How Government-Backed Mortgages Work

Government-backed mortgages can be easier for potential homebuyers to qualify for as these loans are insured by the federal government, which brings down the risk for lenders. There are three main types of government-backed mortgages that can help consumers — and especially first-time homebuyers — reach their goal of homeownership.

Let’s take a closer look at these different types of government-backed mortgages and how they government-backed insured mortgages work.

Key Points

•   Government-backed mortgages are insured by federal agencies, reducing lender risk and making it easier for borrowers to qualify.

•   There are three main types of government-backed mortgages: FHA, VA, and USDA loans, each with unique eligibility requirements.

•   FHA loans require a minimum credit score of 580 with a 3.5% down payment or 500 with a 10% down payment.

•   USDA loans are available for low- to moderate-income borrowers in rural areas, with no down payment requirements but with mortgage insurance.

•   Government-backed mortgages offer benefits like lower credit score requirements and lower down payments, but may have mortgage insurance requirements.

What Is a Government-Backed Mortgage?

Essentially, a government-backed mortgage is a mortgage loan that a federal government agency insures. These types of mortgages are typically easier to qualify for than conventional home loans, as the lender takes on less risk due to the government insurance that forms the safety net underpinning the loan.

Of course, consumers can also apply for non-government-backed mortgages, so it’s important to do your research before applying for home loans to see which mortgages best suit your financial needs.


💡 Quick Tip: Buying a home shouldn’t be aggravating. SoFi’s online mortgage application is quick and simple, with dedicated Mortgage Loan Officers to guide you from start to finish.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.

Questions? Call (888)-541-0398.


How Do Government-Backed Mortgages Work?

Let’s take a closer look at how government-backed home loans work. To start, they are insured by one of three different federal agencies.

Note: SoFi does not offer USDA loans at this time. However, SoFi does offer FHA, VA, and conventional loan options.

•   Federal Housing Administration (FHA loans)

•   U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA loans)

•   U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA loans)

The way this works is that if the borrower defaults on the loan, the government repays the lender instead. This greatly reduces the risk that the lender faces, which means they can in turn extend more favorable interest rates to borrowers who may not normally qualify for low interest rates. Many government-backed loans also don’t require a down payment.

Most of these loans are not issued by the government. Consumers still have to apply with private lenders, and it’s a bit hit or miss which (if any) types of government-backed loans a private lender might offer.

A government-backed loan works differently than a conventional loan. To start, conventional loans don’t have any government backing and therefore have stricter eligibility requirements. Typically, government-backed loans also have different mortgage insurance requirements than conventional loans and may charge more upfront fees.

Borrowers who choose a government-backed loan also have to meet different eligibility requirements than borrowers who choose a conventional loan. For example, only members of the military or select family members can qualify for a VA loan.

Different Types of Government-Backed Mortgages

There are three different types of government-backed mortgages: FHA, VA, and USDA loans. Each type of mortgage is designed to meet the unique needs of different borrowers. Some consumers may qualify for all three loan types or they may meet the requirements and qualify for just one type of mortgage-backed loan. In some cases, a borrower may not qualify for any of these loans.

•   FHA loans This loan type is backed by the Federal Housing Administration and it tends to be much easier to qualify for than USDA and VA loans. FHA loans are popular with first-time homebuyers. Having a credit score of at least 580 is a must and a down payment of 3.5% is necessary. Those with a credit score in the 500 to 579 range can still qualify, but only if they make at least a 10% down payment. The main disadvantage of FHA loans is they require mortgage insurance initially. If the borrower makes a down payment of 10% or more, after 11 years the lender can remove the mortgage insurance requirement, but many borrowers need to refinance to escape this insurance.

•   USDA loans Low- or moderate-income borrowers looking to buy a home in a rural area or select suburban areas may qualify for the USDA’s Rural Development Guaranteed Housing Loan Program. There are a few different types of USDA loans and which one a borrower can qualify for depends on their credit score and income. There are no down payment requirements with USDA loans, but there are mortgage insurance requirements. There is no way to remove mortgage insurance from the loan, however the insurance payments are typically lower than those for conventional or FHA loans.

•   VA loans VA loans are only available to active-duty service members, veterans, reservists, National Guard members, and certain surviving spouses. There are no credit score requirements for VA loans or down payment requirements, although some lenders may have their own credit score requirements. There are no mortgage insurance requirements for VA loans, but there are some extra closing costs that can equate to 1.4% to 3.6% of the loan amount.

Pros and Cons of Government-Backed Mortgages

There are some unique advantages and disadvantages associated with government-backed mortgages:

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Pros:

•   Can be easier to qualify for than conventional loans

•   Lower down payment requirements (or no down payment at all)

•   Lower credit score requirement (or no requirement at all)

•   Potentially lower interest rates

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Cons:

•   VA and USDA loans can be hard to qualify for

•   You may need to pay mortgage insurance for the life of the loan

•   Not all lenders offer government-backed mortgages

Examples of Government-Backed Mortgages

There are three types of government-backed mortgage. They are USDA loans, VA loans, and FHA loans. Here is how a USDA loan might work: Let’s say you are home-shopping in an area with a population under 20,000. If you have an average or only slightly above-average salary for the area and a credit score of 640 or higher, you might qualify for a USDA loan. (So, for example, if the median annual income in the area is $62,000, you could qualify with a salary of $71,300 or less.) If you borrowed $100,000, you would have a $1,000 mortgage insurance cost upfront, and you would pay about $29 per month for mortgage insurance after that.

If your military service history makes you eligible for a VA loan, you would likely need a credit score of at least 620 to go with a VA loan, though some may accept lower. You wouldn’t need a down payment or mortgage insurance, but you would pay an upfront funding fee of between 1.4% and 3.6% unless exempt. Your purchase would need to be a primary home, but unlike the USDA loan, the VA loan has no restrictions on where that home could be located or what your annual income might be.


💡 Quick Tip: Your parents or grandparents probably got mortgages for 30 years. But these days, you can get them for 20, 15, or 10 years — and pay less interest over the life of the loan.

Is a Government-Backed Mortgage Worth It?

Whether or not a government-backed mortgage is worth it depends entirely on the borrower’s other home loan options. It’s generally a good idea to shop around with different lenders for the best possible deal. Spend some time comparing potential interest rates, fees, and mortgage insurance requirements to see which loan will cost the most in the long run. First-time homebuyers often find government-backed mortgages especially attractive, in part because it can be difficult to come up with a down payment for a first home.

The Takeaway

Government-backed mortgages can be a great option for borrowers, especially those who don’t qualify for a conventional mortgage. While these government-backed mortgage loans can be hard to qualify for if the borrower doesn’t meet unique requirements (like being a military member or buying a home in a rural area), they can have more relaxed credit score and down payment requirements than those of conventional mortgages.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.


SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

What are government-backed mortgages?

Government-backed mortgages are mortgage loans insured by a select federal government agency. There are USDA, FHA, and VA loans available to eligible borrowers. Because these loans are insured by the federal government, the private lenders who issue them take on much less risk and can work with borrowers who wouldn’t traditionally qualify for a home loan.

What are the benefits of a government-backed mortgage?

Often, government-backed mortgages are much easier to qualify for than conventional mortgages. They typically have lower credit scores and down payment requirements. Because these loans are insured by the federal government, lenders can work with “riskier” borrowers to whom they might not normally offer a conventional home loan.

What are the three types of government-backed loans?

The three main types of government-backed loans are FHA, VA, and USDA loans. The Federal Housing Administration guarantees FHA loans, the U.S. Department of Agriculture backs USDA loans, and the Department of Veterans Affairs is responsible for VA loans.


About the author

Jacqueline DeMarco

Jacqueline DeMarco

Jacqueline DeMarco is a freelance writer who specializes in financial topics. Her first job out of college was in the financial industry, and it was there she gained a passion for helping others understand tricky financial topics. Read full bio.



Photo credit: iStock/Prostock-Studio


*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.


Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
¹FHA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by FHA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. FHA loans require an Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP), which may be financed or paid at closing, in addition to monthly Mortgage Insurance Premiums (MIP). Maximum loan amounts vary by county. The minimum FHA mortgage down payment is 3.5% for those who qualify financially for a primary purchase. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Japanese garden

Typical Landscaping Costs You Can Expect

Creating a beautifully landscaped home can improve your day-to-day life and also increase the resale value of your home, making it well worth the investment. The question is, how much will it cost?

Landscaping costs range widely depending on the size, design, and scope of the project, and whether you plan to do it yourself or hire a professional. On average, however, a landscaping project can run between $1,248 and $6,280, according to the home improvement site Angi.

Whether you’re thinking about sprucing up your front yard, back yard, or both, here’s a look at what’s involved, how much it can cost, plus tips for how to budget for and finance a landscaping project.

Key Points

•   The average U.S. landscaping project currently costs $3,648, ranging from $1,248 to $6,280.

•   Full backyard renovations typically cost between $15,000 and $50,000.

•   Climate-conscious landscaping, such as re-wilding with native species, is a growing trend in 2025.

•   Colorful gardens and outdoor living spaces are popular landscaping trends.

•   Landscaping can increase home value, reduce energy costs, and support the environment.

What Are Some Benefits of Landscaping?

If you’re like many homeowners, you may prioritize interior upgrades over outdoor improvements. But improving your landscaping can actually be the gift that keeps on giving — it can beautify your space, increase your home value, and even decrease your heating and cooling expenses.

According to a recent report from the National Association of REALTORS®, an overall landscape upgrade (and even smaller projects like keeping up with yard maintenance), can pay for itself when you sell your home.

Investing in landscaping can also make your home more efficient. Planting leafy trees strategically around your property, for example, can keep your home cooler during the summer and warmer during the winter, reducing your energy bills.

Landscaping can also have environmental benefits beyond your property. The trees, bushes and flowers that make up your landscaping are natural air purifiers — they remove air pollutants from the atmosphere and store carbon dioxide, improving air quality, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Landscaping can also improve local water quality by absorbing and filtering rainwater.

Some of the top landscaping trends for 2025 include:

•  Climate-conscious landscaping Many homeowners are seeking out sustainable landscaping revamps, such as replacing lawns with alternative species (like clover) or re-wilding their yards with native species that require far less maintenance, water, and fertilizer.

•  Colorful gardens After years of soft greens, pastels, and neutrals, landscape designers are favoring brighter, more joyful designs. Plants that provide color and as support local pollinators (like birds, butterflies, and bees) are particularly popular. Examples include native sunflowers, coneflowers, garden phlox, and asters.

•  Outdoor living Landscape design is continuing to incorporate outdoor living spaces, such as seating areas, outdoor kitchens, and cozy fire pits.

Recommended: The Top Home Improvements to Increase Your Home’s Value

How to Budget for Landscaping

A good first step for coming up with your landscaping budget is to actually ignore numbers and give yourself permission to dream — what does your ideal landscaping look like? What does it feel like?

Next, walk around your property and create a list of both needs and wants. In your “needs” column, list repairs that must be done for safety’s sake, ranging from drainage challenges, broken fences, toxic plants that need to be removed, tree removal, and so forth.

Also imagine what the property could look like with the stunning new landscaping you’re envisioning. Perhaps some of the ideas listed above have inspired you in an unexpected direction. Have fun and add these ideas to your “wants” column.

Now, prioritize your list and be clear about which items are optional (perhaps a special trellis for climbing roses) and which are not (trip hazards where you plan to add outdoor seating).

Next, determine your budget, focusing on how much you can realistically spend on landscaping, keeping in mind how quality landscaping can add significant value to your home. Then, it might make sense to talk to several professional landscapers to get estimates.

Professionals will also be able to let you know if your plans are realistic for your property. Even if you intend to do some of the work yourself, these professionals will likely share information you have not yet considered. (Hiring them in the off-season might save you money, too.)

Once you determine the scope and cost of your project, it’s a good idea to add a cushion of 10% to 20% for the unexpected. When you have a final number to work with, you’ll need to determine if you can fund the project out of savings, or if you’ll need to finance any part of your landscaping plan (more on that below).

Recommended: Personal Loan Calculator

How Much Does Landscaping Cost?

The average landscaping project in the U.S. costs $3,648, but ranges between $1,248 and $6,280. Of course, you can spend a lot less than the average if you’re just sprucing up your front garden beds. You can also spend considerably more if your plan is to build a backyard oasis with a pool and outdoor kitchen.

How much your landscaping revamp will ultimately cost will depend on your yard size, the type of landscaping you want to do, and the landscaper’s labor costs.

Generally speaking, backyard landscaping projects cost more than front yard projects. The cost of the average front-yard spruce-up runs between $1,500 to $5,000, whereas a full backyard renovation can range between $15,000 to $50,000.

If you plan to use a designer for your project, it can run $50 to $150 per hour for a professional landscape designer to come up with an artistic direction for your space, choose the plants, and manage the project. The average cost to hire a landscape designer is $4,600. If you’re planning to do a major structural renovation, you may want to hire a landscape architect, which can run $70 to $150 per hour.

Recommended: Home Renovation Cost Calculator

What Is Landscaping Cost Per Square Foot?

Landscaping costs are influenced by a variety of factors, including geography, type of project, and the materials used. Figuring out the dimensions of the project area, however, can help you come up with ballpark cost estimates.

According to Angi, the cost of landscaping runs between $4.50 and $12 per square foot for basic services and intermediate projects, such as aerating, flower planting, and installing garden beds. However, if you’re planning a major tear-out and remodel, you can expect to spend as much as $40 per square foot.

How Much Does New Landscaping Installation Cost?

Starting from scratch can be challenging, but having a blank slate also opens up possibilities for curating your outdoor spaces.

To fully landscape a new home, you’ll want to budget around 10% of your property value. So if you purchased the home for $350,000, you can anticipate spending around $35,000 to both hardscape (add hard surfaces like brick, concrete, and stone) and softscape (add living things) across your front and backyards.

What Will It Cost to Maintain Landscaping?

In addition to the initial outlay, you’ll also need to set aside an annual budget to help with upkeep. The amount of maintenance you’ll need will depend on landscape design, local climate, and how much of a DIY approach you’re comfortable with.

Lawn-mowing can run anywhere from $40 to $150 per service, while getting your trees trimmed averages $1,800 per job. For all-around yard maintenance, like weeding and mulching, you might find a landscaper who charges an hourly rate (often $50 to $100 per hour) or charges a flat rate per job.

Keep in mind that mowing, trimming back shrubs, weeding, and mulching are also jobs you can likely do yourself, which will cut down on your landscape maintenance costs.

What Are Some Options to Finance a Landscaping Project?

If you want to invest in your home through landscaping but the price point is above what you have in savings, you may want to look into financing. Here are two common types of loans for landscaping.

Financing a Landscaping Project With a Home Equity Loan

A home equity loan gives you access to cash by tapping into the equity you have in your home. Your home equity is the difference between your home’s current market value and what you owe on your mortgage. Depending on the lender and your credit profile, you may be able to borrow up to 80% of your home’s current equity.

You can use a home equity loan for various purposes, including home upgrades like new landscaping. Because your home serves as collateral for the loan, you may qualify for a lower interest rate than on some other financial products, like personal loans and credit cards. If you have trouble repaying the loan, however, your lender could foreclose on your home. You’ll also pay closing costs with a home equity loan.

Financing a Landscaping Project With a Personal Loan

You can also use a personal loan to fund any type of home improvement project, including upgrading the outside of your home.

Personal loans for home improvement generally have fixed interest rates and a fixed repayment timeline. You’ll receive all the funds upfront, generally soon after you’re approved, and your monthly payments will be fixed for the duration of your loan.

Personal loans are typically unsecured loans, making them less risky than home equity loans, and don’t come with closing costs. They also tend to be faster to fund than home equity loans, which means you can get your landscape project going sooner. However, because personal loans are unsecured (which poses more risk to the lender), rates are typically higher than rates for home equity loans.

The Takeaway

Landscaping projects can add curb appeal and value to your home, with the current average cost of a landscaping project nationwide is $3,648. Of course you could spend a lot less if you are looking at a small project, like swapping out plants in your front garden, or significantly more for a full overhaul.

If you don’t have enough cash in the bank to cover your landscaping project, you may want to consider getting a loan, such as a home equity loan or a personal loan.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. See your rate in minutes.


SoFi’s Personal Loan was named a NerdWallet 2026 winner for Best Personal Loan for Large Loan Amounts.

FAQ

What is a good budget for landscaping?

Many experts advise allocating 10% of your property value toward landscaping costs if you are ready to fully landscape a home. Otherwise, between $1,200 and $6,000 is a typical landscaping cost.

How much is the typical landscaping project now?

The typical landscaping project is currently $3,648.

Is paying for landscaping worth it?

Typically, paying for landscaping is worthwhile as it can improve property value and reduce the need for major work in the future.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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What Determines Student Loan Refinance Rates?

What Determines Student Loan Refinance Rates?

Private lenders that refinance student loans base rates they offer on the loan term, the borrower’s risk profile, and a rate index. Typically, the most financially stable applicants get the lowest rates.

When the goal is a lower rate, lower monthly payments, or both, the fixed or variable rate you qualify for makes all the difference. (You can also get a lower rate by refinancing with an extended term, but if you do so you may pay more interest over the life of the loan.)

Here’s a look at what you need to know about how interest rates for student loan refinances work.

Student Loan Refinancing, Explained

When you refinance, you take out a new private loan and use it to pay off your existing federal or private student loans. The new loan will have a new repayment term and interest rate, which hopefully will be better.

Most refinancing lenders offer fixed or variable interest rates and terms of five to 20 years. Shortening or lengthening your existing student loan term or terms can affect your monthly payment and the total cost of your new loan. The two key ways to save money by refinancing are:

•   A shorter repayment term

•   A lower rate

Then again, someone wanting lower monthly payments might choose a longer term, but that may result in more interest paid over the life of the loan.

There are no fees to refinance student loans. Nor is there any limit to the number of times you can refinance. Lenders will want to see a decent credit score, a stable income, and manageable debt. Adding a cosigner may strengthen your profile.

Refinancing federal student loans into a private student loan renders federal benefits moot.

Is Consolidation the Same as Refinancing?

Student loan consolidation and refinancing are terms that are often used interchangeably, but they are not technically the same thing. In general, consolidation means combining multiple loans to create one simplified payment. However, student loan consolidation most often refers to a federal program that allows you to combine multiple types of federal student loans into a single loan. The new loan will have a new term of up to 30 years, but the new rate will not be lower.

However, student loan consolidation most often refers to a federal program that allows you to combine multiple types of federal student loans into a single loan. The new loan, called a Direct Consolidation Loan, will have a new term of up to 30 years, but the new interest rate will not be lower.

Refinancing of student loans is offered by private lenders, such as banks and credit unions. Federal and/or private student loans are refinanced into a new loan that ideally has a better rate; you can refinance a single loan, or consolidate multiple loans into a single new loan through this refinancing process.

If you refinance federal student loans privately, you lose access to federal repayment plans, forgiveness programs, and other benefits.

What Are Interest Rates?

Interest rates are the amount lenders charge individuals to borrow money. When you take out a loan, you must pay back the amount you borrowed, plus interest, usually represented by a certain percentage of the loan principal (the amount you have remaining to pay off).

When interest rates are high, borrowing money is more expensive. And when interest rates are low, borrowing can be cheaper.

Interest rates can be fixed, variable, or a hybrid. For fixed interest rates, lenders set the rate at the beginning of the loan, and that rate will not change over the life of the loan.

A variable interest rate is indexed to a benchmark interest rate. As that benchmark rises or falls, so too will the variable rate on your loan. Variable-rate loans may be best for short-term loans that you can pay off before interest rates have a chance to rise.

Hybrid rates may start out with a fixed interest rate for a period of time, which then switches to a variable rate.

How Is Interest Rate Different From APR?

While interest rate refers to the monthly amount you’ll need to pay to borrow money, annual percentage rate (APR) represents your interest rate for an entire year and any other costs and fees associated with the loan.

As a result, APR gives you a better sense of exactly how expensive a loan might be and helps when comparing loan options.

What Factors Influence Student Loan Interest Rates?

Interest rates for federal student loans are set by Congress and change each year. Federal loans use the 10-year Treasury note as an index for interest rates. These rates apply to all borrowers.

Private lenders, on the other hand, will look at other factors when determining interest rates, such as credit score and credit history. Their interest rates are not governed by legislation so rates can be higher or lower than the federal one, depending on the type of loan and terms. Prevailing interest rates, however, still play a big factor since they change annually.

Typically, lenders see those with higher scores as more likely to pay off their loans on time, and may reward this with lower interest rates. Lenders see borrowers with lower scores as being at greater risk of defaulting on their loans. To offset the risk, they tend to offer higher interest rates.

Some lenders offer a rate discount if you sign up for their autopay program.

What Drives Student Loan Refinancing Rates?

Student loan refinancing rates are driven by many of the same factors that drive rates on your initial loan, such as credit score and credit history. You may want to consider refinancing during an era of low rates or if your financial situation has improved. For example, if you’ve increased your income or you’ve paid off other debts and your credit score received a boost, you may look into refinancing your loans at a lower interest rate.

Many graduates haven’t had much time to build a credit history. A cosigner with good credit may help an individual qualify for a refinance at a lower rate. Cosigners share responsibility for loan payments, of course. So if you miss a payment, they’ll be on the hook.

Refinance Student Loans With SoFi

You might choose to refinance student loans when interest rates are relatively low or your financial situation has improved, potentially providing access to a new private student loan at a lower rate.

Refinancing may be a good move for borrowers with higher-interest private student loans and those with federal student loans who don’t plan to use federal programs like income-driven repayment, Public Service Loan Forgiveness, or forbearance.

A student loan refinancing calculator can help you determine how much you might save by refinancing your student loans. You can compare your options on different loan terms while keeping in mind that a longer term could increase your total interest costs.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

How are student loan refinancing rates calculated?

Lenders base interest rates largely on factors like an applicant’s credit history, income, debt, and prevailing interest rates which change annually.

Does refinancing save you money?

When you refinance your student loans with a new loan at a lower interest rate, you will pay less interest over the life of the loan, given the same or similar loan terms.

What is an average interest rate for student loans?

The average interest rate among all student loans, federal and private, is 5.80%, according to Education Data Initiative researchers. Private student loan rates have a wide range for fixed- and variable-rate loans and generally run from 3.19% to 17.95%.

For the 2025-2026 school year, the interest rate on Direct Subsidized or Unsubsidized loans for undergraduates is 6.39%, the rate on Direct Unsubsidized loans for graduate and professional students is 7.94%, and the rate on Direct PLUS loans for graduate students, professional students, and parents is 8.94%. The interest rates on federal student loans are fixed and are set annually by Congress.


Photo credit: iStock/Kateryna Onyshchuk
SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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What Happens if I Miss a Student Loan Payment?

Beginning August 1, federal student loan holders who are enrolled in the SAVE Plan will see interest accrue on their student loans, but payments are still suspended. Eligible borrowers can apply for and recertify under the Income-Based Repayment (IBR), Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR), and Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Repayment Plans, as well as Direct Consolidation Loans. Many changes to student loans are expected to take effect July 1, 2026. We will update this page as information becomes available. To learn the latest, go to StudentAid.gov.

Missing student loan payments can have a variety of negative consequences, including damage to your credit score and wage garnishment. If you are struggling to make your payments, don’t risk going into delinquency or default. There are ways to make your monthly student loan payments more affordable.

Here’s what borrowers should know about missing student loan payments plus options to help them pay off their student loans.

Key Points

•  Missing just one federal student loan payment makes the loan delinquent and can lead to default if a borrower continues to miss payments.

•  Defaulting on a federal student loan can result in severe consequences, including wage garnishment and loss of eligibility for further federal financial aid.

•  It may be possible to discharge your student loan balance in certain specific situations, or temporarily stop federal student loan payments through deferment or forbearance.

•  Private student loans have less flexibility, and missing payments may quickly lead to increased fees, higher interest accrual, and potential legal action for recovery.

•  Borrowers may be able to lower monthly student loan payments by working with their lender, choosing a new repayment plan, or student loan refinancing.

What Happens if I Miss a Federal Student Loan Payment?

Missing federal student loan payments typically leads to delinquency. If payments continue to be missed, the loans may go into default, which can result in severe consequences.

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What Happens When You Miss a Student Loan Payment

Your federal student loan is delinquent the day after you miss a payment. Even if you start making the next payments, your account will remain delinquent until you make up for the missed payment or receive deferment or forbearance.

Once 90 days pass, your loan servicer will let the major credit reporting agencies know that your loan is delinquent. Your credit score will take a hit, making it more difficult to qualify for good terms on loans or credit cards or to rent an apartment.

If you continue to miss payments, your loan will go into default. Federal student loans go into default after 270 days of missed payments. Defaulting on your student loan has serious consequences. The entire amount you owe on your loan, including interest, becomes due immediately.

In addition, you won’t be able to take out any other student loans, and you’ll no longer qualify for deferment or forbearance. Your credit rating will be damaged, and it will be difficult to get a credit card or qualify for a mortgage or car loan. The government can take your tax refund or federal benefits to pay off your loan. You could have your wages garnished, meaning your employer will take part of your paycheck and send it to the government to be applied toward the loan.

Your loan holder can also take you to court — there’s no statute of limitations. You may be responsible for collection fees, attorney’s fees, and other costs.

In other words, you want to avoid student loan default if you possibly can.

What Happens if I Miss a Private Student Loan Payment?

Private lenders usually give you less leeway than the federal government when you miss student loan payments. Exactly what happens if you miss a private student loan payment depends on the lender’s specific policies and your loan terms. A private lender can tack on late fees and transfer your loan to a debt collection agency, for example.

Also, private lenders can sue you if you stop paying your student loans. If they win, a court can sign a judgment allowing them to garnish your wages. States set the statute of limitations for lawsuits about payment of private loans; the time period usually ranges from three years to a decade. But the lender can continue trying to collect the debt for as long as they want. Plus, certain actions can reset the statute of limitations, such as making a payment or even acknowledging that the debt belongs to you.

Will My Loans Eventually Go Away if I Can’t Pay?

If you stop paying your student loans, they will not simply go away. However, it may be possible to qualify for student loan forgiveness or discharge.

For example, federal student loans can be discharged if you suffer from a total permanent disability or your school closes while you’re attending it or soon after you leave. You can also pursue student loan forgiveness programs, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness or Teacher Loan Forgiveness.

For federal loans, borrowers may be able to enroll in an income-driven repayment (IDR) plan. These repayment plans aim to make student loan payments more manageable by basing them on the borrower’s discretionary income and family size.

As of August 2025, there are three income-driven repayment plans you can enroll in, but only one of them — the Income-Based Repayment (IBR) Plan — may allow borrowers to have the outstanding balance of their loan canceled after 20 years.

However, the U.S. domestic policy bill that was passed in July 2025 will eliminate a number of student loan repayment plans. For borrowers taking out their first loans on or after July 1, 2026, there will be only two repayment options: the Standard Repayment Plan and the Repayment Assistance Program (RAP).

The Standard Repayment Plan is a refashioned plan that will have fixed payments with a term based on the loan amount and ranging from 10 to 25 years. RAP is similar to previous income-driven plans that tied payments to income level and family size. On RAP, payments range from 1% to 10% of adjusted gross income for up to 30 years. At that point, any remaining debt will be forgiven. If a borrower’s monthly payment doesn’t cover the interest owed, the interest will be cancelled.

What if I’m Experiencing Financial Hardship?

If you are having a tough time financially, don’t just ignore your loans; instead, approach your lender or loan servicer to discuss your options.

For federal loans, an income-driven repayment plan that bases your monthly payments on your discretionary income and family size might help, as noted above. Just keep in mind that repayments plans will be changing significantly in July 2026.

You might also be able to qualify for a deferment or student loan forbearance, allowing you to temporarily stop or reduce payments. If you’re in deferment, depending on the type of loan you have, you may not have to pay the interest that accrues during the deferment period. Some of the reasons you can currently apply for deferment include: you’re in school, in the military, or unemployed. However, as part of the new domestic policy bill, economic hardship and unemployment deferments are being eliminated for student loans made on or after July 1, 2027.

You can apply for student loan forbearance if your federal student loan payments represent 20% or more of your gross monthly income, you’ve lost your job or seen your pay reduced, or you can’t pay because of medical bills, among other things. Interest accrues on your loans while they are in forbearance. As part of the new domestic policy bill, however, forbearance will be capped at nine months in any 24-month period.

Private lenders are not required to offer relief to student loan borrowers facing hardship, but some do. Check with your lender to find out what your options are.

Will I Be Sent to Collections if I Do Not Pay My Student Loans?

It is possible that if your student loan is in default it may be sent to a collections agency. Federal Direct Loans in default are managed by the Department of Education’s Default Resolution Group. The Default Resolution Group oversees collections for all federal student loans that are in default, so the loans are not sent to a private collections agency.

Private student loans may be sent to a collection agency as soon as the loan enters default, which is generally after 90 or 120 days of non-payment, depending on the lender.

What if I Don’t Expect My Situation to Change Anytime Soon?

Deferment, forbearance, and relief offered by private lenders are temporary solutions. If your financial hardship looks like a long-term issue, you’ll need a more permanent fix.

With federal loans, you may be eligible for a payment plan that makes your loan more manageable, such as one of the repayment plans mentioned above.

Private student loans are not eligible for income-driven repayment, and most private lenders don’t offer this option. If you’re struggling to afford your private student loan bills, it’s worth explaining your situation to the lender and seeing if they can work with you on a feasible repayment plan. It’s in their interest to continue collecting even partial payments from you, rather than seeing payments stop altogether and having to go through the trouble of lawsuits or referrals to collection agencies.

Why You May Want to Consider Refinancing

Another potential long-term solution to unaffordable payments is student loan refinancing. With a private lender, you can refinance federal student loans, private loans, or both. Refinancing involves obtaining a new loan to pay off all of your old loans and getting new terms and a new interest rate. Just be aware that if you refinance federal loans, you lose access to federal programs like federal deferment and student loan forgiveness.

Refinancing your student loans could make sense if you qualify for a lower interest rate, which could lower your payments and reduce the amount you spend in interest over the life of the loan. Or, if you choose a longer loan term, you could also lower your monthly payments, which can make the loan more affordable for you now. However, you may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.

The Takeaway

Missing student loan payments can have serious consequences, including delinquency and default, which can damage your credit score and even result in your wages being garnished.

There are options for borrowers who can’t afford their monthly loan payments. These include an income-driven repayment plan, student loan forgiveness, or refinancing to more favorable loan terms, if eligible. Taking steps to manage student loans before missing payments can help a borrower avoid the negative financial ramifications of delinquency and default.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

What happens if I’m late on a student loan payment?

If you are late on a student loan payment even by one day, the loan may be considered delinquent. The loan will remain delinquent until a payment is made or you enter into federal deferment or forbearance.

Does a late payment on a student loan affect credit?

A late payment may have a negative impact on your credit score. Federal loans are normally reported to the credit bureau if they remain delinquent for 90 days. Private student lenders may report a late payment to credit bureaus after 30 days.

What happens if you miss a student loan payment by 270 days?

If you fail to make payments on your federal student loan for 270 days, the student loan will enter into default. Consequences of default are serious. The total balance of the loan becomes due immediately, your wages may be garnished, your tax refund could be withheld, and your credit damaged.

Private student loans may go into default earlier— typically, after 90 or 120 days, depending on the lender.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

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External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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ACT vs. SAT: Which Do Colleges Prefer?

When it comes to college admissions, two standardized tests stand out: the ACT and the SAT. Both are designed to assess a student’s readiness for higher education, but they have distinct differences in format, content, and scoring.

Keep reading to learn more about how these tests compare, which one you should take, and how colleges feel about these two exams.

Key Points

•  Most colleges do not have a strong preference between the ACT and SAT; they accept both tests equally and consider them as part of the overall application package.

•  One difference is that the ACT includes a science section and covers more advanced math topics, while the SAT focuses more on critical reading and writing.

•  Students should choose the test that aligns better with their strengths and testing style. Taking practice tests for both can help determine which one is a better fit and where you are likely to perform better.

•  The SAT is scored on a scale of 400 to 1600, combining scores from the Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing sections, while the ACT is scored on a scale of 1 to 36, averaging the scores from four sections: English, Math, Reading, and Science.

•  Thorough preparation is essential for both tests. Understanding the specific requirements and preferences of your target colleges can help you tailor your test preparation and application strategy effectively.

Purpose, Structure, and Cost

The SAT and ACT are two exams that serve the same purpose. Colleges utilize both exams to determine admission and award merit-based scholarships. Both tests are similar in length and structure, with the SAT taking 2 hours and 14 minutes, and the ACT taking 2 hours, 55 minutes (without essay), and 3 hours, 40 minutes (with essay) to complete.

For the 2025-26 school year, it costs $68 to register for the SAT. There are additional charges if you change test centers ($34) or you register late ($38). Your first four score reports are free if you order them within nine days after the test date. After that, any additional reports you want to send to multiple colleges cost $15 each.

The cost to register for the ACT for the 2025-26 school year is $65 with no writing ($25) or science ($4). There are additional charges if you change test centers ($44) or you register late ($38). Your registration fee covers reports for you, your high school, and up to four colleges (if you provide the codes when you register). Additional score reports are $19.



💡 Quick Tip: You can fund your education with a low-rate, no-fee private student loan that covers all school-certified costs.

The Subject Matter

These two exams cover similar subject matter and include an optional essay portion, although there are some key differences worth noting when it comes to preparing to take these exams. The main difference between the ACT and SAT subject matter is that the ACT has a science section, whereas the SAT does not.

ACT Subject Matter

The ACT includes four main sections: English, Math, Reading, and Science, with an optional Writing section. The English section focuses on grammar, usage, and rhetorical skills, while the Math section covers a broader range of topics, including trigonometry and advanced algebra. The Reading section tests comprehension and analysis of passages, and the Science section evaluates a student’s ability to interpret, analyze, and evaluate scientific information and data.

SAT Subject Matter

The SAT is structured into two main sections: Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, and Math, with an optional Essay section. The Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section is divided into Reading and Writing & Language tests, focusing on critical reading, vocabulary, and writing skills. The Math section is split into two parts: one that allows the use of a calculator and one that does not, and it emphasizes problem-solving and data analysis, with a greater focus on algebra and less on advanced math topics like trigonometry.

How Each Exam Is Scored

Both the SAT and ACT have unique scoring systems. Here’s a bit of information on each.

How the SAT Is Scored

The SAT is scored on a scale of 400 to 1600. Breaking down the scoring process a bit further, the SAT has not just a “total score,” but “section scores.” Each of the main sections, reading/writing and math, may be scored up to 800 points. These scores are then combined for the total.

Last but not least, students will receive subscores, evaluating their performance of certain or subject areas. These scores are included as a part of the total score, but this breakdown can be insightful for students looking to retake the test and improve their skill set.

Recommended: How to Help Your Child with SAT Practice

How the ACT Is Scored

The ACT is scored on a scale of 1 to 36. The ACT scoring system begins by taking into account how many questions a student answers correctly. The “raw scores,” which represent the number of correct answers on each test, are then converted to “scale scores.” Each subject section — English, Math, Reading, and Science—receives a scale score.

The “composite score,” which ranges from 1 to 36, is an average of each subject test, rounded to the nearest whole number. The scoring process is completed after identifying the percentage of correctly answered questions.

Recommended: Ultimate College Application Checklist

Do Colleges Prefer the ACT or SAT?

Both the ACT and SAT are widely accepted by U.S. colleges and schools generally don’t have a preference for one over the other. Many people believe that the SAT is more popular, especially with elite colleges, but that is a higher education urban legend.

There may, however, be some regional preferences between ACT vs SAT. College Raptor analyzed the numbers of students who applied to colleges with ACT or SAT scores (numbers that colleges and universities report to the government) and found that, while many states were split down the middle, a few lean more in one direction towards ACT or SAT. For example, Wisconsin leans heavily towards an ACT preference — there, 95.27% of applicants submitted ACT scores.

Knowing Which Test to Take

While some students opt to take both the SAT or ACT, some choose just one in order to focus on preparing for the test they believe they are more likely to score higher on. Neither test is generally easier than the other, but some students may find their different structures suit their needs better.

The SAT focuses more on critical reading, writing, and problem-solving, with a greater emphasis on algebra and data analysis in its Math section. The ACT, on the other hand, includes a Science section and covers a broader range of math topics, including trigonometry. If you excel in science and math, the ACT might be a better fit. If you are strong in reading and writing, the SAT could be more advantageous.

Taking a full-length practice test of each exam can give you a better idea of which test you’ll score higher on. Once you’ve determined which is a better fit, you can spend their time and resources preparing for just one test instead of two. If you feel comfortable preparing for and taking both exams, doing so can be beneficial as you will have two scores to choose between to send to colleges.


💡 Quick Tip: Federal student loans carry an origination or processing fee (1.057% for Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans first disbursed from Oct. 1, 2020, through Oct. 1, 2026). The fee is subtracted from your loan amount, which is why the amount disbursed is less than the amount you borrowed. That said, some private student loan lenders don’t charge an origination fee.

Paying for College

The options don’t stop after you complete the test (or tests) of your choice. Once you use your solid scores to get into the college of your dreams, you and your family may be faced with some other big decisions, especially when it comes to paying for college.

Luckily, there are options — including grants, scholarships, and federal student loans — that can help offset the out-of-pocket costs. If you’ve exhausted those avenues and still have a funding gap, you may want to explore private student loans and or parent loans.

Private student loans are available through banks, credit unions, and online lenders. Unlike federal loans, applying for a private loan requires a credit check. Students who have solid financials (or a cosigner who does) typically qualify for the best rates and terms. Just keep in mind that private loans don’t come with the same protections, like government-sponsored forgiveness programs, that you get with federal loans.

The Takeaway

In the ongoing debate between the ACT and SAT, it’s clear that most colleges do not have a strong preference for one over the other. Both tests are designed to measure college readiness and are widely accepted. Ultimately, the choice should be based on which test aligns better with your strengths and testing style.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

Do most colleges prefer the SAT or ACT?

Most colleges do not have a strong preference for one test over the other. They accept both and consider them equally in the admissions process.

How can students decide which test to take?

Students should consider their strengths and testing style. If you excel in science and advanced math, the ACT might be a better fit. If you are strong in reading and writing, the SAT might suit you more. Taking practice tests for both can also help determine which one you perform better on.

What are the main differences between the ACT and SAT?

The ACT includes a science section and covers more advanced math topics, while the SAT focuses more on critical reading and writing. The ACT is generally more straightforward, while the SAT can be more complex and requires strong reasoning skills.



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Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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