Owner-Financed Homes: What You Need to Know

Owner-Financed Homes: What You Need to Know

Looking to get into a home but can’t qualify for a traditional mortgage? You may want to look at owner financing.

Owner-financed homes aren’t very common, but they have some benefits for unique buyer and seller situations. Owner financing bypasses a traditional mortgage when the seller takes on the role of lender, but seller financing comes with some risks.

Let’s take a deep dive into how owner financing works and when it could make sense.

Key Points

•   Owner-financed homes allow property owners to act as lenders, offering direct financing to buyers.

•   This financing method can bypass traditional mortgage processes, aiding buyers who might not secure conventional loans.

•   Terms like interest rates and loan duration are negotiated between buyer and seller.

•   Payments are often structured over 30 years with a possible large balloon payment due within one to seven years.

•   Benefits for buyers include potential lower down payments and closing costs, while sellers can attract more buyers and close sales faster.

What Is Owner Financing?

Owner financing, also known as seller financing, is a transaction in which the property owner takes on the role of lender by financing the sale to the buyer. Like the trading of homes, this type of transaction bypasses traditional mortgages (unless the purchase of the home is only partially owner-financed.)

The payments for buyers are typically amortized over 30 years for a smaller monthly payment, but there’s often a large balloon payment at the end of a shorter period of time (usually one to seven years). Owner-financed transactions operate on the belief that the buyer’s finances may improve over time or the property will appreciate to a point where the buyer can get a home loan from a traditional lender.

Note: SoFi does not offer owner financing at this time. However, SoFi does offer conventional mortgage loan options.

How Does Owner Financing Work?

Owner-financed homes work much like traditionally financed homes, but with the seller acting as the lender. The seller may (or may not) require a credit check, loan application, a down payment, an appraisal of the home, and the right to foreclose should the buyer default. Buyers and sellers will need to agree on an interest rate and length of loan.

The buyer and seller sign a promissory note, which contains the loan terms. They also record a mortgage (or deed of trust), and the buyer pays the seller. The buyer should also pay for homeowner’s insurance, taxes, title insurance, and other loan costs. It is typical to hire real estate professionals or lawyers to get more into the details of how to use a home contract in owner financing.

Pros and Cons of Owner Financing

For Sellers

Owner financing isn’t nearly as beneficial for sellers as it is for buyers, but there are still some upsides to consider along with the increased debt load and assumed risk.

Pros for Sellers

Cons for Sellers

Attract a larger buyer pool Carry more debt
Saves money on selling costs Assume more risk; buyers could default
May be able to sidestep inspections, especially if the home needs work or may not pass an inspection for FHA or VA loans Not able to cash out for years
Can earn higher returns by acting as a lender May need to act like a landlord; buyer may not keep up the property and the home may lose value
Faster closing occurs when buyers don’t have to go through the mortgage underwriting process If the seller still has a fairly large mortgage on the property, the lender must agree to the transaction (many are not willing)

For Buyers

There are advantages to buying a house for sale by owner, namely that a buyer can obtain housing sooner under owner financing. A buyer may also be able to lower the down payment needed and pay lower closing costs. But it’s also riskier than borrowing from a traditional mortgage lender. If, for example, buyers are unable to finance the balloon payment, they risk losing all the money they’ve spent during the loan term.

Pros for Homebuyers

Cons for Homebuyers

Opportunity to gain equity Sellers may ask for a hefty down payment to protect themselves against loss
Opportunity to improve finances May pay a higher interest rate than the market rate
Can obtain housing and financing when traditional lenders would issue a denial May pay too much for the home
Lender doesn’t always require a credit check Fewer consumer protections available when a homebuyer purchases from a seller
No mortgage insurance Short loan terms
No minimum down payment Sellers may not follow consumer protection laws
Lower closing costs Buyers may not be protected by contingencies

To reduce risk exposure in an owner-financed transaction, buyers may want to hire an attorney.

Example of Owner Financing

Bob and Vila want to purchase a large, forever home for their family. The purchase price of the home is $965,000, but Bob and Vila can only qualify for $815,000. Part of Bob’s income is from recent self-employment, which is not accounted for by the lender but will help the couple be able to afford the house.

For the remaining $150,000, the seller offers owner financing as a junior mortgage. The buyers will pay both a traditional mortgage lender as well as the seller in this type of owner financing.

Recommended: How Much Home Can I Afford?

Types of Owner Financing

Land contracts, mortgages, and lease-purchase agreements are a few ways to look at owner financing. Here’s how they work and how they’re different from a traditional mortgage.

Land Contracts

Because the title cannot pass to the buyer in owner financing, a land contract creates a shared title for the buyer and seller until the buyer makes the final payment to the seller. The seller maintains the legal title, but the buyer gains an interest in the property.

Mortgages

These are the different ways to structure a mortgage with owner financing.

•   All-inclusive mortgage. The seller carries the promissory note and the balance for the home purchase.

•   Junior mortgage. When a buyer is unable to finance the entire purchase with a lender on one mortgage, the seller carries a junior mortgage (or second mortgage) for the buyer. The seller is put in second position if the buyer defaults, so there is risk to the seller by doing a second mortgage.

•   Assumable mortgage. Some FHA, VA, and conventional adjustable-rate mortgages are assumable, meaning the buyer is able to take the seller’s place on the mortgage.

A mortgage calculator can help you get an idea of what purchase price you may be able to afford.

Lease-Purchase

In a lease-purchase arrangement, both parties agree on a purchase price. The potential buyer leases from the owner for an amount of time, usually one to three years, until a set date, when the renter has the option to purchase the property. In addition to paying rent, the tenant pays an additional fee, known as the rent premium.

It’s typical to see options that credit a percentage of the purchase price (often between 1% and 5%), rents, and rent premiums toward the purchase price. If the option to buy is not used, the buyer will lose the option fee and rent premiums.

They are also known as rent-to-own, lease-to-own, or lease with an option to purchase. They can be used when an aspiring buyer has a lower credit score and needs some time to qualify for traditional financing.

Steps to Structuring a Seller Financing Deal

If you’re thinking about finding a property with owner financing, consider taking these steps to help get you through the process.

1.    Hire a professional. Because owner financing bypasses traditional lending institutions, there’s a lot more risk involved. Hiring a real estate professional and an attorney can help you structure the deal to protect your interests.

2.    Find a property where the owner offers financing. An owner must be willing and able to offer seller financing to make this type of transaction happen. It’s difficult, which is why owner financing is more common between parties that know each other very well. It’s usually required that the property is owned free and clear of any mortgage. A few other ways to look for seller-financed properties:

◦   Asking your current landlord if they’re open to selling their property to you.

◦   Looking for real estate listings with phrases like “seller financing available.”

◦   Contacting the real estate agent for a home you’re interested in. If the home has been on the market a while and the conditions are right, the sellers may be open to this option.

◦   Finding a personal connection who is able to offer owner financing.

3.    Agree to terms. Because seller financing terms are so flexible, there are a lot of details that buyers and sellers need to work out, including:

◦   Sales price

◦   Amount of down payment

◦   Length of the loan

◦   Balloon payment amount

◦   Interest rate

◦   Structure of the contract (land contract, mortgage, or lease-purchase, as described above)

◦   Any late fees, prepayment penalties, and other costs the buyer is responsible for

4.    Complete due diligence. Buyers and sellers would be wise to do their due diligence as if it were a regular purchase. Sellers may want to examine a buyer’s credit, complete a background check, and confirm that buyers have obtained homeowner’s insurance and title insurance to move forward with the transaction. On the buyer’s end, a home inspection and appraisal may be warranted.

5.    Sign and file paperwork. Much like a real estate transaction, the contracts involved in owner financing arrangements can be pretty involved. Depending on how your financing is structured, you may have a promissory note, owner financing contract and addendums, and title paperwork. You’ll also want to be sure your promissory note and deed of trust are filed with the county recorder’s office. An attorney, if you hired one, should be able to complete this process for you.

Alternatives to Owner Financing

Traditional mortgage financing may work better for your individual situation.

•   FHA loans. FHA loans have a low down payment requirement and low closing costs and may be approved for homebuyers with lower credit scores. They are underwritten by the Federal Housing Administration. Even if you’ve had a bankruptcy, you may be able to get an FHA loan.

•   USDA loans. USDA loans are backed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Income must meet certain guidelines (as determined by geographic region), and the home purchased must be in an eligible rural area.

•   VA loans. Loans guaranteed by the Department of Veteran Affairs are geared toward eligible military members, veterans, National Guard and Reserve members and spouses. The favorable terms include a low down payment (or no down payment), lower closing costs, low interest rate, and the ability to use the VA for a home loan multiple times.

•   Conventional loans. A conventional loan simply means the financing is not insured by the federal government as it is with FHA, VA, or USDA loans. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac provide the backing for conforming loans: those that have maximum loan amounts that are set by the government.

It’s a good idea to not take interest rates at face value but to compare APRs instead. The annual percentage rate represents the interest rate and loan fees, so even if, for instance, an FHA loan looks better than a conventional mortgage, based on just the rates, an APR comparison may tell a different story. A help center for mortgages can be a great resource for learning more about the mortgage and homebuying process.

Recommended: 18 Mortgage Questions for Your Lender

The Takeaway

With owner financing, the seller is the lender. Both buyers and sellers face upsides and downsides when the transaction involves owner-financed homes.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

Why would an owner offer financing?

Owner financing broadens the pool of potential homebuyers, which might appeal to some homeowners. They may also appreciate having the opportunity to earn interest paid by the homebuyer.

What risks does owner financing have for buyer?

There are fewer consumer protections available to buyers who get owner financing, which is why it is recommended that buyers seek a lawyer’s help in reviewing any agreement. Buyers also risk paying a higher than usual interest rate.


Photo credit: iStock/KTStock

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*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

¹FHA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by FHA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. FHA loans require an Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP), which may be financed or paid at closing, in addition to monthly Mortgage Insurance Premiums (MIP). Maximum loan amounts vary by county. The minimum FHA mortgage down payment is 3.5% for those who qualify financially for a primary purchase. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
This article is not intended to be legal advice. Please consult an attorney for advice.

This content is provided for informational and educational purposes only and should not be construed as financial advice.

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Tips for Financially Recovering From Money Addiction?

When you think of addiction, you might automatically think of people who are dependent on drugs or alcohol as a coping mechanism. But it’s also possible to be addicted to money. This issue can manifest itself through unhealthy behaviors such as gambling, frequent overspending, or extreme saving (yes, it’s possible to overdo a good thing).

Having an addiction to money can be harmful financially and emotionally; it can also put a strain on your personal relationships. Recognizing the signs of a money addiction can be the first step in making a recovery. Read on for a closer look at the signs and symptoms of money addiction, how it can impact your life, and strategies that can help you overcome it

Key Points

•   Money addiction involves compulsive financial behaviors that can harm personal and financial well-being.

•   Signs of money addition include an obsession with obtaining, spending, or saving money, as well as risky financial behaviors like gambling.

•   An addiction to money can lead to stress, debt, and strained relationships.

•   Recovery requires acknowledging the problem, seeking help, and using money positively.

•   Improving your financial habits and mindset can help break the cycle of addiction.

What Is Money Addiction?

Broadly speaking, addiction is defined as a chronic disease that leads people to engage in compulsive behaviors, even when the consequences of those behaviors may be negative. The precise cause of addiction isn’t known, but it is believed to be a combination of a person’s genetics, brain circuitry, environment, and life experience.

When someone has a money addiction, their compulsive behaviors are centered around money, and they may approach their finances in a way that’s outside the norm of what people typically do.

For example, having a lack of savings or too much debt are common financial challenges that many people face. If you have a healthy relationship with money, you might try to remedy those issues by opening a high-yield savings account and setting up an automatic transfer of 5% or each paycheck into the account, or by creating a workable debt payoff plan. While your finances might not be in great shape, there isn’t any indication of compulsive behavior.

Someone with a money addiction, on the other hand, will typically have a different relationship with their finances. They might commit to an aggressive savings plan, for example, because they believe they have to save even if it means sacrificing basic needs. Or they may compulsively shop for emotional fulfillment while turning a blind eye to their debt.

Can You Be Addicted to Money?

Money addiction is a real thing for many people. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which is the official manual of the American Psychiatric Association, specifically recognizes certain financial behaviors as addictive. For example, the DSM classifies gambling disorder as an addictive disorder.

Whether you end up addicted to money can depend in part on your experiences and the money values you developed in childhood. If you frequently ask yourself, “Why am I bad with money?” the answer could be that you learned negative financial behaviors from your parents and the people you grew up around. Genetics and biology also play roles.

What money addiction looks like for one person might be very different for another. And it can sometimes be difficult to recognize those behaviors as addictive. For example, someone who spends $20 a day on lottery tickets in the hope of someday winning the jackpot might not see that as compulsive or having a money addiction. They could fail to realize how that behavior might be harming them financially because they’re so focused on the idea that they’ll win eventually.

Signs You May Be Addicted to Money

How do you know if you have an addiction to money or are just bad at managing it? As mentioned, experiencing common money issues such as debt or a lack of savings can indicate that you might need to work on learning personal finance basics like budgeting. But there are other signs that could point to a full-fledged money addiction. Here are some signals:

Life Revolving Around Obtaining Money

One major clue that you might be addicted to money is feeling obsessed with the idea of getting it. It’s one thing to wonder how you’re going to stretch your finances until your next paycheck; it’s another to spend most of your waking hours thinking about how to get money. If you often think of how you can obtain money instead of considering how to make the most of the money you do have, that could be a sign of a money addiction.

You don’t have to be broke to have this mindset either. You might be making $250,000 a year at your job, for example, but still not think it’s enough and constantly consider ways you could make more money.

Engaging in Dangerous or Risky Behavior

Certain behaviors could signal a money addiction if they involve your taking big risks that you’re not necessarily comfortable with. For example, when a money addict gets paid, they might take that money to the casino instead of using it to pay bills. Their addictive mindset doesn’t allow them to factor in the risk that instead of winning big, they might lose it all.

Money addiction can play out in other ways that might not seem risky at first glance. Trading stock options or futures, for example, is something plenty of people do every day. If your guess about which way a stock will move pays off, you could net some decent profits.

Where that kind of behavior becomes problematic is if you’re constantly losing money, but you continue investing anyway. It’s similar to the person with a lottery ticket addiction. You keep telling yourself that your winning number is sure to come up eventually, but in the meantime, you’re steadily losing money.

Not Wanting Others to Know Your Money Struggle

Covering up your money behaviors can be another strong hint that you have a financial addiction. That includes things like hiding receipts, credit card bills, or bank statements, or hiding the things you’re purchasing from a spouse, significant other, or another family member. You may act defensive or defiant when someone tries to ask you about your money situation.

Here’s another simple test to determine if you’re addicted to money. If you have to ask yourself, “Why do I feel guilty spending money?“, that could suggest that you know there’s a problem with what you’re doing.

Living in Denial About Spending

Your spending patterns can be one of the best gauges of whether you have a money addiction, provided you own up to them. Avoiding your financial life can be a symptom: If you shy away from checking your bank statements or adding up how much credit card debt you have, those could be red flags for money addiction.

Understanding why you spend the way you do can be a first step toward recovery. For instance, there’s a difference between compulsive vs. impulsive spending. Knowing which one you engage in more often can help you identify the triggers that are leading to bad money habits.

Unwilling and Unable to Change Money Habits

Another sign of money addiction is a sense of resignation, or knowing that you have a problem with money but not doing anything about it. You might feel ashamed to let someone else know that you need help with money, for instance. Or you might take the attitude that things have been the way they are for so long already that there’s no point in trying to change the situation.

Fearing the Loss of Money

No one wants to lose money but having an unnatural fear of doing so could be a clue to a money addiction. Being afraid of losses can keep you from making smart decisions with your money that could actually improve your financial situation. For example, you might be so afraid of losing money in the stock market that you never invest at all. In the meantime, you could potentially miss out on thousands of dollars in compound interest growth over time. Or it might have you working 24/7 and never enjoying downtime because you are so focused on making as much as possible to avoid feeling poor.

Another expression of money addiction could be saving so much that you have very little spending money. If you feel compelled to save a certain, possibly excessive, amount, it could keep you from paying bills on time and enjoying the occasional dinner out or movie because you feel every penny must go into your bank account. This behavior can be akin to hoarding and can likewise interfere with daily life.

Effects of Money Addiction

How money addiction affects you personally can depend on what form your addictive behaviors take. Generally, there are a number of negative side effects you might deal with as a result of money addiction, including:

•   Constantly feeling worried or stressed over money

•   Failing to set or reach financial goals

•   Carrying large amounts of debt

•   Having little to no money in savings

•   Missing out on legitimate opportunities to grow your money

•   Getting no enjoyment from the money that you do have

•   Living with a scarcity mindset

•   Having strained personal relationships because of money.

In short, money addiction can keep you from having the kind of financial life and daily life that you want. The longer you’re addicted to money without addressing the causes, the more significant the financial and emotional damage might be. The sooner you learn to manage money better, the less you will pay (literally and figuratively) for it.

Tips to Recover From Money Addiction

If you have a money addiction, you don’t have to stay stuck with it. There are things you can do to cope with and manage an addiction to money, similar to how you’d deal with any other type of addiction.

Improving your money mindset can lead to positive actions and break the addictive cycle. Here are some key steps on your path to recovery.

Being Honest

Before you can break your addiction to money, you first need to be honest with yourself that you have a problem. It can be difficult to acknowledge that you have an issue with money, but it’s necessary to identify what’s behind your compulsive behaviors.

You may also need to come clean with others around you if your financial behaviors have affected them directly or indirectly. For example, if you’re hiding $50,000 in credit card debt from your spouse, that’s a conversation you need to have. They probably won’t be thrilled to hear that you’ve run up so much debt, but they can’t help you address the problem if they don’t know about it.

Seeking Help

Fixing a money addiction might not be something you can do on your own. You might need professional help, which can include talking to a qualified therapist to understand your money behaviors and improve them. Or it could mean working with a nonprofit credit counseling company to hammer out a budget and a financial plan for getting back on track. Or it might mean taking both of these steps.

Even having an accountability partner can be helpful if you’re struggling with overspending. Any time you’re tempted to make an impulse buy, you can call up your accountability buddy and ask them to talk you through it until the urge to spend passes.

Using Money for Good

Depending on how it’s used, money can do a lot of good. If you have negative associations with money, you can help turn that around by using it for positive purposes.

For example, you might start making a regular donation to a charitable cause you believe in. Or if you’ve neglected saving in favor of spending, you might try paying yourself first by putting part of every paycheck into a high-interest savings account. Prioritizing savings and focusing on your needs vs. wants can be a form of financial self-care that can help with breaking a money addiction.

Understanding Why Basing Your Self-Worth on Money Is Unhealthy

When you’re addicted to money, you might have a mindset that the amount of money you have determines your value. That’s an easy trap to fall into if you spend a lot of time on social media, where you’re likely to see a steady stream of influencers living dream lives. You can end up in a cycle of FOMO (or fear of missing out) spending in an effort to live a lifestyle that you can’t really afford.

That’s not a healthy place to be financially or mentally because you can find yourself constantly chasing “things” in order to feel whole. Recognizing that your self-worth goes beyond how much money you have in your bank account or which designer brands you wear can be a key step in recovering from a money addiction.

The Takeaway

Money addiction can strain or even wreck your finances, but it doesn’t have to. If you identify the issue and then are willing to take steps to manage it, you may well be able to thrive. Consider taking some first steps, whether that means opening a new bank account for savings and automating deposits into it, or contacting a credit counselor. Moves like these can help you develop a positive relationship with money.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.00% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

What is it called when you are addicted to money?

It’s called a money addiction when you have an unhealthy relationship with money that leads to compulsive or dangerous behaviors. Being addicted to money means that you have an emotional or mental dependence on it that can have potentially harmful side effects.

Can saving money be an addiction?

Saving money can be an addiction if you’re so focused on saving that you neglect meeting your basic needs or you’re blind to your ability to use money for good. If you’re only interested in seeing your savings account balance go up, you might miss out on opportunities to put your money to work in other ways or enjoy life.

Does money create dopamine?

The release of dopamine in the body is associated with pleasurable or novel experiences. If you get a rush from certain money behaviors, like saving excessively or impulse shopping, then that’s a sign that those behaviors might be triggering a dopamine release.


Photo credit: iStock/Povozniuk

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SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.00% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Checking & Savings Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.

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How Much Does it Cost to Refinance a Mortgage?

How Much Does It Cost to Refinance a Mortgage?

Expect to pay 2% to 5% of the new mortgage amount in closing costs when you refinance your mortgage.

If you have sufficient equity in your home and you’re tempted by a rate-and-term refinance or a cash-out refi, here’s what you need to know.

What Is the Average Cost to Refinance a Mortgage?

Refinancing isn’t free, because you’re taking out a new home loan and paying off your current one, and doing so brings on a host of costs, though not as many as purchase loans incur.

The main difference between average closing costs for refinances vs. home purchases is that owner’s title insurance and several inspection fees common for purchases are not typically required for refinances, according to ClosingCorp, a provider of residential real estate closing cost data and technology. But there is evidence that fees have been creeping up in recent years. From 2021 to 2023, median total loan costs for home mortgages increased by over 36%, according to the government’s Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

Common Mortgage Refinance Fees

Some fees to refinance are flat fees that vary by lender. Other fees are based on a percentage of the loan amount.

Then there are recurring closing costs like homeowners insurance and property taxes. Six months of property taxes are usually due at closing.

Here are common fixed closing costs, though in some cases, a borrower may not need an appraisal.


Typical Fixed Refinance Closing Costs
Fee Average cost
Loan application up to $500
Credit report $10 to $100 per borrower
Home appraisal $300 to $400
Abstract fee $200 to $1,000
Lender’s title search $75 to $200

And here are common percentage-based closing costs. Not all borrowers will need mortgage insurance (PMI or MIP: private mortgage insurance for conventional loans, and mortgage insurance premium for FHA loans).

PMI is usually needed for a conventional loan exceeding an 80% loan-to-value ratio.

An FHA loan can be refinanced to another FHA loan or to a conventional loan if the borrower meets credit score and debt-to-income requirements for a nongovernment loan.

USDA and VA loans can also be refinanced.

Typical Percentage-Based Refinance Closing Costs
Refi cost Average amount
Loan origination fee 1% of loan amount
Mortgage points 1% of the mortgage amount per point
Mortgage insurance Varies by type of loan

Are You Eligible to Refinance?

Most mortgage lenders want a homeowner to have at least 20% equity in the house in order to refinance, although those numbers are not universal.

What is home equity? Here’s an example. If your home is worth $350,000 and the current mortgage balance is $250,000, you have $100,000 in equity. The loan-to-value ratio is 71% ($250,000 / $350,000). This scenario fits the parameters of many lenders for a refinance to take place.

You’ll typically need a minimum FICO® credit score of 620 to refinance a conventional loan and 580 to refinance an FHA loan. A score of 740 or above often ushers in the best rates.

Besides credit score, lenders normally review recent credit applications, on-time payments, and credit utilization.

Check to see if your current mortgage has a prepayment penalty. These days they’re fairly rare.

Recommended: 7 Signs It’s Time for a Mortgage Refinance

Benefits of Refinancing a Mortgage

The most common type of refi is a rate-and-term refinance, when you take out a new loan with a new interest rate or loan term (or both). Some people will choose a mortgage term of less than 30 years when they refi, if they can manage the new monthly payment.

Then there’s cash-out refinancing, which provides a lump sum to the homeowner.

In general, refinancing may make sense if interest rates fall below your current mortgage rate. Here are some times when a mortgage refinance could be beneficial.

If You Can Break Even Within a Suitable Time Frame

Calculate how long it would take to recoup the closing costs. Find the break-even point by dividing the closing costs by the monthly savings from your new payment.

Let’s say refinancing causes a payment to decrease by $100 a month. If closing costs will be $2,500, it would take 25 months to recoup the costs and start to see savings.

If you plan to sell the house in two years, refinancing may not be the right strategy. If you intend to stay long term, it may be an idea to explore.

If You Can Reduce Your Rate Even a Smidge

You might read or hear that refinancing is worth it if you can reduce your mortgage rate by 1% or 2%. But for a big mortgage, a change of just a quarter of a percentage point, or half of one, could result in significant savings, especially if you can minimize lender fees.

Again, consider the break-even point and how long you plan to keep the home.

You’d Like to Tap Home Equity

With a cash-out refinance, a percentage of your equity can be issued in a lump sum for any purpose. You will need to have at least 20% equity remaining after the transaction.

Be aware that the higher loan amount of a cash-out refinance usually results in higher closing costs.

(If your main goal is to access cash and not to change your rate or term, a home equity loan or home equity line of credit may be less expensive than paying the closing costs on a cash-out refinance.)

An ARM’s Teaser Rate Is Appealing

Refinancing a fixed-rate mortgage to an adjustable-rate mortgage could make sense for a homeowner who plans to move before the ARM’s initial rate adjustment.

A 5/1 ARM, for example, will come with a rate for five years that is lower than that of most fixed-rate mortgages.

In other rate environments, it could make sense to refinance an ARM to a fixed-rate mortgage.

You Want to Reduce Your Repayment Term

Some people may decide to enjoy a lower rate and shorten their mortgage term, say from 30 years to 15. Monthly payments may well go up, but a lower rate and a shorter term mean paying much less over the life of a loan.

The amortization chart of this mortgage calculator shows how much interest may be saved.

You’d Like to Get Rid of FHA Mortgage Insurance

FHA loans come with the mortgage insurance premium (MIP) that costs the typical borrower $850 per year for every $100,000 borrowed. Unless you put down more than 10%, you must pay those premiums for the life of the loan. The only way to get rid of the MIP is to get a new mortgage that isn’t backed by the FHA.

Tips to Lower the Cost of a Mortgage Refinance

When preparing to refinance, the most important action is to shop around.

Comparison Shop and Try to Negotiate

You need not apply for a refinance with just your current lender — and doing so would be a missed opportunity, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau notes. Then again, your current lender may offer loyalty incentives.

Apply with as many lenders as you wish; you’ll receive a loan estimate from each. Compare the costs, including those of the lender’s preferred vendors.

Ask potential lenders which fees can be discounted or waived. Remember, each lender wants your business.

Typical non-negotiable closing costs found under Section B of each loan estimate include credit reports and appraisals.

Keep Your Credit Shipshape

Having at least a “good” credit score can help you get a more attractive rate, and if your credit score has improved since the initial mortgage was taken out, that could be a reason to refinance all by itself.

A good FICO score on the credit rating scale of 300 to 850 falls in the range of 670 to 739. VantageScore®, a competitor developed by Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion, considers a score between 661 and 780 good.

If your credit profile could use some polishing, consider ways to build credit over time.

Use the Same Title Insurance Company

Save money on the lender’s title insurance policy by asking for a reissue rate from the title insurance company that was used for the original loan.

Consider a Streamline Refi for Government Loans

If you have an FHA, USDA, or VA loan, you may want to see if you’re eligible for an FHA Streamline, USDA Streamlined Assist, or VA Interest Rate Reduction Refinance Loan. The programs charge a lower mortgage insurance fee than regular government refinance programs and usually do not require an appraisal.

Think About a ‘No-Closing-Cost Refi’

A no-closing-cost refinance allows borrowers to roll the closing costs into the mortgage or accept a slightly higher interest rate on the new loan.

Rolling the closing costs into the refinance loan will increase the principal and total interest paid. But if you’re going to keep the loan for more than a few years, this move could be worth it.

Accepting a slightly higher rate could work for borrowers who can skip the upfront payment and who plan to keep their new loan for only a few years.

Recommended: Guide to Buying, Selling, and Updating Your Home

The Takeaway

Refinancing your mortgage could cost anywhere from 2% to 5% of the loan amount but might make financial sense if you are able to capture a lower interest rate, shorten your payment term (and thus lower the amount of interest you pay), or escape paying a mortgage insurance premium on an FHA loan. To contain costs, always compare offers from multiple lenders and don’t forget to include both interest and closing costs (and fees) in your calculations.

SoFi can help you save money when you refinance your mortgage. Plus, we make sure the process is as stress-free and transparent as possible. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates on a traditional mortgage refinance or cash-out refinance.

A new mortgage refinance could be a game changer for your finances.

FAQ

Is refinancing your mortgage free?

No. A whole new loan must be approved and processed.

Is refinancing a mortgage worth the closing costs?

It might be. You’ll want to calculate your break-even point: Divide your closing costs by whatever your monthly savings will be to find the number of months it will take you to break even. Beyond that point, the refinancing benefits kick in.

Is it worth refinancing to save $100 a month?

Refinancing to save $100 a month could be worth it if you plan to keep your home long enough to cover the closing costs. Divide your closing costs by 100 to calculate how many months it will take you to break even.

Will refinancing cost me more in the long run?

If you get a new 30-year mortgage several years into your original 30-year loan, you are, in essence, lengthening the term of your loan, and that can cost you. It makes more sense to shorten the term to 20 or 15 years.

Is it cheaper to refinance with the same bank?

Your lender might offer a slightly lower rate, but it’s a good idea to still see what competitors are offering by comparing loan estimates.

Can you negotiate closing costs when refinancing?

Yes. Many lender fees and third-party vendor fees are negotiable. On each loan estimate, Section A lists the lender charges. Try to negotiate the lowest total lender charge, keeping the rate in mind. And third-party fees in Section C are negotiable.


SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

²SoFi Bank, N.A. NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC), offers loans directly or we may assist you in obtaining a loan from SpringEQ, a state licensed lender, NMLS #1464945.
All loan terms, fees, and rates may vary based upon your individual financial and personal circumstances and state.
You should consider and discuss with your loan officer whether a Cash Out Refinance, Home Equity Loan or a Home Equity Line of Credit is appropriate. Please note that the SoFi member discount does not apply to Home Equity Loans or Lines of Credit not originated by SoFi Bank. Terms and conditions will apply. Before you apply, please note that not all products are offered in all states, and all loans are subject to eligibility restrictions and limitations, including requirements related to loan applicant’s credit, income, property, and a minimum loan amount. Lowest rates are reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. Products, rates, benefits, terms, and conditions are subject to change without notice. Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria. Information current as of 06/27/24.
In the event SoFi serves as broker to Spring EQ for your loan, SoFi will be paid a fee.


¹FHA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by FHA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. FHA loans require an Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP), which may be financed or paid at closing, in addition to monthly Mortgage Insurance Premiums (MIP). Maximum loan amounts vary by county. The minimum FHA mortgage down payment is 3.5% for those who qualify financially for a primary purchase. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

This content is provided for informational and educational purposes only and should not be construed as financial advice.

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How to Read a Preliminary Title Report

When you’ve decided on a house to buy and entered into escrow, you can expect to receive a preliminary title report. The report will verify ownership and reveal any lurking issues that will not be covered under a subsequent title insurance policy.

This is an important step: When you’re buying a home, the preliminary title report gives you the chance to remove or eliminate problems before you close on the property. This can help you avoid any legal headaches that arise from those issues.

Here’s a look at how to read these documents and what kind of information you can expect to find in them, including what is a preliminary title report, how to read a preliminary title report, what is a title report vs. title insurance, and more.

Key Points

•   The preliminary title report reveals things that might impede a sale, allowing buyers to address them before closing.

•   The report includes the owner of record, statement of vesting, legal description, and exceptions.

•   Exceptions may involve liens, unpaid taxes, assessments, encumbrances, CC&Rs, and easements.

•   Title insurance protects against title disputes, with lender’s and owner’s policies available.

•   Understanding the report helps prevent legal issues and ensures a smooth property transfer.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.


Title Insurance 101

First, you’ll need to understand what title insurance is. A title is the set of legal rights you have to a property once you buy it. A clear title is the goal, meaning you want the property to be free of liens and other ownership claims. You may have qualified for a mortgage, but you will need to resolve any title issues in order to get to the closing.

Title insurance protects both buyers and lenders against any problems with a title when ownership of a property transfers from one person to another. During or after a sale, if there is a title dispute, the insurance company may be responsible for paying certain legal damages. If you don’t have title insurance, you could be responsible for any issues that crop up.

There may be two forms of title insurance involved in a sale. If you are borrowing money to buy a home, you may purchase lender’s title insurance, which protects the lender. Owner’s title insurance, less common, is usually purchased by the seller to protect the buyer.

Reading a Preliminary Title Report

When you receive the preliminary title report, look for the following information:

Owner of Record

The preliminary title report will start with the name of the owner of record. If you’re buying a home, this should be the seller’s name. If it isn’t, that’s a major red flag, and you should let your escrow or title officer know.

Statement of Vesting

Next, the report will lay out the extent of the current owner’s interest in the property. The fullest type of ownership, and the most common, is known as “fee simple” or “fee.” This means a person wholly owns a piece of land and all the real estate on it.

There may be other types of ownership that will show up in this section. For example, you might see a leasehold estate, which gives a tenant exclusive rights to use a property owned by someone else for a set period of time.

Legal Description

The legal description details the property location, lot size, boundaries, and any easements or encroachments.
For condominiums and planned unit developments, the legal description might include common areas, parking, storage, and easements that convey.

A plot map, which shows how land is divided into plots, may be included as well to show the general location of a property.

Exceptions

Exceptions will be listed numerically and are matters that your title insurance policy will not cover. They may include:

•   General tax issues. Are there unpaid taxes? Property taxes will show up as the primary “lien” and as due or paid in full. Property taxes must be paid for the property sale to go through. And tax classifications could affect the new owner. For instance, if land is classified as agricultural, there could be penalties for withdrawing from that classification.

•   Assessments. Are there delinquent water or sewer bills owed to the city that need to be paid before closing?

•   Encumbrances. These might include liens from creditors or lenders, or liens for the payment of federal taxes or assessments. They might also include liens against a property because of back-due child support or spousal support. Are there loans against the property you weren’t aware of, such as additional mortgage loans?

•   Covenants, conditions and restrictions, also known as CC&Rs. These are rules that homeowners must follow in a planned community or common interest development. They might determine whether you are allowed to park on the street, what kind of fence you can put up, or what color you can paint your house.

•   Easements. An easement is the right another party has to the property you’re interested in buying. For example, neighbors may have a right of way that allows them to access their property through yours. Or a utility company might have the right to install, access, or maintain equipment on the property, such as power lines or cable.

•   Other issues. There are other matters that may appear on the preliminary title report, such as bankruptcies or notices of action, which are court proceedings that are underway and involve the property.

The transfer of property is subject to these exceptions unless they are dealt with by the seller before the sale.

If any liens or encumbrances crop on your preliminary title report, you have the chance to clear them before the sale goes through. Together with your real estate agent you can work with the sellers and their agent to clear the title before you take it on.

If you have any questions about your preliminary report, you can contact your real estate agent, an attorney, or your escrow or title officer.

Standard Exceptions and Exclusions

In addition to the list of exceptions that are particular to the home you want to buy, there are standard exceptions and exclusions that a title insurance policy won’t cover.

Building codes and restrictions are exempt from title insurance coverage, as are zoning restrictions or other regulations for how land can be used in certain areas.

Sometimes a building is subject to zoning restrictions. For example, it may be in a historical district that restricts how a buyer can develop the property.

Recommended: How to Make an Offer on a House

How to Get a Title Report for a Property

As part of the homebuying process, your lender will likely require a preliminary title report and title insurance.

In many cases, the seller will request the title report from a title company once an escrow account is opened. The seller includes this information as part of their disclosure package.

Recommended: Mortgage Pre-Qualification vs. Pre-Approval: The Differences

Title Report vs. Title Insurance

As mentioned above, once you open escrow, an order is placed with the title company to produce your preliminary title report. The company will assemble and review records having to do with the property you want to buy. The title report will give you insights into whether the property has, say, any liens on it or other issues.

Title insurance, on the other hand, is indemnity insurance. It protects both lenders and homebuyers from enduring financial loss if there were any defects in a property’s title. (Title insurance is different from homeowners insurance and you’ll need both.)

Limitations of the Preliminary Title Report

Be aware that the preliminary title report only shows the matters that the title company will exclude from coverage when and if a title insurance policy is issued.

It is not a complete picture of the condition of the property. And it may not even list all of the liens and other encumbrances that may affect the title of the property.

The Takeaway

Think of a preliminary title report like a background check on a home, revealing tax, lien, or ownership poltergeists lurking. Knowing how to read a preliminary title report helps prevent spooky surprises. It’s an important step in getting to the closing table and moving into your new home.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

Who should order the preliminary title report?

It is usually the seller’s responsibility to order the preliminary title report as part of their disclosures about the property. Work with your real estate agent to make sure the title report has been ordered to keep moving smoothly toward your closing date.

What could a preliminary title report reveal?

A title report will show who owns the property and could reveal liens, covenants, easements and other restrictions on the property. This gives you and the seller an opportunity to clear these up before the sale goes through.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.


*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

This article is not intended to be legal advice. Please consult an attorney for advice.

This content is provided for informational and educational purposes only and should not be construed as financial advice.

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What Is a Qualified Mortgage?

A qualified mortgage is a type of loan with certain more stable features that help make it more likely that a borrower will be able to repay their loan. This doesn’t necessarily involve more work for the borrower, but it does mean that lenders will take a deeper dive into a potential borrower’s finances. The lender will analyze factors such as a borrower’s ability to repay to better determine if the mortgage they applied for is considered affordable for them under the guidelines.

Created in an effort to clamp down on the excessive risk-taking in the mortgage industry prior to 2008, the rule is intended to protect consumers from harmful practices. However, it may also make it harder to qualify under certain loan programs.

Key Points

•   A qualified mortgage ensures borrowers can repay their loans by adhering to guidelines set by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).

•   The maximum debt-to-income ratio for a qualified mortgage is 43%, preventing borrowers from taking on excessive debt.

•   Loan terms for qualified mortgages cannot exceed 30 years, minimizing risks associated with longer repayment periods.

•   Risky features like negative amortization, balloon payments, and interest-only payments are prohibited in qualified mortgages.

•   Lenders must verify a borrower’s ability to repay, considering income, assets, and credit history, ensuring the loan’s affordability.

How Qualified Mortgages Work

Qualified mortgages follow three basic tenets, outlined by the government’s Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB):

1.    Borrowers should be able to pay back their home loan.

2.    A qualified mortgage should be easier for the borrower to understand.

3.    The qualified mortgage should be a fair deal for the borrower.

Based on these ideas, the CFPB created stricter guidelines for loans that are not sold to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac to ensure that borrowers could repay loans.

For these loans, there is a limit on how much of a borrower’s eligible income can go toward debt. In general, total monthly debts cannot exceed 43% of a borrower’s gross monthly income, a percentage referred to as a debt-to-income ratio (DTI). Limiting the amount of debt a borrower can take on makes the homebuyer a safer bet for banks and less likely to default on their mortgage. Keeping the loan within a reasonable DTI ensures that a borrower is not borrowing more money than they can repay.

Next, the loan term on a qualified mortgage must be no longer than 30 years. Once again, this is in place to protect the home buyer. A loan term beyond 30 years is considered a riskier loan because the extended term means longer payback and additional interest — both key considerations when it comes to how to choose a mortgage term.

In addition, a qualified mortgage is barred from having some other risky features, such as:

•   Interest-only payments: Interest-only payments are payments made solely on the interest of the loan, with no money going toward paying down the principal. When a borrower is only paying interest, they don’t make a dent in paying off the loan itself.

•   Negative amortization: With amortization, the amount of the loan goes down with each regular payment, as is illustrated when using a mortgage calculator. In the case of negative amortization, however, the borrower’s monthly payments don’t even cover the full interest due on the mortgage. The unpaid interest then gets added to the outstanding mortgage total, so the amount owed actually increases over time. In some cases, depending upon market conditions, a borrower could end up owing more than the home is worth.

•   Balloon payments: These are large, one-time payoffs due at the end of the introductory period of the loan, historically after five or seven years.

Additionally, qualified mortgages have certain limits on the points and fees that lenders are allowed to charge. A lender can only charge up to the following maximum fees and points on a qualifying mortgage; otherwise, it’s referred to as a high-priced mortgage, which carries additional guidelines:

•   For a loan of $100,000 or more: 3% of the total loan amount

•   For a loan of $60,000 to $100,000: $3,000

•   For a loan of $20,000 to $60,000: 5% of the total loan amount

•   For a loan of $12,500 to $20,000: $1,000

•   For a loan of $12,500 or less: 8% of the total loan amount

Alongside caps on points and fees, there are also limits on the annual percentage rate (APR) that can be charged on a qualifying mortgage. This threshold can vary depending on the loan’s size or type.

Lastly, lenders must verify a borrower’s ability to repay the loan, so they’re not immediately scrambling to figure out how to lower mortgage payments. The ability-to-repay rule encompasses different aspects of a borrower’s financial history that a lender must review. Specifically, a lender is likely to review items such as:

•   Income

•   Assets

•   Employment

•   Credit history

•   Alimony or child support, or other monthly debt payments

•   Other monthly mortgages

•   Mortgage-related monthly expenses (such as private mortgage insurance, homeowners association fees, or taxes)

Under some circumstances, however, lenders might not have to follow the ability-to-repay rule and the mortgage can still count as a qualified loan.

In addition to the protections provided to borrowers, the rule also grants lenders some protection. Qualified mortgages offer safe harbor to the lender if ability to repay rules were properly adhered to when qualifying the borrower(s) for the requested loan program. In these instances, borrowers can’t sue based on the claim that the institution had no basis for thinking they could repay their loans. The rules also make it harder for borrowers to buy more house than they can afford.

Check out local real estate
market trends to help with
your home-buying journey.


What Is a Non-Qualified Mortgage?

A non-qualified mortgage (non-QM) is a type of mortgage loan that does not meet the standards required for a qualified mortgage, outlined above.

However, a non-QM loan is not the same as the subprime loans that were available before the housing market crash. Typically, with a non-QM loan, lenders confirm that borrowers can repay their loans based on reasonable evidence. This can include verifying much of the same information as qualified mortgage loans, such as assets, income, or credit score.

Non-qualified mortgage loans allow lenders to offer loan programs that don’t necessarily meet the strict requirements of qualified mortgages. Because non-QM loans don’t have to adhere to the same standards, it means the underwriting requirements, like the qualified mortgage DTI limit, can be more flexible.

The upside is that this can provide eligible borrowers with more loan program choices. That being said, non-qualified loans can vary by lender, so borrowers who take this route should research their options carefully and take advantage of tools like a home affordability calculator to help ensure they don’t get in over their head.

Recommended: First-Time Homebuyer Guide

When Could a Non-QM Loan Be the Right Option?

While qualified mortgages have safeguards in place for both the lender and the borrower, in some circumstances, it can make sense for a borrower to choose a non-qualified mortgage.

Many lenders offer non-QM loan programs because they have more flexible loan features. In some instances, a borrower may opt for a non-QM loan because of property issues, such as a condo that doesn’t meet certain criteria or a certain property type.

This type of loan may be right for borrowers who can afford the mortgage but who don’t conform to additional qualified-mortgage requirements. Examples of borrowers who might seek a non-qualified mortgage are:

•   The self-employed: Borrowers with streams of income that might be difficult to document, like freelance writers, contractors, and others, might consider a non-qualified mortgage.

•   Investors: People investing in real estate properties, including flips and rentals, might choose to apply for a non-qualified mortgage. This could be because they need funding faster or have a challenging time proving income from their rental properties.

•   Non-U.S. residents: People who are not U.S. residents may find it challenging to meet the requirements for qualified mortgages because they may have a low or nonexistent credit score in the U.S.

While understanding the nitty-gritty of qualified mortgages vs. non-qualified mortgages might feel overwhelming, understanding the differences and other mortgage basics might make choosing the best loan fit for your needs easier. It’s important to do your research and ask lenders questions about the different loan programs available.

Recommended: How Does Mortgage Interest Work?

The Takeaway

A qualified mortgage must conform to strict guidelines that are designed to ensure that the borrower can pay back their loan. Qualified mortgages also have limits on the rates and fees lenders can charge. Qualified mortgages can provide peace of mind for both borrower and lender, but as always, it’s important to do your research and ask lenders questions about the different loan programs available.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

What is not permitted in a qualified mortgage?

Qualified mortgages generally do not permit a debt-to-income ratio above 43% or a loan term longer than 30 years. There can be no negative amortization, balloon payments, or interest-only payments. Qualified mortgages are designed to help ensure that the borrower can successfully repay the loan.

What is the maximum DTI for a qualified mortgage?

The highest a borrower’s debt-to-income (DTI) ratio can be for a qualified mortgage loan is 43%.


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*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

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