loan like an FHA loan mortgage involves several steps. These include:

1.    Determining the loan’s principal amount and interest. The principal is the amount of money the homebuyer borrows from the lender. The interest is the cost of borrowing the money.

2.    Adding property taxes and homeowners insurance. Homebuyers typically pay state and local property taxes. And you’ll also need homeowner’s insurance to insure the house against theft, damage, or loss, among other things.

3.    Including the Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP). The MIP protects lenders in case the borrower defaults on their mortgage payments. Borrowers pay an upfront MIP of 1.75% of the loan amount, and then they pay an annual MIP that’s typically charged in monthly installments as part of the mortgage payment.

4.    Adding the loan term. This is the length of the loan, which is usually 15 to 30 years for an FHA loan.

5.    Finally, plugging all the information listed above into an FHA mortgage loan calculator table to estimate the total monthly mortgage cost.

This is what the table for a mortgage calculator for an FHA loan might look like. You can use the table as a template or starting point to fill in the information, adjusting as needed, and then make your calculations.

Recommended: How do FHA 203(k) Home Loans Work?

Examples of FHA Loan Mortgage Calculations

Here are two examples of FHA loan calculations to give you an idea of how the process works. Keep in mind that there might be additional costs to consider, such as closing costs.

Example #1

•   Loan amount: $200,000

•   Interest rate: 3.5%

•   Loan term: 30 years

•   Annual property taxes: $2,500

•   Annual homeowners insurance: $800

•   Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP) rate: 0.85%

First, calculate the monthly interest rate:
Monthly Interest Rate = 3.5% / 12 = 0.0029167

Next, calculate the monthly principal and interest:
Monthly Payment = ($200,000 * 0.0029167) / (1 – (1 + 0.0029167)^(-360)) Monthly Payment = $898.09

Then, calculate the annual and monthly Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP):
Annual MIP = $200,000 * 0.0085 = $1,700. Monthly MIP = $1,700 / 12 = $141.67

Add property taxes and homeowners insurance:
Monthly Property Taxes = $2,500 / 12 = $208.33
Monthly Homeowners Insurance = $800 / 12 = $66.67

Calculate the total monthly mortgage costs:
Total Monthly Mortgage Costs = $898.09 (Principal & Interest) + $141.67 (MIP) + $208.33 (Property Taxes) + $66.67 (Homeowners Insurance) = $1,314.76


The total monthly mortgage cost per month is $1,314.76.

Example #2

•   Loan amount: $150,000

•   Interest rate: 4.0%

•   Loan term: 15 years

•   Annual property taxes: $3,000

•   Annual homeowners insurance: $900

•   Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP) rate: 0.75%

First, calculate the monthly interest rate:
Monthly Interest Rate = 4.0% / 12 = 0.0033333

Next, calculate the monthly principal and interest:
Monthly Payment = ($150,000 * 0.0033333) / (1 – (1 + 0.0033333)^(-180)) Monthly Payment = $1,081.03

Then, calculate the annual and monthly Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP):
Annual MIP = $150,000 * 0.0075 = $1,125. Monthly MIP = $1,125 / 12 = $93.75

Add property taxes and homeowners insurance:
Monthly Property Taxes = $3,000 / 12 = $250
Monthly Homeowners Insurance = $900 / 12 = $75

Calculate the total monthly mortgage costs:
Total Monthly Mortgage Costs = $1,081.03 (Principal & Interest) + $93.75 (MIP) + $250 (Property Taxes) + $75 (Homeowners Insurance) = $1,500.78


The total monthly mortgage cost per month is $1,500.78.

💡 Quick Tip: Don’t have a lot of cash on hand for a down payment? The minimum down payment for an FHA mortgage loan is just 3.5%.

Reasons to Calculate Your FHA Loan Mortgage First

There are a number of reasons why it makes sense to calculate an FHA mortgage before you move forward with such a mortgage. Here are five ways calculating your mortgage can be helpful.

•   Determining what’s affordable: Determining the cost of the mortgage can help borrowers search for a home within their price range.

•   Financial preparation: Buyers can see how much money they should plan to spend each month. They can then create a budget and financial plan in order to be prepared to meet the monthly payments.

•   Comparing loan options: Buyers can look at different loan options to choose the one that works best for them. They can also see how a different interest rate, home price, or down payment amount will affect their monthly cost.

•   Preventing surprises: Using the calculator helps borrowers understand what the loan costs will be so they don’t get hit with expenses they weren’t expecting.

•   Helping with negotiation: The more informed a buyer is about the various costs associated with the loan and the terms, the better they may be at negotiating the best terms.

Recommended: Home Loan Help Center

Tips on How to Save on Your FHA Loan Mortgage

If you’re interested in getting an FHA mortgage, there are a few things you can do to help get the best deal for your situation.

Build your credit score. This is one of the tips to qualify for a mortgage that it’s good to know. Strengthening your credit may help you get better interest rate terms. Pay off your debts if you can, and pay your bills on time to help build your score.

Shop around for the best interest rate. Different lenders offer varying interest rates for FHA loans. See what you may qualify for. A higher credit score may help you get a better rate.

Consider making a higher down payment. This could potentially help make your overall mortgage amount and monthly payments lower.

Negotiate closing costs. Closing costs are typically 4% to 5% of the home’s purchase price. You may be able to negotiate with the lender to try to lower some of those costs.

Take advantage of down payment assistance programs. Many states and cities offer down payment assistance programs for first-time homebuyers.

Consider mortgage refinance when interest rates drop. If you get a lower rate when you refinance, you can typically reduce your monthly mortgage monthly payments.

The Takeaway

If you’re interested in an FHA loan, an FHA loan calculator can help you figure out the total costs of your loan and your monthly loan payments, which in turn can help you budget and plan for them. For instance, you’ll factor in such costs as homeowner’s insurance and Mortgage Insurance Premium.

Shopping around for the best interest rate and comparing different loan options may also help you save money on an FHA loan.

SoFi offers a wide range of FHA loan options that are easier to qualify for and may have a lower interest rate than a conventional mortgage. You can put down as little as 3.5%, making an FHA loan a great option for first-time homebuyers.

FAQ

What are the new FHA limits for 2023?

The FHA’s nationwide limit “floor” and “ceiling” for a one-unit property in 2023 are $472,030 and $1,089,300, respectively.

What is the minimum credit score for FHA in 2023?

For an FHA loan, a minimum credit score of 580 and a down payment of 3.5 percent are required. You can still qualify with a credit score as low as 500 if you can increase your down payment to at least 10%.

How is an FHA loan amount calculated?

The FHA loan amount is calculated by determining the maximum loan size that a borrower qualifies for, which is typically based on the borrower’s income, creditworthiness, and the specific FHA loan program’s guidelines. The loan amount is further influenced by factors such as the property’s appraised value and the FHA’s required loan-to-value ratio.

Photo credit: iStock/ridvan_celik

^¹FHA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by FHA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. FHA loans require an Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP), which may be financed or paid at closing, in addition to monthly Mortgage Insurance Premiums (MIP). Maximum loan amounts vary by county. The minimum FHA mortgage down payment is 3.5% for those who qualify financially for a primary purchase. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SOHL0723013

There are many steps in the homebuying process, not least of which is deciding what type of mortgage to use. Comparing two common mortgage categories — a loan backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) vs a conventional loan — is a smart place to start. This may be especially true for first-time homebuyers, who often find it challenging to save a substantial amount of money for a down payment.

Understanding FHA Loans and Conventional Mortgages

Buying a home is often the largest investment of a lifetime. It’s important for borrowers to understand how the FHA loan vs conventional loan decision could impact their interest rate, loan terms, and minimum down payment. Eligibility requirements also vary between different types of home mortgages. Let’s examine how each loan type works, plus the factors to consider when deciding between an FHA vs a conventional loan.

💡 Quick Tip: SoFi’s Lock and Look ⁺ feature allows you to lock in a low mortgage financing rate for 90 days while you search for the perfect place to call home.

What Is an FHA Loan?

An FHA loan is a government-backed loan that’s issued by a lender, such as a bank or credit union, but insured by the Federal Housing Authority (FHA). FHA loans offer low down payment options, as well as flexible income and credit guidelines. For a first-time homebuyer, it may be easier to secure an FHA loan than a conventional mortgage, although it’s always worth exploring both options.

What Is a Conventional Mortgage?

Conventional loans are not insured by the government. They typically have stricter borrower requirements than FHA loans but can cost less over the life of the loan.

Basic Eligibility and Application Process for Each

There are some key differences in eligibility requirements between these two popular mortgage types. Eligibility for FHA and conventional loans is based in part on financial factors like credit score and debt-to-income ratio (DTI). Additionally, FHA loans can only be used for a primary residence and require borrowers to occupy the property within 60 days. Buyers can typically have only one FHA loan at a time, unless they meet specific exceptions.

Applying for either type of home loan involves many of the same steps of the mortgage preapproval process. With either mortgage type, lenders may ask borrowers to submit information on the property they’re purchasing and documentation of income, assets, debts, and employment.

Recommended: The Mortgage Loan Process Explained in 9 Steps

FHA vs. Conventional Loans: Key Distinctions

In a head-to-head FHA vs conventional loan comparison, it’s worth noting some key distinctions. The minimum down payment, credit requirements, insurance, loan limit, and property eligibility varies between each loan type. Here’s how it looks:

Down Payment Requirements and Differences

Pitting a conventional loan vs. an FHA loan will show you how much money you need to put down on a house. (To get a good sense of how much home you are prepared to buy, use a home affordability calculator.) The minimum down payment for FHA loans is 3.5% for borrowers with at least a 580 credit score (600+ credit score for SoFi) and 10% for borrowers with credit scores between 500-579. Meanwhile, conventional loans can offer down payments as low as 3% for a fixed-rate loan, or 5% for an adjustable-rate mortgage.

Credit Score Requirements and Impact on Approval

Lenders will look at your credit score with either loan type. Borrowers can secure an FHA loan with a credit score of 500, though as noted above, this requires a down payment of 10% versus just 3.5% with a credit score of 580 or higher (600+ credit score for SoFi). Conventional loans have stricter credit requirements — borrowers will typically need a credit score of at least 620 to qualify.

Mortgage Insurance: PMI vs. MIP

Mortgage insurance premiums (MIPs) are required with an FHA loan. This includes an upfront payment equivalent to 1.75% of the loan and an annual premium that’s spread across monthly mortgage payments. MIP runs for the full loan term or for 11 years if a borrower puts 10% or more down. With a conventional loan, buyers who put less than 20% down will need private mortgage insurance (PMI), which is paid monthly with the mortgage payment.

Loan Limits and Property Eligibility

The amount you can borrow and the condition and intended use of the property are key factors when deciding between an FHA vs. conventional loan. FHA loan limits are set annually by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). For 2026, the limit for single-family residences is $832,750 for low-cost areas and up to $1,249,125 for high-cost areas. The limits increase for two-, three-, and four-unit properties. In 2025, the conventional loan limit for single-family properties was $806,500 in low-cost areas and up to $1,209,750 in high-cost areas.

Property eligibility also differs by loan type. FHA loans involve stricter appraisals that consider safety and building codes, not just the home’s value. Additionally, conventional loans can be used for a second home while FHA loans are limited to primary residences.

Interest Rate Variations

Interest rates are influenced by several factors, including a borrower’s income, credit score, down payment amount, and the overall state of the economy. Because FHA loans are backed by the government, they generally have more competitive interest rates compared to conventional mortgages.

Benefits and Drawbacks of FHA Loans

For borrowers with credit scores of 580 or higher (600+ credit score for SoFi), the ability to put as little as 3.5% down is a key reason for choosing an FHA loan. But FHA borrowers pay MIP, regardless of the down payment amount.

Recommended: Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) versus Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP)

Flexible Credit Requirements

In terms of credit score, FHA loans are easier to qualify for than conventional loans. FHA loans require a credit score of 580 (600+ credit score for SoFi) to put 3.5% down or 500 to put 10% down.

Property Eligibility and Restrictions

FHA loans are intended for primary residences, so they can’t be used for vacation homes or investment properties. The appraisal process for FHA loans is also more strict than for conventional loans. The FHA appraisal assesses the property value and the home condition to ensure it meets minimum property standards set by HUD. These extensive standards cover design, as well as building materials such as insulation.

Interest Rate Variability

FHA loans usually have lower interest rates since lenders incur less risk with government-backed loans. Interest rates vary by lender, so it’s worth shopping around to compare options, whether you are considering an FHA or a conventional mortgage.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Mortgages

Opting for a conventional loan vs FHA loan comes with a mix of potential benefits and drawbacks.

Higher Down Payment but No Upfront Mortgage Insurance

Though borrowers could qualify for a conventional loan with a 3% down payment, a higher down payment is more common. The average down payment on a house is 13%, although younger borrowers and first-time buyers often put down less than this. Borrowers can choose to put 20% down on a conventional loan to avoid the cost of private mortgage insurance.

Stricter Credit Score Requirements

The minimum credit score to qualify for a conventional loan is 620, though this can vary by lender.

Property Eligibility and Restrictions

Conventional loans don’t have the same occupancy requirements as FHA Loans. This allows borrowers to purchase a variety of property types, including primary residences, vacation homes, and investment properties.

Interest Rate Stability and Flexibility

There are two types of conventional loans: fixed-rate and adjustable-rate. The former has the same interest rate for the loan term, offering predictability and stability. Adjustable-rate mortgages, on the other hand, tend to have a lower introductory rate for several years before the rate fluctuates based on market conditions. This can provide upfront savings at the onset of the mortgage.

FHA Loan vs. Conventional: Costs Comparison

When comparing FHA loans vs conventional loans, it’s worth considering the monthly payment and overall cost over the life of the loan with each option. For home buyers with a good credit score, a conventional loan may be more attractive. That’s because conventional loan costs are more dependent on your credit score and down payment amount than FHA loan costs. And as a result, your monthly payments and PMI are lower when your credit score is higher. This is a key difference from how FHA loans work.

Upfront and Monthly Costs for Mortgage Insurance

FHA loans require paying MIP for 11 years or the life of the loan depending on the down payment amount. MIP also involves an upfront cost that’s equal to 1.75% of the loan amount. The ongoing cost of MIP is between 0.45% and 1.05% annually, divided across monthly payments.

With a conventional loan, borrowers pay PMI, which typically ranges from 0.5% to 2% of the total loan amount annually. The cost of PMI depends on the borrower’s credit score, loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, and other factors. Borrowers can stop paying PMI once the mortgage balance is at 78% of the home’s original value or current value following an appraisal. For borrowers with stronger credit, PMI with a conventional loan can cost less than MIP with an FHA loan

Interest Rates and Overall Loan Costs

Though FHA loans can offer more competitive rates and be less expensive in the short-term, borrowers with strong credit could save in the long-term with a conventional loan. Once borrowers get out of PMI on a conventional loan, the annual percentage rate (APR) — the annual cost of the loan — may be lower than an FHA loan.

Down Payment Impact on Immediate and Long-Term Finances

If you can afford to put 20% down on a conventional loan, you’ll avoid the upfront and ongoing cost of PMI. Putting more money down could translate to a lower interest rate, providing further savings on monthly payments and long-term finances.

Increasing your down payment on an FHA loan to 10% can reduce the duration of paying MIP to 11 years and potentially lower the interest rate. However, borrowers who can afford a higher down payment may save more with a conventional loan since PMI can be canceled sooner.

FHA vs. Conventional Loans: Eligibility and Qualification Criteria

Borrowers have to meet certain eligibility requirements to qualify for either an FHA or a conventional loan. Generally, FHA loans are easier to qualify for, but they have stricter property eligibility requirements than conventional loans.

Qualifying Credit Scores for FHA and Conventional Loans

To qualify for a conventional loan, borrowers typically need a credit score of 620 or higher. Meanwhile, borrowers could qualify for an FHA loan with a credit score of 500 if they put 10% down. Borrowers with a 580 credit score (600+ credit score for SoFi) can put just 3.5% down.

Down Payment Requirements for Both Loan Types

The minimum down payment for a conventional loan is typically 3% if it’s a fixed-rate mortgage or 5% if it’s an adjustable-rate mortgage. However, the down payment requirement can vary based on a borrower’s financial situation, loan amount, and type of property. FHA loans require either a 3.5% or 10% down payment depending on a borrower’s credit score.

Property Eligibility and Loan Limits

FHA loans can only be used for primary residences, while conventional loans apply to a primary residence, vacation home, or investment property. For 2026, FHA loan limits for single-family homes are $541,287 (in low-cost areas of the U.S.) and $1,249,125 (in high-cost areas). Conventional loan limits for single-family properties are $832,750 in low-cost areas and $1,249,125 in high-cost areas. Buyers who want to purchase a property that exceeds these limits will need to consider a jumbo mortgage loan.

FHA Loan vs. Conventional: Which Is Right for You?

There’s no one-size-fits all solution for buying a house. When deciding between FHA vs conventional loans, the right choice depends on your finances, your long-term financial goals, and the property type you wish to purchase.

Factors Influencing the Choice

Your credit score and ability to make a down payment are key considerations when weighing conventional loan vs FHA loan. If you have a lower credit score or a higher debt-to-income (DTI) ratio, an FHA loan could be a better bet for its flexible credit requirements and more competitive interest rate. However, borrowers with strong credit could qualify for a conventional loan with a down payment of just 3%.

Long-Term Financial Considerations

FHA loans can be more affordable upfront due to lower interest rates and down payment requirements. But borrowers will be on the hook for paying mortgage insurance for the full loan term unless they put 10% down or refinance later on.

If you’re able to qualify for a conventional loan and put 20% down on a house, not having to pay private mortgage insurance can save money in the long run. Conventional loans also offer more flexible repayment terms, whereas FHA loans are either 15- or 30-year mortgages.

Flexibility in Property Choices

FHA loans require occupancy within 60 days and the property must be the borrower’s primary residence. These loans also have strict rules for property conditions. For instance, a manufactured home built prior to 1976 is not eligible for an FHA loan. On the other hand, conventional loans can be used for second homes and a greater range of property types.

💡 Quick Tip: If you refinance your mortgage and shorten your loan term, you could save a substantial amount in interest over the lifetime of the loan.

The Takeaway

Deciding between an FHA loan vs a conventional loan depends on your specific financial situation and the property type. An FHA loan could be a better option if you have a higher DTI ratio, lower credit score, or less money to put toward a down payment. Whereas a conventional loan could be a better fit if you have strong credit and can afford a larger down payment.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

What are the main differences between FHA and conventional mortgages?

FHA loans are insured by the Federal Housing Administration, whereas the lender assumes the risk for a conventional loan. For the borrower, an FHA mortgage typically has a lower credit-score requirement. It may also allow a lower down payment than some conventional loans.

Can I qualify for both an FHA loan and a conventional mortgage simultaneously?

It is possible to qualify for both an FHA loan and a conventional mortgage simultaneously. Note that lenders will look at your finances closely to ensure you can afford both loans.

How does property type affect the choice between FHA and conventional loans?

FHA loans are restricted to primary residences, while conventional loans can be used for second homes, such as investment properties or vacation homes. FHA loans also have stricter property condition requirements compared to conventional loans.

Photo credit: iStock/FotoDuets

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

SOHL1223003

If you’re fortunate enough to have a family member or close friend who is giving you funds to put towards a down payment, congratulations. But in this scenario, a gift letter can be an important part of validating money given to you for the down payment or closing costs on a home.

Approximately 22% of first-time homebuyers received gift funds to help with the purchase of a home, according to a 2022 National Association of Realtors^® (NAR) survey.

Properly documented gift funds will help the mortgage loan to pass underwriting so your loan may be approved. In this guide, you’ll learn the story on gift letters, how they differ for various types of mortgages, plus other important details.

What Is a Gift Letter?

A mortgage gift letter is a legal document whose primary purpose is to state that down payment funds given to the borrower are not expected to be repaid. The lender wants to ensure that the borrower is not taking on more debt to help finance the mortgage, even if it is money from family or friends. The letter is required to pass underwriting.
It’s essential that a gift letter include all the necessary elements to be considered in your loan application.


💡 Quick Tip: You deserve a more zen mortgage loan. When you buy a home, SoFi offers a guarantee that your loan will close on time. Backed by a $5,000 credit.‡

What Should Be Included in Gift Letters?

Lenders usually provide a standard gift letter for you and the donor to complete, but it’s helpful to know what needs to be stated. Gift letters should include the following details:

•   Dollar amount of the gift

•   Name of the donor, address, phone number, and details of the account from which the money will be or was drawn

•   Relationship to the borrower

•   Name of the borrower, address, and phone number

•   Address of the home associated with the down payment

•   The donor’s signed statement saying the funds will not need to be repaid by the borrower

•   Language saying the funds were not made available to the donor by any party interested in the sale of the property

•   The dated signatures of borrower and donor.

Note: Along with a gift letter, the lender may want to see proof of funds in the donor’s account and evidence the money was deposited into the borrower’s account.

Does Timing and Amount of a Gift Matter?

When it comes to gift letters, when and how much you received may need to be documented.

Amount

There typically is no limit on the amount of gift money, but when a deposit is more than half of your monthly household income, lenders usually will want an explanation.

Note: SoFi does not offer USDA loans at this time. However, SoFi does offer FHA, VA, and conventional loan options.

For USDA loans and FHA loans, you’ll need to explain any amount over 1% of the purchase price or appraised value of your home that was deposited in your account recently. There are exceptions, including tax refunds and bonuses, that do not need to be “seasoned” or explained.

Timing

A lender will look at bank statements for the past 60 to 90 days. Amounts that existed in your account before this time are considered seasoned, and you may not need to provide a gift letter for that money. The amount of a deposit inside that time frame may need a letter of explanation.

If you have money in other places, you’ll want to deposit it into your bank account for proper seasoning.

Who Can Give Down Payment Gifts?

Down payment gift regulations vary by loan type, but generally, gift funds are allowable on many mortgage types from close family members or friends. There are some key differences between regulation for down payment gifts for conventional and government home loans (USDA, VA, and FHA mortgages).

FHA Loans

Under Federal Housing Administration guidelines, gift funds for the down payment are allowable from the following donors:

•   Relatives of the borrower

•   The borrower’s employer or labor union

•   A close friend with a clearly defined and documented interest in the borrower

•   A charitable organization

•   A government agency or public entity that provides homeownership assistance to low- and moderate-income families or first-time homebuyers.

The gift must not come from an entity that has an interest in the sale of the property, such as the seller, the builder, the real estate agent, or the broker.

Buying a fixer-upper? This guide to FHA 203(k) loans and options could be a good read.

Conventional Loans

Under conventional loan guidelines (meaning non-government), gift funds are allowable from these sources:

•   A relative, which Fannie Mae defines as someone related by blood, marriage, adoption, or legal guardianship

•   A domestic partner or fiance.

The donor may not be anyone with an interest in the transaction, such as the builder, developer, or real estate agent.

USDA or VA Loans

With loans backed by the Department of Agriculture or Veterans Affairs, the only people who cannot provide gift funds are those who would benefit from the sale, such as the seller, lender, real estate agent, or developer. The gift funds must be properly sourced, which means the lender wants to see a paper trail from the bank account of the donor to that of the borrower.


💡 Quick Tip: Don’t have a lot of cash on hand for a down payment? The minimum down payment for an FHA mortgage loan is as low as 3.5%.¹

Are There Limits on Gifts?

No, but some loans may require borrowers to come up with a portion of the down payment. This is what’s known as a minimum borrower contribution, and it applies to conventional loan financing. It is different based on what type of real estate is being purchased, be it a primary residence, second home, or investment property.

Primary Residences

For primary residences, there is no minimum borrower contribution. All of the money needed to complete the transaction can be a gift. This is true whether the loan-to-value ratio is above or below 80% for conventional financing.

Second Homes

For second homes, if the loan-to-value is above 80% (meaning the down payment was less than 20%), borrowers must make a minimum contribution of 5% from their own funds. This is also true on principal units with two to four units.

Investment Properties

Gift funds are not allowed on conventional mortgages for investment properties. Fannie Mae also states that gift funds are not to be used for investment properties.

Recommended: How to Buy a House From a Family Member

How Does This Affect Taxes?

Taxes may affect the donor of the funds, unless the home purchaser makes special arrangements to pay taxes on the gift funds.

The money gifted may be excluded from tax as per the annual exclusion amount. The IRS says the annual exclusion for gifts is $17,000 for 2023. This is per person, so if buying real estate with a partner, the amount doubles to $34,000.

If the gift is from a set of parents, each parent can gift that amount to each of the borrowing partners. This allows for $68,000 to be gifted before triggering the gift tax. In other words:

•   Parent 1: $17,000 for borrowing partner 1, $17,000 for borrowing partner 2 = $34,000

•   Parent 2: $17,000 for borrowing partner 1, $17,000 for borrowing partner 2 = $34,000

Adding the amount for both parents contributing for both borrowers equals $68,000.

If that amount is exceeded, each donor can also claim it as part of the lifetime exclusion on estate taxes, which has a limit of $13.61 million for 2024.

Gift Equity Letters vs Gift Letters for Mortgages

A gift of equity is when the seller gives a portion of the home’s equity to the buyer. It is transferred to the buyer as a credit in the transaction and may be used to fund all or part of the down payment on principal or second homes.

If there is a gift of equity, a gift of equity letter is required. A signed gift letter and settlement statement with the equity gift will be retained in the loan file.

While there are similarities, there are also some differences.

Whether you’re fortunate enough to receive a gift or you’re making your own way toward homeownership, this mortgage calculator may come in handy.

Recommended: Mortgage Loan Help Center

The Takeaway

A gift letter ensures that the money, or equity, you receive when buying a home is validated when your mortgage loan goes through underwriting. It’s a necessary step on your way to loan approval that a good mortgage lender may be able to help you with.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

Photo credit: iStock/Pictac

*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

^‡SoFi On-Time Close Guarantee: If all conditions of the Guarantee are met, and your loan does not close on or before the closing date on your purchase contract accepted by SoFi, and the delay is due to SoFi, SoFi will give you a credit toward closing costs or additional expenses caused by the delay in closing of up to $10,000.^ The following terms and conditions apply. This Guarantee is available only for loan applications submitted after 04/01/2024. Please discuss terms of this Guarantee with your loan officer. The mortgage must be a purchase transaction that is approved and funded by SoFi. This Guarantee does not apply to loans to purchase bank-owned properties or short-sale transactions. To qualify for the Guarantee, you must: (1) Sign up for access to SoFi’s online portal and upload all requested documents, (2) Submit documents requested by SoFi within 5 business days of the initial request and all additional doc requests within 2 business days (3) Submit an executed purchase contract on an eligible property with the closing date at least 25 calendar days from the receipt of executed Intent to Proceed and receipt of credit card deposit for an appraisal (30 days for VA loans; 40 days for Jumbo loans), (4) Lock your loan rate and satisfy all loan requirements and conditions at least 5 business days prior to your closing date as confirmed with your loan officer, and (5) Pay for and schedule an appraisal within 48 hours of the appraiser first contacting you by phone or email. This Guarantee will not be paid if any delays to closing are attributable to: a) the borrower(s), a third party, the seller or any other factors outside of SoFi control; b) if the information provided by the borrower(s) on the loan application could not be verified or was inaccurate or insufficient; c) attempting to fulfill federal/state regulatory requirements and/or agency guidelines; d) or the closing date is missed due to acts of God outside the control of SoFi. SoFi may change or terminate this offer at any time without notice to you. *To redeem the Guarantee if conditions met, see documentation provided by loan officer.
^¹FHA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by FHA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. FHA loans require an Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP), which may be financed or paid at closing, in addition to monthly Mortgage Insurance Premiums (MIP). Maximum loan amounts vary by county. The minimum FHA mortgage down payment is 3.5% for those who qualify financially for a primary purchase. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.